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Federal Administration, DOT Pt. 61

PART 61—CERTIFICATION: PILOTS, 61.49 Retesting after failure. 61.51 Pilot logbooks. INSTRUCTORS, AND 61.52 Use of aeronautical experience ob- GROUND INSTRUCTORS tained in ultralight vehicles. 61.53 Prohibition on operations during med- SPECIAL FEDERAL AVIATION REGULATION NO. ical deficiency. 73 61.55 Second-in-command qualifications. SPECIAL FEDERAL AVIATION REGULATION NO. 61.56 Flight review. 93 61.57 Recent flight experience: Pilot in com- SPECIAL FEDERAL AVIATION REGULATION NO. mand. 100–2 61.58 Pilot-in-command proficiency check: SPECIAL FEDERAL AVIATION REGULATION NO. Operation of requiring more 108 than one pilot flight crewmember. 61.59 Falsification, reproduction, or alter- Subpart A—General ation of applications, certificates, logbooks, reports, or records. Sec. 61.60 Change of address. 61.1 Applicability and definitions. 61.2 Exercise of Privilege. Subpart B—Aircraft Ratings and Pilot 61.3 Requirement for certificates, ratings, Authorizations and authorizations. 61.4 Qualification and approval of flight 61.61 Applicability. simulators and flight training devices. 61.63 Additional aircraft ratings (other than 61.5 Certificates and ratings issued under for ratings at the transport pilot this part. certification level). 61.7 Obsolete certificates and ratings. 61.64 Use of a and flight 61.9 [Reserved] training device. 61.11 Expired pilot certificates and 61.65 Instrument rating requirements. reissuance. 61.67 Category II pilot authorization re- 61.13 Issuance of airman certificates, rat- quirements. ings, and authorizations. 61.68 Category III pilot authorization re- 61.14 [Reserved] 61.15 Offenses involving alcohol or drugs. quirements. 61.16 Refusal to submit to an alcohol test or 61.69 Glider and unpowered ultralight vehi- to furnish test results. cle towing: Experience and training re- 61.17 Temporary certificate. quirements. 61.18 Security disqualification. 61.71 Graduates of an approved training pro- 61.19 Duration of pilot and instructor cer- gram other than under this part: Special tificates. rules. 61.21 Duration of a Category II and a Cat- 61.73 Military pilots or former military pi- egory III pilot authorization (for other lots: Special rules. than part 121 and part 135 use). 61.75 Private pilot certificate issued on the 61.23 Medical certificates: Requirement and basis of a foreign pilot license. duration. 61.77 Special purpose pilot authorization: 61.25 Change of name. Operation of a civil aircraft of the United 61.27 Voluntary surrender or exchange of States and leased by a non-U.S. citizen. certificate. 61.29 Replacement of a lost or destroyed air- Subpart C—Student Pilots man or medical certificate or knowledge test report. 61.81 Applicability. 61.31 requirements, additional 61.83 Eligibility requirements for student training, and authorization require- pilots. ments. 61.85 Application. 61.33 Tests: General procedure. 61.87 Solo requirements for student pilots. 61.35 Knowledge test: Prerequisites and 61.89 General limitations. passing grades. 61.91 [Reserved] 61.37 Knowledge tests: Cheating or other 61.93 Solo cross-country flight require- unauthorized conduct. ments. 61.39 Prerequisites for practical tests. 61.94 Student pilot seeking a sport pilot cer- 61.41 Flight training received from flight tificate or a recreational pilot certifi- instructors not certificated by the FAA. cate: Operations at within, and 61.43 Practical tests: General procedures. in airspace located within, Class B, C, 61.45 Practical tests: Required aircraft and and D airspace, or at airports with an equipment. operational control tower in other air- 61.47 Status of an examiner who is author- space. ized by the Administrator to conduct 61.95 Operations in Class B airspace and at practical tests. airports located within Class B airspace.

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Subpart D—Recreational Pilots 61.191 Additional flight instructor ratings. 61.193 Flight instructor privileges. 61.96 Applicability and eligibility require- 61.195 Flight instructor limitations and ments: General. qualifications. 61.97 Aeronautical knowledge. 61.197 Renewal requirements for flight in- 61.98 Flight proficiency. structor certification. 61.99 Aeronautical experience. 61.199 Reinstatement requirements of an ex- 61.100 Pilots based on small islands. pired flight instructor certificate. 61.101 Recreational pilot privileges and lim- 61.201 [Reserved] itations. Subpart I—Ground Instructors Subpart E—Private Pilots 61.211 Applicability. 61.102 Applicability. 61.213 Eligibility requirements. 61.103 Eligibility requirements: General. 61.215 Ground instructor privileges. 61.105 Aeronautical knowledge. 61.217 Recent experience requirements. 61.107 Flight proficiency. 61.109 Aeronautical experience. Subpart J—Sport Pilots 61.110 Night flying exceptions. 61.111 Cross-country : Pilots based on 61.301 What is the purpose of this subpart small islands. and to whom does it apply? 61.113 Private pilot privileges and limita- 61.303 If I want to operate a light-sport air- tions: . craft, what operating limits and endorse- 61.115 Balloon rating: Limitations. ment requirements in this subpart must 61.117 Private pilot privileges and limita- I comply with? tions: Second in command of aircraft re- 61.305 What are the age and language re- quiring more than one pilot. quirements for a sport pilot certificate? 61.118–61.120 [Reserved] 61.307 What tests do I have to take to obtain a sport pilot certificate? Subpart F—Commercial Pilots 61.309 What aeronautical knowledge must I have to apply for a sport pilot certifi- 61.121 Applicability. cate? 61.123 Eligibility requirements: General. 61.311 What flight proficiency requirements 61.125 Aeronautical knowledge. must I meet to apply for a sport pilot 61.127 Flight proficiency. certificate? 61.129 Aeronautical experience. 61.313 What aeronautical experience must I 61.131 Exceptions to the night flying re- have to apply for a sport pilot certifi- quirements. cate? 61.133 Commercial pilot privileges and limi- 61.315 What are the privileges and limits of tations. my sport pilot certificate? 61.135–61.141 [Reserved] 61.317 Is my sport pilot certificate issued with aircraft category and class ratings? Subpart G—Airline Transport Pilots 61.319 [Reserved] 61.321 How do I obtain privileges to operate 61.151 Applicability. an additional category or class of light- 61.153 Eligibility requirements: General. sport aircraft? 61.155 Aeronautical knowledge. 61.323 [Reserved] 61.157 Flight proficiency. 61.325 How do I obtain privileges to operate 61.158 [Reserved] a light-sport aircraft at an with- 61.159 Aeronautical experience: Airplane in, or in airspace within, Class B, C, and category rating. D airspace, or in other airspace with an 61.161 Aeronautical experience: Rotorcraft airport having an operational control category and class rating. tower? 61.163 Aeronautical experience: Powered-lift 61.327 Are there specific endorsement re- category rating. quirements to operate a light-sport air- 61.165 Additional aircraft category and class craft based on VH? ratings. 61.167 Privileges. Subpart K—Flight Instructors With a Sport 61.169–61.171 [Reserved] Pilot Rating Subpart H—Flight Instructors Other Than 61.401 What is the purpose of this subpart? Flight Instructors With a Sport Pilot Rating 61.403 What are the age, language, and pilot certificate requirements for a flight in- 61.181 Applicability. structor certificate with a sport pilot 61.183 Eligibility requirements. rating? 61.185 Aeronautical knowledge. 61.405 What tests do I have to take to obtain 61.187 Flight proficiency. a flight instructor certificate with a 61.189 Flight instructor records. sport pilot rating?

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61.407 What aeronautical knowledge must I specified in paragraph (a)(3) of this section is have to apply for a flight instructor cer- completed and the person’s logbook has been tificate with a sport pilot rating? endorsed by a certified flight instructor au- 61.409 What flight proficiency requirements thorized under paragraph (b)(5) of this sec- must I meet to apply for a flight instruc- tion. tor certificate with a sport pilot rating? (2) A person who holds a rotorcraft cat- 61.411 What aeronautical experience must I egory and helicopter class rating on that have to apply for a flight instructor cer- person’s pilot certificate and meets the expe- tificate with a sport pilot rating? rience requirements of paragraph (b)(1) or 61.413 What are the privileges of my flight paragraph (b)(2) of this section may not ma- instructor certificate with a sport pilot nipulate the controls of a Robinson model R– rating? 22 or R–44 helicopter for the purpose of flight 61.415 What are the limits of a flight in- after April 26, 1995, unless the awareness structor certificate with a sport pilot training specified in paragraph (a)(3) of this rating? section is completed and the person’s log- 61.417 Will my flight instructor certificate book has been endorsed by a certified flight with a sport pilot rating list aircraft cat- instructor authorized under paragraph (b)(5) egory and class ratings? of this section. 61.419 How do I obtain privileges to provide (3) Awareness training must be conducted training in an additional category or by a certified flight instructor who has been class of light-sport aircraft? endorsed under paragraph (b)(5) of this sec- 61.421 May I give myself an endorsement? tion and consists of instruction in the fol- 61.423 What are the recordkeeping require- lowing general subject areas: ments for a flight instructor with a sport (i) Energy management; pilot rating? (ii) Mast bumping; 61.425 How do I renew my flight instructor (iii) Low rotor RPM (blade stall); certificate? (iv) Low G hazards; and 61.427 What must I do if my flight instruc- (v) Rotor RPM decay. tor certificate with a sport pilot rating (4) A person who can show satisfactory expires? completion of the manufacturer’s safety 61.429 May I exercise the privileges of a course after January 1, 1994, may obtain an flight instructor certificate with a sport endorsement from an FAA pilot rating if I hold a flight instructor inspector in lieu of completing the aware- certificate with another rating? ness training required in paragraphs (a)(1) AUTHORITY: 49 U.S.C. 106(g), 40113, 44701– and (a)(2) of this section. 44703, 44707, 44709–44711, 45102–45103, 45301– (b) Aeronautical Experience: 45302. (1) No person may act as pilot in command of a Robinson model R–22 unless that person: SOURCE: Docket No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. (i) Has had at least 200 flight hours in heli- 4, 1997, unless otherwise noted. copters, at least 50 flight hours of which were in the Robinson R–22; or SPECIAL FEDERAL AVIATION REGULATION (ii) Has had at least 10 hours dual instruc- NO. 73—ROBINSON R–22/R–44 SPECIAL tion in the Robinson R–22 and has received TRAINING AND EXPERIENCE REQUIRE- an endorsement from a certified flight in- MENTS structor authorized under paragraph (b)(5) of this section that the individual has been Sections given the training required by this para- 1. Applicability. graph and is proficient to act as pilot in 2. Required training, aeronautical experi- command of an R–22. Beginning 12 calendar ence, endorsements, and flight review. months after the date of the endorsement, 3. Expiration date. the individual may not act as pilot in com- 1. Applicability. Under the procedures pre- mand unless the individual has completed a scribed herein, this SFAR applies to all per- flight review in an R–22 within the preceding sons who seek to manipulate the controls or 12 calendar months and obtained an endorse- act as pilot in command of a Robinson model ment for that flight review. The dual in- R–22 or R–44 helicopter. The requirements struction must include at least the following stated in this SFAR are in addition to the abnormal and emergency procedures flight current requirements of part 61. training: 2. Required training, aeronautical experi- (A) Enhanced training in autorotation pro- ence, endorsements, and flight review. cedures, (a) Awareness Training: (B) Engine rotor RPM control without the (1) Except as provided in paragraph (a)(2) of use of the governor, this section, no person may manipulate the (C) Low rotor RPM recognition and recov- controls of a Robinson model R–22 or R–44 ery, and helicopter after March 27, 1995, for the pur- (D) Effects of low G maneuvers and proper pose of flight unless the awareness training recovery procedures.

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(2) No person may act as pilot in command dures, and the instructor has found the ap- of a Robinson R–44 unless that person— plicant proficient to solo a Robinson R–44. (i) Has had at least 200 flight hours in heli- This endorsement is valid for a period of 90 copters, at least 50 flight hours of which days. The dual instruction must include at were in the Robinson R–44. The pilot in com- least the following abnormal and emergency mand may credit up to 25 flight hours in the procedures flight training: Robinson R–22 toward the 50 hour require- (i) Enhanced training in autorotation pro- ment in the Robinson R–44; or cedures, (ii) Has had at least 10 hours dual instruc- (ii) Engine rotor RPM control without the tion in a Robinson helicopter, at least 5 use of the governor, hours of which must have been accomplished (iii) Low rotor RPM recognition and recov- in the Robinson R–44 helicopter and has re- ery, and ceived an endorsement from a certified flight (iv) Effects of low G maneuvers and proper instructor authorized under paragraph (b)(5) recovery procedures. of this section that the individual has been (5) No certificated flight instructor may given the training required by this para- provide instruction or conduct a flight re- graph and is proficient to act as pilot in view in a Robinson R–22 or R–44 unless that command of an R–44. Beginning 12 calendar instructor— months after the date of the endorsement, (i) Completes the awareness training in the individual may not act as pilot in com- paragraph 2(a) of this SFAR. mand unless the individual has completed a (ii) For the Robinson R–22, has had at least flight review in a Robinson R–44 within the 200 flight hours in , at least 50 preceding 12 calendar months and obtained flight hours of which were in the Robinson an endorsement for that flight review. The R–22, or for the Robinson R–44, has had at dual instruction must include at least the least 200 flight hours in helicopters, 50 flight following abnormal and emergency proce- hours of which were in Robinson helicopters. dures flight training— Up to 25 flight hours of Robinson R–22 flight (A) Enhanced training in autorotation pro- time may be credited toward the 50 hour re- cedures; quirement. (B) Engine rotor RPM control without the (iii) Has completed flight training in a use of the governor; Robinson R–22, R–44, or both, on the fol- (C) Low rotor RPM recognition and recov- lowing abnormal and emergency proce- ery; and dures— (D) Effects of low G maneuvers and proper (A) Enhanced training in autorotation pro- recovery procedures. cedures; (3) A person who does not hold a rotorcraft (B) Engine rotor RPM control without the category and helicopter class rating must use of the governor; have had at least 20 hours of dual instruction (C) Low rotor RPM recognition and recov- in a Robinson R–22 helicopter prior to oper- ery; and ating it in solo flight. In addition, the person (D) Effects of low G maneuvers and proper must obtain an endorsement from a certified recovery procedures. flight instructor authorized under paragraph (iv) Has been authorized by endorsement (b)(5) of this section that instruction has from an FAA aviation safety inspector or au- been given in those maneuvers and proce- thorized designated examiner that the in- dures, and the instructor has found the ap- structor has completed the appropriate plicant proficient to solo a Robinson R–22. training, meets the experience requirements This endorsement is valid for a period of 90 and has satisfactorily demonstrated an abil- days. The dual instruction must include at ity to provide instruction on the general sub- least the following abnormal and emergency ject areas of paragraph 2(a)(3) of this SFAR, procedures flight training: and the flight training identified in para- (i) Enhanced training in autorotation pro- graph 2(b)(5)(iii) of this SFAR. cedures, (c) Flight Review: (ii) Engine rotor RPM control without the (1) No flight review completed to satisfy use of the governor, § 61.56 by an individual after becoming eligi- (iii) Low rotor RPM recognition and recov- ble to function as pilot in command in a ery, and Robinson R–22 helicopter shall be valid for (iv) Effects of low G maneuvers and proper the operation of R–22 helicopter unless that recovery procedures. flight review was taken in an R–22. (4) A person who does not hold a rotorcraft (2) No flight review completed to satisfy category and helicopter class rating must § 61.56 by individual after becoming eligible have had at least 20 hours of dual instruction to function as pilot in command in a Robin- in a Robinson R–44 helicopter prior to oper- son R–44 helicopter shall be valid for the op- ating it in solo flight. In addition, the person eration of R–44 helicopter unless that flight must obtain an endorsement from a certified review was taken in the R–44. flight instructor authorized under paragraph (3) The flight review will include a review (b)(5) of this section that instruction has of the awareness training subject areas of been given in those maneuvers and proce- paragraph 2(a)(3) of this SFAR and the flight

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training identified in paragraph 2(b) of this for qualification in September 2001 you will SFAR. be due for qualification September 2002, re- (d) Currency Requirements: No person may gardless of this extension for 2001. act as pilot in command of a Robinson model 4. Termination Date. This Special Federal R–22 or R–44 helicopter carrying Aviation Regulation expires November 30, unless the pilot in command has met the 2001. recency of flight experience requirements of § 61.57 in an R–22 or R–44, as appropriate. [Doc. No. FAA–2001–10797, 66 FR 52279, Oct. 3. Expiration date. This SFAR No. 73 shall 12, 2001] remain in effect until it is revised or re- scinded. SFAR NO. 100–2—RELIEF FOR U.S. MILI- TARY AND CIVILIAN PERSONNEL WHO [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as amended by SFAR 73–1, 63 FR 666, Jan. 7, ARE ASSIGNED OUTSIDE THE UNITED 1998; 68 FR 43, Jan. 2, 2003; Amdt. 61–120, 73 STATES IN SUPPORT OF U.S. ARMED FR 17246, Apr. 1, 2008; Amdt. SFAR 73–2, 74 FORCES OPERATIONS FR 25650, May 29, 2009] 1. Applicability. Flight Standards District SPECIAL FEDERAL AVIATION REGULATION Offices are authorized to accept from an eli- gible person, as described in paragraph 2 of NO. 93—TEMPORARY EXTENSION OF this SFAR, the following: TIME TO ALLOW FOR CERTAIN TRAIN- (a) An expired flight instructor certificate ING AND TESTING to show eligibility for renewal of a flight in- 1. Applicability. This SFAR applies to all structor certificate under § 61.197, or an ex- part 121 and 135 check airmen (simulator) pired written test report to show eligibility and flight instructors (simulator), part 121 under part 61 to take a practical test; aircraft dispatchers, and part 142 training (b) An expired written test report to show center instructors who were required to com- eligibility under §§ 63.33 and 63.57 to take a plete qualification requirements, an inflight practical test; and line observation program, or operating fa- (c) An expired written test report to show miliarization in September 2001 to become eligibility to take a practical test required qualified, or remain qualified, to perform under part 65 or an expired inspection au- their assigned duties. It also applies to per- thorization to show eligibility for renewal sons who have satisfactorily accomplished under § 65.93. the part 61 aeronautical knowledge test or 2. Eligibility. A person is eligible for the re- the part 63 written test, either one of which lief described in paragraph 1 of this SFAR if: has an expiration date of September 2001 for (a) The person served in a U.S. military or pilot, flight instructor, or civilian capacity outside the certification. in support of the U.S. Armed Forces’ oper- 2. Special Qualification Requirements. The ation during some period of time from Sep- sections of 14 CFR that prescribes these re- tember 11, 2001, to termination of SFAR 100– quirements are sections 61.39(a)(1); 63.35(d); 2; 121.411(f); 121.412(f); 121.463(a)(2); 121.463(c); (b) The person’s flight instructor certifi- 135.337(f); 135.338(f); 142.53(b)(2) and (b)(3). cate, airman written test report, or inspec- 3. Extension of Time to Fulfill Certain Quali- tion authorization expired some time be- fication Requirements. Persons identified in tween September 11, 2001, and 6 calendar paragraph 1 of this SFAR who had until the months after returning to the United States end of September 2001 to complete the speci- or termination of SFAR 100–2, whichever is fied qualification requirements in September earlier; and 2001 will be deemed to have completed those (c) The person complies with § 61.197 or requirements in September 2001 provided § 65.93 of this chapter, as appropriate, or com- they satisfactorily complete those require- pletes the appropriate practical test within 6 ments by November 30, 2001. For those per- calendar months after returning to the sons identified in paragraph 1, who are quali- United States, or upon termination of SFAR fying for the first time to be a check airmen 100–2, whichever is earlier. (simulator), flight instructor (simulator), 3. Required documents. The person must aircraft dispatcher, or training center in- send the Airman Certificate and/or Rating structor, they must fulfill the applicable Application (FAA Form 8710–1) to the appro- qualification requirements before they may priate Flight Standards District Office. The serve as a check airmen (simulator), flight person must include with the application one instructor (simulator), aircraft dispatcher, of the following documents, which must or training center instructor, as appropriate. show the date of assignment outside the This extension does not change the 12-cal- United States and the date of return to the endar-month requirement for aircraft dis- United States: patchers or the anniversary month for check (a) An official U.S. Government notifica- airmen, flight instructors and training cen- tion of personnel action, or equivalent docu- ter instructors. Therefore, if you were due ment, showing the person was a civilian on

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official duty for the U.S. Government out- (i) A person who holds a ground in- side the United States and was assigned to a structor certificate issued under part U.S. Armed Forces’ operation some time be- 61 of this chapter and is in compliance tween September 11, 2001, to termination of SFAR 100–2; with § 61.217, when conducting ground (b) Military orders showing the person was training in accordance with the privi- assigned to duty outside the United States leges and limitations of his or her and was assigned to a U.S. Armed Forces’ op- ground instructor certificate; eration some time between September 11, (ii) A person who holds a flight in- 2001, to termination of SFAR 100–2 ; or structor certificate issued under part (c) A letter from the person’s military 61 of this chapter and is in compliance commander or civilian supervisor providing the dates during which the person served with § 61.197, when conducting ground outside the United States and was assigned training or flight training in accord- to a U.S. Armed Forces’ operation some time ance with the privileges and limita- between September 11, 2001, to termination tions of his or her flight instructor cer- of SFAR 100–2. tificate; or 4. Expiration date. This Special Federal (iii) A person authorized by the Ad- Aviation Regulation No. 100–2 is effective ministrator to provide ground training until further notice. or flight training under SFAR No. 58, [Doc. No. FAA–2009–0923, 75 FR 9766, Mar. 4, or part 61, 121, 135, or 142 of this chap- 2010] ter when conducting ground training or flight training in accordance with that SPECIAL FEDERAL AVIATION REGULATION authority. NO. 108 (3) Cross-country time means— NOTE: For the text of SFAR No. 108, see (i) Except as provided in paragraphs part 91 of this chapter. (b)(3)(ii) through (b)(3)(vi) of this sec- tion, time acquired during flight— Subpart A—General (A) Conducted by a person who holds a pilot certificate; § 61.1 Applicability and definitions. (B) Conducted in an aircraft; (a) This part prescribes: (C) That includes a landing at a point (1) The requirements for issuing other than the point of departure; and pilot, flight instructor, and ground in- (D) That involves the use of dead structor certificates and ratings; the reckoning, pilotage, electronic naviga- conditions under which those certifi- tion aids, radio aids, or other naviga- cates and ratings are necessary; and tion systems to navigate to the landing the privileges and limitations of those point. certificates and ratings. (ii) For the purpose of meeting the (2) The requirements for issuing aeronautical experience requirements pilot, flight instructor, and ground in- (except for a rotorcraft category rat- structor authorizations; the conditions ing), for a private pilot certificate (ex- under which those authorizations are cept for a powered parachute category necessary; and the privileges and limi- rating), a commercial pilot certificate, tations of those authorizations. or an instrument rating, or for the pur- (3) The requirements for issuing pose of exercising recreational pilot pilot, flight instructor, and ground in- privileges (except in a rotorcraft) structor certificates and ratings for under § 61.101 (c), time acquired during persons who have taken courses ap- a flight— proved by the Administrator under (A) Conducted in an appropriate air- other parts of this chapter. craft; (b) For the purpose of this part: (B) That includes a point of landing (1) Aeronautical experience means that was at least a straight-line dis- pilot time obtained in an aircraft, tance of more than 50 nautical miles flight simulator, or flight training de- from the original point of departure; vice for meeting the appropriate train- and ing and flight time requirements for an (C) That involves the use of dead airman certificate, rating, flight re- reckoning, pilotage, electronic naviga- view, or recency of flight experience re- tion aids, radio aids, or other naviga- quirements of this part. tion systems to navigate to the landing (2) Authorized instructor means— point.

