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Trends in the Hired Farm W( Force, 1945-J ? Aq& ■CJ ^afís, UnMed States *ii! Oepartmjintof Agricunure Trends in the Economic Research Service Hired Farm W( Agriculture Information Bulletin Force, 1945-J Number 561 Victor J. Olivetra ^ 'f W' 917698 Want Another Copy? It's Easy. Just dial 1-800-999-6779. Toll free. Ask for Trends in the Hired Farm Worl< Force, 1945-87 {AIB-561 ). The cost is $3 per copy. For non-U.S. addresses, add 25 percent (includes Canada). Charge your purchase to your VISA or MasterCard, or we can bill you. Or send a check or purchase order (made payable to ERS-NASS) to: ERS-NASS P.O. Box 1608 Rockville, MD 20850. We'll fill your order via 1st class mail. Trends In the Hired Farm Work Force, 1945-87. By Victor J, Oüveira, Agriculture and Rural Economy Division, Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. Agriculture Information Bulletin No. 561. Abstract New technology, nonfarm labor conditions, farm prices, and government policies have altered both the size and composition of the hired farm work force. Average annual farm employment dropped 70 percent between 1945 and 1987. Although family members continue to provide the major portion of agricultural labor, hired farmworl<ers contribute relatively more labor now, 36 percent in 1987 compared with 22 percent in 1945. The numbers of domestic workers and legally admitted foreign nationals doing hired farmwork have stabilized in recent years after wide variations responding to wartime labor shortages, changes in government work programs, and increased mechanization. The number of illegal aliens working in U.S. agriculture is unknown owing to lack of accurate data, but the increase in apprehensions of these aliens after 1965 suggests a large population. The Im- migration Reform and Control Act of 1986 will probably significantly influence the composition of the hired farm work force. 1301 New York Avenue, NW. Washington, DC 20005-4788 April 1989 Contents Summary ................................... li Introduction ................................. 1 Agricultural Labor .............................. 1 Hired Farmworkers 1 Domestic Workers . 1 Legally Admitted Foreign Nationals .5 Undocumented Foreign Workers 8 Implications 9 References ................................. io Summary Annual average farm employment dropped from 9.8 million in 1945 to 2.9 million in 1987, a 70-percent decrease. Primary causes of this decline are mechaniza- tion and technological advances reducingfarm labor input and raising agricul- tural productivity. The trend toward fewer but larger farms partly brought about by this growing efficiency has reduced the number of family workers and in- creased the hired labor requirements per farm. Family members continue to provide the major portion of agricultural labor, but hired farmworkers contribute more labor now, 36 percent in 1987 compared with 22 percent in 1945. New technology, nonfarm laborconditions/farm prices, and government policies have altered not just the size but also the composition of the hired farm work force. The hired farm work torce has comprised three groups: domestic workers, foreign nationals working in the United States under temporary worker programs, and undocumented workers. The number of domestic workers decreased from 4.3 million in 1950 to 2 5 million in 1987, primarily because of greater mechaniza- tion and other labor-saving technology. Large-scale mechanization has leveled off since 1970, stabilizing the number of domestic workers. However, the share of hired labor provided by migrant workers has dropped. Foreign nationals have also worked in U.S. agriculture. Government-sanctioned programs have temporarily brought foreign nationals into the United States to do farmwork during agricultural labor shortages. The number of legally admitted foreign agricultural workers has dropped from a peak of 455,000 in 1959 to about 23,000 in 1987, primarily because of greater mechanization and stricter govern- ment regulation of foreign agricultural employment. The numberof undocumented foreign workers in U.S. agriculture is unknowrr. However, the numberof illegal aliens apprehended while working in agriculture in this country grew from fewer than 8,000 in 1958 to almost 123,000 in 1975, suggesting a large population. Apprehensions dropped in 1987 In response to the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986, which temporarily redirected enforcement priorities from agriculture. Trends in the Hired Farm Work Force, 1945-87 Victor J. Oliveira* Introduction ing drop in farm commodity prices forced many smaller or less efficient farms out of business (4}. The number New production methods, farm prices, government of farms fell from almost 5.9 million in 1945 to about programs, and economic conditions in the nonfarm 2.2 million in 1987, but the average farm size grew labor market have affected the number of hired from 195 acres to 461 acres during the same period farmworkers in the United States. This report ex- (table 