DOCSLIB.ORG

Chicano Politics in the Civil Rights Era a Dissertation Submitt

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Chicano Politics in the Civil Rights Era a Dissertation Submitt UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Sacramento en El Movimiento: Chicano Politics in the Civil Rights Era A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in History by Lorena Valdivia Márquez Committee in charge: Professor David G. Gutiérrez, Chair Professor Miroslava Chávez-García Professor Jorge Huerta Professor Vicki L. Ruiz Professor Nayan Shah Professor Daniel Widener 2010 Copyright Lorena Valdivia Márquez, 2010 All rights reserved. The dissertation of Lorena Valdivia Márquez is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm: ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ Chair University of California, San Diego 2010 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Signature Page ……………………………………………………………… iii Table of Contents ………………………………………………………….. … iv List of Images………………………………………………………………… vi List of Maps………………………………………………………………….. viii List of Tables…………………………………………………………………. ix Preface ……………………………………………………………………….. x Acknowledgements ………………………………………………………….. xlv Vita …………………………………………………………………………… li Abstract ……………………………………………………………………. .... lii I. Chapter One: Community Politics in Chicana/o Sacramento……...………. 1 Gate Keeping in California’s Gold Fields………………………….……… 3 Carving Out Mexican Space..…………………………………….………... 13 Economic Turmoil Leads to Mexican Political Organizing……………. …. 29 From the Bracero Program to Mexican American Ideology…………… …. 42 Post-War Sacramento………………………………………………………. 65 II. Chapter Two: The Debate Over the Benefits of Desegregation.………….. 75 The Call for Desegregation in Sacramento……………………………….. 82 Chicano Use of Courts..…………………………………………………... 100 Dynamics of the Washington Barrio……………………………………… 104 SCUSD Adopts Plan to Desegregate……………………………………… 109 Chicano Political Divisions Arise…………………………………………. 119 SCUSD Moves Forward with Desegregation……………………………… 152 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………. 156 III. Chapter Three: Cannery Workers Resist………………………………….. 160 Early Life of Rubén Reyes..…………………………………………… …. 165 History of Canneries in Sacramento ……………………………………… 173 The Rise of Teamsters Union in Sacramento……………………………... 180 The Formation of the Cannery Workers Committee……………………… 199 Conclusion………………………………………………………………… 222 iv IV. Chapter Four: Chicano and Native American Student Radical Organizing.. 225 Red Power…………………………………………………………………. 229 Brown Power …………………………………………………………........ 234 Intersecting Histories ……………………………………………………… 246 DQ-U is Born out of Protest……………………………………………….. 258 Fracturing Identity Politics………………………………………………… 293 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………. 305 V. Chapter Five: Conclusion …………………………………………………. 311 Community Ideological Lessons…………………………………………… 312 Retrospective Thoughts……………………………………………………. 316 VI. Bibliography ……...……………………………………………………….. 325 Primary Sources……………………………………………………………. 325 Secondary Sources…………………………………………………………. 332 v LIST OF IMAGES Image 1: “Bridge”…………………………………………………………... x Image 2: Dolores Huerta …………………………………………………… xi Image 3: “Stop Destroying Our Raza”……………………………………… xv Image 4: Bert Corona……………………………………………………….. xxvii Image 5: Mexican Track Workers………………………………………….. 13 Image 6: Alianza Hispano Americana…………………………………..….. 35 Image 7: Mexican Center Ladies Auxiliary…………………………………. 54 Image 8: Centro Mexicano………………………………………………..… 55 Image 9: Mexican American War Monument………………………………. 60 Image 10: Enriqueta Anadazola’s Family…………………………………… 62 Image 11: La Casa de MAPA……………………………………………….. 73 Image 12: Turkey Task……………………………………………………… 107 Image 13: A Rebirth of Chicano Art………………………………………… 108 Image 14: Demolition of Washington Elementary………………………….. 118 Image 15: CWC Bumper Sticker……………………………………………. 160 Image 16: CWC Newsletter…………………………………………………. 163 Image 17: CWC Poster………………………………………………………. 164 Image 18: Sacramento CWC Board Members………………………………… 204 Image 19: Vacaville CWC General Meeting…………………………………. 207 Image 20: Rubén Reyes holding Zapata Poster………………………………. 212 Image 21: Think Indian Sign…………………………………………………. 225 Image 22: Indians Before Monkeys………………………………………….. 267 vi Image 23: Tents at Army Depot Site………………………………………… 270 Image 24: Arturo J. Apodaca………………………………………………… 272 Image 25: Bárbara Ramírez………………………………………………….. 