DOCSLIB.ORG

LATINOS in TWENTIETH CENTURY CALIFORNIA National Register of Historic Places Context Statement

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
LATINOS in TWENTIETH CENTURY CALIFORNIA National Register of Historic Places Context Statement LATINOS IN TWENTIETH CENTURY CALIFORNIA National Register of Historic Places Context Statement Latinos in Twentieth Century California: National Register of Historic Places Context Statement California Office of Historic Preservation © 2015 California State Parks California State Parks supports equal access. This publication can be made available in alternate formats. For information, call: (916) 445-7000 711, TTY relay service www.ohp.parks.ca.gov Questions about this document or requests for copies should be directed to: California Office of Historic Preservation 1725 23rd Street, Suite 100, Sacramento CA 95816-7100 Phone: (916) 445-7000 [email protected] The activity that is the subject of this publication has been financed in part with Federal funds from the National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. However, the contents and opinions do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Department of the Interior, nor does the mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation by the Department of the Interior. This program receives Federal financial assistance for identification and protection of historic properties. Under Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, and the Age Discrimination Act of 1975, as amended, the U.S. Department of the Interior prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, color, national origin, disability or age in its federally assisted programs. If you believe you have been discriminated against in any program, activity, or facility as described above, or if you desire further information, please write to: Office of Equal Opportunity, National Park Service, 1849 C St NW, Washington DC 20240. Paperwork Reduction Act Statement: This information is being collected for applications to the National Register of Historic Places to nominate properties for listing or determine eligibility for listing, to list properties, and to amend existing listings. Response to this request is required to obtain a benefit in accordance with the National Historic Preservation Act, as amended (16 U.S.C.460 et seq.). Estimated Burden Statement: Public reporting burden for this form is estimated to average 250 hours per response including time for reviewing instructions, gathering and maintaining data, and completing and reviewing the form. Direct comments regarding this burden estimate or any aspect of this form to the Chief, Administrative Services Division, National Park Service, PO Box 37127, Washington, DC 20013-7127; and the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reductions Project (1024-0018), Washington, DC 20503. Cover image credits (starting at top, left to right): Balmy Alley mural: Carol M. Highsmith Collection, Library of Congress; Chicano Park mural: California State Parks; Chicano Moratorium: Sal Castro, Security Pacific National Bank Collection, Los Angeles Public Library; Cesar Chavez 1967: Center for Sacramento History, Sacramento Bee Photo Morgue; Our Lady of Lourdes Church: Michael J. Locke; Dragon artwork at Galeria Posada: Joe Perfecto; RCAF mural: Catherine O’Brien Table of Contents Introduction..................................................................................................................... 1 Making a Nation .............................................................................................................. 3 Latino Immigration and Settlement ............................................................................................3 Latino Immigration in California Before 1900 .........................................................................3 Mexican Immigration in the Early Twentieth Century (1900-1917) ........................................4 Changes in U.S. Immigration Policy (1917-1929)..................................................................... 5 Mexican Migration and Settlement Patterns (1900-1929) ...................................................... 5 Mexican Repatriation during the Great Depression (1929-1939) ..........................................8 World War II and the Bracero Program (1940-1964) ................................................................ 9 Mexican Immigration and Settlement in the Post-World War II Period (1945-1969) .......... 10 Mexican Immigration and Settlement in the Late Twentieth Century (1970-2000) ............ 11 Central American Immigration (1970-2000) ........................................................................... 12 Central American Migration and Settlement (Pre-1970) ...................................................... 13 Central American Migration and Settlement (1970-2000) .................................................... 14 South American Immigration and Settlement in the Twentieth Century ............................ 15 Latinos in the Media .................................................................................................................. 16 Print Media ............................................................................................................................. 17 Radio....................................................................................................................................... 20 Film ......................................................................................................................................... 22 Television ............................................................................................................................... 24 Making a Life ................................................................................................................. 27 Religion and Spirituality in Latino Culture .............................................................................. 27 Latinos in the Catholic Church .............................................................................................. 27 Latinos and Protestant Denominations ................................................................................ 31 The Intersection of Religion and Activism ............................................................................ 34 The Sanctuary Movement ...................................................................................................... 36 Latinos in Sports ........................................................................................................................ 