DOCSLIB.ORG

Transdisciplinary Dimensions of Counter Terrorism Agencies in India, Its Contemporary Historical Footprint

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Transdisciplinary Dimensions of Counter Terrorism Agencies in India, Its Contemporary Historical Footprint JOURNAL OF CRITICAL REVIEWS ISSN- 2394-5125 VOL 7, ISSUE 14, 2020 TRANSDISCIPLINARY DIMENSIONS OF COUNTER TERRORISM AGENCIES IN INDIA, ITS CONTEMPORARY HISTORICAL FOOTPRINT Arnold Harvey1, Dr. Vikas Gupta 2 1 Ph.D Scholar (2016-2019) at Amity Law School, Amity University, Sector 125, Noida, U.P., India 2Associate. Professor, Amity Law School, Centre – II, Amity University, Sector 125, Noida, U.P., India Received: 14 March 2020 Revised and Accepted: 8 July 2020 ABSTRACT: The concept of proactive intelligence system reveals the challenges of cross-border terrorism and the infested problem of domestic, as well as transnational terrorist groups destabilizing India. In this regard, the Constitution of India empowers the Union government to protect every State against any kind of external aggression and internal disturbances, especially in combating terrorism, provided under Article 246 (Part XI - Legislative Relations) and Article 355 (Part XVIII - Emergency provision). The final intelligence information in the country is produced by the Multi Agency Centre (MAC), by specialized intelligence agencies, such as the (IB, RAW, DIA, DRI, ED, CEIB, NTRO) and technically they report directly to the National Security Advisor (NSA) and the Prime Minister to look after all classified intelligence information regarding the country. KEYWORDS: Reticent, predicament, proactive intelligence, cross-border terrorism, domestic and transnational terrorist groups, destabilizing India, Constitution of India, Article 246 – Legislative Relations, Article 355 - Emergency provision, classified establishment, rectitude, Multi Agency Centre, Intelligence Bureau, enigmatic, furtive, Research and Analysis Wing, reconnoiter, Defence Intelligence Agency, Directorate of Revenue Intelligence, Enforcement Directorate, Central Economic Intelligence Bureau, National Technical Research Organization, clandestine, National Security Advisor, cryptic confidential investigation. I. INTRODUCTION THIS PAPER provides critical insight into the phenomenon of counter terrorism intelligence in India. The idea is to deepen their understanding by critically reflecting on their interaction with each other, and weave these insights into an analysis of the challenges and options facing India vis-à-vis terrorism. In the process the paper unravels, the classified system of intelligence and the law enforcement agencies in the country. The Republic of India, is governed by a secular democratic parliamentary system, it consists of twenty nine States and nine Union territories (from October 31, 2019), consisting of a large diversity of various religions, many castes and many languages. It shares its land borders with China, Nepal and Bhutan to the north, Pakistan to the west, and Bangladesh, Myanmar to the east. The above geographical positions has witnessed repeated cross-border disputes, that have disturbed the public order, law and order of its extremely large population of over (1,369,623,166) people.1 Internationally, India has gained the prestigious reputation of being known as a nuclear weapons state, but still it has various types of internal and external problems of its own, because of which it has to bear the costs of maintaining a very large military, intelligence and policing expenditure. Since post-independence, it still has major disputes over the issue of Kashmir in India, Pakistan occupied Kashmir in the Line of Control (LoC)2 and the issue of Aksai-Chin with China in the Line of Actual Control (LAC)3 and these problems are still unresolved. 1India Population (2019) (Sept. 25, 2019, 5.30 PM), https://www.worldometers.info/india population.html. 2C.E. BOSWORTH, KASHMIR-ENCYCLOPEDIA AMERICANA 328 (2006). 