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July 24, 2021

• They occur worldwide in the tropics and Table of Contents subtropics, mainly between 30° N and 30° S latitudes. The greatest mangrove area is Environment...... 1 between 5° latitudes of the equator. Mangroves ...... 1 • It is a shrub or small tree which grows in Polity and Governance ...... 2 coastal areas- either saline or brackish Central Vigilance Commission...... 2 water. • They are salt-tolerant trees, hence called National Human Rights Commission ...... 2 halophytes, and are adapted to live even Security ...... 3 in the harsh coastal conditions. (BSF) ...... 3 • They contain complex salt filtration system and complex roots to cope with

saltwater immersion and wave action. ______• Their roots help these trees to respire in anaerobic soils. Environment • The seeds of Mangrove Forests trees germinate in the trees itself before falling Mangroves on ground– called Viviparity mode of Why in News? reproduction. Recently, the scientists decoded the genome sequence of a highly salt-tolerant mangrove species, Avicennia marina. About Avicennia Marina:

• It is one of the most prominent mangroves species found in almost all mangrove forests in . • It is a salt-secreting and extraordinarily salt-tolerant mangrove species which can grow optimally in 75% seawater and tolerates >250% seawater. • It is among some of the rare plant species, which can excrete 40% of the salt through Importance of Mangroves: the salt glands in the leaves, besides its • capacity to obstruct salt entry to the Mangrove roots help to impede salt water roots. intrusion in the lands, and thereby enhance the deposition of sediment in • It is also referred to as grey mangrove or areas, stabilise the coastal shores and white mangrove. provide a breeding ground for fishes. About Mangroves: • Prevent coastal soil erosion. • Protect coastal lands from tsunami, hurricanes, and floods.

• Support numerous flora, fauna and leader of the single largest wildlife. Opposition party in the ). • Provide favourable environment for Term in Office: breeding, spawning, rearing of fishes. • Their term is 4 years or 65 years, whichever is earlier. Polity and Governance • Removal: • The CVC or any VCs can be removed from Central Vigilance Commission his office only by order of the President. Why in News? The grounds for removal are proved misbehavior GoI is yet to appoint a director of inquiry for or incapacity concluded as such by the Supreme conducting preliminary inquiry into corruption Court enquiry on a reference made to it by the complaints sent by the Lokpal. President. About CVC: • It is the apex vigilance institution created National Human Rights Commission via executive resolution, based on the Why in News? recommendations of Santhanam The Calcutta High Court had given last chance to committee in 1964. the state government to submit its reply to the • Later, in 2003 it was conferred with report submitted by NHRC to inquire into alleged statutory status by Central Vigilance incidents of post-poll violence. Commission Act, 2003. About NHRC: • It submits its report to the President of • Members: India annually. o Chairman (Retd. Supreme Court • On receipt of such report, the President Chief Justice or Judge), and causes the report to be laid before each o Seven other members (of which House of Parliament. three are ex-officio members) • The CVC is not under any Ministry/ • Appointed by: President, on Department. It is an independent body recommendation of high-powered responsible only responsible to the committee headed by Prime Minister. Parliament. • Selection Committee Members: • CVC has no investigation wing of its own. o The Prime Minister (chairperson) • It depends on the CBI and Chief Vigilance o The Home Minister Officers (CVO) of central organizations. o The Leader of the Opposition in Composition: the Lok Sabha • Consists of CVCs along with 2 other o The Leader of the Opposition in vigilance commissioners. the Appointment o The • They are appointed by the President of o The Deputy Chairman of the Rajya India on the recommendations of a Sabha committee consisting of: • Tenure of Service: The Chairperson and o Prime Minister, the members are appointed for 3 years or o Union Home Minister and till the age of 70 years, whichever is o Leader of the Opposition in Lok earlier. Sabha (if there is no LoP then the

• They are eligible for re-appointment in o Indo-Bangladesh International NHRC, but not under any other central or Border, state government. o Line of Control (LoC) along with Key Takeaways: , and • NHRC can investigate grievances o Anti-Naxal Operations. pertaining to the violation of human rights • It also has an air wing, a marine wing, an either suo moto or after receiving a artillery regiment, and commando units. petition. • BSF has been defending the Sir Creak in • It has the power to interfere in any Arabian Sea and Sundarban delta in the judicial proceedings involving allegation Bay of Bengal with its modern fleet of of violation of human rights. Water Crafts. • It can visit any jail or any other institution • BSF also plays a key role in helping state under the control of government to see administration to maintain Law and Order the living conditions of the inmates and to and conduct of peaceful elections. make recommendations. • For their role, they are referred as “the • It can review the safeguards provided First Line of Defence of Indian Territories”. under the constitution or any statute for Related Information: the protection of the human rights and can recommend appropriate measures. The other Central Armed Police Forces: • It has the powers of a civil court. • Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF): • It can recommend to both the central and Responsible for Internal Security. state governments to take suitable steps • : Responsible for guarding to prevent the violation of Human Rights India's land borders with Myanmar. in the country. • Central Industrial Security Force (CISF): • It submits its annual report to the Provides security cover to space President who causes it to be laid before establishments, nuclear installations, each House of Parliament. seaports, airports, power plants, sensitive Government buildings and even heritage Security monuments. Border Security Force (BSF) • Indo Tibetan Border Police (ITBP): A Why in News? specialized mountain force and responsible for guarding Indo-China BSF troops and Pakistani Rangers exchanged border. sweets on the occasion of Id-ul-Adha. • : A counter About BSF: unit which was raised in 1984, following . • BSF was raised post 1965 India-Pakistan • (SSB): Earlier called war. as Special Service Bureau was raised in • It is one of the Central Armed Police 1960s. Their objective is to achieve ‘Total Forces of Union of India. security preparedness’ in the remote • It is under the administrative control of border areas. the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA). • It is deployed on: o Indo-Pakistan International Border,