274 Image 26: March in Support of DQ-U………………………………………. 277 Image 27: Nordwall and Peace Pipe………………………………………… 278 vii LIST OF MAPS Map 1: Greater Sacramento Region…………………………………………. xiii Map 2: Gold Mining Regions……………………………………………….. 5 Map 3: Sacramento Barrios…………………………………………………. 21 Map 4: DQ-U…………..……………………………………………………. 227 viii LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Latino Growth in Sacramento County…………………………….. 28 Table 2: Reaction to Report…………………..…………………………….. 113 Table 3: Production Workers……………………………………………….. 199 Table 4: Race/Ethnicity in Sacramento County…………………………….. 319 ix PREFACE Image 1: “Bridge,” Freeport Bridge, Freeport, CA. Marchers approaching state capitol. (Courtesy of Center for Sacramento History, Farm Labor Folder, SBPM5221, 4-10- 1966.) On Easter Sunday, April 10, 1966, tens of thousands of migrant farm workers and their supporters chanted “¡SÍ SE PUEDE, SÍ SE PUEDE!” (“Yes We Can, Yes We Can!”) in unison as they approached California‟s capitol. Armed with flags of the image of La Virgen de Guadalupe and the black eagle (the United Farm Workers Union‟s emblem) the marchers—whether they knew it or not at the time—were making history in the fight for Mexican labor rights in the United States. César Chávez and Dolores Huerta had organized a successful pilgrimage from Delano to Sacramento x to shed light on the poor working conditions of grape pickers. In her speech at the state capitol, Huerta addressed California Governor Edmund Brown and the California legislature on behalf of farm workers: “We are the citizens and residents of the state of California and we want to have rules set to protect us in this state.”1 In making these demands, Huerta asserted farm workers deserved the human and civil rights granted to other California residents. Image 2: UFW Co-founders, Dolores Huerta (right) and César Chávez (left). Huerta speaking at the UFW rally at state capitol following dramatic 300-mile farm worker march from Delano to Sacramento. (Courtesy of Center for Sacramento History, 83/149/2078, 4-10-1966.) The marches orchestrated by the UFW are synonymous with the Chicano Movement. It was a well-known and -represented event, yet we know little else about what transpired in the Sacramento region before, during, and after the Delano farm 1 “Marchers: Capitol Protest Ends Grape Strikers‟ Walk,” The Sacramento Bee, 11 April 1966, p. A10. Also see: Susan Ferris and Ricardo Sandoval, The Fight in the Fields: Cesar Chavez and the Farmworkers Movement (New York: Harcourt Brace and Company, 1997): 122-123. xi workers went home. What kinds of movements did Chávez and Huerta inspire and/or draw on? What was the context of the greater Sacramento valley in terms of political protest and activism?2 Sacramento, as the state capitol, has functioned as a symbolic point wherein the imagery of protest has been particularly prominent and Mexicans in the region have been impacted by those demonstrations.3 Indeed, by the time Chávez, Huerta, and their followers made their way to the capitol steps they had entered a terrain marked with an extensive historical trajectory of ethnic Mexican political organizing. Mexicans had historic roots in the Greater Sacramento Valley stretching as 2 For purposes of this dissertation the Greater Sacramento Region/Valley is defined here as El Dorado, Placer, Sacramento, San Joaquin, Solano Sutter, Yolo, and Yuba Counties. Sacramento has served as the social and cultural hub for ethnic Mexicans residing in surrounding counties. The eight- county region is expected to grow from a year 2000 population of 2.84 million, to 4.27 million by 2025 (an increase of 50 percent). Nancy Findeisen, President, Community Services Planning Council, Inc., “A Regional View of Social Disparities: A Visual Examination of the Socio-Economic Status of the Greater Sacramento Region” (Sacramento, CA: January 2004): 5. 