3China raked up status of Aksai Chin at UNSC informal session (Sept. 25, 2019, 5.51 PM), https://economictimes.indiatimes.com.html. 2436 JOURNAL OF CRITICAL REVIEWS ISSN- 2394-5125 VOL 7, ISSUE 14, 2020 The very large population density and the vast geopolitical area, makes the handling of terror crimes extremely difficult to safe guard the national security of the country. The menace of hard-core terrorism and cross-border transnational terrorism has grown its organized network in various parts of India. Therefore, the center and the state governments have raised their own specialized intelligence, law enforcement and investigation agencies, to deal with the challenges of terrorism. However, prompt and quality investigation is the foundation of an effective criminal judicial system.4 Therefore, it is very important to make a firm distinction between the term intelligence and the term investigation. The intelligence agency collects counter terrorism data and the investigation agency enforces law and executive order, it starts the cause of action for legal prosecution. A comparative study of applied intelligence and law reveals that cross-border terrorism still remains the greatest challenge for India. The various types of terrorist activities, of both domestic as well as transnational terrorist groups have repeatedly tried to destabilize the peace of the country. Therefore, to protect the country from unwanted terror and aggression, administering the national security of the country is a very big responsibility before the nation. It is because of this specific reason it has raised a number of specialized intelligence agencies in the field of law enforcement and investigation. The classified subject of counter terrorism is handled by specialized intelligence agencies and investigation agencies, such as the Intelligence Bureau (IB), the Research and Analysis Wing (RAW), the Defence Intelligence Agency (DIA), the National Investigation Agency (NIA), the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI), the National Security Guard (NSG), the Special Protection Group (SPG) and other State specialized counter terrorism sub-agencies in the country. CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISION The President of India, is the ceremonial head of State, but almost all executive actions are directly taken by the Prime Minister of India, as he is the head of government and he along with his cabinet ministers, exercises most of the executive power. Thereafter, the civil servants are delegated as permanent executives, empowered to take all decisions and implement all direct actions, along with the state executive force.5 The seventh schedule of the Constitution of India, empowers executive responsibilities between the Center and the States. Furthermore, Article 246 (Part XI – Legislative Relations) of the Constitution of India empowers the Union list, the State list and the Concurrent list to equally distribute the legislative authority between the Centre and the State governments. The subject of policing is a state executive function, therefore it enforces law and governance by applying the law of the land, but when matters are beyond control, the state may seek central assistance to deal with the problem.6 The special provision of the Constitution allows a coordinating and counseling role for the centre in police matters.7 In addition, Article 355 (Part XVIII - Emergency Provision) empowers the union government to protect every state against any kind of internal disturbances and it ensures every state government to perform its duties in accordance with the provision of the Constitution.8 Therefore, the above position of law balances the quasi-federal nature of our country, by setting up specified central police organizations to protect the territorial integrity and the security of the nation. COUNTER TERRORISM INTELLIGENCE The concept of applied intelligence and law are two important structures of the same coin, they comfortably manage the national security system of the country, the former collects prior information and the later enforces legal deterrence. The concept of actionable intelligence can only be provided, through an efficient proactive intelligence apparatus, that at all times safeguards the internal and external security of the country. The Herbert Hoover Commission of USA (1955) has defined, that “intelligence deals with all the things which should be 4 JAYANTH UMARINIKAR, POLICE REFORMS IN INDIA 194 (Ameya Prakashan, New Delhi, 2009). 5K. M. MATHEW, MANORAMA YEARBOOK (Malayala Manorama, 2003). 6Seminar on National Security 2016 (Sept. 12, 2019, 23.33 PM). http://www.svpnpa.gov.in.html. 7AJIT DOVAL, & B.R LALL, POLICE SECURITY YEAR BOOK 13 (2d ed., Manas Publication 2011). 8V. BALACHANDRAN & SATISH. KUMAR, INDIA’S NATIONAL SECURITY: ANNUAL REVIEW, 297 (2d ed. Routledge, 2010). 