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(iii) For the purpose of meeting the (B) That is at least a straight-line aeronautical experience requirements distance of more than 50 nautical miles for a sport pilot certificate (except for from the original point of departure; powered parachute privileges), time ac- and quired during a flight conducted in an (C) That involves the use of dead appropriate aircraft that— reckoning, pilotage, electronic naviga- (A) Includes a point of landing at tion aids, radio aids, or other naviga- least a straight line distance of more tion systems. than 25 nautical miles from the origi- (vii) For a military pilot who quali- nal point of departure; and fies for a commercial pilot certificate (B) Involves, as applicable, the use of (except with a rotorcraft category rat- dead reckoning; pilotage; electronic ing) under § 61.73 of this part, time ac- navigation aids; radio aids; or other quired during a flight— navigation systems to navigate to the (A) Conducted in an appropriate air- landing point. craft; (iv) For the purpose of meeting the (B) That is at least a straight-line aeronautical experience requirements distance of more than 50 nautical miles for a sport pilot certificate with pow- from the original point of departure; ered parachute privileges or a private and pilot certificate with a powered para- (C) That involves the use of dead chute category rating, time acquired reckoning, pilotage, electronic naviga- during a flight conducted in an appro- tion aids, radio aids, or other naviga- priate aircraft that— tion systems. (A) Includes a point of landing at (4) Examiner means any person who is least a straight line distance of more authorized by the Administrator to than 15 nautical miles from the origi- conduct a pilot proficiency test or a nal point of departure; and practical test for an airman certificate (B) Involves, as applicable, the use of or rating issued under this part, or a dead reckoning; pilotage; electronic person who is authorized to conduct a navigation aids; radio aids; or other knowledge test under this part. navigation systems to navigate to the (5) Flight simulator means a device landing point. that— (v) For the purpose of meeting the (i) Is a full-size aircraft rep- aeronautical experience requirements lica of a specific type of aircraft, or for any pilot certificate with a rotor- make, model, and series of aircraft; craft category rating or an instrument- (ii) Includes the hardware and soft- helicopter rating, or for the purpose of ware necessary to represent the air- exercising recreational pilot privileges, craft in ground operations and flight in a rotorcraft, under § 61.101(c), time operations; acquired during a flight— (iii) Uses a force cueing system that (A) Conducted in an appropriate air- provides cues at least equivalent to craft; those cues provided by a 3 degree free- (B) That includes a point of landing dom of motion system; that was at least a straight-line dis- (iv) Uses a visual system that pro- tance of more than 25 nautical miles vides at least a 45 degree horizontal from the original point of departure; field of view and a 30 degree vertical and field of view simultaneously for each (C) That involves the use of dead pilot; and reckoning, pilotage, electronic naviga- (v) Has been evaluated, qualified, and tion aids, radio aids, or other naviga- approved by the Administrator. tion systems to navigate to the landing (6) Flight training means that train- point. ing, other than ground training, re- (vi) For the purpose of meeting the ceived from an authorized instructor in aeronautical experience requirements flight in an aircraft. for an airline transport pilot certifi- (7) Flight training device means a de- cate (except with a rotorcraft category vice that— rating), time acquired during a flight— (i) Is a full-size replica of the instru- (A) Conducted in an appropriate air- ments, equipment, panels, and controls craft; of an aircraft, or set of aircraft, in an

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open flight deck area or in an enclosed number and type of propulsion sys- cockpit, including the hardware and tems. software for the systems installed, that (17) Student pilot seeking a sport pilot is necessary to simulate the aircraft in certificate means a person who has re- ground and flight operations; ceived an endorsement— (ii) Need not have a force (motion) (i) To exercise student pilot privi- cueing or visual system; and leges from a certificated flight instruc- (iii) Has been evaluated, qualified, tor with a sport pilot rating; or and approved by the Administrator. (ii) That includes a limitation for the (8) Ground training means that train- operation of a light-sport aircraft spec- ing, other than flight training, received ified in § 61.89(c) issued by a certifi- from an authorized instructor. cated flight instructor with other than (9) Instrument approach means an ap- a sport pilot rating. proach procedure defined in part 97 of (18) Training time means training re- this chapter. ceived— (10) Instrument training means that (i) In flight from an authorized in- time in which instrument training is structor; received from an authorized instructor (ii) On the ground from an authorized under actual or simulated instrument instructor; or conditions. (iii) In a flight simulator or flight (11) Knowledge test means a test on training device from an authorized in- the aeronautical knowledge areas re- structor. quired for an airman certificate or rat- ing that can be administered in written [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; form or by a computer. Amdt. 61–103, 62 FR 40893, July 30, 1997; (12) Night vision goggles means an ap- Amdt. 61–110, 69 FR 44864, July 27, 2004; pliance worn by a pilot that enhances Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42546, Aug. 21, 2009] the pilot’s ability to maintain visual § 61.2 Exercise of Privilege. surface reference at night. (13) Night vision goggle operation (a) Validity. No person may: means the portion of a flight that oc- (1) Exercise privileges of a certifi- curs during the time period from 1 hour cate, rating, endorsement, or author- after sunset to 1 hour before sunrise ization issued under this part if the where the pilot maintains visual sur- certificate, rating or authorization is face reference using night vision gog- surrendered, suspended, revoked or ex- gles in an aircraft that is approved for pired. such an operation. (2) Exercise privileges of a flight in- (14) Pilot time means that time in structor certificate if that flight in- which a person— structor certificate is surrendered, sus- (i) Serves as a required pilot flight pended, revoked or expired. crewmember; (3) Exercise privileges of a foreign (ii) Receives training from an author- pilot certificate to operate an aircraft ized instructor in an aircraft, flight of foreign registry under § 61.3(b) if the simulator, or flight training device; or certificate is surrendered, suspended, (iii) Gives training as an authorized revoked or expired. instructor in an aircraft, flight simu- (4) Exercise privileges of a pilot cer- lator, or flight training device. tificate issued under § 61.75, or an au- (15) Practical test means a test on the thorization issued under § 61.77, if the areas of operations for an airman cer- foreign pilot certificate relied upon for tificate, rating, or authorization that the issuance of the U.S. pilot certifi- is conducted by having the applicant cate or authorization is surrendered, respond to questions and demonstrate suspended, revoked or expired. maneuvers in flight, in a flight simu- (5) Exercise privileges of a medical lator, or in a flight training device. certificate issued under part 67 to meet (16) Set of aircraft means aircraft that any requirements of part 61 if the med- share similar performance characteris- ical certificate is surrendered, sus- tics, such as similar airspeed and alti- pended, revoked or expired according tude operating envelopes, similar han- to the duration standards set forth in dling characteristics, and the same § 61.23(d).

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(6) Use an official government issued (v) Credential that authorizes driver’s license to meet any require- unescorted access to a security identi- ments of part 61 related to holding that fication display area at an airport reg- driver’s license, if the driver’s license ulated under 49 CFR part 1542; or is surrendered, suspended, revoked or (vi) Other form of identification that expired. the Administrator finds acceptable. (b) Currency. No person may: (b) Required pilot certificate for oper- (1) Exercise privileges of an airman ating a foreign-registered aircraft. No certificate, rating, endorsement, or au- person may serve as a required pilot thorization issued under this part un- flight crewmember of a civil aircraft of less that person meets the appropriate foreign registry within the United airman and medical recency require- States, unless that person’s pilot cer- ments of this part, specific to the oper- tificate— ation or activity. (1) Is in that person’s physical posses- (2) Exercise privileges of a foreign sion, or readily accessible in the air- pilot license within the United States craft when exercising the privileges of to conduct an operation described in that pilot certificate; and § 61.3(b), unless that person meets the (2) Has been issued under this part, or appropriate airman and medical has been issued or validated by the recency requirements of the country country in which the aircraft is reg- that issued the license, specific to the istered. operation. (c) Medical certificate. (1) A person may serve as a required pilot flight [Doc. No. FAA–2006–26661, 74 FR 42546, Aug. crewmember of an aircraft only if that 21, 2009] person holds the appropriate medical § 61.3 Requirement for certificates, certificate issued under part 67 of this ratings, and authorizations. chapter, or other documentation ac- ceptable to the FAA, that is in that (a) Pilot certificate. No person may person’s physical possession or readily serve as a required pilot flight crew- accessible in the aircraft. Paragraph member of a civil aircraft of the United (c)(2) of this section provides certain States, unless that person— exceptions to the requirement to hold a (1) Has a pilot certificate or special medical certificate. purpose pilot authorization issued (2) A person is not required to meet under this part in that person’s phys- the requirements of paragraph (c)(1) of ical possession or readily accessible in this section if that person— the aircraft when exercising the privi- (i) Is exercising the privileges of a leges of that pilot certificate or au- student pilot certificate while seeking thorization. However, when the air- a pilot certificate with a glider cat- craft is operated within a foreign coun- egory rating, a balloon class rating, or try, a pilot license issued by that coun- glider or balloon privileges; try may be used; and (ii) Is exercising the privileges of a (2) Has a photo identification that is student pilot certificate while seeking in that person’s physical possession or a sport pilot certificate with other readily accessible in the aircraft when than glider or balloon privileges and exercising the privileges of that pilot holds a U.S. driver’s license; certificate or authorization. The photo (iii) Is exercising the privileges of a identification must be a: student pilot certificate while seeking (i) Driver’s license issued by a State, a pilot certificate with a weight-shift- the District of Columbia, or territory control aircraft category rating or a or possession of the United States; powered parachute category rating and (ii) Government identification card holds a U.S. driver’s license; issued by the Federal government, a (iv) Is exercising the privileges of a State, the District of Columbia, or a sport pilot certificate with glider or territory or possession of the United balloon privileges; States; (v) Is exercising the privileges of a (iii) U.S. Armed Forces’ identifica- sport pilot certificate with other than tion card; glider or balloon privileges and holds a (iv) Official ; U.S. driver’s license. A person who has

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applied for or held a medical certificate (2) Except as provided in paragraph may exercise the privileges of a sport (d)(3) of this section, no person other pilot certificate using a U.S. driver’s li- than the holder of a flight instructor cense only if that person— certificate issued under this part with (A) Has been found eligible for the the appropriate rating on that certifi- issuance of at least a third-class air- cate may— man medical certificate at the time of (i) Give training required to qualify a his or her most recent application; and person for solo flight and solo cross- (B) Has not had his or her most re- country flight; cently issued medical certificate sus- (ii) Endorse an applicant for a— pended or revoked or most recent Au- (A) Pilot certificate or rating issued thorization for a Special Issuance of a under this part; Medical Certificate withdrawn. (B) Flight instructor certificate or (vi) Is holding a pilot certificate with rating issued under this part; or a balloon class rating and is piloting or (C) Ground instructor certificate or providing training in a balloon as ap- rating issued under this part; propriate; (iii) Endorse a pilot logbook to show training given; or (vii) Is holding a pilot certificate or a (iv) Endorse a student pilot certifi- flight instructor certificate with a cate and logbook for solo operating glider category rating, and is piloting privileges. or providing training in a glider, as ap- (3) A flight instructor certificate propriate; issued under this part is not nec- (viii) Except as provided in paragraph essary— (c)(2)(vii) of this section, is exercising (i) Under paragraph (d)(2) of this sec- the privileges of a flight instructor cer- tion, if the training is given by the tificate, provided the person is not act- holder of a commercial pilot certificate ing as pilot in command or as a re- with a lighter-than-air rating, provided quired pilot flight crewmember; the training is given in accordance (ix) Is exercising the privileges of a with the privileges of the certificate in ground instructor certificate; a lighter-than-air aircraft; (x) Is operating an aircraft within a (ii) Under paragraph (d)(2) of this sec- foreign country using a pilot license tion, if the training is given by the issued by that country and possesses holder of an airline transport pilot cer- evidence of current medical qualifica- tificate with a rating appropriate to tion for that license; or the aircraft in which the training is (xi) Is operating an aircraft with a given, provided the training is given in U.S. pilot certificate, issued on the accordance with the privileges of the basis of a foreign pilot license, issued certificate and conducted in accord- under § 61.75, and holds a medical cer- ance with an approved air carrier tificate issued by the foreign country training program approved under part that issued the foreign pilot license, 121 or part 135 of this chapter; which is in that person’s physical pos- (iii) Under paragraph (d)(2) of this session or readily accessible in the air- section, if the training is given by a craft when exercising the privileges of person who is qualified in accordance that airman certificate. with subpart C of part 142 of this chap- (xii) Is a pilot of the U.S. Armed ter, provided the training is conducted Forces, has an up-to-date U.S. military in accordance with an approved part medical examination, and holds mili- 142 training program; tary pilot flight status. (iv) Under paragraphs (d)(2)(i), (d) Flight instructor certificate. (1) A (d)(2)(ii)(C), and (d)(2)(iii) of this sec- person who holds a flight instructor tion, if the training is given by the certificate issued under this part must holder of a ground instructor certifi- have that certificate, or other docu- cate in accordance with the privileges mentation acceptable to the Adminis- of the certificate; or trator, in that person’s physical posses- (v) Under paragraph (d)(2)(iii) of this sion or readily accessible in the air- section, if the training is given by an craft when exercising the privileges of authorized flight instructor under that flight instructor certificate. § 61.41 of this part.

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(e) Instrument rating. No person may (i) Holds a Category III pilot author- act as pilot in command of a civil air- ization for that category or class of craft under IFR or in weather condi- aircraft, and the type of aircraft, if ap- tions less than the minimums pre- plicable; or scribed for VFR flight unless that per- (ii) In the case of a civil aircraft of son holds: foreign registry, is authorized by the (1) The appropriate aircraft category, country of registry to act as pilot in class, type (if required), and instru- command of that aircraft in Category ment rating on that person’s pilot cer- III operations. tificate for any airplane, helicopter, or (2) Act as second in command of a powered-lift being flown; civil aircraft during Category III oper- (2) An airline transport pilot certifi- ations unless that person— cate with the appropriate aircraft cat- (i) Holds a pilot certificate with cat- egory, class, and type rating (if re- egory and class ratings for that air- quired) for the aircraft being flown; craft and an instrument rating for that (3) For a glider, a pilot certificate category aircraft; with a glider category rating and an airplane instrument rating; or (ii) Holds an airline transport pilot (4) For an airship, a commercial pilot certificate with category and class rat- certificate with a lighter-than-air cat- ings for that aircraft; or egory rating and airship class rating. (iii) In the case of a civil aircraft of (f) Category II pilot authorization. Ex- foreign registry, is authorized by the cept for a pilot conducting Category II country of registry to act as second in operations under part 121 or part 135, a command of that aircraft during Cat- person may not: egory III operations. (1) Act as pilot in command of a civil (h) Category A aircraft pilot authoriza- aircraft during Category II operations tion. The Administrator may issue a unless that person— certificate of authorization for a Cat- (i) Holds a Category II pilot author- egory II or Category III operation to ization for that category or class of the pilot of a small aircraft that is a aircraft, and the type of aircraft, if ap- Category A aircraft, as identified in plicable; or § 97.3(b)(1) of this chapter if: (ii) In the case of a civil aircraft of (1) The Administrator determines foreign registry, is authorized by the that the Category II or Category III op- country of registry to act as pilot in eration can be performed safely by that command of that aircraft in Category pilot under the terms of the certificate II operations. of authorization; and (2) Act as second in command of a (2) The Category II or Category III civil aircraft during Category II oper- operation does not involve the carriage ations unless that person— of persons or property for compensa- (i) Holds a pilot certificate with cat- tion or hire. egory and class ratings for that air- (i) Ground instructor certificate. (1) craft and an instrument rating for that Each person who holds a ground in- category aircraft; structor certificate issued under this (ii) Holds an airline transport pilot certificate with category and class rat- part or part 143 must have that certifi- ings for that aircraft; or cate in that person’s physical posses- (iii) In the case of a civil aircraft of sion or immediately accessible when foreign registry, is authorized by the exercising the privileges of that certifi- country of registry to act as second in cate. command of that aircraft during Cat- (2) Except as provided in paragraph egory II operations. (i)(3) of this section, no person other (g) Category III pilot authorization. Ex- than the holder of a ground instructor cept for a pilot conducting Category III certificate, issued under this part or operations under part 121 or part 135, a part 143, with the appropriate rating on person may not: that certificate may— (1) Act as pilot in command of a civil (i) Give ground training required to aircraft during Category III operations qualify a person for solo flight and solo unless that person— cross-country flight;

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(ii) Endorse an applicant for a knowl- (iii) Nonscheduled international air edge test required for a pilot, flight in- transportation for compensation or structor, or ground instructor certifi- hire in airplanes having a - cate or rating issued under this part; or seat configuration of more than 30 pas- (iii) Endorse a pilot logbook to show senger seats, excluding each crew- ground training given. member seat; or (3) A ground instructor certificate (iv) Scheduled international air serv- issued under this part is not nec- ices, or nonscheduled international air essary— transportation for compensation or (i) Under paragraph (i)(2) of this sec- hire, in airplanes having a payload ca- tion, if the training is given by the pacity of more than 7,500 pounds. holder of a flight instructor certificate (2) Age Pairing Requirement. No person issued under this part in accordance who has attained the age of 60 but who with the privileges of that certificate; has not attained the age of 65 may (ii) Under paragraph (i)(2) of this sec- serve as a pilot in command in any of tion, if the training is given by the the operations described in paragraphs holder of a commercial pilot certificate (j)(1)(i) through (iv) of this section un- with a lighter-than-air rating, provided less there is another pilot in the flight the training is given in accordance deck crew who has not yet attained 60 with the privileges of the certificate in years of age. a lighter-than-air aircraft; (3) Definitions. (i) ‘‘International air (iii) Under paragraph (i)(2) of this service,’’ as used in this paragraph (j), section, if the training is given by the means scheduled air service performed holder of an airline transport pilot cer- in airplanes for the public transport of tificate with a rating appropriate to passengers, mail, or cargo, in which the the aircraft in which the training is service passes through the airspace given, provided the training is given in over the territory of more than one accordance with the privileges of the country. certificate and conducted in accord- (ii) ‘‘International air transpor- ance with an approved air carrier tation,’’ as used in this paragraph (j), training program approved under part means air transportation performed in 121 or part 135 of this chapter; airplanes for the public transport of (iv) Under paragraph (i)(2) of this sec- passengers, mail, or cargo, in which the tion, if the training is given by a per- service passes through the airspace son who is qualified in accordance with over the territory of more than one subpart C of part 142 of this chapter, country. provided the training is conducted in (k) Special purpose pilot authorization. accordance with an approved part 142 Any person that is required to hold a training program; or special purpose pilot authorization, (v) Under paragraph (i)(2)(iii) of this issued in accordance with § 61.77 of this section, if the training is given by an part, must have that authorization and authorized flight instructor under the person’s foreign pilot license in § 61.41 of this part. that person’s physical possession or (j) Age limitation for certain operations have it readily accessible in the air- (1) Age limitation. No person who holds craft when exercising the privileges of a pilot certificate issued under this that authorization. part may serve as a pilot on a civil air- (l) Inspection of certificate. Each per- plane of U.S. registry in the following son who holds an airman certificate, operations if the person has reached his medical certificate, authorization, or or her 65th birthday: license required by this part must (i) Scheduled international air serv- present it and their photo identifica- ices carrying passengers in turbojet- tion as described in paragraph (a)(2) of powered airplanes; this section for inspection upon a re- (ii) Scheduled international air serv- quest from: ices carrying passengers in airplanes (1) The Administrator; having a passenger-seat configuration (2) An authorized representative of of more than nine passenger seats, ex- the National Transportation Safety cluding each crewmember seat; Board;

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(3) Any Federal, State, or local law training and certification requirements enforcement officer; or for the certificate sought: (4) An authorized representative of (1) Pilot certificates— the Transportation Security Adminis- (i) Student pilot. tration. (ii) Sport pilot. (iii) Recreational pilot. [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; (iv) Private pilot. Amdt. 61–103, 62 FR 40894, July 30, 1997; Amdt. 61–111, 67 FR 65861, Oct. 28, 2002; Amdt. (v) Commercial pilot. 61–110, 69 FR 44864, July 27, 2004; Amdt. 61– (vi) Airline transport pilot. 123, 74 FR 34234, July 15, 2009; Amdt. 61–124, 74 (2) Flight instructor certificates. FR 42546, Aug. 21, 2009; Amdt. 61–124A, 74 FR (3) Ground instructor certificates. 53644, Oct. 20, 2009] (b) The following ratings are placed on a pilot certificate (other than stu- § 61.4 Qualification and approval of dent pilot) when an applicant satisfac- flight simulators and flight training torily accomplishes the training and devices. certification requirements for the rat- (a) Except as specified in paragraph ing sought: (b) or (c) of this section, each flight (1) Aircraft category ratings— simulator and flight training device (i) Airplane. used for training, and for which an air- (ii) Rotorcraft. man is to receive credit to satisfy any (iii) Glider. training, testing, or checking require- (iv) Lighter-than-air. ment under this chapter, must be (v) Powered-lift. qualified and approved by the Adminis- (vi) Powered parachute. trator for— (vii) Weight-shift-control aircraft. (1) The training, testing, and check- (2) Airplane class ratings— ing for which it is used; (i) Single-engine land. (2) Each particular maneuver, proce- (ii) Multiengine land. dure, or crewmember function per- (iii) Single-engine sea. formed; and (iv) Multiengine sea. (3) The representation of the specific (3) Rotorcraft class ratings— category and class of aircraft, type of (i) Helicopter. aircraft, particular variation within (ii) Gyroplane. the type of aircraft, or set of aircraft (4) Lighter-than-air class ratings— for certain flight training devices. (i) Airship. (b) Any device used for flight train- (ii) Balloon. ing, testing, or checking that has been (5) Weight-shift-control aircraft class determined to be acceptable to or ap- ratings— proved by the Administrator prior to (i) Weight-shift-control aircraft land. August 1, 1996, which can be shown to (ii) Weight-shift-control aircraft sea. function as originally designed, is con- (6) Powered parachute class ratings— sidered to be a flight training device, (i) Powered parachute land. provided it is used for the same pur- (ii) Powered parachute sea. poses for which it was originally ac- (7) Aircraft type ratings— cepted or approved and only to the ex- (i) Large aircraft other than lighter- tent of such acceptance or approval. than-air. (c) The Administrator may approve a (ii) Turbojet-powered airplanes. device other than a flight simulator or (iii) Other aircraft type ratings speci- flight training device for specific pur- fied by the Administrator through the poses. aircraft type certification procedures. (iv) Second-in-command pilot type [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; rating for aircraft that is certificated Amdt. 61–103, 62 FR 40895, July 30, 1997] for operations with a minimum crew of at least two pilots. § 61.5 Certificates and ratings issued (8) Instrument ratings (on private under this part. and commercial pilot certificates (a) The following certificates are only)— issued under this part to an applicant (i) Instrument—Airplane. who satisfactorily accomplishes the (ii) Instrument—Helicopter.

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(iii) Instrument—Powered-lift. same category or class that is listed on (c) The following ratings are placed that expired pilot certificate or rating. on a flight instructor certificate when (b) The following pilot certificates an applicant satisfactorily accom- and ratings have expired and will not plishes the training and certification be reissued: requirements for the rating sought: (1) An airline transport pilot certifi- (1) Aircraft category ratings— cate issued before May 1, 1949, or an (i) Airplane. airline transport pilot certificate that (ii) Rotorcraft. contains a horsepower limitation. (iii) Glider. (2) A private or commercial pilot cer- (iv) Powered-lift. tificate issued before July 1, 1945. (2) Airplane class ratings— (3) A pilot certificate with a lighter- (i) Single-engine. than-air or free-balloon rating issued (ii) Multiengine. before July 1, 1945. (3) Rotorcraft class ratings— (c) An airline transport pilot certifi- (i) Helicopter. cate that was issued after April 30, 1949, (ii) Gyroplane. and that bears an expiration date but (4) Instrument ratings— does not contain a horsepower limita- (i) Instrument—Airplane. tion, may have that airline transport (ii) Instrument—Helicopter. pilot certificate re-issued without an (iii) Instrument—Powered-lift. expiration date. (5) Sport pilot rating. (d) A private or commercial pilot cer- (d) The following ratings are placed tificate that was issued after June 30, on a ground instructor certificate when 1945, and that bears an expiration date, an applicant satisfactorily accom- may have that pilot certificate re- plishes the training and certification issued without an expiration date. requirements for the rating sought: (e) A pilot certificate with a lighter- (1) Basic. than-air or free-balloon rating that was (2) Advanced. issued after June 30, 1945, and that (3) Instrument. bears an expiration date, may have that pilot certificate reissued without [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as an expiration date. amended by Amdt. 61–110, 69 FR 44864, July 27, 2004; Amdt. 61–113, 70 FR 45271, Aug. 4, [Doc. No. FAA–2006–26661, 74 FR 42547, Aug. 2005] 21, 2009]

§ 61.7 Obsolete certificates and rat- § 61.13 Issuance of airman certificates, ings. ratings, and authorizations. (a) The holder of a free-balloon pilot (a) Application. (1) An applicant for certificate issued before November 1, an airman certificate, rating, or au- 1973, may not exercise the privileges of thorization under this part must make that certificate. that application on a form and in a (b) The holder of a pilot certificate manner acceptable to the Adminis- that bears any of the following cat- trator. egory ratings without an associated (2) An applicant— class rating may not exercise the privi- (i) Must show evidence that the ap- leges of that category rating: propriate fee prescribed in appendix A (1) Rotorcraft. to part 187 of this chapter has been (2) Lighter-than-air. paid when that person applies for air- (3) Helicopter. men certification services adminis- (4) Autogyro. tered outside the United States. (A) Student pilot certificate that is § 61.9 [Reserved] issued outside the United States; or (B) Knowledge test or practical test § 61.11 Expired pilot certificates and for an airman certificate or rating re-issuance. issued under this part, if the test is ad- (a) No person who holds an expired ministered outside the United States. pilot certificate or rating may act as (ii) May be refused issuance of any pilot in command or as a required pilot U.S. airman certificate, rating, or au- flight crewmember of an aircraft of the thorization by the Administrator.