3 I use the term “Mexican” or “ethnic Mexican” to refer to the combined population of the people of Mexican descent and heritage in the United States regardless of their actual nationality and/or citizenship status. I employ the term “Latino” as an umbrella term for descendents and nationals of Mexico, Central America, South America, and the Caribbean who reside in the United States regardless of nationality and/or citizenship status. Since the 1980s, large numbers of political refugees from Central and South America have settled in California and other states in the U.S. Thus, the term “Latino” played a more significant role during the 1990s than in previous decades when Mexicans were culturally dominant in California and the U.S. Southwest. Since the Chicano Movement of the late 1960s, many Chicano and Latino activists have viewed the term “Hispanic” as derogatory. They argue that the term strips them of their indigenous and African ancestry. Hence, I will not use the term “Hispanic” to refer to peoples from Central America, South America, and the Caribbean. In the cases where the term appears, it will be surrounded by quotation marks. The term “Chicano” is often used when referring
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Copyright by Cary Cordova 2005
    Copyright by Cary Cordova 2005 The Dissertation Committee for Cary Cordova Certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: THE HEART OF THE MISSION: LATINO ART AND IDENTITY IN SAN FRANCISCO Committee: Steven D. Hoelscher, Co-Supervisor Shelley Fisher Fishkin, Co-Supervisor Janet Davis David Montejano Deborah Paredez Shirley Thompson THE HEART OF THE MISSION: LATINO ART AND IDENTITY IN SAN FRANCISCO by Cary Cordova, B.A., M.A. Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin December, 2005 Dedication To my parents, Jennifer Feeley and Solomon Cordova, and to our beloved San Francisco family of “beatnik” and “avant-garde” friends, Nancy Eichler, Ed and Anna Everett, Ellen Kernigan, and José Ramón Lerma. Acknowledgements For as long as I can remember, my most meaningful encounters with history emerged from first-hand accounts – autobiographies, diaries, articles, oral histories, scratchy recordings, and scraps of paper. This dissertation is a product of my encounters with many people, who made history a constant presence in my life. I am grateful to an expansive community of people who have assisted me with this project. This dissertation would not have been possible without the many people who sat down with me for countless hours to record their oral histories: Cesar Ascarrunz, Francisco Camplis, Luis Cervantes, Susan Cervantes, Maruja Cid, Carlos Cordova, Daniel del Solar, Martha Estrella, Juan Fuentes, Rupert Garcia, Yolanda Garfias Woo, Amelia “Mia” Galaviz de Gonzalez, Juan Gonzales, José Ramón Lerma, Andres Lopez, Yolanda Lopez, Carlos Loarca, Alejandro Murguía, Michael Nolan, Patricia Rodriguez, Peter Rodriguez, Nina Serrano, and René Yañez.
    [Show full text]
  • “Mexican Repatriation: New Estimates of Total and Excess Return in The
    “Mexican Repatriation: New Estimates of Total and Excess Return in the 1930s” Paper for the Meetings of the Population Association of America Washington, DC 2011 Brian Gratton Faculty of History Arizona State University Emily Merchant ICPSR University of Michigan Draft: Please do not quote or cite without permission from the authors 1 Introduction In the wake of the economic collapse of the1930s, hundreds of thousands of Mexican immigrants and Mexican Americans returned to Mexico. Their repatriation has become an infamous episode in Mexican-American history, since public campaigns arose in certain locales to prompt persons of Mexican origin to leave. Antagonism toward immigrants appeared in many countries as unemployment spread during the Great Depression, as witnessed in the violent expulsion of the Chinese from northwestern Mexico in 1931 and 1932.1 In the United States, restriction on European immigration had already been achieved through the 1920s quota laws, and outright bans on categories of Asian immigrants had been in place since the 19th century. The mass immigration of Mexicans in the 1920s—in large part a product of the success of restrictionist policy—had made Mexicans the second largest and newest immigrant group, and hostility toward them rose across that decade.2 Mexicans became a target for nativism as the economic collapse heightened competition for jobs and as welfare costs and taxes necessary to pay for them rose. Still, there were other immigrants, including those from Canada, who received substantially less criticism, and the repatriation campaigns against Mexicans stand out in several locales for their virulence and coercive nature. Repatriation was distinct from deportation, a federal process.