2437 JOURNAL OF CRITICAL REVIEWS ISSN- 2394-5125 VOL 7, ISSUE 14, 2020 known in advance of initiating a course of action”.9 A comparative study was made in cases of global terror, it revealed that terrorism had gained tremendous momentum due to modern global connectivity and sophisticated technology. The modern terrorist have updated their modus operandi, they are educated, well trained, camouflaged and are fast with a wide range of new technology, therefore this is making it very difficult for intelligence agencies to track them down. The recent terrorism developments in India and around the globe, have exposed the covert activities of the hard-line terrorist and other well planned criminal activities, such as the (2001) US 9/11 attack and the (2008) Mumbai 26/11 attack, indicates the need to retrospect and improve upon a well-equipped intelligence system to safeguard the country from all forms of terrorism threats. The specialized intelligence agencies usually use seven basic steps in the analysis of the “intelligence process”,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Smart Border Management: Indian Coastal and Maritime Security
    Contents Foreword p2/ Preface p3/ Overview p4/ Current initiatives p12/ Challenges and way forward p25/ International examples p28/Sources p32/ Glossary p36/ FICCI Security Department p38 Smart border management: Indian coastal and maritime security September 2017 www.pwc.in Dr Sanjaya Baru Secretary General Foreword 1 FICCI India’s long coastline presents a variety of security challenges including illegal landing of arms and explosives at isolated spots on the coast, infiltration/ex-filtration of anti-national elements, use of the sea and off shore islands for criminal activities, and smuggling of consumer and intermediate goods through sea routes. Absence of physical barriers on the coast and presence of vital industrial and defence installations near the coast also enhance the vulnerability of the coasts to illegal cross-border activities. In addition, the Indian Ocean Region is of strategic importance to India’s security. A substantial part of India’s external trade and energy supplies pass through this region. The security of India’s island territories, in particular, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, remains an important priority. Drug trafficking, sea-piracy and other clandestine activities such as gun running are emerging as new challenges to security management in the Indian Ocean region. FICCI believes that industry has the technological capability to implement border management solutions. The government could consider exploring integrated solutions provided by industry for strengthening coastal security of the country. The FICCI-PwC report on ‘Smart border management: Indian coastal and maritime security’ highlights the initiatives being taken by the Central and state governments to strengthen coastal security measures in the country.
    [Show full text]
  • Seventh Schedule of Indian Constitution - Article 246
    Seventh Schedule of Indian Constitution - Article 246 The 7th Schedule of the Indian Constitution deals with the division of powers between the Union government and State governments. It is a part of 12 Schedules of Indian Constitution. The division of ​ ​ powers between Union and State is notified through three kinds of the list mentioned in the seventh schedule: 1. Union List – List I 2. State List – List II 3. Concurrent List – List III Union List, State List, Concurrent List – Introduction As mentioned earlier, Article 246 deals with the 7th Schedule of the Indian Constitution that mentions three lists named as Union List, State List and Concurrent List which specify the divisions of power between Union and States. The key features of Union List, State List & Concurrent List are mentioned in the tables below: 7th Schedule of Indian Constitution – Union List It originally had 97 subjects. Now, it has 100 subjects Centre has exclusive powers to makes laws on the subjects mentioned under the Union List of Indian Constitution The Union List signifies the strong centre as it has more subjects than state list It contains more important subjects than included in any of the other two lists All the issues/matters that are important for the nation and those requiring uniformity of legislation nationwide are included in the Union List The dominance of Union List over State List is secured by the Constitution of India as in any conflict between the two or overlapping, the Union List prevails Law made by the Parliament on a subject of the Union List can confer powers and impose duties on a state, or authorise the conferring of powers and imposition of duties by the Centre upon a state There are 15 subjects in the Union List on which Parliament has an exclusive power to levy taxes 88th Amendment added a new subject in the Union List called ‘taxes on services.’ Supreme Court’s jurisdiction and powers with respect to matters in the Union list can be enlarged by ​ the Parliament 7th Schedule of Indian Constitution – State List It has 61 subjects.