38 Boxing ..................................................................................................................................... 39 Baseball .................................................................................................................................. 41 Handball ................................................................................................................................. 43 Charrería ................................................................................................................................. 44 Soccer ..................................................................................................................................... 45 Other Sports ........................................................................................................................... 45 Latinos in the Arts ..................................................................................................................... 47 Music....................................................................................................................................... 49 Theater and the Performing Arts ........................................................................................... 53 Literature................................................................................................................................ 55 Painting and the Visual Arts .................................................................................................. 57 Making a Living ............................................................................................................. 62 Latinos in Labor History ............................................................................................................ 62 1900-1920s: Era of Labor Subjugation ................................................................................... 62 1930s: Tempered Progress in an Era of Despair ................................................................... 68 1940-1960s: Fusing Labor and Civil Rights ........................................................................... 72 1970s-2000: Economic restructuring and the Emergence of a Latino Labor Vanguard ...... 78 Business and Commerce in Latino Communities .................................................................... 82 Latinos in the Military ............................................................................................................... 87 World War I ............................................................................................................................. 88 World War II ............................................................................................................................ 90 Korea, Vietnam, and the Anti-War Movement ...................................................................... 94 Latinos in the Military During the Late Twentieth Century ................................................. 97 Making a Democracy ....................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • DOCUMENT RESUME Chicano Studies Bibliography
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 119 923 ric 009 066 AUTHOR Marquez, Benjamin, Ed. TITLE Chicano Studies Bibliography: A Guide to the Resources of the Library at the University of Texas at El Paso, Fourth Edition. INSTITUTION Texas Univ., El Paso. PUB DATE 75 NOTE 138p.; For related document, see ED 081 524 AVAILABLE PROM Chicano Library Services, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79902 ($3.00; 25% discount on 5 or more copies) EDRS PRICE MF-$0.83 HC-$7.35 Plus Postage DESCRIPTORS Audiovisual Aids; *Bibliographies; Books; Films; *library Collections; *Mexican Americans; Periodicals; *Reference Materials; *University Libraries IDENTIFIERS Chicanos; *University of Texas El Paso ABSTRACT Intended as a guide to select items, this bibliography cites approximately 668 books and periodical articles published between 1925 and 1975. Compiled to facilitate research in the field of Chicano Studies, the entries are part of the Chicano Materials Collection at the University of Texas at El Paso. Arranged alphabetically by the author's or editor's last name or by title when no author or editor is available, the entries include general bibliographic information and the call number for books and volume number and date for periodicals. Some entries also include a short abstract. Subject and title indices are provided. The bibliography also cites 14 Chicano magazines and newspapers, 27 audiovisual materials, 56 tape holdings, 10 researc°1 aids and services, and 22 Chicano bibliographies. (NQ) ******************************************14*************************** Documents acquired by ERIC include many informal unpublished * materials not available from other sources. ERIC makes every effort * * to obtain the best copy available.
    [Show full text]
  • Transculturalism in Chicano Literature, Visual Art, and Film Master's
    Transculturalism in Chicano Literature, Visual Art, and Film Master’s Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Brandeis University Department of Global Studies Jerónimo Arellano, Advisor In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in Global Studies by Sarah Mabry August 2018 Transculturalism in Chicano Literature, Visual Art, and Film Copyright by Sarah Mabry © 2018 Dedication Here I acknowledge those individuals by name and those remaining anonymous that have encouraged and inspired me on this journey. First, I would like to dedicate this to my great grandfather, Jerome Head, a surgeon, published author, and painter. Although we never had the opportunity to meet on this earth, you passed along your works of literature and art. Gleaned from your manuscript entitled A Search for Solomon, ¨As is so often the way with quests, whether they be for fish or buried cities or mountain peaks or even for money or any other goal that one sets himself in life, the rewards are usually incidental to the journeying rather than in the end itself…I have come to enjoy the journeying.” I consider this project as a quest of discovery, rediscovery, and delightful unexpected turns. I would like mention one of Jerome’s six sons, my grandfather, Charles Rollin Head, a farmer by trade and an intellectual at heart. I remember your Chevy pickup truck filled with farm supplies rattling under the backseat and a tape cassette playing Mozart’s piano sonata No. 16. This old vehicle metaphorically carried a hard work ethic together with an artistic sensibility.