    [Show full text]
  • Can Money Whiten? Exploring Race Practice in Colonial Venezuela and Its Implications for Contemporary Race Discourse
    Michigan Journal of Race and Law Volume 3 1998 Can Money Whiten? Exploring Race Practice in Colonial Venezuela and Its Implications for Contemporary Race Discourse Estelle T. Lau State University of New York at Buffalo Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mjrl Part of the Comparative and Foreign Law Commons, Law and Race Commons, Law and Society Commons, and the Legal History Commons Recommended Citation Estelle T. Lau, Can Money Whiten? Exploring Race Practice in Colonial Venezuela and Its Implications for Contemporary Race Discourse, 3 MICH. J. RACE & L. 417 (1998). Available at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mjrl/vol3/iss2/4 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Michigan Journal of Race and Law by an authorized editor of University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CAN MONEY WHITEN? EXPLORING RACE PRACTICE IN COLONIAL VENEZUELA AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR CONTEMPORARY RACE DISCOURSE Estelle T. Lau* The Gracias al Sacar, a fascinating and seemingly inconceivable practice in eighteenth century colonial Venezuela, allowed certain individuals of mixed Black and White ancestry to purchase "Whiteness" from their King. The author exposes the irony of this system, developed in a society obsessed with "natural" ordering that labeled individuals according to their precise racial ancestry. While recognizing that the Gracias al Sacar provided opportunities for advancement and an avenue for material and social struggle, the author argues that it also justified the persistence of racial hierarchy.
    [Show full text]
  • Los Veteranos—Latinos in WWII
    Los Veteranos—Latinos in WWII Over 500,000 Latinos (including 350,000 Mexican Americans and 53,000 Puerto Ricans) served in WWII. Exact numbers are difficult because, with the exception of the 65th Infantry Regiment from Puerto Rico, Latinos were not segregated into separate units, as African Americans were. When war was declared on December 8, 1941, thousands of Latinos were among those that rushed to enlist. Latinos served with distinction throughout Europe, in the Pacific Theater, North Africa, the Aleutians and the Mediterranean. Among other honors earned, thirteen Medals of Honor were awarded to Latinos for service during WWII. In the Pacific Theater, the 158th Regimental Combat Team, of which a large percentage was Latino and Native American, fought in New Guinea and the Philippines. They so impressed General MacArthur that he called them “the greatest fighting combat team ever deployed in battle.” Latino soldiers were of particular aid in the defense of the Philippines. Their fluency in Spanish was invaluable when serving with Spanish speaking Filipinos. These same soldiers were part of the infamous “Bataan Death March.” On Saipan, Marine PFC Guy Gabaldon, a Mexican-American from East Los Angeles who had learned Japanese in his ethnically diverse neighborhood, captured 1,500 Japanese soldiers, earning him the nickname, the “Pied Piper of Saipan.” In the European Theater, Latino soldiers from the 36th Infantry Division from Texas were among the first soldiers to land on Italian soil and suffered heavy casualties crossing the Rapido River at Cassino. The 88th Infantry Division (with draftees from Southwestern states) was ranked in the top 10 for combat effectiveness.
    [Show full text]
  • Siete Lenguas: the Rhetorical History of Dolores Huerta and the Rise of Chicana Rhetoric Christine Beagle
    University of New Mexico UNM Digital Repository English Language and Literature ETDs Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2-1-2016 Siete Lenguas: The Rhetorical History of Dolores Huerta and the Rise of Chicana Rhetoric Christine Beagle Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/engl_etds Recommended Citation Beagle, Christine. "Siete Lenguas: The Rhetorical History of Dolores Huerta and the Rise of Chicana Rhetoric." (2016). https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/engl_etds/34 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Electronic Theses and Dissertations at UNM Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in English Language and Literature ETDs by an authorized administrator of UNM Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Garcia i Christine Beagle Candidate English, Rhetoric and Writing Department This dissertation is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication: Approved by the Dissertation Committee: Michelle Hall Kells, Chairperson Irene Vasquez Natasha Jones Melina Vizcaino-Aleman Garcia ii SIETE LENGUAS: THE RHETORICAL HISTORY OF DOLORES HUERTA AND THE RISE OF CHICANA RHETORIC by CHRISTINE BEAGLE B.A., English Language and Literature, Angelo State University, 2005 M.A., English Language and Literature, Angelo State University, 2008 DISSERTATION Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY ENGLISH The University of New Mexico Albuquerque, New Mexico November 10, 2015 Garcia iii DEDICATION To my children Brandon, Aliyah, and Eric. Your brave and resilient love is my savior. I love you all. Garcia iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First, to my dissertation committee Michelle Hall Kells, Irene Vasquez, Natasha Jones, and Melina Vizcaino-Aleman for the inspiration and guidance in helping this dissertation project come to fruition.