    [Show full text]
  • MECHANISM for the REVIEW of IMPLEMENTATION Governmental
    Please fill the form typed (not handwritten) and send it back in WORD format. This form can be downloaded at http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/treaties/CAC/IRG.html MECHANISM FOR THE REVIEW OF IMPLEMENTATION Name of Country: Governmental Expert DATE: INDIA 1. Family name(s) 2. First name(s) 3. Present nationality(ies) 4. Gender KUMAR SANTOSH INDIAN MALE 5. PRESENT POSITION From To Exact title of your post : Month/Year Month/Year Additional Director of Income Tax (Investigation), Unit-6, New Delhi 11/16 Till Date Name of employer : Income Tax Department, Ministry of Finance, Government of India BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF YOUR DUTIES (max. 1500 characters) My present duties include supervision and monitoring of investigation into large scale/serious tax evasion cases which include cases involving undisclosed foreign assets /income and undisclosed domestic assets/income, inter alia, using multi-layered complex structures. The multi-layered complex structures include combination of various types of entities such as companies, trusts, foundations, etc. established in multiple foreign jurisdictions or numerous layers of domestic shell/paper companies. Investigation of such cases involves use of various investigation and intelligence techniques, following the money/ found trail, extensive use of legal instruments for exchange of information with relevant foreign jurisdictions such as Double Taxation Avoidance Agreements (DTAAs), Tax information Exchange Agreements (TIEAs), Mutual Legal Assistance Treaties (MLATs)/Mutual legal Assistance in Criminal Matters, etc. Further, taking into consideration the emerging methods of doing business, record keeping and hiding electronic data/information, examination of digital evidence and digital forensic examination have become an extremely important aspect of such investigations.
    [Show full text]
  • Draft: to Be Circulated Only to Participants of the 4Th Annual
    Urban Counterterrorist Sieges: The 2008 Mumbai Attack and Police (In)capacity The Mumbai terrorist attack of 2008 exposed key vulnerabilities in India’s defences against urban terrorism. Not only did it reflect an unprecedented degree of sophistication on the part of jihadist planners, but the attack also demonstrated that the Indian policing system was woefully inadequate for the task of combating suicidal assaults. This paper will provide an analysis of the tactical and operational aspects of the Indian security response, with a view towards identifying lessons which might be valuable for the international security community. Its findings are expected to be particularly relevant in light of similar attacks carried out in Europe, Africa and North America during 2013-16. The paper describes the actual conduct of security operations on the ground in Mumbai, during the period 26-29 November 2008. It studies the response of the Indian police, army, navy and National Security Guard and demonstrates that inter-force cooperation was severely lacking. Besides clear protocols for communicating situational updates and pooling crisis intelligence, counterterrorism in India lacked a coherent public relations doctrine. Together, these shortcomings contributed to the spread of panic and multiplied the disruption caused by the attack. The paper concludes by offering suggestions for improving police responses to future urban terrorist sieges. Keywords: Terrorism, Intelligence, SWAT, India, Pakistan, Lashkar-e-Taiba Introduction Following the 13 November 2015 shooting rampage by ‘Islamic State’ militants in Paris, Western security agencies are paying close attention to the threat of ‘active shooters’. Unlike regular hostage- takers, active shooters are gunmen who randomly kill anyone they see and do not stop until cornered and arrested or shot by security forces.