    [Show full text]
  • 2017-2026 Samtrans Short Range Transit Plan
    SAN MATEO COUNTY TRANSIT DISTRICT Short-Range Transit Plan Fiscal Years 2017 – 2026 May 3, 2017 Acknowledgements San Mateo County Transit District Board of Directors 2017 Rose Guilbault, Chair Charles Stone, Vice Chair Jeff Gee Carole Groom Zoe Kersteen-Tucker Karyl Matsumoto Dave Pine Josh Powell Peter Ratto Senior Staff Michelle Bouchard, Chief Operating Officer, Rail Michael Burns, Interim Chief Officer, Caltrain Planning / CalMod April Chan, Chief Officer, Planning, Grants, and Transportation Authority Jim Hartnett, General Manager/CEO Kathleen Kelly, Interim Chief Financial Officer / Treasurer Martha Martinez, Executive Officer, District Secretary, Executive Administration Seamus Murphy, Chief Communications Officer David Olmeda, Chief Operating Officer, Bus Mark Simon, Chief of Staff Short Range Transit Plan Project Staff and Contributors Douglas Kim, Director, Planning Lindsey Kiner, Senior Planner, Planning David Pape, Planner, Planning Margo Ross, Director of Transportation, Bus Transportation Karambir Cheema, Deputy Director ITS, Bus Transportation Ana Rivas, South Base Superintendent, Bus Transportation Ladi Millard, Director of Budgets, Finance Ryan Hinchman, Manager Financial Planning & Analysis, Finance Donald G. Esse, Senior Operations Financial Analyst, Bus Operations Leslie Fong, Senior Administrative Analyst, Grants Tina Dubost, Manager, Accessible Transit Services Natalie Chi, Bus Maintenance Contract Administrator, Bus Transportation Joan Cassman, Legal Counsel (Hanson Bridgett) Shayna M. van Hoften, Legal Counsel (Hanson
    [Show full text]
  • Copyright by Cary Cordova 2005
    Copyright by Cary Cordova 2005 The Dissertation Committee for Cary Cordova Certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: THE HEART OF THE MISSION: LATINO ART AND IDENTITY IN SAN FRANCISCO Committee: Steven D. Hoelscher, Co-Supervisor Shelley Fisher Fishkin, Co-Supervisor Janet Davis David Montejano Deborah Paredez Shirley Thompson THE HEART OF THE MISSION: LATINO ART AND IDENTITY IN SAN FRANCISCO by Cary Cordova, B.A., M.A. Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin December, 2005 Dedication To my parents, Jennifer Feeley and Solomon Cordova, and to our beloved San Francisco family of “beatnik” and “avant-garde” friends, Nancy Eichler, Ed and Anna Everett, Ellen Kernigan, and José Ramón Lerma. Acknowledgements For as long as I can remember, my most meaningful encounters with history emerged from first-hand accounts – autobiographies, diaries, articles, oral histories, scratchy recordings, and scraps of paper. This dissertation is a product of my encounters with many people, who made history a constant presence in my life. I am grateful to an expansive community of people who have assisted me with this project. This dissertation would not have been possible without the many people who sat down with me for countless hours to record their oral histories: Cesar Ascarrunz, Francisco Camplis, Luis Cervantes, Susan Cervantes, Maruja Cid, Carlos Cordova, Daniel del Solar, Martha Estrella, Juan Fuentes, Rupert Garcia, Yolanda Garfias Woo, Amelia “Mia” Galaviz de Gonzalez, Juan Gonzales, José Ramón Lerma, Andres Lopez, Yolanda Lopez, Carlos Loarca, Alejandro Murguía, Michael Nolan, Patricia Rodriguez, Peter Rodriguez, Nina Serrano, and René Yañez.