    [Show full text]
  • General Vertical Files Anderson Reading Room Center for Southwest Research Zimmerman Library
    “A” – biographical Abiquiu, NM GUIDE TO THE GENERAL VERTICAL FILES ANDERSON READING ROOM CENTER FOR SOUTHWEST RESEARCH ZIMMERMAN LIBRARY (See UNM Archives Vertical Files http://rmoa.unm.edu/docviewer.php?docId=nmuunmverticalfiles.xml) FOLDER HEADINGS “A” – biographical Alpha folders contain clippings about various misc. individuals, artists, writers, etc, whose names begin with “A.” Alpha folders exist for most letters of the alphabet. Abbey, Edward – author Abeita, Jim – artist – Navajo Abell, Bertha M. – first Anglo born near Albuquerque Abeyta / Abeita – biographical information of people with this surname Abeyta, Tony – painter - Navajo Abiquiu, NM – General – Catholic – Christ in the Desert Monastery – Dam and Reservoir Abo Pass - history. See also Salinas National Monument Abousleman – biographical information of people with this surname Afghanistan War – NM – See also Iraq War Abousleman – biographical information of people with this surname Abrams, Jonathan – art collector Abreu, Margaret Silva – author: Hispanic, folklore, foods Abruzzo, Ben – balloonist. See also Ballooning, Albuquerque Balloon Fiesta Acequias – ditches (canoas, ground wáter, surface wáter, puming, water rights (See also Land Grants; Rio Grande Valley; Water; and Santa Fe - Acequia Madre) Acequias – Albuquerque, map 2005-2006 – ditch system in city Acequias – Colorado (San Luis) Ackerman, Mae N. – Masonic leader Acoma Pueblo - Sky City. See also Indian gaming. See also Pueblos – General; and Onate, Juan de Acuff, Mark – newspaper editor – NM Independent and
    [Show full text]
  • Who Is Black, White, Or Mixed Race? How Skin Color, Status, and Nation Shape Racial Classification in Latin America1
    Who Is Black, White, or Mixed Race? How Skin Color, Status, and Nation Shape Racial Classification in Latin America1 Edward Telles Princeton University Tianna Paschel University of Chicago Comparative research on racial classification has often turned to Latin America, where race is thought to be particularly fluid. Using nationally representative data from the 2010 and 2012 America’sBa- rometer survey, the authors examine patterns of self-identification in four countries. National differences in the relation between skin color, socioeconomic status, and race were found. Skin color predicts race closely in Panama but loosely in the Dominican Republic. Moreover, de- spite the dominant belief that money whitens, the authors discover that status polarizes ðBrazilÞ, mestizoizes ðColombiaÞ, darkens ðDomin- ican RepublicÞ, or has no effect ðPanamaÞ. The results show that race is both physical and cultural, with country variations in racial schema that reflect specific historical and political trajectories. Throughout the Americas, the idea of race has commonly been used to make social distinctions, especially regarding persons of African origin. 1 We thank the Ford Foundation for funding the ethnicity module of the America’s Barometer through the Project on Ethnicity and Race in Latin America ðPERLAÞ as well as the Latin American Public Opinion Project ðLAPOPÞ and its major supporters ðthe U.S. Agency for International Development, the United Nations Development Program, the Inter-American Development Bank, and Vanderbilt UniversityÞ. We also thank Scott Lynch, René Flores, Jennifer Jones, Andreas Wimmer, Denia Garcia, and the AJS reviewers for their feedback. Direct correspondence to Edward Telles, Depart- © 2015 by The University of Chicago.