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(3) Except as provided in paragraph height to a landing under actual or (a)(2)(ii) of this section, an applicant simulated instrument conditions. who satisfactorily accomplishes the (ii) In the case of Category III limita- training and certification requirements tions, a limitation is removed as speci- for the certificate, rating, or authoriza- fied in the authorization. tion sought is entitled to receive that (4) To meet the experience require- airman certificate, rating, or author- ments of paragraph (c)(3) of this sec- ization. tion, and for the practical test required (b) Limitations. (1) An applicant who by this part for a Category II or a Cat- cannot comply with certain areas of egory III pilot authorization, a flight operation required on the practical test simulator or flight training device may because of physical limitations may be be used if it is approved by the Admin- issued an airman certificate, rating, or istrator for such use. authorization with the appropriate (d) Application during suspension or limitation placed on the applicant’s revocation. (1) Unless otherwise author- airman certificate provided the— ized by the Administrator, a person (i) Applicant is able to meet all other whose pilot, flight instructor, or certification requirements for the air- ground instructor certificate has been man certificate, rating, or authoriza- suspended may not apply for any cer- tion sought; tificate, rating, or authorization dur- (ii) Physical limitation has been re- ing the period of suspension. corded with the FAA on the applicant’s (2) Unless otherwise authorized by medical records; and the Administrator, a person whose (iii) Administrator determines that pilot, flight instructor, or ground in- the applicant’s inability to perform the structor certificate has been revoked particular area of operation will not may not apply for any certificate, rat- adversely affect safety. ing, or authorization for 1 year after (2) A limitation placed on a person’s the date of revocation. airman certificate may be removed, [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 40895, July 30, 1997, as provided that person demonstrates for amended by Amdt. 61–116, 72 FR 18558, Apr. an examiner satisfactory proficiency in 12, 2007] the area of operation appropriate to the airman certificate, rating, or au- § 61.14 [Reserved] thorization sought. (c) Additional requirements for Cat- § 61.15 Offenses involving alcohol or egory II and Category III pilot authoriza- drugs. tions. (1) A Category II or Category III (a) A conviction for the violation of pilot authorization is issued by a letter any Federal or State statute relating of authorization as part of an appli- to the growing, processing, manufac- cant’s instrument rating or airline ture, sale, disposition, possession, transport pilot certificate. transportation, or importation of nar- (2) Upon original issue, the author- cotic drugs, marijuana, or depressant ization contains the following limita- or stimulant drugs or substances is tions: grounds for: (i) For Category II operations, the (1) Denial of an application for any limitation is 1,600 feet RVR and a 150- certificate, rating, or authorization foot decision height; and issued under this part for a period of up (ii) For Category III operations, each to 1 year after the date of final convic- initial limitation is specified in the au- tion; or thorization document. (2) Suspension or revocation of any (3) The limitations on a Category II certificate, rating, or authorization or Category III pilot authorization may issued under this part. be removed as follows: (b) Committing an act prohibited by (i) In the case of Category II limita- § 91.17(a) or § 91.19(a) of this chapter is tions, a limitation is removed when the grounds for: holder shows that, since the beginning (1) Denial of an application for a cer- of the sixth preceding month, the hold- tificate, rating, or authorization issued er has made three Category II ILS ap- under this part for a period of up to 1 proaches with a 150-foot decision year after the date of that act; or

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(2) Suspension or revocation of any (4) The State that holds the record of certificate, rating, or authorization conviction or administrative action; issued under this part. and (c) For the purposes of paragraphs (5) A statement of whether the motor (d), (e), and (f) of this section, a motor vehicle action resulted from the same vehicle action means: incident or arose out of the same fac- (1) A conviction after November 29, tual circumstances related to a pre- 1990, for the violation of any Federal or viously reported motor vehicle action. State statute relating to the operation (f) Failure to comply with paragraph of a motor vehicle while intoxicated by (e) of this section is grounds for: alcohol or a drug, while impaired by al- (1) Denial of an application for any cohol or a drug, or while under the in- certificate, rating, or authorization fluence of alcohol or a drug; issued under this part for a period of up (2) The cancellation, suspension, or to 1 year after the date of the motor revocation of a license to operate a vehicle action; or motor vehicle after November 29, 1990, (2) Suspension or revocation of any for a cause related to the operation of certificate, rating, or authorization a motor vehicle while intoxicated by issued under this part. alcohol or a drug, while impaired by al- cohol or a drug, or while under the in- § 61.16 Refusal to submit to an alcohol fluence of alcohol or a drug; or test or to furnish test results. (3) The denial after November 29, A refusal to submit to a test to indi- 1990, of an application for a license to cate the percentage by weight of alco- operate a motor vehicle for a cause re- hol in the blood, when requested by a lated to the operation of a motor vehi- law enforcement officer in accordance cle while intoxicated by alcohol or a with § 91.17(c) of this chapter, or a re- drug, while impaired by alcohol or a fusal to furnish or authorize the re- drug, or while under the influence of lease of the test results requested by alcohol or a drug. the Administrator in accordance with (d) Except for a motor vehicle action § 91.17(c) or (d) of this chapter, is that results from the same incident or grounds for: arises out of the same factual cir- (a) Denial of an application for any cumstances, a motor vehicle action oc- certificate, rating, or authorization curring within 3 years of a previous issued under this part for a period of up motor vehicle action is grounds for: to 1 year after the date of that refusal; (1) Denial of an application for any or certificate, rating, or authorization (b) Suspension or revocation of any issued under this part for a period of up certificate, rating, or authorization to 1 year after the date of the last issued under this part. motor vehicle action; or (2) Suspension or revocation of any § 61.17 Temporary certificate. certificate, rating, or authorization issued under this part. (a) A temporary pilot, flight instruc- (e) Each person holding a certificate tor, or ground instructor certificate or issued under this part shall provide a rating is issued for up to 120 days, at written report of each motor vehicle which time a permanent certificate action to the FAA, Se- will be issued to a person whom the Ad- curity Division (AMC–700), P.O. Box ministrator finds qualified under this 25810, Oklahoma City, OK 73125, not part. later than 60 days after the motor vehi- (b) A temporary pilot, flight instruc- cle action. The report must include: tor, or ground instructor certificate or (1) The person’s name, address, date rating expires: of birth, and airman certificate num- (1) On the expiration date shown on ber; the certificate; (2) The type of violation that re- (2) Upon receipt of the permanent sulted in the conviction or the admin- certificate; or istrative action; (3) Upon receipt of a notice that the (3) The date of the conviction or ad- certificate or rating sought is denied or ministrative action; revoked.

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§ 61.18 Security disqualification. (3) For student pilots seeking a glider rating, balloon rating, or a sport pilot (a)Eligibility standard. No person is el- certificate, the student pilot certifi- igible to hold a certificate, rating, or cate does not expire until 60 calendar authorization issued under this part when the Transportation Security Ad- months after the month of the date ministration (TSA) has notified the issued, regardless of the person’s age. FAA in writing that the person poses a (c) Other pilot certificates. A pilot cer- security threat. tificate (other than a student pilot cer- (b) Effect of the issuance by the TSA of tificate) issued under this part is issued an Initial Notification of Threat Assess- without a specific expiration date. The ment. (1) The FAA will hold in abey- holder of a pilot certificate issued on ance pending the outcome of the TSA’s the basis of a foreign pilot license may final threat assessment review an ap- exercise the privileges of that certifi- plication for any certificate, rating, or cate only while that person’s foreign authorization under this part by any pilot license is effective. person who has been issued an Initial (d) Flight instructor certificate. Except Notification of Threat Assessment by as specified in § 61.197(b), a flight in- the TSA. structor certificate expires 24 calendar (2) The FAA will suspend any certifi- months from the month in which it cate, rating, or authorization issued was issued, renewed, or reinstated, as under this part after the TSA issues to appropriate. the holder an Initial Notification of (e) Ground instructor certificate. A Threat Assessment. ground instructor certificate is issued (c) Effect of the issuance by the TSA of without a specific expiration date. a Final Notification of Threat Assessment. (f) Return of certificates. The holder of (1) The FAA will deny an application any airman certificate that is issued for any certificate, rating, or author- under this part, and that has been sus- ization under this part to any person pended or revoked, must return that who has been issued a Final Notifica- certificate to the FAA when requested tion of Threat Assessment. to do so by the Administrator. (2) The FAA will revoke any certifi- (g) Duration of pilot certificates. Ex- cate, rating, or authorization issued cept for a temporary certificate issued under this part after the TSA has under § 61.17 or a student pilot certifi- issued to the holder a Final Notifica- cate issued under paragraph (b) of this tion of Threat Assessment. section, the holder of a paper pilot cer- [Doc. FAA–2003–14293, 68 FR 3774, Jan. 24, tificate issued under this part may not 2003] exercise the privileges of that certifi- cate after March 31, 2010. § 61.19 Duration of pilot and instructor certificates. [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as amended by Amdt. 61–118, 73 FR 10668, Feb. (a) General. The holder of a certifi- 28, 2008; Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42547, Aug. 21, cate with an expiration date may not, 2009; Amdt. 61–124A, 74 FR 53644, Oct. 20, 2009] after that date, exercise the privileges of that certificate. § 61.21 Duration of a Category II and a (b) Student pilot certificate. Category III pilot authorization (for other than part 121 and part 135 (1) For student pilots who have not use). reached their 40th birthday, the stu- dent pilot certificate does not expire (a) A Category II pilot authorization until 60 calendar months after the or a Category III pilot authorization month of the date of examination expires at the end of the sixth calendar shown on the medical certificate. month after the month in which it was (2) For student pilots who have issued or renewed. reached their 40th birthday, the stu- (b) Upon passing a practical test for a dent pilot certificate does not expire Category II or Category III pilot au- until 24 calendar months after the thorization, the authorization may be month of the date of examination renewed for each type of aircraft for shown on the medical certificate. which the authorization is held.

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(c) A Category II or Category III pilot (vii) When performing the duties as authorization for a specific type air- an Examiner in an aircraft when ad- craft for which an authorization is held ministering a practical test or pro- will not be renewed beyond 12 calendar ficiency check for an airman certifi- months from the month the practical cate, rating, or authorization. test was accomplished in that type air- (b) Operations not requiring a medical craft. certificate. A person is not required to (d) If the holder of a Category II or hold a medical certificate— Category III pilot authorization passes (1) When exercising the privileges of the practical test for a renewal in the a student pilot certificate while seek- month before the authorization ex- ing— pires, the holder is considered to have (i) A sport pilot certificate with glid- passed it during the month the author- er or balloon privileges; or ization expired. (ii) A pilot certificate with a glider category rating or balloon class rating; § 61.23 Medical certificates: Require- ment and duration. (2) When exercising the privileges of a sport pilot certificate with privileges (a) Operations requiring a medical cer- in a glider or balloon; tificate. Except as provided in para- (3) When exercising the privileges of graphs (b) and (c) of this section, a per- a pilot certificate with a glider cat- son— egory rating or balloon class rating in (1) Must hold a first-class medical a glider or a balloon, as appropriate; certificate: (4) When exercising the privileges of (i) When exercising the privileges of a flight instructor certificate with— an airline transport pilot certificate; or (i) A sport pilot rating in a glider or (ii) If that person has reached his or balloon; or her 60th birthday and serves as a pilot in 14 CFR part 121 operations. Notwith- (ii) A glider category rating; standing the provisions of (5) When exercising the privileges of § 61.23(d)(1)(iii), that person’s first-class a flight instructor certificate if the medical certificate expires, for 14 CFR person is not acting as pilot in com- part 121 operations, at the end of the mand or serving as a required pilot last day of the 6th month after the flight crewmember; month of the date of examination (6) When exercising the privileges of shown on the medical certificate. a ground instructor certificate; (2) Must hold at least a second-class (7) When serving as an Examiner or medical certificate when exercising the check airman and administering a privileges of a commercial pilot certifi- practical test or proficiency check for cate; or an airman certificate, rating, or au- (3) Must hold at least a third-class thorization conducted in a glider, bal- medical certificate— loon, flight simulator, or flight train- (i) When exercising the privileges of a ing device; private pilot certificate; (8) When taking a practical test or a (ii) When exercising the privileges of proficiency check for a certificate, rat- a recreational pilot certificate; ing, authorization or operating privi- (iii) When exercising the privileges of lege conducted in a glider, balloon, a student pilot certificate; flight simulator, or flight training de- (iv) When exercising the privileges of vice; or a flight instructor certificate and act- (9) When a military pilot of the U.S. ing as the pilot in command; Armed Forces can show evidence of an (v) When exercising the privileges of up-to-date medical examination au- a flight instructor certificate and serv- thorizing pilot flight status issued by ing as a required pilot flight crew- the U.S. Armed Forces and— member; (i) The flight does not require higher (vi) When taking a practical test in than a third-class medical certificate; an aircraft for a recreational pilot, pri- and vate pilot, commercial pilot, or airline (ii) The flight conducted is a domes- transport pilot certificate, or for a tic flight operation within U.S. air- flight instructor certificate; or space.

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(c) Operations requiring either a med- U.S. driver’s license and any judicial or ical certificate or U.S. driver’s license. (1) administrative order applying to the A person must hold and possess either operation of a motor vehicle; a medical certificate issued under part (ii) Have been found eligible for the 67 of this chapter or a U.S. driver’s li- issuance of at least a third-class air- cense when exercising the privileges man medical certificate at the time of of— his or her most recent application (if (i) A student pilot certificate while the person has applied for a medical seeking sport pilot privileges in a certificate); light-sport aircraft other than a glider or balloon; (iii) Not have had his or her most re- (ii) A sport pilot certificate in a cently issued medical certificate (if the light-sport aircraft other than a glider person has held a medical certificate) or balloon; or suspended or revoked or most recent (iii) A flight instructor certificate Authorization for a Special Issuance of with a sport pilot rating while acting a Medical Certificate withdrawn; and as pilot in command or serving as a re- (iv) Not know or have reason to know quired flight crewmember of a light- of any medical condition that would sport aircraft other than a glider or make that person unable to operate a balloon. light-sport aircraft in a safe manner. (2) A person using a U.S. driver’s li- (d) Duration of a medical certificate. cense to meet the requirements of this Use the following table to determine paragraph must— duration for each class of medical cer- (i) Comply with each restriction and tificate: limitation imposed by that person’s

And on the date of examination If you hold for your most And you are conducting an operation Then your medical certificate expires, for that recent med- requiring operation, at the end of the last day of the ical certificate you were

(1) A first-class (i) Under age an airline transport pilot certificate ...... 12th month after the month of the date of ex- medical cer- 40. amination shown on the medical certificate. tificate. (ii) Age 40 or an airline transport pilot certificate ...... 6th month after the month of the date of ex- older. amination shown on the medical certificate. (iii) Any age .. a commercial pilot certificate or an air traffic 12th month after the month of the date of ex- control tower operator certificate. amination shown on the medical certificate. (iv) Under a recreational pilot certificate, a private pilot 60th month after the month of the date of ex- age 40. certificate, a flight instructor certificate amination shown on the medical certificate. (when acting as pilot in command or a re- quired pilot flight crewmember in operations other than glider or balloon), a student pilot certificate, or a sport pilot certificate (when not using a U.S. driver’s license as medical qualification). (v) Age 40 or a recreational pilot certificate, a private pilot 24th month after the month of the date of ex- older. certificate, a flight instructor certificate amination shown on the medical certificate. (when acting as pilot in command or a re- quired pilot flight crewmember in operations other than glider or balloon), a student pilot certificate, or a sport pilot certificate (when not using a U.S. driver’s license as medical qualification).

(2) A second- (i) Any age ... a commercial pilot certificate or an air traffic 12th month after the month of the date of ex- class med- control tower operator certificate. amination shown on the medical certificate. ical certifi- cate. (ii) Under age a recreational pilot certificate, a private pilot 60th month after the month of the date of ex- 40. certificate, a flight instructor certificate amination shown on the medical certificate. (when acting as pilot in command or a re- quired pilot flight crewmember in operations other than glider or balloon), a student pilot certificate, or a sport pilot certificate (when not using a U.S. driver’s license as medical qualification).

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And on the date of examination If you hold for your most And you are conducting an operation Then your medical certificate expires, for that recent med- requiring operation, at the end of the last day of the ical certificate you were

(iii) Age 40 or a recreational pilot certificate, a private pilot 24th month after the month of the date of ex- older. certificate, a flight instructor certificate amination shown on the medical certificate. (when acting as pilot in command or a re- quired pilot flight crewmember in operations other than glider or balloon), a student pilot certificate, or a sport pilot certificate (when not using a U.S. driver’s license as medical qualification).

(3) A third- (i) Under age a recreational pilot certificate, a private pilot 60th month after the month of the date of ex- class med- 40. certificate, a flight instructor certificate amination shown on the medical certificate. ical certifi- (when acting as pilot in command or a re- cate. quired pilot flight crewmember in operations other than glider or balloon), a student pilot certificate, or a sport pilot certificate (when not using a U.S. driver’s license as medical qualification). (ii) Age 40 or a recreational pilot certificate, a private pilot 24th month after the month of the date of ex- older. certificate, a flight instructor certificate amination shown on the medical certificate. (when acting as pilot in command or a re- quired pilot flight crewmember in operations other than glider or balloon), a student pilot certificate, or a sport pilot certificate (when not using a U.S. driver’s license as medical qualification).

[Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; (3) Another certificate with specific Amdt. 61–103, 62 FR 40895, July 30, 1997; ratings deleted. Amdt. 61–110, 69 FR 44864, July 27, 2004, as (b) Any request made under para- amended by Amdt. 61–121, 73 FR 43064, July 24, 2008; Amdt. 61–121, 73 FR 48125, Aug. 18, graph (a) of this section must include 2008; Amdt. 61–123, 74 FR 34234, July 15, 2009; the following signed statement or its Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42547, Aug. 21, 2009] equivalent: ‘‘This request is made for my own reasons, with full knowledge § 61.25 Change of name. that my (insert name of certificate or (a) An application to change the rating, as appropriate) may not be re- name on a certificate issued under this issued to me unless I again pass the part must be accompanied by the appli- tests prescribed for its issuance.’’ cant’s: (1) Airman certificate; and § 61.29 Replacement of a lost or de- (2) A copy of the marriage license, stroyed airman or medical certifi- court order, or other document cate or knowledge test report. verifying the name change. (a) A request for the replacement of a (b) The documents in paragraph (a) of lost or destroyed airman certificate this section will be returned to the ap- issued under this part must be made by plicant after inspection. letter to the Department of Transpor- [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as tation, FAA, Airman Certification amended by Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42548, Aug. Branch, P.O. Box 25082, Oklahoma City, 21, 2009] OK 73125, and must be accompanied by a check or money order for the appro- § 61.27 Voluntary surrender or ex- priate fee payable to the FAA. change of certificate. (b) A request for the replacement of a (a) The holder of a certificate issued lost or destroyed medical certificate under this part may voluntarily sur- must be made by letter to the Depart- render it for: ment of Transportation, FAA, Aero- (1) Cancellation; space Medical Certification Division, (2) Issuance of a lower grade certifi- P.O. Box 26200, Oklahoma City, OK cate; or 73125, and must be accompanied by a

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check or money order for the appro- § 61.31 Type rating requirements, addi- priate fee payable to the FAA. tional training, and authorization (c) A request for the replacement of a requirements. lost or destroyed knowledge test report (a) Type ratings required. A person must be made by letter to the Depart- who acts as a pilot in command of any ment of Transportation, FAA, Airman of the following aircraft must hold a Certification Branch, P.O. Box 25082, type rating for that aircraft: Oklahoma City, OK 73125, and must be (1) Large aircraft (except lighter- accompanied by a check or money than-air). order for the appropriate fee payable to (2) Turbojet-powered airplanes. the FAA. (3) Other aircraft specified by the Ad- (d) The letter requesting replacement ministrator through aircraft type cer- of a lost or destroyed airman certifi- tificate procedures. cate, medical certificate, or knowledge (b) Authorization in lieu of a type rat- test report must state: ing. A person may be authorized to op- (1) The name of the person; erate without a type rating for up to 60 (2) The permanent mailing address days an aircraft requiring a type rat- (including ZIP code), or if the perma- ing, provided— nent mailing address includes a post of- fice box number, then the person’s cur- (1) The Administrator has authorized rent residential address; the flight or series of flights; (3) The certificate holder’s date and (2) The Administrator has deter- place of birth; and mined that an equivalent level of safe- (4) Any information regarding the— ty can be achieved through the oper- (i) Grade, number, and date of ating limitations on the authorization; issuance of the airman certificate and (3) The person shows that compliance ratings, if appropriate; with paragraph (a) of this section is (ii) Class of medical certificate, the impracticable for the flight or series of place and date of the medical exam, flights; and name of the Airman Medical Examiner (4) The flight— (AME), and the circumstances con- (i) Involves only a ferry flight, train- cerning the loss of the original medical ing flight, test flight, or practical test certificate, as appropriate; and for a pilot certificate or rating; (iii) Date the knowledge test was (ii) Is within the United States; taken, if appropriate. (iii) Does not involve operations for (e) A person who has lost an airman compensation or hire unless the com- certificate, medical certificate, or pensation or hire involves payment for knowledge test report may obtain a the use of the aircraft for training or facsimile from the FAA Aeromedical taking a practical test; and Certification Branch or the Airman (iv) Involves only the carriage of Certification Branch, as appropriate, flight crewmembers considered essen- confirming that it was issued and the: tial for the flight. (1) Facsimile may be carried as an (5) If the flight or series of flights airman certificate, medical certificate, cannot be accomplished within the or knowledge test report, as appro- time limit of the authorization, the priate, for up to 60 days pending the Administrator may authorize an addi- person’s receipt of a duplicate under tional period of up to 60 days to accom- paragraph (a), (b), or (c) of this section, plish the flight or series of flights. unless the person has been notified (c) Aircraft category, class, and type that the certificate has been suspended ratings: Limitations on the carriage of or revoked. persons, or operating for compensation or (2) Request for such a facsimile must hire. Unless a person holds a category, include the date on which a duplicate class, and type rating (if a class and certificate or knowledge test report type rating is required) that applies to was previously requested. the aircraft, that person may not act [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; as pilot in command of an aircraft that Amdt. 61–103, 62 FR 40896, July 30, 1997; is carrying another person, or is oper- Amdt. 61–121, 73 FR 43065, July 24, 2008; ated for compensation or hire. That Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42548, Aug. 21, 2009] person also may not act as pilot in

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command of that aircraft for com- (i) Received and logged ground and pensation or hire. flight training from an authorized in- (d) Aircraft category, class, and type structor in a high-performance air- ratings: Limitations on operating an air- plane, or in a flight simulator or flight craft as the pilot in command. To serve training device that is representative as the pilot in command of an aircraft, of a high-performance airplane, and has a person must— been found proficient in the operation (1) Hold the appropriate category, and systems of the airplane; and class, and type rating (if a class or type (ii) Received a one-time endorsement rating is required) for the aircraft to be in the pilot’s logbook from an author- flown; or ized instructor who certifies the person (2) Have received training required by is proficient to operate a high-perform- this part that is appropriate to the ance airplane. pilot certification level, aircraft cat- (2) The training and endorsement re- egory, class, and type rating (if a class quired by paragraph (f)(1) of this sec- or type rating is required) for the air- tion is not required if the person has craft to be flown, and have received an logged flight time as pilot in command endorsement for solo flight in that air- of a high-performance airplane, or in a craft from an authorized instructor. flight simulator or flight training de- vice that is representative of a high- (e) Additional training required for op- performance airplane prior to August 4, erating complex airplanes. (1) Except as 1997. provided in paragraph (e)(2) of this sec- (g) Additional training required for op- tion, no person may act as pilot in erating pressurized aircraft capable of op- command of a complex airplane (an erating at high altitudes. (1) Except as airplane that has a retractable landing provided in paragraph (g)(3) of this sec- gear, flaps, and a controllable pitch tion, no person may act as pilot in propeller; or, in the case of a seaplane, command of a pressurized aircraft (an flaps and a controllable pitch pro- aircraft that has a service ceiling or peller), unless the person has— maximum operating altitude, which- (i) Received and logged ground and ever is lower, above 25,000 feet MSL), flight training from an authorized in- unless that person has received and structor in a complex airplane, or in a logged ground training from an author- flight simulator or flight training de- ized instructor and obtained an en- vice that is representative of a complex dorsement in the person’s logbook or airplane, and has been found proficient training record from an authorized in- in the operation and systems of the air- structor who certifies the person has plane; and satisfactorily accomplished the ground (ii) Received a one-time endorsement training. The ground training must in- in the pilot’s logbook from an author- clude at least the following subjects: ized instructor who certifies the person (i) High-altitude aerodynamics and is proficient to operate a complex air- meteorology; plane. (ii) Respiration; (2) The training and endorsement re- (iii) Effects, symptoms, and causes of quired by paragraph (e)(1) of this sec- hypoxia and any other high-altitude tion is not required if the person has sickness; logged flight time as pilot in command (iv) Duration of consciousness with- of a complex airplane, or in a flight out supplemental oxygen; simulator or flight training device that (v) Effects of prolonged usage of sup- is representative of a complex airplane plemental oxygen; prior to August 4, 1997. (vi) Causes and effects of gas expan- (f) Additional training required for op- sion and gas bubble formation; erating high-performance airplanes. (1) (vii) Preventive measures for elimi- Except as provided in paragraph (f)(2) nating gas expansion, gas bubble for- of this section, no person may act as mation, and high-altitude sickness; pilot in command of a high-perform- (viii) Physical phenomena and inci- ance airplane (an airplane with an en- dents of decompression; and gine of more than 200 horsepower), un- (ix) Any other physiological aspects less the person has— of high-altitude flight.

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(2) Except as provided in paragraph (i) Additional training required for op- (g)(3) of this section, no person may act erating tailwheel airplanes. (1) Except as as pilot in command of a pressurized provided in paragraph (i)(2) of this sec- aircraft unless that person has received tion, no person may act as pilot in and logged training from an authorized command of a tailwheel airplane unless instructor in a pressurized aircraft, or that person has received and logged in a flight simulator or flight training flight training from an authorized in- device that is representative of a pres- structor in a tailwheel airplane and re- surized aircraft, and obtained an en- ceived an endorsement in the person’s dorsement in the person’s logbook or logbook from an authorized instructor training record from an authorized in- who found the person proficient in the structor who found the person pro- operation of a tailwheel airplane. The ficient in the operation of a pressurized flight training must include at least aircraft. The flight training must in- the following maneuvers and proce- clude at least the following subjects: dures: (i) Normal cruise flight operations (i) Normal and crosswind takeoffs while operating above 25,000 feet MSL; and landings; (ii) Proper emergency procedures for (ii) Wheel landings (unless the manu- simulated rapid decompression without facturer has recommended against such actually depressurizing the aircraft; landings); and and (iii) Go-around procedures. (iii) Emergency descent procedures. (2) The training and endorsement re- (3) The training and endorsement re- quired by paragraphs (g)(1) and (g)(2) of quired by paragraph (i)(1) of this sec- this section are not required if that tion is not required if the person logged person can document satisfactory ac- pilot-in-command time in a tailwheel complishment of any of the following airplane before April 15, 1991. in a pressurized aircraft, or in a flight (j) Additional training required for op- simulator or flight training device that erating a glider. (1) No person may act is representative of a pressurized air- as pilot in command of a glider— craft: (i) Using ground-tow procedures, un- (i) Serving as pilot in command be- less that person has satisfactorily ac- fore April 15, 1991; complished ground and flight training (ii) Completing a pilot proficiency on ground-tow procedures and oper- check for a pilot certificate or rating ations, and has received an endorse- before April 15, 1991; ment from an authorized instructor (iii) Completing an official pilot-in- who certifies in that pilot’s logbook command check conducted by the mili- that the pilot has been found proficient tary services of the United States; or in ground-tow procedures and oper- (iv) Completing a pilot-in-command ations; proficiency check under part 121, 125, (ii) Using aerotow procedures, unless or 135 of this chapter conducted by the that person has satisfactorily accom- Administrator or by an approved pilot plished ground and flight training on check airman. aerotow procedures and operations, and (h) Additional aircraft type-specific has received an endorsement from an training. No person may serve as pilot authorized instructor who certifies in in command of an aircraft that the Ad- that pilot’s logbook that the pilot has ministrator has determined requires been found proficient in aerotow proce- aircraft type-specific training unless dures and operations; or that person has— (iii) Using self-launch procedures, un- (1) Received and logged type-specific less that person has satisfactorily ac- training in the aircraft, or in a flight complished ground and flight training simulator or flight training device that on self-launch procedures and oper- is representative of that type of air- ations, and has received an endorse- craft; and ment from an authorized instructor (2) Received a logbook endorsement who certifies in that pilot’s logbook from an authorized instructor who has that the pilot has been found proficient found the person proficient in the oper- in self-launch procedures and oper- ation of the aircraft and its systems. ations.