    [Show full text]
  • Argonaut #2 2019 Cover.Indd 1 1/23/20 1:18 PM the Argonaut Journal of the San Francisco Historical Society Publisher and Editor-In-Chief Charles A
    1/23/20 1:18 PM Winter 2020 Winter Volume 30 No. 2 Volume JOURNAL OF THE SAN FRANCISCO HISTORICAL SOCIETY VOL. 30 NO. 2 Argonaut #2_2019_cover.indd 1 THE ARGONAUT Journal of the San Francisco Historical Society PUBLISHER AND EDITOR-IN-CHIEF Charles A. Fracchia EDITOR Lana Costantini PHOTO AND COPY EDITOR Lorri Ungaretti GRapHIC DESIGNER Romney Lange PUBLIcatIONS COMMIttEE Hudson Bell Lee Bruno Lana Costantini Charles Fracchia John Freeman Chris O’Sullivan David Parry Ken Sproul Lorri Ungaretti BOARD OF DIREctORS John Briscoe, President Tom Owens, 1st Vice President Mike Fitzgerald, 2nd Vice President Kevin Pursglove, Secretary Jack Lapidos,Treasurer Rodger Birt Edith L. Piness, Ph.D. Mary Duffy Darlene Plumtree Nolte Noah Griffin Chris O’Sullivan Richard S. E. Johns David Parry Brent Johnson Christopher Patz Robyn Lipsky Ken Sproul Bruce M. Lubarsky Paul J. Su James Marchetti John Tregenza Talbot Moore Diana Whitehead Charles A. Fracchia, Founder & President Emeritus of SFHS EXECUTIVE DIREctOR Lana Costantini The Argonaut is published by the San Francisco Historical Society, P.O. Box 420470, San Francisco, CA 94142-0470. Changes of address should be sent to the above address. Or, for more information call us at 415.537.1105. TABLE OF CONTENTS A SECOND TUNNEL FOR THE SUNSET by Vincent Ring .....................................................................................................................................6 THE LAST BASTION OF SAN FRANCISCO’S CALIFORNIOS: The Mission Dolores Settlement, 1834–1848 by Hudson Bell .....................................................................................................................................22 A TENDERLOIN DISTRIct HISTORY The Pioneers of St. Ann’s Valley: 1847–1860 by Peter M. Field ..................................................................................................................................42 Cover photo: On October 21, 1928, the Sunset Tunnel opened for the first time.
    [Show full text]
  • Los Veteranos—Latinos in WWII
    Los Veteranos—Latinos in WWII Over 500,000 Latinos (including 350,000 Mexican Americans and 53,000 Puerto Ricans) served in WWII. Exact numbers are difficult because, with the exception of the 65th Infantry Regiment from Puerto Rico, Latinos were not segregated into separate units, as African Americans were. When war was declared on December 8, 1941, thousands of Latinos were among those that rushed to enlist. Latinos served with distinction throughout Europe, in the Pacific Theater, North Africa, the Aleutians and the Mediterranean. Among other honors earned, thirteen Medals of Honor were awarded to Latinos for service during WWII. In the Pacific Theater, the 158th Regimental Combat Team, of which a large percentage was Latino and Native American, fought in New Guinea and the Philippines. They so impressed General MacArthur that he called them “the greatest fighting combat team ever deployed in battle.” Latino soldiers were of particular aid in the defense of the Philippines. Their fluency in Spanish was invaluable when serving with Spanish speaking Filipinos. These same soldiers were part of the infamous “Bataan Death March.” On Saipan, Marine PFC Guy Gabaldon, a Mexican-American from East Los Angeles who had learned Japanese in his ethnically diverse neighborhood, captured 1,500 Japanese soldiers, earning him the nickname, the “Pied Piper of Saipan.” In the European Theater, Latino soldiers from the 36th Infantry Division from Texas were among the first soldiers to land on Italian soil and suffered heavy casualties crossing the Rapido River at Cassino. The 88th Infantry Division (with draftees from Southwestern states) was ranked in the top 10 for combat effectiveness.