    [Show full text]
  • CITY COUNCIL AGENDA REPORT MEETING DATE: November 18, 2020 ITEM #12
    CITY COUNCIL AGENDA REPORT MEETING DATE: November 18, 2020 ITEM #12 SUBJECT: CONSIDERATION OF A STREETCAR SERVICE MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING FOR DEVELOPMENT OF AN OPERATING AND MAINTENANCE AGREEMENT WITH THE SACRAMENTO REGIONAL TRANSIT DISTRICT INITIATED OR REQUESTED BY: REPORT COORDINATED OR PREPARED BY: [ ] Commission [ X ] Staff Jason McCoy, Supervising Transportation Planner Capital Projects and Transportation Department [ ] Other ATTACHMENT [ X ] Yes [ ] No [ ] Information [ ] Direction [ X ] Action OBJECTIVE This report provides the City Council with a thorough background and update on the status of the revised Downtown Riverfront Streetcar (Streetcar Project) and provides an opportunity for Staff to receive direction from the City Council pertaining to the Streetcar Service Memorandum of Understanding. RECOMMENDED ACTION Staff respectfully requests that the City Council: 1) Approve the attached Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with the Sacramento Regional Transit District (SacRT) as a framework for developing an Operating and Maintenance (O&M) Agreement for the Streetcar Project, and delegate authority to the City Manager to execute the MOU; and 2) Recommend that the Sacramento Regional Transit District (SacRT) Board of Directors execute the MOU at their December 14, 2020 meeting as a framework for developing an Operating and Maintenance (O&M) Agreement for the Streetcar Project. BACKGROUND The Streetcar Project received approval from the Federal Transit Administration (FTA) to enter Project Development as a Small Starts Project in 2014. This FTA discretionary grant program funds transit capital investments such as light rail and bus rapid transit and requires completion of the Project Development phase in advance of receipt of a construction grant agreement. The original scope of the Streetcar Project was an approximately four-mile looped system extending between the West Sacramento Civic Center and Riverfront Street, across Tower Bridge over the Sacramento River and into Downtown and Midtown Sacramento.
    [Show full text]
  • Ricardo Flores Magón and the Transnational Anarchists in Los Angeles, 1900-1922
    Ricardo Flores Magón and the Transnational Anarchists in Los Angeles, 1900-1922 Sergio Maldonado In the aftermath of the Mexican Revolution, many people such as Ricardo Flores Magón and the residents of Los Angeles found themselves in a perpetual state of exploitation by either the Mexican or U.S. governments. Mexicans found solidarity together, mounting resistance against insurmountable odds. Even under the direst of circumstances, their efforts in the early twentieth- century would propel Mexican-Americans’ identity into an epoch of self-realization that is uniquely transnational. For many Mexican-Americans in this period, Ricardo Flores Magón was their inspiration. In 1917 Flores Magón gave a speech in front of a group of Mexicans from the California cities of El Monte and La Puente, commemorating the manifesto of El Partido Liberal Mexicano. After years of struggle against the Mexican dictatorship, he explained to his comrades that they must leave behind the clasping of hands and anxiously asking ourselves what will be effective in resisting the assault of governmental tyranny and capitalist exploitation. The remedy is in our hands: that all who suffer the same evils unite, certain that before our solidity the abuses of those who base their strength in our separations and indifference will crumble. 1 This and similar calls for unity by Flores Magón and the many Mexicans residing in and around Los Angeles who flocked to listen to him together fostered the growth of Chicano nationalism. Flores Magón was a renowned anarchist intellectual of the Mexican Revolution. Many scholars have regarded him as an important figure in Chicano history and view him as a fundamental figure of Chicano nationalism due to his rebellious actions in Mexico and the United States.