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(2) The holder of a glider rating (iii) Proper piloting techniques when issued prior to August 4, 1997, is consid- using night vision goggles during the ered to be in compliance with the takeoff, climb, enroute, descent, and training and logbook endorsement re- landing phases of flight; and quirements of this paragraph for the (iv) Normal, abnormal, and emer- specific operating privilege for which gency flight operations using night vi- the holder is already qualified. sion goggles. (k) Additional training required for (3) The requirements under para- night vision goggle operations. (1) Except graphs (k)(1) and (2) of this section do as provided under paragraph (k)(3) of not apply if a person can document sat- this section, a person may act as pilot isfactory completion of any of the fol- in command of an aircraft using night lowing pilot proficiency checks using vision goggles only if that person re- night vision goggles in an aircraft: ceives and logs ground training from (i) A pilot proficiency check on night an authorized instructor and obtains a vision goggle operations conducted by logbook or training record endorse- the U.S. Armed Forces. ment from an authorized instructor (ii) A pilot proficiency check on who certifies the person completed the night vision goggle operations under ground training. The ground training part 135 of this chapter conducted by must include the following subjects: an Examiner or Check Airman. (i) Applicable portions of this chapter (iii) A pilot proficiency check on that relate to night vision goggle limi- night vision goggle operations con- tations and flight operations; ducted by a night vision goggle manu- (ii) Aeromedical factors related to facturer or authorized instructor, when the use of night vision goggles, includ- the pilot— ing how to protect night vision, how (A) Is employed by a Federal, State, the eyes adapt to night, self-imposed county, or municipal law enforcement stresses that affect night vision, effects agency; and of lighting on night vision, cues used to (B) Has logged at least 20 hours as estimate distance and depth perception pilot in command in night vision gog- at night, and visual illusions; gle operations. (iii) Normal, abnormal, and emer- (l) Exceptions. (1) This section does gency operations of night vision goggle equipment; not require a category and class rating for aircraft not type-certificated as air- (iv) Night vision goggle performance planes, rotorcraft, gliders, lighter- and scene interpretation; and than-air aircraft, powered-lifts, pow- (v) Night vision goggle operation ered parachutes, or weight-shift-con- flight planning, including night terrain trol aircraft. interpretation and factors affecting (2) The rating limitations of this sec- terrain interpretation. tion do not apply to— (2) Except as provided under para- (i) An applicant when taking a prac- graph (k)(3) of this section, a person tical test given by an examiner; may act as pilot in command of an air- craft using night vision goggles only if (ii) The holder of a student pilot cer- that person receives and logs flight tificate; training from an authorized instructor (iii) The holder of a pilot certificate and obtains a logbook or training when operating an aircraft under the record endorsement from an authorized authority of— instructor who found the person pro- (A) A provisional type certificate; or ficient in the use of night vision gog- (B) An experimental certificate, un- gles. The flight training must include less the operation involves carrying a the following tasks: passenger; (i) Preflight and use of internal and (iv) The holder of a pilot certificate external aircraft lighting systems for with a lighter-than-air category rating night vision goggle operations; when operating a balloon; (ii) Preflight preparation of night vi- (v) The holder of a recreational pilot sion goggles for night vision goggle op- certificate operating under the provi- erations; sions of § 61.101(h); or

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(vi) The holder of a sport pilot cer- (3) Give assistance on, or receive as- tificate when operating a light-sport sistance on, a knowledge test during aircraft. the period that test is being given; (4) Take any part of a knowledge test [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 40896, July 30, 1997, as amended by Amdt. 61–104, 63 FR 20286, Apr. on behalf of another person; 23, 1998; Amdt. 61–110, 69 FR 44865, July 27, (5) Be represented by, or represent, 2004; Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42548, Aug. 21, 2009] another person for a knowledge test; (6) Use any material or aid during the § 61.33 Tests: General procedure. period that the test is being given, un- Tests prescribed by or under this part less specifically authorized to do so by are given at times and places, and by the Administrator; and persons designated by the Adminis- (7) Intentionally cause, assist, or par- trator. ticipate in any act prohibited by this paragraph. § 61.35 Knowledge test: Prerequisites (b) An applicant who the Adminis- and passing grades. trator finds has committed an act pro- hibited by paragraph (a) of this section (a) An applicant for a knowledge test is prohibited, for 1 year after the date must have: of committing that act, from: (1) Received an endorsement, if re- (1) Applying for any certificate, rat- quired by this part, from an authorized ing, or authorization issued under this instructor certifying that the applicant chapter; and accomplished the appropriate ground- (2) Applying for and taking any test training or a home-study course re- under this chapter. quired by this part for the certificate (c) Any certificate or rating held by or rating sought and is prepared for the an applicant may be suspended or re- knowledge test; and voked if the Administrator finds that (2) Proper identification at the time person has committed an act prohib- of application that contains the appli- ited by paragraph (a) of this section. cant’s— (i) Photograph; § 61.39 Prerequisites for practical (ii) Signature; tests. (iii) Date of birth, which shows the (a) Except as provided in paragraphs applicant meets or will meet the age (b) and (c) of this section, to be eligible requirements of this part for the cer- for a practical test for a certificate or tificate sought before the expiration rating issued under this part, an appli- date of the airman knowledge test re- cant must: port; and (1) Pass the required knowledge test (iv) If the permanent mailing is a within the 24-calendar-month period post office box number, then the appli- preceding the month the applicant cant must provide a current residential completes the practical test, if a address. knowledge test is required; (b) The Administrator shall specify (2) Present the knowledge test report the minimum passing grade for the at the time of application for the prac- knowledge test. tical test, if a knowledge test is re- [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as quired; amended by Amdt. 61–104, 63 FR 20286, Apr. (3) Have satisfactorily accomplished 23, 1998; Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42548, Aug. 21, the required training and obtained the 2009] aeronautical experience prescribed by this part for the certificate or rating § 61.37 Knowledge tests: Cheating or sought; other unauthorized conduct. (4) Hold at least a third-class medical (a) An applicant for a knowledge test certificate, if a medical certificate is may not: required; (1) Copy or intentionally remove any (5) Meet the prescribed age require- knowledge test; ment of this part for the issuance of (2) Give to another applicant or re- the certificate or rating sought; ceive from another applicant any part (6) Have an endorsement, if required or copy of a knowledge test; by this part, in the applicant’s logbook

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or training record that has been signed quire an aircraft type rating practical by an authorized instructor who cer- test. tifies that the applicant— (d) If all increments of the practical (i) Has received and logged training test for a certificate or rating are not time within 2 calendar months pre- completed on the same date, then all ceding the month of application in the remaining increments of the test preparation for the practical test; must be completed within 2 calendar (ii) Is prepared for the required prac- months after the month the applicant tical test; and began the test. (iii) Has demonstrated satisfactory (e) If all increments of the practical knowledge of the subject areas in test for a certificate or rating are not which the applicant was deficient on completed within 2 calendar months the airman knowledge test; and after the month the applicant began (7) Have a completed and signed ap- the test, the applicant must retake the plication form. entire practical test. (b) Notwithstanding the provisions of [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; paragraphs (a)(1) and (2) of this section, Amdt. 61–103, 62 FR 40897, July 30, 1997, as an applicant for an airline transport amended by Amdt. 61–104, 63 FR 20286, Apr. pilot certificate or an additional rating 23, 1998; Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42548, Aug. 21, to an airline transport certificate may 2009] take the practical test for that certifi- cate or rating with an expired knowl- § 61.41 Flight training received from edge test report, provided that the ap- flight instructors not certificated by plicant: the FAA. (1) Is employed as a flight crew- (a) A person may credit flight train- member by a certificate holder under ing toward the requirements of a pilot part 121, 125, or 135 of this chapter at certificate or rating issued under this the time of the practical test and has part, if that person received the train- satisfactorily accomplished that opera- ing from: tor’s approved— (1) A flight instructor of an Armed (i) Pilot in command aircraft quali- Force in a program for training mili- fication training program that is ap- tary pilots of either— propriate to the certificate and rating (i) The United States; or sought; and (ii) A foreign contracting State to (ii) Qualification training require- the Convention on International Civil ments appropriate to the certificate Aviation. and rating sought; or (2) A flight instructor who is author- (2) Is employed by the U.S. Armed ized to give such training by the licens- Forces as a flight crewmember in U.S. ing authority of a foreign contracting military air transport operations at State to the Convention on Inter- the time of the practical test and has national Civil Aviation, and the flight completed the pilot in command air- training is given outside the United craft qualification training program States. that is appropriate to the pilot certifi- (b) A flight instructor described in cate and rating sought. paragraph (a) of this section is only au- (c) A person is not required to com- thorized to give endorsements to show ply with the provisions of paragraph training given. (a)(6) of this section if that person: (1) Holds a foreign pilot license issued § 61.43 Practical tests: General proce- by a contracting State to the Conven- dures. tion on International Civil Aviation (a) Completion of the practical test that authorizes at least the privileges for a certificate or rating consists of— of the pilot certificate sought; (1) Performing the tasks specified in (2) Is only applying for a type rating; the areas of operation for the airman or certificate or rating sought within the (3) Is applying for an airline trans- approved practical test standards; port pilot certificate or an additional (2) Demonstrating mastery of the air- rating to an airline transport pilot cer- craft by performing each task success- tificate in an aircraft that does not re- fully;

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(3) Demonstrating proficiency and the date the practical test was discon- competency within the approved stand- tinued; ards; and (2) Presents to the examiner for the (4) Demonstrating sound judgment. retest the original notice of dis- (b) The pilot flight crew complement approval form or the letter of dis- required during the practical test is continuance form, as appropriate; based on one of the following require- (3) Satisfactorily accomplishes any ments that applies to the aircraft being additional training needed and obtains used on the practical test: the appropriate instructor endorse- (1) If the aircraft’s FAA-approved ments, if additional training is re- flight manual requires the pilot flight quired; and crew complement be a single pilot, (4) Presents to the examiner for the then the applicant must demonstrate retest a properly completed and signed single pilot proficiency on the prac- application. tical test. [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as (2) If the aircraft’s type certification amended by Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42549, Aug. data sheet requires the pilot flight 21, 2009] crew complement be a single pilot, then the applicant must demonstrate § 61.45 Practical tests: Required air- single pilot proficiency on the prac- craft and equipment. tical test. (a) General. Except as provided in (3) If the FAA Flight Standardization paragraph (a)(2) of this section or when Board report, FAA-approved aircraft permitted to accomplish the entire flight manual, or aircraft type certifi- flight increment of the practical test cation data sheet allows the pilot in a flight simulator or a flight train- flight crew complement to be either a ing device, an applicant for a certifi- single pilot, or a pilot and a copilot, cate or rating issued under this part then the applicant may demonstrate must furnish: single pilot proficiency or have a copi- (1) An aircraft of U.S. registry for lot on the practical test. If the appli- each required test that— cant performs the practical test with a (i) Is of the category, class, and type, copilot, the limitation of ‘‘Second in if applicable, for which the applicant is Command Required’’ will be placed on applying for a certificate or rating; and the applicant’s pilot certificate. The (ii) Has a standard airworthiness cer- limitation may be removed if the appli- tificate or special airworthiness certifi- cant passes the practical test by dem- cate in the limited, primary, or light- onstrating single-pilot proficiency in sport category. the aircraft in which single-pilot privi- (2) At the discretion of the examiner leges are sought. who administers the practical test, the (c) If an applicant fails any area of applicant may furnish— operation, that applicant fails the (i) An aircraft that has an airworthi- practical test. ness certificate other than a standard (d) An applicant is not eligible for a airworthiness certificate or special air- certificate or rating sought until all worthiness certificate in the limited, the areas of operation are passed. primary, or light-sport category, but (e) The examiner or the applicant that otherwise meets the requirements may discontinue a practical test at any of paragraph (a)(1) of this section; time: (ii) An aircraft of the same category, (1) When the applicant fails one or class, and type, if applicable, of foreign more of the areas of operation; or registry that is properly certificated by (2) Due to inclement weather condi- the country of registry; or tions, aircraft airworthiness, or any (iii) A military aircraft of the same other safety-of-flight concern. category, class, and type, if aircraft (f) If a practical test is discontinued, class and type are appropriate, for the applicant is entitled credit for which the applicant is applying for a those areas of operation that were certificate or rating, and provided— passed, but only if the applicant: (A) The aircraft is under the direct (1) Passes the remainder of the prac- operational control of the U.S. Armed tical test within the 60-day period after Forces;

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(B) The aircraft is airworthy under erwise acceptable to the Adminis- the maintenance standards of the U.S. trator. Armed Forces; and (e) Aircraft with single controls. A (C) The applicant has a letter from practical test may be conducted in an his or her commanding officer author- aircraft having a single set of controls, izing the use of the aircraft for the provided the: practical test. (1) Examiner agrees to conduct the (b) Required equipment (other than con- test; trols). (1) Except as provided in para- (2) Test does not involve a dem- graph (b)(2) of this section, an aircraft onstration of instrument skills; and used for a practical test must have— (3) Proficiency of the applicant can (i) The equipment for each area of op- be observed by an examiner who is in a eration required for the practical test; position to observe the applicant. (ii) No prescribed operating limita- (f) Light-sport aircraft with a single tions that prohibit its use in any of the seat. A practical test for a sport pilot areas of operation required for the certificate may be conducted in a practical test; light-sport aircraft having a single seat (iii) Except as provided in paragraphs provided that the— (e) and (f) of this section, at least two (1) Examiner agrees to conduct the pilot stations with adequate visibility test; for each person to operate the aircraft (2) Examiner is in a position to ob- safely; and serve the operation of the aircraft and (iv) Cockpit and outside visibility evaluate the proficiency of the appli- adequate to evaluate the performance cant; and of the applicant when an additional (3) Pilot certificate of an applicant jump seat is provided for the examiner. successfully passing the test is issued a (2) An applicant for a certificate or pilot certificate with a limitation ‘‘No rating may use an aircraft with oper- passenger carriage and flight in a sin- ating characteristics that preclude the gle-seat light-sport aircraft only.’’ applicant from performing all of the tasks required for the practical test. [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61–103, 62 FR 40897, July 30, 1997; However, the applicant’s certificate or Amdt. 61–104, 63 FR 20286, Apr. 23, 1998; Amdt. rating, as appropriate, will be issued 61–110, 69 FR 44865, July 27, 2004; Amdt. 61– with an appropriate limitation. 124, 74 FR 42549, Aug. 21, 2009] (c) Required controls. Except for light- er-than-air aircraft, and a glider with- § 61.47 Status of an examiner who is out an engine, an aircraft used for a authorized by the Administrator to practical test must have engine power conduct practical tests. controls and flight controls that are (a) An examiner represents the Ad- easily reached and operable in a con- ministrator for the purpose of con- ventional manner by both pilots, un- ducting practical tests for certificates less the Examiner determines that the and ratings issued under this part and practical test can be conducted safely to observe an applicant’s ability to per- in the aircraft without the controls form the areas of operation on the easily reached by the Examiner. practical test. (d) Simulated instrument flight equip- (b) The examiner is not the pilot in ment. An applicant for a practical test command of the aircraft during the that involves maneuvering an aircraft practical test unless the examiner solely by reference to instruments agrees to act in that capacity for the must furnish: flight or for a portion of the flight by (1) Equipment on board the aircraft prior arrangement with: that permits the applicant to pass the (1) The applicant; or areas of operation that apply to the (2) A person who would otherwise act rating sought; and as pilot in command of the flight or for (2) A device that prevents the appli- a portion of the flight. cant from having visual reference out- (c) Notwithstanding the type of air- side the aircraft, but does not prevent craft used during the practical test, the the examiner from having visual ref- applicant and the examiner (and any erence outside the aircraft, and is oth- other occupants authorized to be on

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board by the examiner) are not subject (ii) Total flight time or lesson time. to the requirements or limitations for (iii) Location where the aircraft de- the carriage of passengers that are parted and arrived, or for lessons in a specified in this chapter. flight simulator or flight training de- [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; vice, the location where the lesson oc- Amdt. 61–103, 62 FR 40897, July 30, 1997] curred. (iv) Type and identification of air- § 61.49 Retesting after failure. craft, flight simulator, flight training (a) An applicant for a knowledge or device, or aviation training device, as practical test who fails that test may appropriate. reapply for the test only after the ap- (v) The name of a safety pilot, if re- plicant has received: quired by § 91.109(b) of this chapter. (1) The necessary training from an (2) Type of pilot experience or train- authorized instructor who has deter- ing— mined that the applicant is proficient (i) Solo. to pass the test; and (ii) Pilot in command. (2) An endorsement from an author- (iii) Second in command. ized instructor who gave the applicant (iv) Flight and ground training re- the additional training. ceived from an authorized instructor. (b) An applicant for a flight instruc- (v) Training received in a flight sim- tor certificate with an airplane cat- ulator, flight training device, or avia- egory rating or, for a flight instructor tion training device from an authorized certificate with a glider category rat- instructor. ing, who has failed the practical test (3) Conditions of flight— due to deficiencies in instructional pro- (i) Day or night. ficiency on stall awareness, spin entry, (ii) Actual instrument. spins, or spin recovery must: (1) Comply with the requirements of (iii) Simulated instrument conditions paragraph (a) of this section before in flight, a flight simulator, flight being retested; training device, or aviation training (2) Bring an aircraft to the retest device. that is of the appropriate aircraft cat- (iv) Use of night vision goggles in an egory for the rating sought and is cer- aircraft in flight, in a flight simulator, tificated for spins; and or in a flight training device. (3) Demonstrate satisfactory instruc- (c) Logging of pilot time. The pilot tional proficiency on stall awareness, time described in this section may be spin entry, spins, and spin recovery to used to: an examiner during the retest. (1) Apply for a certificate or rating issued under this part or a privilege au- § 61.51 Pilot logbooks. thorized under this part; or (a) Training time and aeronautical ex- (2) Satisfy the recent flight experi- perience. Each person must document ence requirements of this part. and record the following time in a (d) Logging of solo flight time. Except manner acceptable to the Adminis- for a student pilot performing the du- trator: ties of pilot in command of an airship (1) Training and aeronautical experi- requiring more than one pilot flight ence used to meet the requirements for crewmember, a pilot may log as solo a certificate, rating, or flight review of flight time only that flight time when this part. the pilot is the sole occupant of the (2) The aeronautical experience re- aircraft. quired for meeting the recent flight ex- (e) Logging pilot-in-command flight perience requirements of this part. time. (1) A sport, recreational, private, (b) Logbook entries. For the purposes commercial, or airline transport pilot of meeting the requirements of para- may log pilot in command flight time graph (a) of this section, each person for flights- must enter the following information (i) When the pilot is the sole manipu- for each flight or lesson logged: lator of the controls of an aircraft for (1) General— which the pilot is rated, or has sport (i) Date. pilot privileges for that category and

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class of aircraft, if the aircraft class (2) If rated to act as pilot in com- rating is appropriate; mand of the aircraft, an airline trans- (ii) When the pilot is the sole occu- port pilot may log all flight time while pant in the aircraft; acting as pilot in command of an oper- (iii) When the pilot, except for a ation requiring an airline transport holder of a sport or recreational pilot pilot certificate. certificate, acts as pilot in command of (3) A certificated flight instructor an aircraft for which more than one may log pilot in command flight time pilot is required under the type certifi- for all flight time while serving as the cation of the aircraft or the regula- authorized instructor in an operation if tions under which the flight is con- the instructor is rated to act as pilot in ducted; or command of that aircraft. (iv) When the pilot performs the du- (4) A student pilot may log pilot-in- ties of pilot in command while under command time only when the student the supervision of a qualified pilot in pilot— command provided— (i) Is the sole occupant of the aircraft (A) The pilot performing the duties of or is performing the duties of pilot of pilot in command holds a commercial command of an airship requiring more or airline transport pilot certificate than one pilot flight crewmember; and aircraft rating that is appropriate (ii) Has a solo flight endorsement as to the category and class of aircraft required under § 61.87 of this part; and being flown, if a class rating is appro- (iii) Is undergoing training for a pilot priate; certificate or rating. (B) The pilot performing the duties of (f) Logging second-in-command flight pilot in command is undergoing an ap- time. A person may log second-in-com- proved pilot in command training pro- mand time only for that flight time gram that includes ground and flight during which that person: training on the following areas of oper- (1) Is qualified in accordance with the ation— second-in-command requirements of (1) Preflight preparation; § 61.55 of this part, and occupies a crew- (2) Preflight procedures; member station in an aircraft that re- (3) Takeoff and departure; quires more than one pilot by the air- (4) In-flight maneuvers; craft’s type certificate; or (5) Instrument procedures; (2) Holds the appropriate category, (6) Landings and approaches to land- class, and instrument rating (if an in- ings; strument rating is required for the (7) Normal and abnormal procedures; flight) for the aircraft being flown, and (8) Emergency procedures; and more than one pilot is required under (9) Postflight procedures; the type certification of the aircraft or (C) The supervising pilot in command the regulations under which the flight holds— is being conducted. (1) A commercial pilot certificate and (g) Logging instrument time. (1) A per- flight instructor certificate, and air- son may log instrument time only for craft rating that is appropriate to the that flight time when the person oper- category, class, and type of aircraft ates the aircraft solely by reference to being flown, if a class or type rating is instruments under actual or simulated required; or instrument flight conditions. (2) An airline transport pilot certifi- (2) An authorized instructor may log cate and aircraft rating that is appro- instrument time when conducting in- priate to the category, class, and type strument flight instruction in actual of aircraft being flown, if a class or instrument flight conditions. type rating is required; and (3) For the purposes of logging in- (D) The supervising pilot in command strument time to meet the recent in- logs the pilot in command training in strument experience requirements of the pilot’s logbook, certifies the pilot § 61.57(c) of this part, the following in- in command training in the pilot’s log- formation must be recorded in the per- book and attests to that certification son’s logbook— with his or her signature, and flight in- (i) The location and type of each in- structor certificate number. strument approach accomplished; and

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(ii) The name of the safety pilot, if (ii) Within airspace that requires required. communication with air traffic con- (4) A person can use time in a flight trol; simulator, flight training device, or (iii) Conducted between sunset and aviation training device for acquiring sunrise; or instrument aeronautical experience for (iv) In an aircraft for which the pilot a pilot certificate, rating, or instru- does not hold an appropriate category ment recency experience, provided an or class rating. authorized instructor is present to ob- (5) A flight instructor with a sport serve that time and signs the person’s pilot rating must carry his or her log- logbook or training record to verify the book or other evidence of required au- time and the content of the training thorized instructor endorsements on session. all flights when providing flight train- (h) Logging training time. (1) A person ing. may log training time when that per- (j) Aircraft requirements for logging son receives training from an author- flight time. For a person to log flight ized instructor in an aircraft, flight time, the time must be acquired in an simulator, or flight training device. aircraft that is identified as an aircraft (2) The training time must be logged under § 61.5(b), and is— in a logbook and must: (1) An aircraft of U.S. registry with (i) Be endorsed in a legible manner by either a standard or special airworthi- the authorized instructor; and ness certificate; (ii) Include a description of the train- (2) An aircraft of foreign registry ing given, the length of the training with an airworthiness certificate that lesson, and the authorized instructor’s is approved by the aviation authority signature, certificate number, and cer- of a foreign country that is a Member tificate expiration date. State to the Convention on Inter- (i) Presentation of required documents. national Civil Aviation Organization; (1) Persons must present their pilot (3) A military aircraft under the di- certificate, medical certificate, log- rect operational control of the U.S. book, or any other record required by Armed Forces; or this part for inspection upon a reason- (4) A public aircraft under the direct able request by— operational control of a Federal, State, (i) The Administrator; county, or municipal law enforcement (ii) An authorized representative agency, if the flight time was acquired from the National Transportation Safe- by the pilot while engaged on an offi- ty Board; or cial law enforcement flight for a Fed- (iii) Any Federal, State, or local law eral, State, County, or Municipal law enforcement officer. enforcement agency. (2) A student pilot must carry the (k) Logging night vision goggle time. (1) following items in the aircraft on all A person may log night vision goggle solo cross-country flights as evidence time only for the time the person uses of the required authorized instructor night vision goggles as the primary vis- clearances and endorsements— ual reference of the surface and oper- (i) Pilot logbook; ates: (ii) Student pilot certificate; and (i) An aircraft during a night vision (iii) Any other record required by goggle operation; or this section. (ii) A flight simulator or flight train- (3) A sport pilot must carry his or her ing device with the lighting system ad- logbook or other evidence of required justed to represent the period begin- authorized instructor endorsements on ning 1 hour after sunset and ending 1 all flights. hour before sunrise. (4) A recreational pilot must carry (2) An authorized instructor may log his or her logbook with the required night vision goggle time when that per- authorized instructor endorsements on son conducts training using night vi- all solo flights— sion goggles as the primary visual ref- (i) That exceed 50 nautical miles erence of the surface and operates: from the airport at which training was (i) An aircraft during a night goggle received; operation; or

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(ii) A flight simulator or flight train- records from an FAA-recognized ultra- ing device with the lighting system ad- light organization, that — justed to represent the period begin- (i) Document that he or she is a reg- ning 1 hour after sunset and ending 1 istered ultralight pilot with that FAA- hour before sunrise. recognized ultralight organization; and (3) To log night vision goggle time to (ii) Indicate that he or she is recog- meet the recent night vision goggle ex- nized to operate the category and class perience requirements under § 61.57(f), a of aircraft for which sport pilot privi- person must log the information re- leges are sought. quired under § 61.51(b). [Doc. No. FAA–2001–11133, 69 FR 44865, July 27, 2004, as amended by Amdt. 61–125, 75 FR [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; 5220, Feb. 1, 2010] Amdt. 61–103, 62 FR 40897, July 30, 1997; Amdt. 61–104, 63 FR 20286, Apr. 23, 1998; Amdt. 61–110, 69 FR 44865, July 27, 2004; Amdt. 61– § 61.53 Prohibition on operations dur- 124, 74 FR 42549, Aug. 21, 2009] ing medical deficiency. (a) Operations that require a medical § 61.52 Use of aeronautical experience certificate. Except as provided for in obtained in ultralight vehicles. paragraph (b) of this section, no person (a) Before January 31, 2012, a person who holds a medical certificate issued may use aeronautical experience ob- under part 67 of this chapter may act tained in an ultralight vehicle to meet as pilot in command, or in any other the requirements for the following cer- capacity as a required pilot flight tificates and ratings issued under this crewmember, while that person: part: (1) Knows or has reason to know of (1) A sport pilot certificate. any medical condition that would (2) A flight instructor certificate make the person unable to meet the re- with a sport pilot rating; quirements for the medical certificate necessary for the pilot operation; or (3) A private pilot certificate with a (2) Is taking medication or receiving weight-shift-control or powered para- other treatment for a medical condi- chute category rating. tion that results in the person being (b) Before January 31, 2012, a person unable to meet the requirements for may use aeronautical experience ob- the medical certificate necessary for tained in an ultralight vehicle to meet the pilot operation. the provisions of § 61.69. (b) Operations that do not require a (c) A person using aeronautical expe- medical certificate. For operations pro- rience obtained in an ultralight vehicle vided for in § 61.23(b) of this part, a per- to meet the requirements for a certifi- son shall not act as pilot in command, cate or rating specified in paragraph or in any other capacity as a required (a) of this section or the requirements pilot flight crewmember, while that of paragraph (b) of this section must— person knows or has reason to know of (1) Have been a registered ultralight any medical condition that would pilot with an FAA-recognized ultra- make the person unable to operate the light organization when that aero- aircraft in a safe manner. nautical experience was obtained; (c) Operations requiring a medical cer- (2) Document and log that aero- tificate or a U.S. driver’s license. For op- nautical experience in accordance with erations provided for in § 61.23(c), a per- the provisions for logging aeronautical son must meet the provisions of— experience specified by an FAA-recog- (1) Paragraph (a) of this section if nized ultralight organization and in ac- that person holds a medical certificate cordance with the provisions for log- issued under part 67 of this chapter and ging pilot time in aircraft as specified does not hold a U.S. driver’s license. in § 61.51; (2) Paragraph (b) of this section if (3) Obtain the aeronautical experi- that person holds a U.S. driver’s li- ence in a category and class of vehicle cense. corresponding to the rating or privilege [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as sought; and amended by Amdt. 61–110, 69 FR 44866, July (4) Provide the FAA with a certified 27, 2004; Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42550, Aug. 21, copy of his or her ultralight pilot 2009]