    [Show full text]
  • The National Security Guard Act, 1986 Arrangement Of
    THE NATIONAL SECURITY GUARD ACT, 1986 _______________ ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS _______________ CHAPTER I PRELIMINARY SECTIONS 1. Short title and commencement. 2. Definitions. 3. Persons subject to this Act. CHAPTER II CONSTITUTION OF THE SECURITY GUARD AND CONDITIONS OR SERVCE OF THE MEMBERS OF THE SECURITY GUARD 4. Constitution of the Security Guard. 5. Control, direction, etc. 6. Liability for service outside India. 7. Resignation and withdrawal from the post. 8. Tenure of service under the Act. 9. Termination of service by Central Government. 10. Dismissal, removal or reduction by the Director-General and by other officers. 11. Certificate of termination of service. 12. Restrictions respecting right to form associations, freedom of speech, etc. 13. Remedy of aggrieved persons other than officers. 14. Remedy of aggrieved officers. CHAPTER III OFFENCES 15. Offences in relation to the terrorists and other persons in arms against the Union and punishable with death. 16. Offences punishable more severely on active duty than at other times. 17. Mutiny. 18. Desertion and aiding desertion. 19. Absence without leave. 20. Striking or threatening superior officer. 21. Disobedience to superior officer. 22. Assault and obstruction. 23. Certain forms of disgraceful conduct. 24. Ill-treating a subordinate. 25. Drunkenness. 26. Permitting escape of person in custody. 27. Irregularity in connection with arrest or confinement. 28. Escape from custody. 29. Offences in respect of property. 30. Extortion and exaction. 1 SECTIONS 31. Making away with equipment. 32. Injury to property. 33. False accusations. 34. Falsifying official documents and false declarations. 35. False declaration on appointment. 36. Offences relating to Security Guard Court.
    [Show full text]
  • Legislative Framework to Combat Public Health Emergencies in India
    Legislative Framework to Combat Public Health Emergencies in India In Light of the COVID-19 Pandemic I. Introduction The world is facing an unprecedented situation with the outbreak of COVID-19, a novel coronavirus. The virus has spread to 155 countries around the world, and as per data collected and released by the Johns Hopkins University, there are 198,155 confirmed cases of COVID-19 globally1. India too is faced with the threat of COVID-19. As per the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, 147 people in India have contracted the virus as of 18 March 2020, and the Government of India has declared the outbreak a national “disaster”. In light of this, the biggest challenge before the Government of India right now is to contain the spread of the disease and ensure the health and well-being of its population. To achieve this objective, the Government will first need to rely on existing legislative provisions and frameworks as a means of legally taking all measures necessary to fight the pandemic. Thus, this article seeks to elaborate on and highlight the various legislative provisions that exist to help the Government of India deal with a public health emergency. Before getting into this analysis, it is important to note that India has dealt with public health emergencies before. The most recent national health emergency was during the swine flu pandemic that started in 2009. The outbreak of the H1N1 virus originated in the United States of America and Mexico, and soon spread to India. India had restricted the sale of Tamiflu (the only known drug to work against swine flu) in general medical stores out of a fear that the virus would develop a resistance to the drug if it was used excessively.
    [Show full text]
  • Concurrent List Subject Which Enables the Central Government to Legislate It in the Manner Suited to It
    India Joint Report on India - Submission by National Coalition for Education and World Vision India For Universal Periodic Review, 13th session, 2012 The Right to Education The Right to Education in India The Indian constitution has provisions to ensure that the state provides education to all its citizens. The Indian constitution in its original enactment defined education as state subject. Under Article 42 of the constitution, an amendment was added in 1976 and education became a concurrent list subject which enables the central government to legislate it in the manner suited to it. Besides India is signatory to a number of international covenants i.e. Jomtien declaration, UNCRC, MDG goals, Dakar declaration SAARC SDG charter for children which is binding on its commitment for making education a reality for all children. Nearly eight years after the Constitution was amended to make education a fundamental right, the government of India from 1st April 2010 implemented the law to provide free and compulsory education to all children in age group of 6-14 years. The 86th Constitutional amendment making education a fundamental right was passed by Parliament in 2002. The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, a law to enable the implementation of the fundamental right, was passed by Parliament last year. Both the Constitutional amendment and the new law came into force from 1st April 2010. The new law makes it obligatory on part of the state governments and local bodies to ensure that every child gets education in a school in the neighbourhood. The Constitution (Eighty-sixth) Amendment Act has now inserted Article 21A in the Constitution which makes education a Fundamental Right for Children in the age group of 6- 14 years by providing that; “the State shall provide free and compulsory education to all children of the age of six to fourteen years in such manner as the State may, by law, determine”.