    [Show full text]
  • Trends in the Hired Farm W( Force, 1945-J
    ? Aq& ■CJ ^afís, UnMed States *ii! Oepartmjintof Agricunure Trends in the Economic Research Service Hired Farm W( Agriculture Information Bulletin Force, 1945-J Number 561 Victor J. Olivetra ^ 'f W' 917698 Want Another Copy? It's Easy. Just dial 1-800-999-6779. Toll free. Ask for Trends in the Hired Farm Worl< Force, 1945-87 {AIB-561 ). The cost is $3 per copy. For non-U.S. addresses, add 25 percent (includes Canada). Charge your purchase to your VISA or MasterCard, or we can bill you. Or send a check or purchase order (made payable to ERS-NASS) to: ERS-NASS P.O. Box 1608 Rockville, MD 20850. We'll fill your order via 1st class mail. Trends In the Hired Farm Work Force, 1945-87. By Victor J, Oüveira, Agriculture and Rural Economy Division, Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. Agriculture Information Bulletin No. 561. Abstract New technology, nonfarm labor conditions, farm prices, and government policies have altered both the size and composition of the hired farm work force. Average annual farm employment dropped 70 percent between 1945 and 1987. Although family members continue to provide the major portion of agricultural labor, hired farmworl<ers contribute relatively more labor now, 36 percent in 1987 compared with 22 percent in 1945. The numbers of domestic workers and legally admitted foreign nationals doing hired farmwork have stabilized in recent years after wide variations responding to wartime labor shortages, changes in government work programs, and increased mechanization. The number of illegal aliens working in U.S. agriculture is unknown owing to lack of accurate data, but the increase in apprehensions of these aliens after 1965 suggests a large population.
    [Show full text]
  • Finalinvoluntary Deportations Lesson Plan
    Identity, Immigration and Economics: The Involuntary Deportations of the 1930s (For use with Episode 2) Lesson Overview This particular lesson examines the involuntary deportations of Mexican immigrants and U.S. citizens of Mexican heritage during the 1930s. This displacement is only one of many legally sanctioned, forced relocations in our nation’s history. It also is an example of how a certain population may be scapegoated during times of economic downturn — and how there is an ongoing tie between immigration policies on the one hand, and economic trends on the other. Students analyze primary accounts and images from the 1930s, develop new vocabulary related to relocation, and demonstrate their understanding through creative writing. (Elements of this lesson were adapted from http://www.learnnc.org/lp/pages/4042.) Grade Level: 7 – 12 Time: 2 – 3 Hours (1 – 2 class periods) Materials • Internet access for research and viewing segment (Los Angeles Deportation) • Copies of student handout, Involuntary Deportation Images and Writing Prompts • Paper and pencils for note-taking and assignment writing/completion • Dictionary (print or online) Lesson Objectives The student will: 1. Define and discuss the difference between immigration, repatriation, deportation, resettlement and internment. 2. Identify the deportation of documented Mexican immigrants and Mexican Americans during the Great Depression. 3. Present her/his learning to the class in the form of a vivid description of the individuals being deported and participate in a class debate on reasons for and against deportation. 4. Understand the importance and significance of the involuntary deportations of the 1930s. 5. Analyze the deportations in the context of immigration policies as connected to economic factors.
    [Show full text]
  • The Chicano Movement in Houston and Texas: a Personal Memory
    The Chicano Movement in Houston and Texas: A Personal Memory by Carlos Calbillo c/s 116th Annual Meeting The four major themes of “Chicanismo” are generally considered to be: (1) the power of the March 1–3, 2012 creative earth and labor upon it; (2) political transformation through collective efforts; Become a TSHA (3) strong familial ties extending back into Mesoamerican pre-history; and (4) spiritually- Member and Omni Houston Hotel influenced creative artistic imagination as reflected in the visual ARTS. Receive FREE Keynote Address: Civil Rights in Texas ell, what a long and strange trip it was, or should I say, and white ministers, priests, a rabbi or two in attendance, I Whas been. Carlos Guerra is gone, Lupe Youngblood became curious to see if I could find any Latinos in the large Registration* by Darlene Clark Hine, Ph.D., Northwestern University is gone, Poncho Ruiz, El Tigre, Ernie Valdés. And Mateo crowd. To my surprise, I found only one, other than me. Vega, if not gone, is certainly missing in action or something I walked up to him after the march and introduced like that. These names are some of the brothers; there were myself to Leonel J. Castillo. He would eventually become also sisters that I worked with in the movement beginning the first Latino in Houston elected to city-wide office as city in, for me, April 1968. controller. Subsequently, he became the first Latino com- Sessions Speakers Exhibitors The Chicano movement of the 1960s and 1970s was es- missioner of the Immigration and Naturalization Service, sentially a grassroots community insurrection and rebellion appointed by President Jimmy Carter.
    [Show full text]