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§ 61.55 Second-in-command qualifica- the calendar month after the month in tions. which compliance with this section is (a) A person may serve as a second- required, then that person is consid- in-command of an aircraft type certifi- ered to have accomplished the training cated for more than one required pilot and practice in the month it is due. flight crewmember or in operations re- (d) A person may receive a second-in- quiring a second-in-command pilot command pilot type rating for an air- flight crewmember only if that person craft after satisfactorily completing holds: the second-in-command familiarization (1) At least a private pilot certificate training requirements under paragraph with the appropriate category and (b) of this section in that type of air- class rating; and craft provided the training was com- (2) An instrument rating or privilege pleted within the 12 calendar months that applies to the aircraft being flown before the month of application for the if the flight is under IFR; and SIC pilot type rating. The person must (3) The appropriate pilot type rating comply with the following application for the aircraft unless the flight will be and pilot certification procedures: conducted as domestic flight oper- (1) The person who provided the ations within United States airspace. training must sign the applicant’s log- (b) Except as provided in paragraph book or training record after each les- (e) of this section, no person may serve son in accordance with § 61.51(h)(2) of as a second-in-command of an aircraft this part. In lieu of the trainer, it is type certificated for more than one re- permissible for a qualified management quired pilot flight crewmember or in official within the organization to sign operations requiring a second-in-com- the applicant’s training records or log- mand unless that person has within the book and make the required endorse- previous 12 calendar months: ment. The qualified management offi- (1) Become familiar with the fol- cial must hold the position of Chief lowing information for the specific Pilot, Director of Training, Director of type aircraft for which second-in-com- Operations, or another comparable mand privileges are requested— management position within the orga- (i) Operational procedures applicable nization that provided the training and to the powerplant, equipment, and sys- must be in a position to verify the ap- tems. plicant’s training records and that the (ii) Performance specifications and training was given. limitations. (2) The trainer or qualified manage- (iii) Normal, abnormal, and emer- ment official must make an endorse- gency operating procedures. ment in the applicant’s logbook that (iv) Flight manual. (v) Placards and markings. states ‘‘[Applicant’s Name and Pilot (2) Except as provided in paragraph Certificate Number] has demonstrated (g) of this section, performed and the skill and knowledge required for logged pilot time in the type of aircraft the safe operation of the [Type of Air- or in a flight simulator that represents craft], relevant to the duties and re- the type of aircraft for which second- sponsibilities of a second in command.’’ in-command privileges are requested, (3) If the applicant’s flight experience which includes— and/or training records are in an elec- (i) Three takeoffs and three landings tronic form, the applicant must to a full stop as the sole manipulator of present a paper copy of those records the flight controls; containing the signature of the trainer (ii) Engine-out procedures and ma- or qualified management official to an neuvering with an engine out while FAA Flight Standards District Office executing the duties of pilot in com- or Examiner. mand; and (4) The applicant must complete and (iii) Crew resource management sign an Airman Certificate and/or Rat- training. ing Application, FAA Form 8710–1, and (c) If a person complies with the re- present the application to an FAA quirements in paragraph (b) of this sec- Flight Standards District Office or to tion in the calendar month before or an Examiner.

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(5) The person who provided the craft], relevant to the duties and re- ground and flight training to the appli- sponsibilities of a second in command.’’ cant must sign the ‘‘Instructor’s Rec- (3) If the applicant’s flight experience ommendation’’ section of the Airman and/or training records are in an elec- Certificate and/or Rating Application, tronic form, the applicant must pro- FAA Form 8710–1. In lieu of the trainer, vide a paper copy of those records con- it is permissible for a qualified man- taining the signature of the trainer or agement official within the organiza- qualified management official to an tion to sign the applicant’s FAA Form FAA Flight Standards District Office, 8710–1. an Examiner, or an Program (6) The applicant must appear in per- Designee. son at a FAA Flight Standards District (4) The applicant must complete and Office or to an Examiner with his or sign an Airman Certificate and/or Rat- her logbook/training records and with ing Application, FAA Form 8710–1, and the completed and signed FAA Form present the application to an FAA 8710–1. Flight Standards District Office or to (7) There is no practical test required an Examiner or to an authorized Air- for the issuance of the ‘‘SIC Privileges crew Program Designee. Only’’ pilot type rating. (5) The person who provided the (e) A person may receive a second-in- ground and flight training to the appli- command pilot type rating for the type cant must sign the ‘‘Instructor’s Rec- of aircraft after satisfactorily com- ommendation’’ section of the Airman pleting an approved second-in-com- Certificate and/or Rating Application, mand training program, proficiency FAA Form 8710–1. In lieu of the trainer, check, or competency check under sub- it is permissible for a qualified man- part K of part 91, part 121, part 125, or agement official within the organiza- part 135, as appropriate, in that type of tion to sign the applicant’s FAA Form aircraft provided the training was com- 8710–1. pleted within the 12 calendar months (6) The applicant must appear in per- before the month of application for the son at an FAA Flight Standards Dis- SIC pilot type rating. The person must trict Office or to an Examiner or to an comply with the following application authorized Aircrew Program Designee and pilot certification procedures: with his or her logbook/training (1) The person who provided the records and with the completed and training must sign the applicant’s log- signed FAA Form 8710–1. book or training record after each les- (7) There is no practical test required son in accordance with § 61.51(h)(2) of for the issuance of the ‘‘SIC Privileges this part. In lieu of the trainer, it is Only’’ pilot type rating. permissible for a qualified management (f) The familiarization training re- official within the organization to sign quirements of paragraph (b) of this sec- the applicant’s training records or log- tion do not apply to a person who is: book and make the required endorse- (1) Designated and qualified as pilot ment. The qualified management offi- in command under subpart K of part 91, cial must hold the position of Chief part 121, 125, or 135 of this chapter in Pilot, Director of Training, Director of that specific type of aircraft; Operations, or another comparable (2) Designated as the second in com- management position within the orga- mand under subpart K of part 91, part nization that provided the training and 121, 125, or 135 of this chapter in that must be in a position to verify the ap- specific type of aircraft; plicant’s training records and that the (3) Designated as the second in com- training was given. mand in that specific type of aircraft (2) The trainer or qualified manage- for the purpose of receiving flight ment official must make an endorse- training required by this section, and ment in the applicant’s logbook that no passengers or cargo are carried on states ‘‘[Applicant’s Name and Pilot the aircraft; or Certificate Number] has demonstrated (4) Designated as a safety pilot for the skill and knowledge required for purposes required by § 91.109(b) of this the safe operation of the [Type of Air- chapter.

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(g) The holder of a commercial or air- of flight training and 1 hour of ground line transport pilot certificate with the training. The review must include: appropriate category and class rating (1) A review of the current general is not required to meet the require- operating and flight rules of part 91 of ments of paragraph (b)(2) of this sec- this chapter; and tion, provided the pilot: (2) A review of those maneuvers and (1) Is conducting a ferry flight, air- procedures that, at the discretion of craft flight test, or evaluation flight of the person giving the review, are nec- an aircraft’s equipment; and essary for the pilot to demonstrate the (2) Is not carrying any person or safe exercise of the privileges of the property on board the aircraft, other pilot certificate. than necessary for conduct of the (b) Glider pilots may substitute a flight. minimum of three instructional flights (h) For the purpose of meeting the re- in a glider, each of which includes a quirements of paragraph (b) of this sec- flight to traffic pattern altitude, in tion, a person may serve as second in lieu of the 1 hour of flight training re- command in that specific type aircraft, quired in paragraph (a) of this section. provided: (c) Except as provided in paragraphs (1) The flight is conducted under day (d), (e), and (g) of this section, no per- VFR or day IFR; and son may act as pilot in command of an (2) No person or property is carried aircraft unless, since the beginning of on board the aircraft, other than nec- the 24th calendar month before the essary for conduct of the flight. month in which that pilot acts as pilot (i) The training under paragraphs (b) in command, that person has— and (d) of this section and the training, (1) Accomplished a flight review proficiency check, and competency given in an aircraft for which that check under paragraph (e) of this sec- pilot is rated by an authorized instruc- tion may be accomplished in a flight tor and simulator that is used in accordance (2) A logbook endorsed from an au- with an approved training course con- thorized instructor who gave the re- ducted by a training center certificated view certifying that the person has sat- under part 142 of this chapter or under isfactorily completed the review. subpart K of part 91, part 121 or part 135 (d) A person who has, within the pe- of this chapter. riod specified in paragraph (c) of this (j) When an applicant for an initial section, passed a pilot proficiency second-in-command qualification for a check conducted by an examiner, an particular type of aircraft receives all approved pilot check airman, or a U.S. the training in a flight simulator, that Armed Force, for a pilot certificate, applicant must satisfactorily complete rating, or operating privilege need not one takeoff and one landing in an air- accomplish the flight review required craft of the same type for which the by this section. qualification is sought. This require- (e) A person who has, within the pe- ment does not apply to an applicant riod specified in paragraph (c) of this who completes a proficiency check section, satisfactorily accomplished under part 121 or competency check one or more phases of an FAA-spon- under subpart K, part 91, part 125, or sored pilot proficiency award program part 135 for the particular type of air- need not accomplish the flight review craft. required by this section. (f) A person who holds a flight in- [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61–103, 62 FR 40898, July 30, 1997; structor certificate and who has, with- Amdt. 61–109, 68 FR 54559, Sept. 17, 2003; in the period specified in paragraph (c) Amdt. 61–113, 70 FR 45271, Aug. 4, 2005; Amdt. of this section, satisfactorily com- 61–109, 70 FR 61890, Oct. 27, 2005; Amdt. 61–124, pleted a renewal of a flight instructor 74 FR 42550, Aug. 21, 2009] certificate under the provisions in § 61.197 need not accomplish the one § 61.56 Flight review. hour of ground training specified in (a) Except as provided in paragraphs paragraph (a) of this section. (b) and (f) of this section, a flight re- (g) A student pilot need not accom- view consists of a minimum of 1 hour plish the flight review required by this

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section provided the student pilot is (2) For the purpose of meeting the re- undergoing training for a certificate quirements of paragraph (a)(1) of this and has a current solo flight endorse- section, a person may act as a pilot in ment as required under § 61.87 of this command of an aircraft under day VFR part. or day IFR, provided no persons or (h) The requirements of this section property are carried on board the air- may be accomplished in combination craft, other than those necessary for with the requirements of § 61.57 and the conduct of the flight. other applicable recent experience re- (3) The takeoffs and landings re- quirements at the discretion of the au- quired by paragraph (a)(1) of this sec- thorized instructor conducting the tion may be accomplished in a flight flight review. simulator or flight training device that (i) A flight simulator or flight train- is— ing device may be used to meet the (i) Approved by the Administrator for flight review requirements of this sec- landings; and tion subject to the following condi- (ii) Used in accordance with an ap- tions: proved course conducted by a training (1) The flight simulator or flight center certificated under part 142 of training device must be used in accord- this chapter. ance with an approved course con- (b) Night takeoff and landing experi- ducted by a training center certificated ence. (1) Except as provided in para- under part 142 of this chapter. graph (e) of this section, no person may (2) Unless the flight review is under- act as pilot in command of an aircraft taken in a flight simulator that is ap- carrying passengers during the period proved for landings, the applicant must beginning 1 hour after sunset and end- meet the takeoff and landing require- ing 1 hour before sunrise, unless within ments of § 61.57(a) or § 61.57(b) of this the preceding 90 days that person has part. made at least three takeoffs and three landings to a full stop during the pe- (3) The flight simulator or flight riod beginning 1 hour after sunset and training device used must represent an ending 1 hour before sunrise, and— aircraft or set of aircraft for which the (i) That person acted as sole manipu- pilot is rated. lator of the flight controls; and [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; (ii) The required takeoffs and land- Amdt. 61–103, 62 FR 40898, July 30, 1997; ings were performed in an aircraft of Amdt. 61–104, 63 FR 20287, Apr. 23, 1998; Amdt. the same category, class, and type (if a 61–124, 74 FR 42550, Aug. 21, 2009] type rating is required). (2) The takeoffs and landings re- § 61.57 Recent flight experience: Pilot quired by paragraph (b)(1) of this sec- in command. tion may be accomplished in a flight (a) General experience. (1) Except as simulator that is— provided in paragraph (e) of this sec- (i) Approved by the Administrator for tion, no person may act as a pilot in takeoffs and landings, if the visual sys- command of an aircraft carrying pas- tem is adjusted to represent the period sengers or of an aircraft certificated described in paragraph (b)(1) of this for more than one pilot flight crew- section; and member unless that person has made at (ii) Used in accordance with an ap- least three takeoffs and three landings proved course conducted by a training within the preceding 90 days, and— center certificated under part 142 of (i) The person acted as the sole ma- this chapter. nipulator of the flight controls; and (c) Instrument experience. Except as (ii) The required takeoffs and land- provided in paragraph (e) of this sec- ings were performed in an aircraft of tion, a person may act as pilot in com- the same category, class, and type (if a mand under IFR or weather conditions type rating is required), and, if the air- less than the minimums prescribed for craft to be flown is an airplane with a VFR only if: tailwheel, the takeoffs and landings (1) Use of an airplane, powered-lift, hel- must have been made to a full stop in icopter, or airship for maintaining instru- an airplane with a tailwheel. ment experience. Within the 6 calendar

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months preceding the month of the experience with a combination of an flight, that person performed and aircraft, flight simulator or flight logged at least the following tasks and training device, and aviation training iterations in an airplane, powered-lift, device must have performed and logged helicopter, or airship, as appropriate, the following within the 6 calendar for the instrument rating privileges to months preceding the month of the be maintained in actual weather condi- flight— tions, or under simulated conditions (i) Instrument experience in an air- using a view-limiting device that in- plane, powered-lift, helicopter, or air- volves having performed the fol- ship, as appropriate, for the instrument lowing— rating privileges to be maintained, per- (i) Six instrument approaches. formed in actual weather conditions, or (ii) Holding procedures and tasks. under simulated weather conditions (iii) Intercepting and tracking while using a view-limiting device, on courses through the use of navigational the following instrument currency electronic systems. tasks: (2) Use of a flight simulator or flight (A) Instrument approaches. training device for maintaining instru- (B) Holding procedures and tasks. ment experience. Within the 6 calendar (C) Interception and tracking courses months preceding the month of the through the use of navigational elec- flight, that person performed and tronic systems. logged at least the following tasks and (ii) Instrument experience in a flight iterations in a flight simulator or simulator or flight training device that flight training device, provided the represents the category of aircraft for flight simulator or flight training de- the instrument rating privileges to be vice represents the category of aircraft maintained and involves performing at for the instrument rating privileges to least the following tasks— be maintained and involves having per- (A) Instrument approaches. formed the following— (B) Holding procedures and tasks. (i) Six instrument approaches. (ii) Holding procedures and tasks. (C) Interception and tracking courses (iii) Intercepting and tracking through the use of navigational elec- courses through the use of navigational tronic systems. electronic systems. (iii) Instrument experience in an (3) Use of an aviation training device aviation training device that rep- for maintaining instrument experience. resents the category of aircraft for the Within the 2 calendar months pre- instrument rating privileges to be ceding the month of the flight, that maintained and involves performing at person performed and logged at least least the following tasks— the following tasks, iterations, and (A) Six instrument approaches. time in an aviation training device and (B) Holding procedures and tasks. has performed the following— (C) Interception and tracking courses (i) Three hours of instrument experi- through the use of navigational elec- ence. tronic systems. (ii) Holding procedures and tasks. (5) Combination of completing instru- (iii) Six instrument approaches. ment experience in a flight simulator or (iv) Two unusual attitude recoveries flight training device, and an aviation while in a descending, Vne airspeed con- training device. A person who elects to dition and two unusual attitude recov- complete the instrument experience eries while in an ascending, stall speed with a combination of a flight simu- condition. lator, flight training device, and avia- (v) Interception and tracking courses tion training device must have per- through the use of navigational elec- formed the following within the 6 cal- tronic systems. endar months preceding the month of (4) Combination of completing instru- the flight— ment experience in an aircraft and a (i) Instrument recency experience in flight simulator, flight training device, a flight simulator or flight training de- and aviation training device. A person vice that represents the category of who elects to complete the instrument aircraft for the instrument rating

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privileges to be maintained and in- performance airspeeds, navigation, volves having performed the following slow flight, and stalls. tasks: (d) Instrument proficiency check. Ex- (A) Six instrument approaches. cept as provided in paragraph (e) of (B) Holding procedures and tasks. this section, a person who does not (C) Interception and tracking courses meet the instrument experience re- through the use of navigational elec- quirements of paragraph (c) of this sec- tronic systems. tion within the 12 calendar months pre- (ii) Three hours of instrument experi- ceding the month of the flight may not ence in an aviation training device serve as pilot in command under IFR that represents the category of aircraft or in weather conditions less than the for the instrument rating privileges to minimums prescribed for VFR until be maintained and involves performing having passed an instrument pro- at least the following tasks— ficiency check that consists of the (A) Six instrument approaches. areas of operation and instrument (B) Holding procedures and tasks. tasks required in the instrument rating (C) Interception and tracking courses practical test standards. through the use of navigational elec- (e) Exceptions. (1) Paragraphs (a) and tronic systems. (b) of this section do not apply to a (D) Two unusual attitude recoveries pilot in command who is employed by a while in a descending, Vne airspeed con- certificate holder under part 125 and dition and two unusual attitude recov- engaged in a flight operation for that eries while in an ascending, stall speed certificate holder if the pilot is in com- condition. pliance with §§ 125.281 and 125.285 of this (6) Maintaining instrument recent chapter. experience in a glider. (2) This section does not apply to a (i) Within the 6 calendar months pre- pilot in command who is employed by ceding the month of the flight, that an air carrier certificated under part person must have performed and logged 121 or 135 and is engaged in a flight op- at least the following instrument cur- rency tasks, iterations, and flight eration under part 91, 121, or 135 for time, and the instrument currency that air carrier if the pilot is in com- must have been performed in actual pliance with §§ 121.437 and 121.439, or weather conditions or under simulated §§ 135.243 and 135.247 of this chapter, as weather conditions— appropriate. (A) One hour of instrument flight (3) Paragraph (b) of this section does time in a glider or in a single engine not apply to a pilot in command of a airplane using a view-limiting device turbine-powered airplane that is type while performing interception and certificated for more than one pilot tracking courses through the use of crewmember, provided that pilot has navigation electronic systems. complied with the requirements of (B) Two hours of instrument flight paragraph (e)(3)(i) or (ii) of this sec- time in a glider or a single engine air- tion: plane with the use of a view-limiting (i) The pilot in command must hold device while performing straight at least a commercial pilot certificate glides, turns to specific headings, steep with the appropriate category, class, turns, flight at various airspeeds, navi- and type rating for each airplane that gation, and slow flight and stalls. is type certificated for more than one (ii) Before a pilot is allowed to carry pilot crewmember that the pilot seeks a passenger in a glider under IFR or in to operate under this alternative, and: weather conditions less than the mini- (A) That pilot must have logged at mums prescribed for VFR, that pilot least 1,500 hours of aeronautical experi- must— ence as a pilot; (A) Have logged and performed 2 (B) In each airplane that is type cer- hours of instrument flight time in a tificated for more than one pilot crew- glider within the 6 calendar months member that the pilot seeks to operate preceding the month of the flight. under this alternative, that pilot must (B) Use a view-limiting-device while have accomplished and logged the day- practicing performance maneuvers, time takeoff and landing recent flight

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experience of paragraph (a) of this sec- in a flight simulator that is representa- tion, as the sole manipulator of the tive of a turbine-powered airplane that flight controls; requires more than one pilot crew- (C) Within the preceding 90 days prior member. The flight simulator’s visual to the operation of that airplane that system must have been adjusted to rep- is type certificated for more than one resent the period beginning 1 hour pilot crewmember, the pilot must have after sunset and ending 1 hour before accomplished and logged at least 15 sunrise. hours of flight time in the type of air- (f) Night vision goggle operating experi- plane that the pilot seeks to operate ence. (1) A person may act as pilot in under this alternative; and command in a night vision goggle oper- (D) That pilot has accomplished and ation with passengers on board only if, logged at least 3 takeoffs and 3 land- within 2 calendar months preceding the ings to a full stop, as the sole manipu- month of the flight, that person per- lator of the flight controls, in a tur- forms and logs the following tasks as bine-powered airplane that requires the sole manipulator of the controls on more than one pilot crewmember. The a flight during a night vision goggle pilot must have performed the takeoffs operation— and landings during the period begin- (i) Three takeoffs and three landings, ning 1 hour after sunset and ending 1 with each takeoff and landing includ- hour before sunrise within the pre- ing a climbout, cruise, descent, and ap- ceding 6 months prior to the month of proach phase of flight (only required if the flight. the pilot wants to use night vision gog- (ii) The pilot in command must hold gles during the takeoff and landing at least a commercial pilot certificate phases of the flight). with the appropriate category, class, (ii) Three hovering tasks (only re- and type rating for each airplane that quired if the pilot wants to use night is type certificated for more than one vision goggles when operating heli- pilot crewmember that the pilot seeks copters or powered-lifts during the hov- to operate under this alternative, and: ering phase of flight). (A) That pilot must have logged at (iii) Three area departure and area least 1,500 hours of aeronautical experi- arrival tasks. ence as a pilot; (iv) Three tasks of transitioning from (B) In each airplane that is type cer- aided night flight (aided night flight tificated for more than one pilot crew- means that the pilot uses night vision member that the pilot seeks to operate goggles to maintain visual surface ref- under this alternative, that pilot must erence) to unaided night flight (unaided have accomplished and logged the day- night flight means that the pilot does time takeoff and landing recent flight not use night vision goggles) and back experience of paragraph (a) of this sec- to aided night flight. tion, as the sole manipulator of the (v) Three night vision goggle oper- flight controls; ations, or when operating helicopters (C) Within the preceding 90 days prior or powered-lifts, six night vision goggle to the operation of that airplane that operations. is type certificated for more than one (2) A person may act as pilot in com- pilot crewmember, the pilot must have mand using night vision goggles only accomplished and logged at least 15 if, within the 4 calendar months pre- hours of flight time in the type of air- ceding the month of the flight, that plane that the pilot seeks to operate person performs and logs the tasks list- under this alternative; and ed in paragraph (f)(1)(i) through (v) of (D) Within the preceding 12 months this section as the sole manipulator of prior to the month of the flight, the the controls during a night vision gog- pilot must have completed a training gle operation. program that is approved under part (g) Night vision goggle proficiency 142 of this chapter. The approved train- check. A person must either meet the ing program must have required and night vision goggle experience require- the pilot must have performed, at least ments of paragraphs (f)(1) or (f)(2) of 6 takeoffs and 6 landings to a full stop this section or pass a night vision gog- as the sole manipulator of the controls gle proficiency check to act as pilot in

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command using night vision goggles. type certificated for more than one re- The proficiency check must be per- quired pilot flight crewmember; and formed in the category of aircraft that (2) Within the preceding 24 calendar is appropriate to the night vision gog- months, complete a pilot-in-command gle operation for which the person is proficiency check in the particular seeking the night vision goggle privi- type of aircraft in which that person lege or in a flight simulator or flight will serve as pilot in command. training device that is representative (b) This section does not apply to of that category of aircraft. The check persons conducting operations under must consist of the tasks listed in subpart K of part 91, part 121, 125, 133, § 61.31(k), and the check must be per- 135, or 137 of this chapter, or persons formed by: maintaining continuing qualification (1) An Examiner who is qualified to under an Advanced Qualification pro- perform night vision goggle operations gram approved under subpart Y of part in that same aircraft category and 121 of this chapter. class; (c) The pilot-in-command proficiency (2) A person who is authorized by the check given in accordance with the U.S. Armed Forces to perform night vi- provisions of subpart K of part 91, part sion goggle proficiency checks, pro- 121, 125, or 135 of this chapter may be vided the person being administered used to satisfy the requirements of this the check is also a member of the U.S. section. Armed Forces; (d) The pilot-in-command proficiency check required by paragraph (a) of this (3) A company check pilot who is au- section may be accomplished by satis- thorized to perform night vision goggle factory completion of one of the fol- proficiency checks under parts 121, 125, lowing: or 135 of this chapter, provided that (1) A pilot-in-command proficiency both the check pilot and the pilot check conducted by a person author- being tested are employees of that op- ized by the Administrator, consisting erator; of the maneuvers and procedures re- (4) An authorized flight instructor quired for a type rating, in an aircraft who is qualified to perform night vision type certificated for more than one re- goggle operations in that same aircraft quired pilot flight crewmember; category and class; (2) The practical test required for a (5) A person who is qualified as pilot type rating, in an aircraft type certifi- in command for night vision goggle op- cated for more than one required pilot erations in accordance with paragraph flight crewmember; (f) of this section; or (3) The initial or periodic practical (6) A person approved by the FAA to test required for the issuance of a pilot perform night vision goggle proficiency examiner or check airman designation, checks. in an aircraft type certificated for [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; more than one required pilot flight Amdt. 61–103, 62 FR 40898, July 30, 1997; crewmember; or Amdt. 61–106, 64 FR 23529, Apr. 30, 1999; Amdt. (4) A military flight check required 61–109, 68 FR 54559, Sept. 17, 2003; Amdt. 61– for a pilot in command with instru- 124, 74 FR 42550, Aug. 21, 2009] ment privileges, in an aircraft that the military requires to be operated by § 61.58 Pilot-in-command proficiency more than one pilot flight crew- check: Operation of aircraft requir- member. ing more than one pilot flight crew- (e) A check or test described in para- member. graphs (d)(1) through (d)(4) of this sec- (a) Except as otherwise provided in tion may be accomplished in a flight this section, to serve as pilot in com- simulator under part 142 of this chap- mand of an aircraft that is type certifi- ter, subject to the following: cated for more than one required pilot (1) Except as provided for in para- flight crewmember, a person must— graphs (e)(2) and (e)(3) of this section, (1) Within the preceding 12 calendar if an otherwise qualified and approved months, complete a pilot-in-command flight simulator used for a pilot-in- proficiency check in an aircraft that is command proficiency check is not