    [Show full text]
  • (Cabinet Secretariat) Govt. of India
    Special Protection Group (Cabinet Secretariat) Govt. of India E-Tender Notice 1i.., Tender No. No. 18/15/20/0/2019/Estate-21789/ "31'6 Dated, the 5 April, 2019 On behalf of the President of India, Director, Special Protection Group, (Cabinet Secretariat), Govt. of India invites e-tenders under two-bid system (Technical & Commercial Bid) from eligible & reputed tenderers for CONSERVANCY SERVICES IN NON­ RESIDENTIAL -CUM- TRAINING COMPLEX OF SPG AT SECTOR-21 DWARKA having minimum pre-qualification criteria set out in the tender document. The complete tender document is available on the website www.spg.nic.in and CPP Portal (https://eprocure.gov.in), which can be downloaded by the interested firms. Important Tender Details 1. Earnest Money Deposit (EMD) Rs. 2,00,000/- (Rupees two lakh) only 2. Date from which tender documents 09/04/2019 (1000 hrs) can be downloaded 3. Date , time and venue forpre - bid 23/04/2019 (1600 hrs) conference Admin Block, SPG Complex, Sector -8, Dwarka, New Delhi - 110077 4. Last date for downloading of tender 13/05/2019(1400 hrs} documents 5. Last date & time for uploading of Bids 13/05/2019 (1600 hrs} 6. Date & time for opening of online 14/05/2019 (1600hrs} Technical bid 7. Address of communication Asstt. Inspector General (Estate) Special Protection Group, SPG Complex, Sector-8, Dwarka, New Delhi-110077. Tel:011-25090563, Fax: 011-25090682 2. The tender will not be issued manually. Bids will be accepted only online at e-procurement CPP portal (https://eprocure.gov.in) and manual bids will not be accepted.
    [Show full text]
  • 1.An Unlawful Assembly Consists of A.More Than 3 Persons
    MAINTENANCE OF PUBLIC ORDER Model Question Sets (CASI Syllabus): 1.An unlawful assembly consists of a.more than 3 persons b.more than 5 persons c.more than 10 persons d.more than 7 persons 2. Crowd can be devided into how many types as per their characteristics a.four b. Two c. three d. Fives 3. How police can manage a law & order situation with minimum use of force a. use of public address system b. Confident police attitude c. negotiation with leaders d. All of the above 4. In day to day police work we face different types of crowd or agitaters.They are a. students b. Peasants c. labour d. All of the above 5. Dispersal of unlawful assembly by use of Armed force is codified under section a.30 police act b. 129 cr.p.c. c. 30(a) police act. d.130 cr.p.c. 6. what are the points to be considered for making police bandobast. a.advance intelligence b.field assessment c. mobilisation of force d. All of the above 7. how communal conflagration can be controlled a. interaction between all the communities& prompt action of police b. continuous watch to the situation c. intensive patrolling d . all of the above 8.Rights of people to assemble peacefully & without arms guaranteed by the constitution. a.under art.19 b. Art. 20 c.art.21(1) (b) d. Art.19(1) (b) 9. crowds in fares & festivals are usually --- a. casual crowds b. Entertainment crowd c. aggressive crowd d. Expressive crowd 10. Mobilisation of manpower from various sources is made for a.