    [Show full text]
  • Oral History Interview with Barbara Carrasco
    Oral history interview with Barbara Carrasco The digital preservation of this interview received Federal support from the Latino Initiatives Pool, administered by the Smithsonian Latino Center. Archives of American Art 750 9th Street, NW Victor Building, Suite 2200 Washington, D.C. 20001 https://www.aaa.si.edu/services/questions https://www.aaa.si.edu/ Table of Contents Collection Overview ........................................................................................................ 1 Administrative Information .............................................................................................. 1 General............................................................................................................................. 2 Scope and Contents........................................................................................................ 1 Scope and Contents........................................................................................................ 2 Biographical / Historical.................................................................................................... 1 Names and Subjects ...................................................................................................... 2 Container Listing ...................................................................................................... Oral history interview with Barbara Carrasco AAA.carras99 Collection Overview Repository: Archives of American Art Title: Oral history interview with Barbara Carrasco Identifier:
    [Show full text]
  • The Chicano Movement in Houston and Texas: a Personal Memory
    The Chicano Movement in Houston and Texas: A Personal Memory by Carlos Calbillo c/s 116th Annual Meeting The four major themes of “Chicanismo” are generally considered to be: (1) the power of the March 1–3, 2012 creative earth and labor upon it; (2) political transformation through collective efforts; Become a TSHA (3) strong familial ties extending back into Mesoamerican pre-history; and (4) spiritually- Member and Omni Houston Hotel influenced creative artistic imagination as reflected in the visual ARTS. Receive FREE Keynote Address: Civil Rights in Texas ell, what a long and strange trip it was, or should I say, and white ministers, priests, a rabbi or two in attendance, I Whas been. Carlos Guerra is gone, Lupe Youngblood became curious to see if I could find any Latinos in the large Registration* by Darlene Clark Hine, Ph.D., Northwestern University is gone, Poncho Ruiz, El Tigre, Ernie Valdés. And Mateo crowd. To my surprise, I found only one, other than me. Vega, if not gone, is certainly missing in action or something I walked up to him after the march and introduced like that. These names are some of the brothers; there were myself to Leonel J. Castillo. He would eventually become also sisters that I worked with in the movement beginning the first Latino in Houston elected to city-wide office as city in, for me, April 1968. controller. Subsequently, he became the first Latino com- Sessions Speakers Exhibitors The Chicano movement of the 1960s and 1970s was es- missioner of the Immigration and Naturalization Service, sentially a grassroots community insurrection and rebellion appointed by President Jimmy Carter.
    [Show full text]
  • George I. Sanchez and the Civil Rights Movement: 1940-1960
    George I. Sanchez and the Civil Rights Movement: 1940-1960 Ricardo Romo* This article is a tribute to Dr. George I. Sanchez and examines the important contributions he made in establishing the American Council of Spanish-Speaking People (ACSSP) in 1951. The ACSSP funded dozens of civil rights cases in the Southwest during the early 1950's and repre- sented the first large-scale effort by Mexican Americans to establish a national civil rights organization. As such, ACSSP was a precursor of the Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund (MALDEF) and other organizations concerned with protecting the legal rights of Mexican Americans in the Southwest. The period covered here extends from 1940 to 1960, two crucial decades when Mexican Ameri- cans made a concerted effort to challenge segregation in public schools, discrimination in housing and employment, and the denial of equal ac- cess to public places such as theaters, restaurants, and barber shops. Although Mexican Americans are still confronted today by de facto seg- regation and job discrimination, it is of historical and legal interest that Mexican American legal victories, in areas such as school desegregation, predated by many years the 1954 Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education and the civil rights movement of the 1960's. Sanchez' pioneering leadership and the activities of ACSSP merit exami- nation if we are to fully comprehend the historical struggle of the Mexi- can American civil rights movement. In a recent article, Karen O'Conner and Lee Epstein traced the ori- gins of MALDEF to the 1960's civil rights era.' The authors argued that "Chicanos early on recongized their inability to seek rights through traditional political avenues and thus sporadically resorted to litigation ..
    [Show full text]
  • Chicana Brown Berets in East Los Angeles, 1967-1970
    Essays “Revolutionary Sisters”: Women’s Solidarity and Collective Identification among Chicana Brown Berets in East Los Angeles, 1967-1970 Dionne Espinoza ABSTRACT:I examine women’s participation in the East Los Angeles chapter of the Brown Berets in order to unpack the dynamics ofwomen’s inclusion and exclusion in an organization proclaiming a commitment to liberatory social change. I argue that the organization’s structure and ideology, which originally appeared to support participatory democracy- albeit in tension withparamilitary procedures and selfrepresentations- progressively devolved into the segregation and subordination of women participants. This structuring of gender inequality, and the self- representations and behaviors that supported it, created the conditions for womenBerets to recognize each other as hermanas en la lucha who could organize on their own terms. Chicana Brown Berets’ gender consciousness and woman-identified solidarity enabled them to break with the organization and develop a new political identity that implied a linked, but autonomous, relationship to the Chicano movement as well as a feminist reconstruction of la familia as based in women’s community. In late February 1970 a letter was sent to “Aron Mangancilla, Minister of Education for the Brown Berets,” explaining that the minister of correspondence and finance for the East Los Angeles chapter, Gloria Arellanes, had resigned. The letter stated, “There has been a great exclusion on behalf of the male segment and failure of the ministers to communicate with us, among many, many other things.” It went on to de- clare that “ALL Brown Beret women” were leaving because they had been treated as “nothings, not as “Revolutionary Aztldn 26: 1 Spring 200 1 17 Espinoza sisters.”’ Signing the letter “Con Che!”, the authors implied that their leaving was a revolutionary act of self-determination.