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qualified and approved for a specific re- considered to have taken it in the quired maneuver— month in which it was due for the pur- (i) The training center must anno- pose of computing when the next pilot- tate, in the applicant’s training record, in-command proficiency check is due. the maneuver or maneuvers omitted; and [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 40899, July 30, 1997, as (ii) Prior to acting as pilot in com- amended by Amdt. 61–109, 68 FR 54559, Sept. mand, the pilot must demonstrate pro- 17, 2003; Amdt. 61–112, 70 FR 54814, Sept. 16, ficiency in each omitted maneuver in 2005] an aircraft or flight simulator qualified § 61.59 Falsification, reproduction, or and approved for each omitted maneu- alteration of applications, certifi- ver. cates, logbooks, reports, or records. (2) If the flight simulator used pursu- ant to paragraph (e) of this section is (a) No person may make or cause to not qualified and approved for circling be made: approaches— (1) Any fraudulent or intentionally (i) The applicant’s record must in- false statement on any application for clude the statement, ‘‘Proficiency in a certificate, rating, authorization, or circling approaches not demonstrated’’; duplicate thereof, issued under this and part; (ii) The applicant may not perform (2) Any fraudulent or intentionally circling approaches as pilot in com- false entry in any logbook, record, or mand when weather conditions are less report that is required to be kept, than the basic VFR conditions de- made, or used to show compliance with scribed in § 91.155 of this chapter, until any requirement for the issuance or ex- proficiency in circling approaches has been successfully demonstrated in a ercise of the privileges of any certifi- flight simulator qualified and approved cate, rating, or authorization under for circling approaches or in an aircraft this part; to a person authorized by the Adminis- (3) Any reproduction for fraudulent trator to conduct the check required purpose of any certificate, rating, or by this section. authorization, under this part; or (3) If the flight simulator used pursu- (4) Any alteration of any certificate, ant to paragraph (e) of this section is rating, or authorization under this not qualified and approved for land- part. ings, the applicant must— (b) The commission of an act prohib- (i) Hold a type rating in the airplane ited under paragraph (a) of this section represented by the simulator; and is a basis for suspending or revoking (ii) Have completed within the pre- any airman certificate, rating, or au- ceding 90 days at least three takeoffs thorization held by that person. and three landings (one to a full stop) as the sole manipulator of the flight § 61.60 Change of address. controls in the type airplane for which the pilot-in-command proficiency The holder of a pilot, flight instruc- check is sought. tor, or ground instructor certificate (f) For the purpose of meeting the who has made a change in permanent pilot-in-command proficiency check re- mailing address may not, after 30 days quirements of paragraph (a) of this sec- from that date, exercise the privileges tion, a person may act as pilot in com- of the certificate unless the holder has mand of a flight under day VFR condi- notified in writing the FAA, Airman tions or day IFR conditions if no per- Certification Branch, P.O. Box 25082, son or property is carried, other than Oklahoma City, OK 73125, of the new as necessary to demonstrate compli- permanent mailing address, or if the ance with this part. permanent mailing address includes a (g) If a pilot takes the pilot-in-com- post office box number, then the hold- mand proficiency check required by er’s current residential address. this section in the calendar month be- fore or the calendar month after the month in which it is due, the pilot is

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Subpart B—Aircraft Ratings and airship class rating, then that person Pilot Authorizations must receive the specified training time requirements and possess the ap- § 61.61 Applicability. propriate aeronautical experience. This subpart prescribes the require- (4) Need not take an additional ments for the issuance of additional knowledge test, provided the applicant aircraft ratings after a pilot certificate holds an airplane, rotorcraft, powered- is issued, and the requirements for and lift, weight-shift-control aircraft, pow- limitations of pilot authorizations ered parachute, or airship rating at issued by the Administrator. that pilot certificate level. (d) Additional aircraft type rating. Ex- § 61.63 Additional aircraft ratings cept as provided under paragraph (d)(6) (other than for ratings at the air- of this section, a person who applies for line transport pilot certification an aircraft type rating or an aircraft level). type rating to be completed concur- (a) General. For an additional aircraft rently with an aircraft category or rating on a pilot certificate, other than class rating— for an airline transport pilot certifi- (1) Must hold or concurrently obtain cate, a person must meet the require- an appropriate instrument rating, ex- ments of this section appropriate to cept as provided in paragraph (e) of the additional aircraft rating sought. this section. (b) Additional aircraft category rating. (2) Must have a logbook or training A person who applies to add a category record endorsement from an authorized rating to a pilot certificate: instructor attesting that the person is (1) Must complete the training and competent in the appropriate aero- have the applicable aeronautical expe- nautical knowledge areas and pro- rience. ficient in the appropriate areas of oper- (2) Must have a logbook or training ation at the airline transport pilot cer- record endorsement from an authorized tification level. instructor attesting that the person (3) Must pass the practical test at the was found competent in the appro- airline transport pilot certification priate aeronautical knowledge areas level. and proficient in the appropriate areas (4) Must perform the practical test in of operation. actual or simulated instrument condi- (3) Must pass the practical test. tions, except as provided in paragraph (4) Need not take an additional (e) of this section. knowledge test, provided the applicant (5) Need not take an additional holds an airplane, rotorcraft, powered- knowledge test if the applicant holds lift, weight-shift-control aircraft, pow- an airplane, rotorcraft, powered-lift, or ered parachute, or airship rating at airship rating on the pilot certificate. that pilot certificate level. (6) In the case of a pilot employee of (c) Additional aircraft class rating. A a part 121 or part 135 certificate holder person who applies for an additional or of a fractional ownership program class rating on a pilot certificate: manager under subpart K of part 91 of (1) Must have a logbook or training this chapter, the pilot must— record endorsement from an authorized (i) Meet the appropriate require- instructor attesting that the person ments under paragraphs (d)(1), (d)(3), was found competent in the appro- and (d)(4) of this section; and priate aeronautical knowledge areas (ii) Receive a flight training record and proficient in the appropriate areas endorsement from the certificate hold- of operation. er attesting that the person completed (2) Must pass the practical test. the certificate holder’s approved (3) Need not meet the specified train- ground and flight training program. ing time requirements prescribed by (e) Aircraft not capable of instrument this part that apply to the pilot certifi- maneuvers and procedures. (1) An appli- cate for the aircraft class rating cant for a type rating or a type rating sought; unless, the person only holds a in addition to an aircraft category and/ lighter-than-air category rating with a or class rating who provides an aircraft balloon class rating and is seeking an that is not capable of the instrument

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maneuvers and procedures required on (1) The person logged 5 hours flight the practical test: time while acting as pilot in command (i) May apply for the type rating, but in the same category, class, make, and the rating will be limited to ‘‘VFR model of aircraft. only.’’ (2) The person received a logbook en- (ii) May have the ‘‘VFR only’’ limita- dorsement from an authorized instruc- tion removed for that aircraft type tor who determined the pilot’s pro- after the applicant: ficiency to act as pilot in command of (A) Passes a practical test in that the same category, class, make, and type of aircraft in actual or simulated model of aircraft. instrument conditions; (3) The flight time specified under (B) Passes a practical test in that paragraph (h)(1) of this section was type of aircraft on the appropriate in- logged between September 1, 2004 and strument maneuvers and procedures in August 31, 2005. § 61.157; or (i) Waiver authority. An Examiner (C) Becomes qualified under § 61.73(d) who conducts a practical test may for that type of aircraft. waive any task for which the FAA has (2) When an instrument rating is provided waiver authority. issued to a person who holds one or [Doc. No. FAA–2006–26661, 74 FR 42552, Aug. more type ratings, the amended pilot 21, 2009, as amended by Amdt. 61–125, 75 FR certificate must bear the ‘‘VFR only’’ 5220, Feb. 1, 2010] limitation for each aircraft type rating that the person did not demonstrate in- § 61.64 Use of a flight simulator and strument competency. flight training device. (f) Multiengine airplane with a single- (a) Use of a flight simulator for the air- pilot station. An applicant for a type plane rating. If an applicant uses a rating, at other than the ATP certifi- flight simulator for training or the cation level, in a multiengine airplane practical test for an airplane category, with a single-pilot station must per- class, or type rating— form the practical test in the multi- (1) The flight simulator— seat version of that airplane, or the (i) Must represent the category, practical test may be performed in the class, and type of airplane rating (if a single-seat version of that airplane if type rating is applicable) for the rating the Examiner is in a position to ob- sought; serve the applicant during the prac- (ii) Must be used in accordance with tical test and there is no multi-seat an approved course of training under version of that multiengine airplane. part 141 or part 142 of this chapter; or (g) Single engine airplane with a single- under part 121 or part 135 of this chap- pilot station. An applicant for a type ter, provided the applicant is a pilot rating, at other than the ATP certifi- employee of that air carrier operator; cation level, in a single engine airplane (iii) At a minimum, must be qualified with a single-pilot station must per- and approved as a Level C flight simu- form the practical test in the multi- lator if the applicant performs the en- seat version of that single engine air- tire practical test in a flight simulator; plane, or the practical test may be per- and formed in the single-seat version of (iv) At a minimum, must be qualified that airplane if the Examiner is in a and approved as a Level A flight simu- position to observe the applicant dur- lator if the applicant uses the flight ing the practical test and there is no simulator for any training; multi-seat version of that single engine (2) If the type rating is for a turbojet airplane. airplane, the applicant must— (h) Aircraft category and class rating (i) Hold a type rating in a turbojet for the operation of aircraft with an ex- airplane of the same class of airplane, perimental certificate. A person holding and that type rating may not contain a a recreational, private, or commercial supervised operating experience limita- pilot certificate may apply for a cat- tion; egory and class rating limited to a spe- (ii) Have 1,000 hours of flight time in cific make and model of experimental two different turbojet airplanes of the aircraft, provided— same class of airplane;

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(iii) Have been appointed by the U.S. be removed from the applicant’s pilot Armed Forces as pilot in command in a certificate if the applicant— turbojet airplane of the same class of (A) Logs 25 hours of flight time in the airplane; category and class of airplane for the (iv) Have 500 hours of flight time in rating sought, and if a type rating is the same type of airplane; or being sought, the flight time must be (v) Have logged at least 2,000 hours of performed in the same type of airplane flight time, of which 500 hours were in for the type rating sought; turbine-powered airplanes of the same (B) Performs 25 hours of flight time class of airplane for which the type rat- under the direct observation of the ing is sought. pilot in command who holds the appro- (3) If the type rating is for a turbo priate airplane category, class, and propeller airplane, the applicant type rating, without limitations, in the must— same category, class, and type of air- (i) Hold a type rating in a turbo-pro- plane rating, if a type rating is applica- peller airplane of the same class of air- ble; plane, and that type rating may not (C) Logs each flight and the pilot in contain a supervised operating experi- command who observed the flight at- ence limitation; tests to each flight; (ii) Have 1,000 hours of flight time in (D) Obtains the flight time while in two different turbo-propeller airplanes the pilot in command seat of the appro- of the same class of airplane; priate airplane category, class, and (iii) Have been appointed by the U.S. type, if a type rating is appropriate; Armed Forces as pilot in command in a and turbo-propeller airplane of the same (E) Has an Examiner review the pilot class of airplane; logbook and endorse that logbook, at- (iv) Have 500 hours of flight time in testing to compliance with the re- the same type of airplane; or quired supervised operating experience. (v) Have logged at least 2,000 hours of (b) Use of a flight training device for flight time, of which 500 hours were in the airplane rating. If an applicant uses turbine-powered airplanes of the same a flight training device for training for class of airplane for which the type rat- the airplane category, class, or type ing is sought. rating, the applicant must meet the re- (4) If the applicant does not meet the quirements of paragraph (a)(2), (a)(3) or requirements of paragraph (a)(2) or (a)(4) of this section, and the flight (a)(3) of this section as appropriate, training device— then— (1) Must represent the category, (i) The applicant must complete the class, and type of airplane rating (if a following tasks on the practical test in type rating is applicable) for the rat- the airplane of the category, class, and ing. type of airplane rating (if a type rating (2) Must be used in accordance with is applicable) for which the airplane an approved course of training under rating applies: preflight inspection, part 141 or part 142 of this chapter, or normal takeoff, normal instrument under part 121 or part 135 of this chap- landing system approach, missed ap- ter, provided the applicant is a pilot proach, and normal landing; or employee of that air carrier operator. (ii) The applicant’s pilot certificate (3) Must be qualified and approved at will be issued with a limitation that or above a Level 2 flight training de- states: vice if the applicant completes the en- ‘‘The [name the category, class, and type of tire practical test in the airplane. airplane rating (if a type rating is applica- (4) Must be qualified and approved at ble)] is subject to additional pilot in com- or above a Level 5 flight training de- mand limitations,’’ and the applicant is re- vice if the applicant uses a flight simu- stricted from serving as pilot in command in lator for any portion of the practical that category, class, and type of airplane test. rating (if a type rating is applicable). (c) Use of a flight simulator for the heli- (iii) The limitation described under copter rating. If an applicant uses a paragraph (a)(4)(ii) of this section may flight simulator for training or the

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practical test for the helicopter class the applicant complies with the fol- or type rating, lowing— (1) The flight simulator— (A) Logs 25 hours of flight time in the (i) Must represent the class and type class of helicopter for the rating of helicopter rating (if a type rating is sought, if the person applied for a type applicable) for the rating; rating, the flight time must be per- (ii) Must be used in accordance with formed in the same type of helicopter an approved course of training under for the type rating sought; part 141 or part 142 of this chapter, or (B) Performs the 25 hours of flight under part 135 of this chapter, provided time under the direct observation of the applicant is a pilot employee of the pilot in command who holds the ap- that part 135 operator; propriate class and type of helicopter (iii) At a minimum, must be qualified rating (if a type rating is applicable), and approved as a Level C flight simu- without limitations, in the same class, lator if the applicant performs the en- and type of helicopter rating, if a type tire practical test in a flight simulator; rating is applicable; and (C) Logs each flight and the pilot in (iv) At a minimum, must be qualified command who observed the flight at- and approved as a Level A flight simu- tests to each flight; lator if the applicant uses a flight sim- (D) Performs the flight time while in ulator for any training. the pilot in command seat of the appro- priate class and type of helicopter rat- (2) The applicant must meet one of ing, if a type rating is appropriate; and the following requirements— (E) Has an Examiner review the pilot (i) Hold a type rating in a helicopter logbook and endorse that logbook, at- and that type rating may not contain testing to compliance with the re- the supervised operating experience quired supervised operating experience. limitation; (d) Use of a flight training device for (ii) Have been appointed by the U.S. the helicopter rating. If an applicant Armed Forces as pilot in command of a uses a flight training device for train- helicopter; ing for the helicopter class or type rat- (iii) Have 500 hours of flight time in ing, the applicant must meet the re- the type of helicopter; or quirements of either paragraph (c)(2) or (iv) Have 1,000 hours of flight time in (3) of this section and the flight train- two different types of helicopters. ing device— (3) If the applicant does not meet any (1) Must represent the class and type of the requirements of paragraph (c)(2) of helicopter rating (if a type rating is of this section, then— applicable) for the rating. (i) The applicant must complete the (2) Must be used in accordance with following tasks on the practical test in an approved course of training under the helicopter class and type rating (if part 141 or part 142 of this chapter, or a type rating is applicable) for which under part 135 of this chapter, provided the rating applies: preflight inspection, the applicant is a pilot employee of normal takeoff, normal instrument that part 135 operator. landing system approach, missed ap- (3) Must be qualified and approved at proach, and normal landing; or or above a Level 2 flight training de- (ii) The applicant’s pilot certificate vice if the applicant completes the en- will be issued with a limitation that tire practical test in the helicopter. states: ‘‘The [name the helicopter class (4) Must be qualified and approved at and type of helicopter rating (if a type or above a Level 5 flight training de- rating is applicable)] is subject to addi- vice if the applicant uses a flight simu- tional pilot in command limitations,’’ lator for any portion of the practical and the applicant is restricted from test. serving as pilot in command in that (e) Use of a flight simulator for the helicopter class and type of helicopter powered-lift rating. If an applicant uses rating (if a type rating is applicable). a flight simulator for training or the (iii) The limitation described under practical test for the powered-lift cat- paragraph (c)(3)(ii) of this section may egory or type rating— be removed from the pilot certificate if (1) The flight simulator—

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(i) Must represent the category and sought, and if a type rating is being type of powered-lift rating (if a type sought, the flight time must be per- rating is applicable) for the rating; formed in the same type of powered-lift (ii) Must be used in accordance with for the type rating sought; an approved course of training under (B) Performs the 25 hours flight time part 141 or part 142 of this chapter, or under the direct observation of the under part 121 or part 135 of this chap- pilot in command who holds the cat- ter, provided the applicant is a pilot egory and type of powered-lift rating employee of that air carrier operator; (if a type rating is applicable), without (iii) At a minimum, must be qualified limitations, in the same category and and approved as a Level C flight simu- type of powered-lift rating, if a type lator if the applicant performs the en- rating is applicable; tire practical test in a flight simulator; (C) Logs each flight and the pilot in and command who observed the flight at- (iv) At a minimum, must be qualified tests to each flight; and approved as a Level A flight simu- (D) Performs the flight time while in lator if the applicant uses a flight sim- the pilot in command seat of the appro- ulator for any training. priate category and type of powered- (2) The applicant must meet one of lift rating, if a type rating is appro- the following requirements— priate; and (i) Hold a type rating in a powered- (E) Has an Examiner review the pilot lift without a supervised operating ex- logbook and endorse that logbook, at- perience limitation; testing to compliance with the re- (ii) Have been appointed by the U.S. quired supervised operating experience. Armed Forces as pilot in command of a (f) Use of a flight training device for the powered-lift; powered-lift rating. Whenever an appli- (iii) Have 500 hours of flight time in cant uses a flight training device for the type of powered-lift; or training for the powered-lift category (iv) Have 1,000 hours of flight time in or type rating, the flight training de- two different types of powered-lifts. vice must meet the following require- (3) If the applicant does not meet any ments, and the applicant must meet of the requirements of paragraph (e)(2) the requirements of either paragraph of this section, then— (e)(2) or (e)(3) of this section. (i) The applicant must complete the (1) The flight training device must following tasks on the practical test in represent the class and type of pow- the powered-lift of the category and ered-lift rating (if a type rating is ap- type of powered-lift rating (if a type plicable) for the rating. rating is applicable) for which the rat- (2) The flight training device must be ing applies: preflight inspection, nor- used in accordance with an approved mal takeoff, normal instrument land- course of training under part 141 or ing system approach, missed approach, part 142 of this chapter; or under part and normal landing; or 121 or part 135 of this chapter, provided (ii) The applicant’s pilot certificate the applicant is a pilot employee of will be issued with a limitation that that air carrier operator. states: ‘‘The [name of the category and (3) If the applicant completes the en- powered-lift rating (if a type rating is tire practical test in the powered-lift, applicable)] is subject to additional the flight training device used for pilot in command limitations,’’ and the training must be qualified and ap- applicant is restricted from serving as proved at or above a Level 2 flight pilot in command in that category and training device. type of powered-lift rating (if a type (4) If an applicant uses a flight simu- rating is applicable). lator for any portion of the practical (iii) The limitation described under test, the flight training device used for paragraph (e)(3)(ii) of this section may training must be qualified and ap- be removed from the pilot certificate if proved at or above a Level 5 flight the applicant complies with the fol- training device. lowing— [Doc. No. FAA–2006–26661, 74 FR 42553, Aug. (A) Logs 25 hours of flight time in the 21, 2009; Amdt. 61–124A, 74 FR 53644, Oct. 20, powered-lift category for the rating 2009]

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§ 61.65 Instrument rating require- performed. If an approved flight train- ments. ing device is used for the practical test, (a) General. A person who applies for the instrument approach procedures an instrument rating must: conducted in that flight training device (1) Hold at least a private pilot cer- are limited to one precision and one tificate with an airplane, helicopter, or nonprecision approach, provided the powered-lift rating appropriate to the flight training device is approved for instrument rating sought; the procedure performed. (2) Be able to read, speak, write, and (b) Aeronautical knowledge. A person understand the English language. If the who applies for an instrument rating applicant is unable to meet any of must have received and logged ground these requirements due to a medical training from an authorized instructor condition, the Administrator may or accomplished a home-study course place such operating limitations on the on the following aeronautical knowl- applicant’s pilot certificate as are nec- edge areas that apply to the instru- essary for the safe operation of the air- ment rating sought: craft; (1) Federal Aviation Regulations of (3) Receive and log ground training this chapter that apply to flight oper- from an authorized instructor or ac- ations under IFR; complish a home-study course of train- (2) Appropriate information that ap- ing on the aeronautical knowledge plies to flight operations under IFR in areas of paragraph (b) of this section the ‘‘Aeronautical Information Man- that apply to the instrument rating ual;’’ sought; (3) system and pro- (4) Receive a logbook or training cedures for instrument flight oper- record endorsement from an authorized ations; instructor certifying that the person is (4) IFR navigation and approaches by prepared to take the required knowl- use of navigation systems; edge test; (5) Use of IFR en route and instru- (5) Receive and log training on the ment approach procedure charts; areas of operation of paragraph (c) of (6) Procurement and use of aviation this section from an authorized in- weather reports and forecasts and the structor in an aircraft, flight simu- elements of forecasting weather trends lator, or flight training device that based on that information and personal represents an airplane, helicopter, or observation of weather conditions; powered-lift appropriate to the instru- (7) Safe and efficient operation of air- ment rating sought; craft under instrument flight rules and (6) Receive a logbook or training conditions; record endorsement from an authorized (8) Recognition of critical weather instructor certifying that the person is situations and windshear avoidance; prepared to take the required practical (9) Aeronautical decision making and test; judgment; and (7) Pass the required knowledge test (10) Crew resource management, in- on the aeronautical knowledge areas of cluding crew communication and co- paragraph (b) of this section; however, ordination. an applicant is not required to take an- (c) Flight proficiency. A person who other knowledge test when that person applies for an instrument rating must already holds an instrument rating; receive and log training from an au- and thorized instructor in an aircraft, or in (8) Pass the required practical test on a flight simulator or flight training de- the areas of operation in paragraph (c) vice, in accordance with paragraph (e) of this section in— of this section, that includes the fol- (i) An airplane, helicopter, or pow- lowing areas of operation: ered-lift appropriate to the rating (1) Preflight preparation; sought; or (2) Preflight procedures; (ii) A flight simulator or a flight (3) Air traffic control clearances and training device appropriate to the rat- procedures; ing sought and for the specific maneu- (4) Flight by reference to instru- ver or instrument approach procedure ments;

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(5) Navigation systems; (i) Three hours of instrument flight (6) Instrument approach procedures; training from an authorized instructor (7) Emergency operations; and in a helicopter that is appropriate to (8) Postflight procedures. the instrument-helicopter rating with- (d) Aeronautical experience for the in- in 2 calendar months before the date of strument-airplane rating. A person who the practical test; and applies for an instrument-airplane rat- (ii) Instrument flight training on ing must have logged: cross country flight procedures, includ- (1) Fifty hours of cross country flight ing one cross country flight in a heli- time as pilot in command, of which 10 copter with an authorized instructor hours must have been in an airplane; that is performed under instrument and flight rules and a flight plan has been (2) Forty hours of actual or simu- filed with an air traffic control facil- lated instrument time in the areas of ity, and involves— operation listed in paragraph (c) of this (A) A flight of 100 nautical miles section, of which 15 hours must have along airways or by directed routing been received from an authorized in- from an air traffic control facility; structor who holds an instrument-air- (B) An instrument approach at each plane rating, and the instrument time airport; and includes: (C) Three different kinds of ap- (i) Three hours of instrument flight proaches with the use of navigation training from an authorized instructor systems. in an airplane that is appropriate to (f) Aeronautical experience for the in- the instrument-airplane rating within strument-powered-lift rating. A person 2 calendar months before the date of who applies for an instrument-powered- the practical test; and lift rating must have logged: (ii) Instrument flight training on (1) Fifty hours of cross country flight cross country flight procedures, includ- time as pilot in command, of which 10 ing one cross country flight in an air- hours cross country must have been in plane with an authorized instructor, a powered-lift; and that is performed under instrument flight rules, when a flight plan has (2) Forty hours of actual or simu- been filed with an air traffic control fa- lated instrument time in the areas of cility, and that involves— operation listed under paragraph (c) of this section, of which 15 hours must (A) A flight of 250 nautical miles along airways or by directed routing have been received from an authorized from an air traffic control facility; instructor who holds an instrument- powered-lift rating, and the instrument (B) An instrument approach at each airport; and time includes: (C) Three different kinds of ap- (i) Three hours of instrument flight proaches with the use of navigation training from an authorized instructor systems. in a powered-lift that is appropriate to (e) Aeronautical experience for the in- the instrument-powered-lift rating strument-helicopter rating. A person who within 2 calendar months before the applies for an instrument-helicopter date of the practical test; and rating must have logged: (ii) Instrument flight training on (1) Fifty hours of cross country flight cross country flight procedures, includ- time as pilot in command, of which 10 ing one cross country flight in a pow- hours must have been in a helicopter; ered-lift with an authorized instructor and that is performed under instrument (2) Forty hours of actual or simu- flight rules, when a flight plan has lated instrument time in the areas of been filed with an air traffic control fa- operation listed under paragraph (c) of cility, that involves— this section, of which 15 hours must (A) A flight of 250 nautical miles have been with an authorized instruc- along airways or by directed routing tor who holds an instrument-helicopter from an air traffic control facility; rating, and the instrument time in- (B) An instrument approach at each cludes: airport; and