2). The trend toward fewer but larger farms amines the factors behind the historical trends in the reduced the number of family workers and increased size and composition of the hired farm work force from the hired labor requirements per farm. 1945 to 1987. The report also explores the implica- tions of the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 on the number and sources of hired farmworkers. Hired Farmworkers The hired farm work force has comprised three groups: Agricultural Labor domestic workers, foreign nationals working in the United States undertemporary worker programs such Average annual employment in agriculture dropped as the H-2 Program and the Bracero Program, and un- from 9.8 million in 1945 to 2.9 million in 1987, a documented foreign workers. decrease of 70 percent (table 1). Family members (farm operators and unpaid workers) continued to Domestic Workers provide the major portion of agricultural labor in 1987. But because the decline in the number of family Beginning in 1945, the U.S. Department of Agriculture workers was greater than the decline in the number of (USDA), in cooperation with the Bureau of the Census, hired workers, hired workers' share of annual average U.S. Department of Commerce, annually conducted a farm employment increased from 22 percent in 1945 to series of Hired Farm Working Force Surveys until 36 percent In 1987, However, hired workers' share has changed little since 1980. Table 1—Annual average farm employment, 1945-87 The decrease in farm employment was related to in- Annual average farm employment 1 Hired labor as a creased productivity from mechanization and other Year percentage of total technological innovations. Mechanization, higher yield- farm employment Total Family Hired ing crops and livestock, and improved fertilizers, pes- ticides, and irrigation equipment have reduced the . Thousands^ )..,..... Percent labor input per unit of output while expanding output of 1945 9,844 7,726 2,118 22 agricultural commodities {8, 16).^ Even as farm 1950 9,926 7,597 2,329 23 1955 8,381 6,345 2,036 24 employment declined, farm production increased over 1960 7,057 5,172 1,885 27 90 percent between 1945 and 1986 (fig. 1). 1965 5,610 4.128 1,482 26 1970 4,523 3,348 1,175 26 However, agriculture's productive capacity increased 1975 4,342 3,025 1,317 30 faster than the demand for farm products. The result- 1980 3,705 2,402 1,303 35 1985 3,116 2,018 1,098 35 1987 2,897 1,846 1,051 36 *The author is an economist with the Agriculture and Rural 1 Average number of persons employed at any one time. Figures Economy Division, Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of for 1945-80 are based on four quarters of data; figures for Agricufîure. 1985-87 are based on three quarters of data. Italicized numbers in parentheses refer to items cited in the References section. Source: (10), Figure 1 Percentage change in farm output, 1945-86 Percent 120 100 80 60 40 20 1_^ \ \ L 1945 Source: {11, 14). 1977. The surveys were conducted biennially there- United States legally under temporary foreign worker after (no surveys were conducted in1953 or 1955). In programs, but a larger number worked here illegally 1985, USDA expanded the Hired Farnri Working Force during much of the 1945-87 period. The Hired Farm Survey toinclude farm operators and unpaid farm- Working Force Surveys probably enumerated few workers as well as hired farmworkers and renamed it foreign workers because the workers either had the Agricultural Work Force Survey (7,17). returned home before the surveys were conducted in December or may have avoided survey enumerators Foreign and domestic workers do hired farmwork in the due to their illegal status.^ Therefore, the data United States. Some foreign workers entered the probably do not reflect the actual number of foreign workers in U.S. agriculture. However, the surveys Table 2—Number and size of farms, 1945-87 provide good coverage of domestic farmworkers, and these data were used to examine the historical trends Number of Average size Year farms of farms in the number of hired farmworkers. Thousands Acres In 1945, the last year of World War II, 3.2 million hired 1945 5,859 195 farmworkers worked a total of 301 million days at hired 1950 5,382 215 farmwork (table 3). As the United States shifted from 1955 4,782 242 1960 3,963 297 wartime to the first full year of peace in 1946, the 1965 3,356 340 employment patterns of hired farmworkers changed. The number of hired workers declined to fewer than 1970 2,954 373 1975 2,521 420 1980 2,433 427 1985 2,275 446 ^Agricultura! work is highly seasonal. In most States, labor use 1987 2,173 461 peaks during the summer while significantly fewer hired workers are employed in winter. Most illegal aliens who worked in agriculture Source: (10). probably had seasonal jobs. 2.8 million in 1946, Many of the youth, older men, and seasonal employment, defense industries provided women who did mostly short-term hired farmwork be- regular, full-time work.
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