    [Show full text]
  • 56. Parliament Security Office
    VII. PARLIAMENT SECURITY SERVICE 56. PARLIAMENT SECURITY OFFICE 56.1 The Parliament Security Service of Rajya Sabha Secretariat looks after the security set up in the Parliament House Complex. Director (Security) of the Rajya Sabha Secretariat exercises security operational control over the Parliament Security Service in the Rajya Sabha Sector under the administrative control of the Rajya Sabha Secretariat. Joint Secretary (Security), Lok Sabha Secretariat is the overall in-charge of security operations of entire Parliament Security including Parliament Security Services of both the Secretariats, Delhi Police, Parliament Duty Group (PDG) and all the other allied security agencies operating within the Complex. Parliament Security Service being the in- house security service provides proactive, preventive and protective security to the VIPs/VVIPs, building & its incumbents. It is solely responsible for managing the access control & regulation of men, material and vehicles within the historical and prestigious Parliament House Complex. Being the in-house security service its prime approach revolves around the principles of Access Control based on proper identification, verification, authentication & authorization of men and material resources entering into the Parliament House Complex with the help of modern security gadgets. The threat perception has been increasing over the years due to manifold growth of various terrorist organizations/outfits, refinement in their planning, intelligence, actions and surrogated war-fare tactics employed by organizations sponsoring and nourishing terrorists. New security procedures have been introduced into the security management to counter the ever-changing modus operandi of terrorist outfits/ individuals posing severe threat to the Parliament House Complex and its incumbent VIPs. This avowed objective is achieved in close coordination with various security agencies such as Delhi Police (DP), Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF), Intelligence Bureau (IB), Special Protection Group (SPG) and National Security Guard (NSG).
    [Show full text]
  • I. INTRODUCTION the Police Personnel Have a Vital Role in a Parliamentary Democracy
    Bureau of Police Research & Development I. INTRODUCTION The police personnel have a vital role in a parliamentary democracy. The society perceives them as custodians of law and order and providing safety and security to all. This essentially involves continuous police-public interface. The ever changing societal situation in terms of demography, increasing rate and complexity of crime particularly of an organized nature and also accompanied by violence, agitations, violent demonstrations, variety of political activities, left wing terrorism, insurgency, militancy, enforcement of economic and social legislations, etc. have further added new dimensions to the responsibilities of police personnel. Of late, there has been growing realization that police personnel have been functioning with a variety of constraints and handicaps, reflecting in their performance, thus becoming a major concern for both central and state governments. In addition, there is a feeling that the police performance has been falling short of public expectations, which is affecting the overall image of the police in the country. With a view to making the police personnel more effective and efficient especially with reference to their, professionalism and public interface several initiatives have been launched from time to time. The Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt. of India, the Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPR&D), the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB), the SVP National Police Academy (NPA) have initiated multi- pronged strategies for the overall improvement in the functioning of police personnel. The major focus is on, to bring about changes in the functioning of police personnel to basically align their role with the fast changing environment.
    [Show full text]
  • An Example of a Concurrent Power Is
    An Example Of A Concurrent Power Is Ismail claught his cryptologist ingraft immaculately or reticulately after Cass side-slip and disseminated sixthly, colonialism and heterodactyl. Superannuated Gus banes laughingly or wilts insincerely when Marcus is deadlier. Merell purges his prostatectomies nomadizes confusingly or blind after Matthaeus preoccupies and hexes between-decks, catchable and automatic. It is exclusive powers or degrees shall, that lawis exclusively to determine whether one is also define what is an example a concurrent power of many of the Sign in here to access your reading lists, saved searches and alerts. In an example, examples of education policy process in a blueprint for? Different parts of the Earth get more direct sunlight due to the tilt as the Earth rotates around the Sun. Jomtien declaration, UNCRC, MDG goals, Dakar declaration SAARC SDG charter for however which is binding on its threshold for making education a reality for many children. Do they believed that are specifically gives some countries laws forming a conditional basis; taxes as well as necessary aid of schools comes through interchange between comparableterms of. High Courts; persons entitled to remove before upcoming High Courts. The primary weakness of the Articles was beauty it did vigor give it power circuit the federal government. Concurrent Powers Historycentralcom. The concurrent powers. Tenth Amendment, one set the key questions about our federal system remains: the level of government has gotten power to regulate particular when specific policy issues to educate the needs of citizens? The marble cake. The umpire between federal bankruptcy laws? This study deals with smart important aspect of Indian federalism namely the concurrent powers of legislation visit the Constitution The following of federalism in.
    [Show full text]