    [Show full text]
  • 2015-2016 Measures M & O Audit
    SAN MATEO UNION HIGH SCHOOL DISTRICT MEASURE M AND O GENERAL OBLIGATION BOND FUNDS SAN MATEO COUNTY, CALIFORNIA FINANCIAL AND PERFORMANCE AUDIT FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 2016 JAMES MARTA & COMPANY LLP CERTIFIED PUBLIC ACCOUNTANTS 701 HOWE AVENUE, E3 SACRAMENTO, CA (916) 993-9494 (916) 993-9489 FAX WWW.JPMCPA.COM SAN MATEO UNION HIGH SCHOOL DISTRICT MEASURE M AND O GENERAL OBLIGATION BOND FUNDS TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE INDEPENDENT AUDITOR'S REPORT 1 BASIC FINANCIAL STATEMENTS Balance Sheet 3 Statement of Revenues, Expenditures, and Changes in Fund Balance 4 Notes to the Financial Statements 5 SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION Full Text of Bond Measure M and O 12 OTHER INDEPENDENT AUDITOR’S REPORTS Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting and on Compliance and on Other Matters Based on an Audit of Financial Statements Performed in Accordance with Government Auditing Standards 24 Independent Auditor’s Report on Measure M and O Bond Performance 27 James Marta & Company LLP Certified Public Accountants Accounting, Auditing, Consulting, and Tax INDEPENDENT AUDITOR'S REPORT Citizen’s Oversight Committee and Governing Board San Mateo Union High School District San Mateo, California Report on the Financial Statements We have audited the accompanying Balance Sheet of San Mateo Union High School District (the District), Measure M and O General Obligation Bond Funds (the Fund), and the related statement of revenues, expenditures, and changes in fund balance as of and for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2016, and the related notes to the financial statements. Managements Responsibility for the Financial Statements Management is responsible for the preparation and presentation of these financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America; this includes the design, implementation, and maintenance of internal control relevant to the preparation and fair presentation of financial statements that are free from material misstatement, whether due to fraud or error.
    [Show full text]
  • Quiz Study Guide 1 Sp 2013.Docx.Docx
    MAS 10B Quiz #1 Study Guide Acuña: ● What is wrong with the myth that the U.S. “liberated” the land which was “unoccupied?” And to what extent was America NOT the “land of opportunity” for people of Mexican descent in the early 1900s? ● Name at least one positive outcome of the mining strikes and labor organizing in the mines. ● What led to the dramatic growth of population in the Southwest? ● Why were growers and capitalists forced to look toward Blacks in the South and Mexicans in the Southwest for the labor force at the end of the 1800s and into the early 1900s? ● What were some of the characteristics and conditions of the different types of labor (railroad, mining, farm work, for example)? ● How did Mexicans respond to the poor labor conditions in the fields and orchards? ● Flores Magon Brothers ● Why did Anti-Mexican hysteria develop as a result of the Great Depression of the 1930s? How does the nation react, both through policy and the treatment of Mexican Americans? Give specific examples of policies that affect Mexican Americans. ● Mutualistas ● Why was there a sharp increase of Mexican migration north during 1910-1920? ● “Mexican Schools”/Lemon Grove Incident ● Explain “Barrioization” and the factors that lead to the creation of ethnic enclaves. Describe the experience/s of at least one urban Mexican American community as detailed in Acuña. ● Repatriation/Federal Deportation Programs ● When did the Repatriation acts take place? ● What does Repatriation mean literally? ● What were the main causes of the Great Depression? ● Emma Tenayucca ● Rosalio Ronquillo ● LULAC ● Why did LULAC want to separate themselves from Mexican Immigrants? ● How was the participation and goals of the U.S.
    [Show full text]