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(C) Three different kinds of ap- (b) Experience requirements. An appli- proaches with the use of navigation cant for a Category II pilot authoriza- systems. tion must have at least— (g) Use of flight simulators or flight (1) 50 hours of night flight time as training devices. If the instrument time pilot in command. was provided by an authorized instruc- (2) 75 hours of instrument time under tor in a flight simulator or flight train- actual or simulated instrument condi- ing device— tions that may include not more (1) A maximum of 30 hours may be than— performed in that flight simulator or (i) A combination of 25 hours of simu- flight training device if the instrument lated instrument flight time in a flight time was completed in accordance with simulator or flight training device; or part 142 of this chapter; or (ii) 40 hours of simulated instrument (2) A maximum of 20 hours may be flight time if accomplished in an ap- performed in that flight simulator or proved course conducted by an appro- flight training device if the instrument priately rated training center certifi- time was not completed in accordance cated under part 142 of this chapter. with part 142 of this chapter. (3) 250 hours of cross-country flight (h) Use of an aviation training device. time as pilot in command. A maximum of 10 hours of instrument (c) Practical test requirements. (1) A time received in an aviation training practical test must be passed by a per- device may be credited for the instru- son who applies for— ment time requirements of this section (i) Issuance or renewal of a Category if— II pilot authorization; and (1) The device is approved and au- (ii) The addition of another type air- thorized by the FAA; craft to the applicant’s Category II (2) An authorized instructor provides pilot authorization. the instrument time in the device; (2) To be eligible for the practical (3) No more than 10 hours of instru- test for an authorization under this ment time in a flight simulator or section, an applicant must— flight training device was credited for (i) Meet the requirements of para- the instrument time requirements of graphs (a) and (b) of this section; and this section; (ii) If the applicant has not passed a (4) A view-limiting device was worn practical test for this authorization by the applicant when logging instru- during the 12 calendar months pre- ment time in the device; and ceding the month of the test, then that (5) The FAA approved the instrument person must— training and instrument tasks per- (A) Meet the requirements of formed in the device. § 61.57(c); and [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; (B) Have performed at least six ILS Amdt. 61–103, 62 FR 40900, July 30, 1997; approaches during the 6 calendar Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42554, Aug. 21, 2009] months preceding the month of the test, of which at least three of the ap- § 61.67 Category II pilot authorization proaches must have been conducted requirements. without the use of an approach coupler. (a) General. A person who applies for (3) The approaches specified in para- a Category II pilot authorization must graph (c)(2)(ii)(B) of this section— hold: (i) Must be conducted under actual or (1) At least a private or commercial simulated instrument flight condi- pilot certificate with an instrument tions; rating or an airline transport pilot cer- (ii) Must be conducted to the decision tificate; height for the ILS approach in the type (2) A type rating for the aircraft for aircraft in which the practical test is which the authorization is sought if to be conducted; that aircraft requires a type rating; (iii) Need not be conducted to the de- and cision height authorized for Category (3) A category and class rating for II operations; the aircraft for which the authoriza- (iv) Must be conducted to the deci- tion is sought. sion height authorized for Category II

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operations only if conducted in a flight (2) Flight increment. The following re- simulator or flight training device; and quirements apply to the flight incre- (v) Must be accomplished in an air- ment of the practical test: craft of the same category and class, (i) The flight increment must be con- and type, as applicable, as the aircraft ducted in an aircraft of the same cat- in which the practical test is to be con- egory, class, and type, as applicable, as ducted or in a flight simulator that— the aircraft in which the authorization (A) Represents an aircraft of the is sought or in a flight simulator same category and class, and type, as that— applicable, as the aircraft in which the (A) Represents an aircraft of the authorization is sought; and same category and class, and type, as (B) Is used in accordance with an ap- proved course conducted by a training applicable, as the aircraft in which the center certificated under part 142 of authorization is sought; and this chapter. (B) Is used in accordance with an ap- (4) The flight time acquired in meet- proved course conducted by a training ing the requirements of paragraph center certificated under part 142 of (c)(2)(ii)(B) of this section may be used this chapter. to meet the requirements of paragraph (ii) The flight increment must con- (c)(2)(ii)(A) of this section. sist of at least two ILS approaches to (d) Practical test procedures. The prac- 100 feet AGL including at least one tical test consists of an oral increment landing and one missed approach. and a flight increment. (iii) All approaches performed during (1) Oral increment. In the oral incre- the flight increment must be made ment of the practical test an applicant with the use of an approved flight con- must demonstrate knowledge of the trol guidance system, except if an ap- following: proved auto approach coupler is in- (i) Required landing distance; stalled, at least one approach must be (ii) Recognition of the decision hand flown using flight director com- height; mands. (iii) Missed approach procedures and (iv) If a multiengine airplane with techniques using computed or fixed at- titude guidance displays; the performance capability to execute (iv) Use and limitations of RVR; a missed approach with one engine in- (v) Use of visual clues, their avail- operative is used for the practical test, ability or limitations, and altitude at the flight increment must include the which they are normally discernible at performance of one missed approach reduced RVR readings; with an engine, which shall be the (vi) Procedures and techniques re- most critical engine, if applicable, set lated to transition from nonvisual to at idle or zero thrust before reaching visual flight during a final approach the middle marker. under reduced RVR; (v) If a multiengine flight simulator (vii) Effects of vertical and hori- or multiengine flight training device is zontal windshear; used for the practical test, the appli- (viii) Characteristics and limitations cant must execute a missed approach of the ILS and lighting system; with the most critical engine, if appli- (ix) Characteristics and limitations cable, failed. of the flight director system, auto ap- (vi) For an authorization for an air- proach coupler (including split axis craft that requires a type rating, the type if equipped), auto throttle system practical test must be performed in co- (if equipped), and other required Cat- ordination with a second in command egory II equipment; who holds a type rating in the aircraft (x) Assigned duties of the second in in which the authorization is sought. command during Category II ap- (vii) Oral questioning may be con- proaches, unless the aircraft for which ducted at any time during a practical authorization is sought does not re- test. quire a second in command; and (xi) Instrument and equipment fail- [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; ure warning systems. Amdt. 61–103, 62 FR 40900, July 30, 1997]

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§ 61.68 Category III pilot authorization proaches must have been conducted requirements. without the use of an approach coupler. (a) General. A person who applies for (3) The approaches specified in para- a Category III pilot authorization must graph (c)(2)(ii)(B) of this section— hold: (i) Must be conducted under actual or (1) At least a private pilot certificate simulated instrument flight condi- or commercial pilot certificate with an tions; instrument rating or an airline trans- (ii) Must be conducted to the alert port pilot certificate; height or decision height for the ILS (2) A type rating for the aircraft for approach in the type aircraft in which which the authorization is sought if the practical test is to be conducted; that aircraft requires a type rating; (iii) Need not be conducted to the de- and cision height authorized for Category (3) A category and class rating for III operations; the aircraft for which the authoriza- (iv) Must be conducted to the alert tion is sought. height or decision height, as applica- (b) Experience requirements. An appli- ble, authorized for Category III oper- cant for a Category III pilot authoriza- ations only if conducted in a flight tion must have at least— simulator or flight training device; and (1) 50 hours of night flight time as (v) Must be accomplished in an air- pilot in command. craft of the same category and class, (2) 75 hours of instrument flight time and type, as applicable, as the aircraft during actual or simulated instrument in which the practical test is to be con- conditions that may include not more ducted or in a flight simulator that— than— (A) Represents an aircraft of the (i) A combination of 25 hours of simu- same category and class, and type, as lated instrument flight time in a flight applicable, as the aircraft for which the simulator or flight training device; or authorization is sought; and (ii) 40 hours of simulated instrument (B) Is used in accordance with an ap- flight time if accomplished in an ap- proved course conducted by a training proved course conducted by an appro- center certificated under part 142 of priately rated training center certifi- this chapter. cated under part 142 of this chapter. (4) The flight time acquired in meet- (3) 250 hours of cross-country flight ing the requirements of paragraph time as pilot in command. (c)(2)(ii)(B) of this section may be used (c) Practical test requirements. (1) A to meet the requirements of paragraph practical test must be passed by a per- (c)(2)(ii)(A) of this section. son who applies for— (i) Issuance or renewal of a Category (d) Practical test procedures. The prac- III pilot authorization; and tical test consists of an oral increment (ii) The addition of another type of and a flight increment. aircraft to the applicant’s Category III (1) Oral increment. In the oral incre- pilot authorization. ment of the practical test an applicant (2) To be eligible for the practical must demonstrate knowledge of the test for an authorization under this following: section, an applicant must— (i) Required landing distance; (i) Meet the requirements of para- (ii) Determination and recognition of graphs (a) and (b) of this section; and the alert height or decision height, as (ii) If the applicant has not passed a applicable, including use of a radar al- practical test for this authorization timeter; during the 12 calendar months pre- (iii) Recognition of and proper reac- ceding the month of the test, then that tion to significant failures encountered person must— prior to and after reaching the alert (A) Meet the requirements of height or decision height, as applica- § 61.57(c); and ble; (B) Have performed at least six ILS (iv) Missed approach procedures and approaches during the 6 calendar techniques using computed or fixed at- months preceding the month of the titude guidance displays and expected test, of which at least three of the ap- height loss as they relate to manual

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go-around or automatic go-around, and applicable, as the aircraft in which the initiation altitude, as applicable; authorization is sought; and (v) Use and limitations of RVR, in- (B) Is used in accordance with an ap- cluding determination of controlling proved course conducted by a training RVR and required transmissometers; center certificated under part 142 of (vi) Use, availability, or limitations this chapter. of visual cues and the altitude at which (ii) The flight increment must con- they are normally discernible at re- sist of at least two ILS approaches to duced RVR readings including— 100 feet AGL, including one landing and (A) Unexpected deterioration of con- one missed approach initiated from a ditions to less than minimum RVR very low altitude that may result in a during approach, flare, and rollout; touchdown during the go-around ma- (B) Demonstration of expected visual neuver; references with weather at minimum (iii) All approaches performed during conditions; the flight increment must be made (C) The expected sequence of visual with the approved automatic landing cues during an approach in which visi- system or an equivalent landing sys- bility is at or above landing minima; tem approved by the Administrator; and (iv) If a multiengine aircraft with the (D) Procedures and techniques for performance capability to execute a making a transition from instrument missed approach with one engine inop- reference flight to visual flight during erative is used for the practical test, a final approach under reduced RVR. the flight increment must include the performance of one missed approach (vii) Effects of vertical and hori- with the most critical engine, if appli- zontal windshear; cable, set at idle or zero thrust before (viii) Characteristics and limitations reaching the middle or outer marker; of the ILS and runway lighting system; (v) If a multiengine flight simulator (ix) Characteristics and limitations or multiengine flight training device is of the flight director system auto ap- used, a missed approach must be exe- proach coupler (including split axis cuted with an engine, which shall be type if equipped), auto throttle system the most critical engine, if applicable, (if equipped), and other Category III failed; equipment; (vi) For an authorization for an air- (x) Assigned duties of the second in craft that requires a type rating, the command during Category III oper- practical test must be performed in co- ations, unless the aircraft for which ordination with a second in command authorization is sought does not re- who holds a type rating in the aircraft quire a second in command; in which the authorization is sought; (xi) Recognition of the limits of ac- (vii) Oral questioning may be con- ceptable aircraft position and flight ducted at any time during the practical path tracking during approach, flare, test; and, if applicable, rollout; and (viii) Subject to the limitations of (xii) Recognition of, and reaction to, this paragraph, for Category IIIb oper- airborne or ground system faults or ab- ations predicated on the use of a fail- normalities, particularly after passing passive rollout control system, at least alert height or decision height, as ap- one manual rollout using visual ref- plicable. erence or a combination of visual and (2) Flight increment. The following re- instrument references must be exe- quirements apply to the flight incre- cuted. The maneuver required by this ment of the practical test— paragraph shall be initiated by a fail- (i) The flight increment may be con- passive disconnect of the rollout con- ducted in an aircraft of the same cat- trol system— egory and class, and type, as applica- (A) After main gear touchdown; ble, as the aircraft for which the au- (B) Prior to nose gear touchdown; thorization is sought, or in a flight (C) In conditions representative of simulator that— the most adverse lateral touchdown (A) Represents an aircraft of the displacement allowing a safe landing same category and class, and type, as on the runway; and

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(D) In weather conditions anticipated by a qualified pilot who meets the re- in Category IIIb operations. quirements of this section; or (ii) Made at least three flights as [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61–103, 62 FR 40900, July 30, 1997] pilot in command of a glider or unpowered ultralight vehicle towed by § 61.69 Glider and unpowered ultra- an aircraft. light vehicle towing: Experience (b) Any person who, before May 17, and training requirements. 1967, has made and logged 10 or more (a) No person may act as pilot in flights as pilot in command of an air- command for towing a glider or craft towing a glider or unpowered unpowered ultralight vehicle unless ultralight vehicle in accordance with a that person— certificate of waiver need not comply with paragraphs (a)(4) and (a)(5) of this (1) Holds a private, commercial or section. airline transport pilot certificate with (c) The pilot, described in paragraph a category rating for powered aircraft; (a)(4) of this section, who endorses the (2) Has logged at least 100 hours of logbook of a person seeking towing pilot-in-command time in the aircraft privileges must have— category, class and type, if required, (1) Met the requirements of this sec- that the pilot is using to tow a glider tion prior to endorsing the logbook of or unpowered ultralight vehicle; the person seeking towing privileges; (3) Has a logbook endorsement from and an authorized instructor who certifies (2) Logged at least 10 flights as pilot that the person has received ground in command of an aircraft while towing and flight training in gliders or a glider or unpowered ultralight vehi- unpowered ultralight vehicles and is cle. proficient in— (d) If the pilot described in paragraph (i) The techniques and procedures es- (a)(4) of this section holds only a pri- sential to the safe towing of gliders or vate pilot certificate, then that pilot unpowered ultralight vehicles, includ- must have— ing airspeed limitations; (1) Logged at least 100 hours of pilot- (ii) Emergency procedures; in-command time in airplanes, or 200 (iii) Signals used; and hours of pilot-in-command time in a (iv) Maximum angles of bank. combination of powered and other- (4) Except as provided in paragraph than-powered aircraft; and (b) of this section, has logged at least (2) Performed and logged at least three flights as the sole manipulator of three flights within the 12 calendar the controls of an aircraft while towing months preceding the month that pilot a glider or unpowered ultralight vehi- accompanies or endorses the logbook of cle, or has simulated towing flight pro- a person seeking towing privileges— cedures in an aircraft while accom- (i) In an aircraft while towing a glid- panied by a pilot who meets the re- er or unpowered ultralight vehicle ac- quirements of paragraphs (c) and (d) of companied by another pilot who meets this section. the requirements of this section; or (5) Except as provided in paragraph (ii) As pilot in command of a glider (b) of this section, has received a log- or unpowered ultralight vehicle being book endorsement from the pilot, de- towed by another aircraft. scribed in paragraph (a)(4) of this sec- [Doc. No. FAA–2001–11133, 69 FR 44866, July tion, certifying that the person has ac- 27, 2004, as amended by Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR complished at least 3 flights in an air- 42555, Aug. 21, 2009] craft while towing a glider or unpowered ultralight vehicle, or while § 61.71 Graduates of an approved simulating towing flight procedures; training program other than under and this part: Special rules. (6) Within 24 calendar months before (a) A person who graduates from an the flight has— approved training program under part (i) Made at least three actual or sim- 141 or part 142 of this chapter is consid- ulated tows of a glider or unpowered ered to have met the applicable aero- ultralight vehicle while accompanied nautical experience, aeronautical

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knowledge, and areas of operation re- (2) Has passed the military com- quirements of this part if that person petency aeronautical knowledge test presents the graduation certificate and on the appropriate parts of this chapter passes the required practical test with- for commercial pilot privileges and in the 60-day period after the date of limitations, air traffic and general op- graduation. erating rules, and accident reporting (b) A person may apply for an airline rules. transport pilot certificate, type rating, (3) Presents official U.S. military or both under this part, and will be records that show compliance with one considered to have met the applicable of the following requirements— requirements under § 61.157 of this part (i) Before the date of the application, for that certificate and rating, if that passing an official U.S. military pilot person has: and instrument proficiency check in a (1) Satisfactorily accomplished an military aircraft of the kind of aircraft approved training program and the category, class, and type, if class or pilot-in-command proficiency check for type of aircraft is applicable, for the that airplane type, in accordance with ratings sought; or the pilot-in-command requirements (ii) Before the date of application, under subparts N and O of part 121 of logging 10 hours of pilot time as a mili- this chapter; and tary pilot in a U.S. military aircraft in (2) Applied for the airline transport the kind of aircraft category, class, and pilot certificate, type rating, or both type, if a class rating or type rating is within the 60-day period from the date applicable, for the aircraft rating the person satisfactorily accomplished sought. the approved training program and (c) A military pilot in the Armed Forces pilot-in-command proficiency check for of a foreign contracting State to the Con- that airplane type. vention on International Civil Aviation. A [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; person who is a military pilot in the Amdt. 61–103, 62 FR 40901, July 30, 1997] Armed Forces of a foreign contracting State to the Convention on Inter- § 61.73 Military pilots or former mili- national Civil Aviation and is assigned tary pilots: Special rules. to pilot duties in the U.S. Armed (a) General. Except for a person who Forces, for purposes other than receiv- has been removed from flying status ing flight training, may apply for a for lack of proficiency or because of a commercial pilot certificate and rat- disciplinary action involving aircraft ings under paragraph (a) of this sec- operations, a U.S. military pilot or tion, provided that person— former military pilot who meets the re- (1) Presents evidentiary documents quirements of this section may apply, described under paragraph (h)(4) of this on the basis of his or her military pilot section that show the person is a mili- qualifications, for: tary pilot in the Armed Forces of a for- (1) A commercial pilot certificate eign contracting State to the Conven- with the appropriate aircraft category tion on International Civil Aviation, and class rating. and is assigned to pilot duties in the (2) An instrument rating with the ap- U.S. Armed Forces, for purposes other propriate aircraft rating. than receiving flight training. (3) A type rating. (2) Has passed the military com- (b) Military pilots and former military petency aeronautical knowledge test pilots in the U.S. Armed Forces. A person on the appropriate parts of this chapter who qualifies as a military pilot or for commercial pilot privileges and former military pilot in the U.S. limitations, air traffic and general op- Armed Forces may apply for a pilot erating rules, and accident reporting certificate and ratings under paragraph rules. (a) of this section if that person— (3) Presents official U.S. military (1) Presents evidentiary documents records that show compliance with one described under paragraphs (h)(1), (2), of the following requirements: and (3) of this section that show the (i) Before the date of the application, person’s status in the U.S. Armed passed an official U.S. military pilot Forces. and instrument proficiency check in a

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military aircraft of the kind of aircraft propriate aircraft category and class category, class, or type, if class or type rating, if a class rating is appropriate, of aircraft is applicable, for the rat- for the flight instructor rating sought; ings; or (2) Holds an instrument rating, or has (ii) Before the date of the applica- instrument privileges, on the pilot cer- tion, logged 10 hours of pilot time as a tificate that is appropriate to the military pilot in a U.S. military air- flight instructor rating sought; and craft of the kind of category, class, and (3) Presents the following documents: type of aircraft, if a class rating or (i) A knowledge test report that type rating is applicable, for the air- shows the person passed a knowledge craft rating. test on the aeronautical knowledge (d) Instrument rating. A person who is areas listed under § 61.185(a) appro- qualified as a U.S. military pilot or priate to the flight instructor rating former military pilot may apply for an sought and the knowledge test was instrument rating to be added to a passed within the preceding 24 calendar pilot certificate if that person— months prior to the month of applica- (1) Has passed an instrument pro- tion. If the U.S. military instructor ficiency check in the U.S. Armed pilot or pilot examiner already holds a Forces in the aircraft category for the flight instructor certificate, holding of instrument rating sought; and a flight instructor certificate suffices (2) Has an official U.S. Armed Forces for the knowledge test report. record that shows the person is instru- (ii) An official U.S. Armed Forces ment pilot qualified by the U.S. Armed record or order that shows the person Forces to conduct instrument flying on is or was qualified as a U.S. Armed Federal airways in that aircraft cat- Forces military instructor pilot or egory and class for the instrument rat- pilot examiner for the flight instructor ing sought. rating sought. (e) Aircraft type rating. An aircraft (iii) An official U.S. Armed Forces type rating may only be issued for a record or order that shows the person type of aircraft that has a comparable completed a U.S. Armed Forces’ in- civilian type designation by the Ad- structor pilot or pilot examiner train- ministrator. ing course and received an aircraft rat- (f) Aircraft type rating placed on an ing qualification as a military instruc- airline transport pilot certificate. A per- tor pilot or pilot examiner that is ap- son who is a military pilot or former propriate to the flight instructor rat- military pilot of the U.S. Armed Forces ing sought. and requests an aircraft type rating to (iv) An official U.S. Armed Forces be placed on an existing U.S. airline record or order that shows the person transport pilot certificate may be passed a U.S. Armed Forces instructor issued the rating at the airline trans- pilot or pilot examiner proficiency port pilot certification level, provided check in an aircraft as a military in- that person: structor pilot or pilot examiner that is (1) Holds a category and class rating appropriate to the flight instructor for that type of aircraft at the airline rating sought. transport pilot certification level; and (h) Documents for qualifying for a pilot (2) Has passed an official U.S. mili- certificate and rating. The following doc- tary pilot check and instrument pro- uments are required for a person to ficiency check in that type of aircraft. apply for a pilot certificate and rating: (g) Flight instructor certificate and rat- (1) An official U.S. Armed Forces ings. A person who can show official record that shows the person is or was U.S. military documentation of being a a military pilot. U.S. military instructor pilot or U.S. (2) An official U.S. Armed Forces military pilot examiner, or a former record that shows the person graduated instructor pilot or pilot examiner may from a U.S. Armed Forces under- apply for and be issued a flight instruc- graduate pilot training school and re- tor certificate with the appropriate ceived a rating qualification as a mili- ratings if that person: tary pilot. (1) Holds a commercial or airline (3) An official U.S. Armed Forces transport pilot certificate with the ap- record that shows the pilot passed a

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pilot proficiency check and instrument (1) Meets the requirements of this proficiency check in an aircraft as a section; military pilot. (2) Holds a foreign pilot license, at (4) If a person is a military pilot in the private pilot license level or high- the Armed Forces from a foreign con- er, that does not contain a limitation tracting State to the Convention on stating that the applicant has not met International Civil Aviation and is ap- all of the standards of ICAO for that li- plying for a pilot certificate and rat- cense; ing, that person must present the fol- (3) Does not hold a U.S. pilot certifi- lowing: cate other than a U.S. student pilot (i) An official U.S. Armed Forces certificate; record that shows the person is a mili- (4) Holds a medical certificate issued tary pilot in the U.S. Armed Forces; under part 67 of this chapter or a med- (ii) An official U.S. Armed Forces ical license issued by the country that record that shows the person is as- issued the person’s foreign pilot li- signed as a military pilot in the U.S. cense; and Armed Forces for purposes other than (5) Is able to read, speak, write, and receiving flight training; understand the English language. If the (iii) An official record that shows the applicant is unable to meet one of person graduated from a military un- these requirements due to medical rea- dergraduate pilot training school from sons, then the Administrator may the Armed Forces from a foreign con- place such operating limitations on tracting State to the Convention on that applicant’s pilot certificate as are International Civil Aviation or from necessary for the safe operation of the the U.S. Armed Forces, and received a aircraft. qualification as a military pilot; and (c) Aircraft ratings issued. Aircraft (iv) An official U.S. Armed Forces ratings listed on a person’s foreign record that shows that the person pilot license, in addition to any issued passed a pilot proficiency check and in- after testing under the provisions of strument proficiency check in an air- this part, may be placed on that per- craft as a military pilot in the U.S. son’s U.S. pilot certificate for private Armed Forces. pilot privileges only. [Doc. No. FAA–2006–26661, 74 FR 42555, Aug. (d) Instrument ratings issued. A person 21, 2009] who holds an instrument rating on the foreign pilot license issued by a con- § 61.75 Private pilot certificate issued tracting State to the Convention on on the basis of a foreign pilot li- International Civil Aviation may be cense. issued an instrument rating on a U.S. (a) General. A person who holds a for- pilot certificate provided: eign pilot license at the private pilot (1) The person’s foreign pilot license level or higher that was issued by a authorizes instrument privileges; contracting State to the Convention on (2) Within 24 months preceding the International Civil Aviation may apply month in which the person applies for for and be issued a U.S. private pilot the instrument rating, the person certificate with the appropriate ratings passes the appropriate knowledge test; if the foreign pilot license meets the and requirements of this section. (3) The person is able to read, speak, (b) Certificate issued. A U.S. private write, and understand the English lan- pilot certificate issued under this sec- guage. If the applicant is unable to tion must specify the person’s foreign meet one of these requirements due to license number and country of medical reasons, then the Adminis- issuance. A person who holds a foreign trator may place such operating limi- pilot license issued by a contracting tations on that applicant’s pilot cer- State to the Convention on Inter- tificate as are necessary for the safe national Civil Aviation may be issued a operation of the aircraft. U.S. private pilot certificate based on (e) Operating privileges and limitations. the foreign pilot license without any A person who receives a U.S. private further showing of proficiency, pro- pilot certificate that has been issued vided the applicant: under the provisions of this section:

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(1) May act as pilot in command of a (i) Scheduled international air serv- civil aircraft of the United States in ices in turbojet-powered airplanes of accordance with the pilot privileges U.S. registry; authorized by this part and the limita- (ii) Scheduled international air serv- tions placed on that U.S. pilot certifi- ices in airplanes of U.S. registry having cate; a configuration of more than nine pas- (2) Is limited to the privileges placed senger seats, excluding crewmember on the certificate by the Adminis- seats; trator; (iii) Nonscheduled international air (3) Is subject to the limitations and transportation in airplanes of U.S. reg- restrictions on the person’s U.S. cer- istry having a configuration of more tificate and foreign pilot license when than 30 passenger seats, excluding exercising the privileges of that U.S. crewmember seats; or pilot certificate in an aircraft of U.S. (iv) Scheduled international air serv- registry operating within or outside ices, or nonscheduled international air the United States; and transportation, in airplanes of U.S. (f) Limitation on licenses used as the registry having a payload capacity of basis for a U.S. certificate. A person may more than 7,500 pounds. use only one foreign pilot license as a (b) Eligibility. To be eligible for the basis for the issuance of a U.S. pilot issuance or renewal of a special pur- certificate. The foreign pilot license pose pilot authorization, an applicant and medical certification used as a must present the following to an FAA basis for issuing a U.S. pilot certificate Flight Standards District Office: under this section must be written in (1) A foreign pilot license issued by English or accompanied by an English the aeronautical authority of a con- transcription that has been signed by tracting State to the Convention on an official or representative of the for- International Civil Aviation that con- eign aviation authority that issued the tains the appropriate aircraft category, foreign pilot license. class, type rating, if appropriate, and (g) Limitation placed on a U.S. pilot instrument rating for the aircraft to be certificate. A U.S. pilot certificate flown; issued under this section can only be (2) A certification by the lessee of the exercised when the pilot has the for- aircraft— eign pilot license, upon which the (i) Stating that the applicant is em- issuance of the U.S. pilot certificate ployed by the lessee; was based, in the holder’s possession or (ii) Specifying the aircraft type on readily accessible in the aircraft. which the applicant will perform pilot duties; and [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as amended by Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42556, Aug. (iii) Stating that the applicant has 21, 2009] received ground and flight instruction that qualifies the applicant to perform § 61.77 Special purpose pilot author- the duties to be assigned on the air- ization: Operation of a civil aircraft craft. of the United States and leased by a (3) Documentation showing when the non-U.S. citizen. applicant will reach the age of 65 years (a) General. The holder of a foreign (an official copy of the applicant’s pilot license issued by a contracting birth certificate or other official docu- State to the Convention on Inter- mentation); national Civil Aviation who meets the (4) Documentation the applicant requirements of this section may be meets the medical standards for the issued a special purpose pilot author- issuance of the foreign pilot license ization by the Administrator for the from the aeronautical authority of purpose of performing pilot duties— that contracting State to the Conven- (1) On a civil aircraft of U.S. registry tion on International Civil Aviation; that is leased to a person who is not a and citizen of the United States, and (5) A statement that the applicant (2) For carrying persons or property does not already hold a special purpose for compensation or hire for operations pilot authorization; however, if the ap- in— plicant already holds a special purpose

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pilot authorization, then that special (2) Scheduled international air serv- purpose pilot authorization must be ices carrying passengers in airplanes surrendered to either the FAA Flight having a passenger-seat configuration Standards District Office that issued of more than nine passenger seats, ex- it, or the FAA Flight Standards Dis- cluding each crewmember seat; trict Office processing the application (3) Nonscheduled international air for the authorization, prior to being transportation for compensation or issued another special purpose pilot au- hire in airplanes having a passenger- thorization. seat configuration of more than 30 pas- (c) Privileges. A person issued a spe- senger seats, excluding each crew- cial purpose pilot authorization under member seat; or this section— (4) Scheduled international air serv- (1) May exercise the privileges pre- ices, or nonscheduled international air scribed on the special purpose pilot au- transportation for compensation or thorization; and hire, in airplanes having a payload ca- (2) Must comply with the limitations pacity of more than 7,500 pounds. specified in this section and any addi- (f) Definitions. (1) International air tional limitations specified on the spe- service, as used in paragraph (e) of this cial purpose pilot authorization. section, means scheduled air service (d) General limitations. A special pur- performed in airplanes for the public pose pilot authorization may be used transport of passengers, mail, or cargo, only— in which the service passes through the (1) For flights between foreign coun- air space over the territory of more tries or for flights in foreign air com- than one country. merce within the time period allotted (2) International air transportation, as on the authorization. used in paragraph (e) of this section, (2) If the foreign pilot license re- means air transportation performed in quired by paragraph (b)(1) of this sec- airplanes for the public transport of tion, the medical documentation re- passengers, mail, or cargo, in which quired by paragraph (b)(4) of this sec- service passes through the air space tion, and the special purpose pilot au- over the territory of more than one thorization issued under this section country. are in the holder’s physical possession or immediately accessible in the air- (g) Age Pairing Requirement. No per- craft. son who has attained the age of 60 but who has not attained the age of 65 may (3) While the holder is employed by serve as a pilot in command in any of the person to whom the aircraft de- scribed in the certification required by the operations described in § 61.3(j)(1)(i) paragraph (b)(2) of this section is through (iv) unless there is another leased. pilot in the flight deck crew who has not yet attained 60 years of age. (4) While the holder is performing pilot duties on the U.S.-registered air- (h) Expiration date. Each special pur- craft described in the certification re- pose pilot authorization issued under quired by paragraph (b)(2) of this sec- this section expires— tion. (1) 60 calendar months from the (5) If the holder has only one special month it was issued, unless sooner sus- purpose pilot authorization as provided pended or revoked; in paragraph (b)(5) of this section. (2) When the lease agreement for the (e) Age limitation. No person who aircraft expires or the lessee termi- holds a special purpose pilot authoriza- nates the employment of the person tion issued under this part, may serve who holds the special purpose pilot au- as a pilot on a civil airplane of U.S. thorization; registry if the person has reached his (3) Whenever the person’s foreign or her 65th birthday, in the following pilot license has been suspended, re- operations: voked, or is no longer valid; or (1) Scheduled international air serv- (4) When the person no longer meets ices carrying passengers in turbojet- the medical standards for the issuance powered airplanes; of the foreign pilot license.

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(i) Renewal. A person exercising the (b) An examiner; or privileges of a special purpose pilot au- (c) A Flight Standards District Of- thorization may apply for a 60-cal- fice. endar-month extension of that author- ization, provided the person— § 61.87 Solo requirements for student (1) Continues to meet the require- pilots. ments of this section; and (a) General. A student pilot may not (2) Surrenders the expired special operate an aircraft in solo flight unless purpose pilot authorization upon re- that student has met the requirements ceipt of the new authorization. of this section. The term ‘‘solo flight’’ (j) Surrender. The holder of a special as used in this subpart means that purpose pilot authorization must sur- flight time during which a student render the authorization to the Admin- pilot is the sole occupant of the air- istrator within 7 days after the date craft or that flight time during which the authorization terminates. the student performs the duties of a [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 40901, July 30, 1997, as pilot in command of a gas balloon or an amended by Amdt. 61–123, 74 FR 34234, July airship requiring more than one pilot 15, 2009; Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42557, Aug. 21, flight crewmember. 2009] (b) Aeronautical knowledge. A student pilot must demonstrate satisfactory Subpart C—Student Pilots aeronautical knowledge on a knowl- edge test that meets the requirements § 61.81 Applicability. of this paragraph: This subpart prescribes the require- (1) The test must address the student ments for the issuance of student pilot pilot’s knowledge of— certificates, the conditions under (i) Applicable sections of parts 61 and which those certificates are necessary, 91 of this chapter; and the general operating rules and (ii) Airspace rules and procedures for limitations for the holders of those cer- the airport where the solo flight will be tificates. performed; and (iii) Flight characteristics and oper- § 61.83 Eligibility requirements for stu- ational limitations for the make and dent pilots. model of aircraft to be flown. To be eligible for a student pilot cer- (2) The student’s authorized instruc- tificate, an applicant must: tor must— (a) Be at least 16 years of age for (i) Administer the test; and other than the operation of a glider or (ii) At the conclusion of the test, re- balloon. view all incorrect answers with the (b) Be at least 14 years of age for the student before authorizing that stu- operation of a glider or balloon. dent to conduct a solo flight. (c) Be able to read, speak, write, and (c) Pre-solo flight training. Prior to understand the English language. If the conducting a solo flight, a student applicant is unable to meet one of pilot must have: these requirements due to medical rea- (1) Received and logged flight train- sons, then the Administrator may ing for the maneuvers and procedures place such operating limitations on of this section that are appropriate to that applicant’s pilot certificate as are the make and model of aircraft to be necessary for the safe operation of the flown; and aircraft. (2) Demonstrated satisfactory pro- ficiency and safety, as judged by an au- § 61.85 Application. thorized instructor, on the maneuvers An application for a student pilot and procedures required by this section certificate is made on a form and in a in the make and model of aircraft or manner provided by the Administrator similar make and model of aircraft to and is submitted to: be flown. (a) A designated aviation medical ex- (d) Maneuvers and procedures for pre- aminer if applying for an FAA medical solo flight training in a single-engine air- certificate under part 67 of this chap- plane. A student pilot who is receiving ter; training for a single-engine airplane

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rating or privileges must receive and (8) Descents, with and without turns, log flight training for the following using high and low drag configurations; maneuvers and procedures: (9) Flight at various airspeeds from (1) Proper flight preparation proce- cruise to slow flight; dures, including preflight planning and (10) Stall entries from various flight preparation, powerplant operation, and attitudes and power combinations with aircraft systems; recovery initiated at the first indica- (2) Taxiing or surface operations, in- tion of a stall, and recovery from a full cluding runups; stall; (3) Takeoffs and landings, including (11) Emergency procedures and equip- normal and crosswind; ment malfunctions; (4) Straight and level flight, and (12) Ground reference maneuvers; turns in both directions; (13) Approaches to a landing area (5) Climbs and climbing turns; with simulated engine malfunctions; (6) Airport traffic patterns, including and entry and departure procedures; (14) Go-arounds. (7) Collision avoidance, windshear (f) Maneuvers and procedures for pre- avoidance, and wake turbulence avoid- solo flight training in a helicopter. A stu- ance; dent pilot who is receiving training for (8) Descents, with and without turns, a helicopter rating must receive and using high and low drag configurations; log flight training for the following (9) Flight at various airspeeds from maneuvers and procedures: cruise to slow flight; (1) Proper flight preparation proce- (10) Stall entries from various flight dures, including preflight planning and attitudes and power combinations with preparation, powerplant operation, and recovery initiated at the first indica- aircraft systems; tion of a stall, and recovery from a full (2) Taxiing or surface operations, in- stall; cluding runups; (11) Emergency procedures and equip- (3) Takeoffs and landings, including ment malfunctions; normal and crosswind; (12) Ground reference maneuvers; (4) Straight and level flight, and (13) Approaches to a landing area turns in both directions; with simulated engine malfunctions; (5) Climbs and climbing turns; (14) Slips to a landing; and (6) Airport traffic patterns, including (15) Go-arounds. entry and departure procedures; (e) Maneuvers and procedures for pre- (7) Collision avoidance, windshear solo flight training in a multiengine air- avoidance, and wake turbulence avoid- plane. A student pilot who is receiving ance; training for a multiengine airplane rat- (8) Descents with and without turns; ing must receive and log flight training (9) Flight at various airspeeds; for the following maneuvers and proce- (10) Emergency procedures and equip- dures: ment malfunctions; (1) Proper flight preparation proce- (11) Ground reference maneuvers; dures, including preflight planning and (12) Approaches to the landing area; preparation, powerplant operation, and (13) Hovering and hovering turns; aircraft systems; (14) Go-arounds; (2) Taxiing or surface operations, in- (15) Simulated emergency proce- cluding runups; dures, including autorotational de- (3) Takeoffs and landings, including scents with a power recovery and normal and crosswind; power recovery to a hover; (4) Straight and level flight, and (16) Rapid decelerations; and turns in both directions; (17) Simulated one-engine-inoper- (5) Climbs and climbing turns; ative approaches and landings for mul- (6) Airport traffic patterns, including tiengine helicopters. entry and departure procedures; (g) Maneuvers and procedures for pre- (7) Collision avoidance, windshear solo flight training in a gyroplane. A stu- avoidance, and wake turbulence avoid- dent pilot who is receiving training for ance; a gyroplane rating or privileges must

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receive and log flight training for the (10) Stall entries from various flight following maneuvers and procedures: attitudes and power combinations with (1) Proper flight preparation proce- recovery initiated at the first indica- dures, including preflight planning and tion of a stall, and recovery from a full preparation, powerplant operation, and stall; aircraft systems; (11) Emergency procedures and equip- (2) Taxiing or surface operations, in- ment malfunctions; cluding runups; (12) Ground reference maneuvers; (3) Takeoffs and landings, including (13) Approaches to a landing with normal and crosswind; simulated engine malfunctions; (4) Straight and level flight, and (14) Go-arounds; turns in both directions; (15) Approaches to the landing area; (5) Climbs and climbing turns; (16) Hovering and hovering turns; and (6) Airport traffic patterns, including (17) For multiengine powered-lifts, entry and departure procedures; simulated one-engine-inoperative ap- (7) Collision avoidance, windshear proaches and landings. avoidance, and wake turbulence avoid- (i) Maneuvers and procedures for pre- ance; solo flight training in a glider. A student (8) Descents with and without turns; pilot who is receiving training for a (9) Flight at various airspeeds; glider rating or privileges must receive (10) Emergency procedures and equip- and log flight training for the following ment malfunctions; maneuvers and procedures: (11) Ground reference maneuvers; (1) Proper flight preparation proce- (12) Approaches to the landing area; dures, including preflight planning, (13) High rates of descent with power preparation, aircraft systems, and, if on and with simulated power off, and appropriate, powerplant operations; recovery from those flight configura- (2) Taxiing or surface operations, in- tions; cluding runups, if applicable; (14) Go-arounds; and (3) Launches, including normal and (15) Simulated emergency proce- crosswind; dures, including simulated power-off (4) Straight and level flight, and landings and simulated power failure turns in both directions, if applicable; during departures. (5) Airport traffic patterns, including (h) Maneuvers and procedures for pre- entry procedures; solo flight training in a powered-lift. A (6) Collision avoidance, windshear student pilot who is receiving training avoidance, and wake turbulence avoid- for a powered-lift rating must receive ance; and log flight training in the following (7) Descents with and without turns maneuvers and procedures: using high and low drag configurations; (1) Proper flight preparation proce- (8) Flight at various airspeeds; dures, including preflight planning and (9) Emergency procedures and equip- preparation, powerplant operation, and ment malfunctions; aircraft systems; (10) Ground reference maneuvers, if (2) Taxiing or surface operations, in- applicable; cluding runups; (11) Inspection of towline rigging and (3) Takeoffs and landings, including review of signals and release proce- normal and crosswind; dures, if applicable; (4) Straight and level flight, and (12) Aerotow, ground tow, or self- turns in both directions; launch procedures; (5) Climbs and climbing turns; (13) Procedures for disassembly and (6) Airport traffic patterns, including assembly of the glider; entry and departure procedures; (14) Stall entry, stall, and stall recov- (7) Collision avoidance, windshear ery; avoidance, and wake turbulence avoid- (15) Straight glides, turns, and spi- ance; rals; (8) Descents with and without turns; (16) Landings, including normal and (9) Flight at various airspeeds from crosswind; cruise to slow flight; (17) Slips to a landing;

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(18) Procedures and techniques for (9) Obstruction detection and avoid- thermalling; and ance techniques. (19) Emergency operations, including (l) Maneuvers and procedures for pre- towline break procedures. solo flight training in a powered para- (j) Maneuvers and procedures for pre- chute. A student pilot who is receiving solo flight training in an airship. A stu- training for a powered parachute rat- dent pilot who is receiving training for ing or privileges must receive and log an airship rating or privileges must re- flight training for the following ma- ceive and log flight training for the fol- neuvers and procedures: lowing maneuvers and procedures: (1) Proper flight preparation proce- (1) Proper flight preparation proce- dures, including preflight planning and dures, including preflight planning and preparation, preflight assembly and preparation, powerplant operation, and rigging, aircraft systems, and power- aircraft systems; plant operations. (2) Taxiing or surface operations, in- (2) Taxiing or surface operations, in- cluding runups; cluding run-ups. (3) Takeoffs and landings, including (3) Takeoffs and landings, including normal and crosswind; normal and crosswind. (4) Straight and level flight, and (4) Straight and level flight, and turns in both directions; turns in both directions. (5) Climbs and climbing turns; (5) Climbs, and climbing turns in (6) Airport traffic patterns, including both directions. entry and departure procedures; (6) Airport traffic patterns, including (7) Collision avoidance, windshear entry and departure procedures. avoidance, and wake turbulence avoid- (7) Collision avoidance, windshear ance; avoidance, and wake turbulence avoid- ance. (8) Descents with and without turns; (8) Descents, and descending turns in (9) Flight at various airspeeds from both directions. cruise to slow flight; (9) Emergency procedures and equip- (10) Emergency procedures and equip- ment malfunctions. ment malfunctions; (10) Ground reference maneuvers. (11) Ground reference maneuvers; (11) Straight glides, and gliding turns (12) Rigging, ballasting, and control- in both directions. ling pressure in the ballonets, and (12) Go-arounds. superheating; and (13) Approaches to landing areas with (13) Landings with positive and with a simulated engine malfunction. negative static trim. (14) Procedures for canopy packing (k) Maneuvers and procedures for pre- and aircraft disassembly. solo flight training in a balloon. A stu- (m) Maneuvers and procedures for pre- dent pilot who is receiving training in solo flight training in a weight-shift-con- a balloon must receive and log flight trol aircraft. A student pilot who is re- training for the following maneuvers ceiving training for a weight-shift-con- and procedures: trol aircraft rating or privileges must (1) Layout and assembly procedures; receive and log flight training for the (2) Proper flight preparation proce- following maneuvers and procedures: dures, including preflight planning and (1) Proper flight preparation proce- preparation, and aircraft systems; dures, including preflight planning and (3) Ascents and descents; preparation, preflight assembly and (4) Landing and recovery procedures; rigging, aircraft systems, and power- (5) Emergency procedures and equip- plant operations. ment malfunctions; (2) Taxiing or surface operations, in- (6) Operation of hot air or gas source, cluding run-ups. ballast, valves, vents, and rip panels, as (3) Takeoffs and landings, including appropriate; normal and crosswind. (7) Use of deflation valves or rip pan- (4) Straight and level flight, and els for simulating an emergency; turns in both directions. (8) The effects of wind on climb and (5) Climbs, and climbing turns in approach angles; and both directions.

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(6) Airport traffic patterns, including (1) Given that student pilot training entry and departure procedures. in the make and model of aircraft or a (7) Collision avoidance, windshear similar make and model of aircraft in avoidance, and wake turbulence avoid- which the solo flight is to be flown; ance. (2) Determined the student pilot is (8) Descents, and descending turns in proficient in the maneuvers and proce- both directions. dures prescribed in this section; (9) Flight at various airspeeds from (3) Determined the student pilot is maximum cruise to slow flight. proficient in the make and model of (10) Emergency procedures and equip- aircraft to be flown; ment malfunctions. (4) Ensured that the student pilot’s (11) Ground reference maneuvers. certificate has been endorsed by an in- (12) Stall entry, stall, and stall recov- structor authorized to provide flight ery. training for the specific make and (13) Straight glides, and gliding turns model aircraft to be flown; and in both directions. (5) Endorsed the student pilot’s log- (14) Go-arounds. book for the specific make and model (15) Approaches to landing areas with aircraft to be flown, and that endorse- a simulated engine malfunction. ment remains current for solo flight (16) Procedures for disassembly. privileges, provided an authorized in- (n) Limitations on student pilots oper- ating an aircraft in solo flight. A student structor updates the student’s logbook pilot may not operate an aircraft in every 90 days thereafter. solo flight unless that student pilot has [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; received: Amdt. 61–103, 62 FR 40902, July 30, 1997; (1) An endorsement from an author- Amdt. 61–104, 63 FR 20287, Apr. 23, 1998; Amdt. ized instructor on his or her student 61–110, 69 FR 44866, July 27, 2004; Amdt. 61– pilot certificate for the specific make 124, 74 FR 42557, Aug. 21, 2009] and model aircraft to be flown; and (2) An endorsement in the student’s § 61.89 General limitations. logbook for the specific make and (a) A student pilot may not act as model aircraft to be flown by an au- pilot in command of an aircraft: thorized instructor, who gave the (1) That is carrying a passenger; training within the 90 days preceding (2) That is carrying property for com- the date of the flight. pensation or hire; (o) Limitations on student pilots oper- (3) For compensation or hire; ating an aircraft in solo flight at night. A (4) In furtherance of a business; student pilot may not operate an air- (5) On an international flight, except craft in solo flight at night unless that that a student pilot may make solo student pilot has received: training flights from Haines, Gustavus, (1) Flight training at night on night or Juneau, Alaska, to White Horse, flying procedures that includes take- Yukon, Canada, and return over the offs, approaches, landings, and go- province of British Columbia; arounds at night at the airport where the solo flight will be conducted; (6) With a flight or surface visibility (2) Navigation training at night in of less than 3 statute miles during day- the vicinity of the airport where the light hours or 5 statute miles at night; solo flight will be conducted; and (7) When the flight cannot be made (3) An endorsement in the student’s with visual reference to the surface; or logbook for the specific make and (8) In a manner contrary to any limi- model aircraft to be flown for night tations placed in the pilot’s logbook by solo flight by an authorized instructor an authorized instructor. who gave the training within the 90- (b) A student pilot may not act as a day period preceding the date of the required pilot flight crewmember on flight. any aircraft for which more than one (p) Limitations on flight instructors au- pilot is required by the type certificate thorizing solo flight. No instructor may of the aircraft or regulations under authorize a student pilot to perform a which the flight is conducted, except solo flight unless that instructor has— when receiving flight training from an

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authorized instructor on board an air- (ii) Have demonstrated cross-country ship, and no person other than a re- proficiency on the appropriate maneu- quired flight crewmember is carried on vers and procedures of this section to the aircraft. an authorized instructor; (c) A student pilot seeking a sport (iii) Have satisfactorily accomplished pilot certificate must comply with the the pre-solo flight maneuvers and pro- provisions of paragraphs (a) and (b) of cedures required by § 61.87 of this part this section and may not act as pilot in in the make and model of aircraft or command— similar make and model of aircraft for (1) Of an aircraft other than a light- which solo cross-country privileges are sport aircraft; sought; and (2) At night; (iv) Comply with any limitations in- (3) At an altitude of more than 10,000 cluded in the authorized instructor’s feet MSL or 2,000 feet AGL, whichever endorsement that are required by para- is higher; graph (c) of this section. (4) In Class B, C, and D airspace, at (3) A student pilot who seeks solo an airport located in Class B, C, or D cross-country flight privileges must airspace, and to, from, through, or on have received ground and flight train- an airport having an operational con- ing from an authorized instructor on trol tower without having received the the cross-country maneuvers and pro- ground and flight training specified in cedures listed in this section that are § 61.94 and an endorsement from an au- appropriate to the aircraft to be flown. thorized instructor; (b) Authorization to perform certain solo flights and cross-country flights. A (5) Of a light-sport aircraft without student pilot must obtain an endorse- having received the applicable ground ment from an authorized instructor to training, flight training, and instructor make solo flights from the airport endorsements specified in § 61.327 (a) where the student pilot normally re- and (b). ceives training to another location. A [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as student pilot who receives this en- amended by Amdt. 61–110, 69 FR 44867, July dorsement must comply with the re- 27, 2004; Amdt. 61–125, 75 FR 5220, Feb. 1, 2010] quirements of this paragraph. (1) Solo flights may be made to an- § 61.91 [Reserved] other airport that is within 25 nautical miles from the airport where the stu- § 61.93 Solo cross-country flight re- quirements. dent pilot normally receives training, provided— (a) General. (1) Except as provided in (i) An authorized instructor has paragraph (b) of this section, a student given the student pilot flight training pilot must meet the requirements of at the other airport, and that training this section before— includes flight in both directions over (i) Conducting a solo cross-country the route, entering and exiting the flight, or any flight greater than 25 traffic pattern, and takeoffs and land- nautical miles from the airport from ings at the other airport; where the flight originated. (ii) The authorized instructor who (ii) Making a solo flight and landing gave the training endorses the student at any location other than the airport pilot’s logbook authorizing the flight; of origination. (iii) The student pilot has a solo (2) Except as provided in paragraph flight endorsement in accordance with (b) of this section, a student pilot who § 61.87 of this part; seeks solo cross-country flight privi- (iv) The authorized instructor has de- leges must: termined that the student pilot is pro- (i) Have received flight training from ficient to make the flight; and an instructor authorized to provide (v) The purpose of the flight is to flight training on the maneuvers and practice takeoffs and landings at that procedures of this section that are ap- other airport. propriate to the make and model of air- (2) Repeated specific solo cross-coun- craft for which solo cross-country try flights may be made to another air- privileges are sought; port that is within 50 nautical miles of

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the airport from which the flight origi- (C) State that any limitations re- nated, provided— quired by the student’s authorized in- (i) The authorized instructor has structor are met. given the student flight training in (d) Limitations on authorized instruc- both directions over the route, includ- tors to permit solo cross-country flights. ing entering and exiting the traffic pat- An authorized instructor may not per- terns, takeoffs, and landings at the air- mit a student pilot to conduct a solo ports to be used; cross-country flight unless that in- (ii) The authorized instructor who structor has: gave the training has endorsed the stu- (1) Determined that the student’s dent’s logbook certifying that the stu- cross-country planning is correct for dent is proficient to make such flights; the flight; (iii) The student has a solo flight en- (2) Reviewed the current and forecast dorsement in accordance with § 61.87 of weather conditions and has determined this part; and that the flight can be completed under (iv) The student has a solo cross VFR; country flight endorsement in accord- (3) Determined that the student is ance with paragraph (c) of this section; proficient to conduct the flight safely; however, for repeated solo cross coun- (4) Determined that the student has try flights to another airport within 50 the appropriate solo cross-country en- nautical miles from which the flight dorsement for the make and model of originated, separate endorsements are aircraft to be flown; and not required to be made for each flight. (5) Determined that the student’s (c) Endorsements for solo cross-country solo flight endorsement is current for flights. Except as specified in paragraph the make and model aircraft to be (b)(2) of this section, a student pilot flown. must have the endorsements prescribed (e) Maneuvers and procedures for cross- in this paragraph for each cross-coun- country flight training in a single-engine try flight: airplane. A student pilot who is receiv- (1) Student pilot certificate endorse- ing training for cross-country flight in ment. A student pilot must have a solo a single-engine airplane must receive cross-country endorsement from the and log flight training in the following authorized instructor who conducted maneuvers and procedures: the training, and that endorsement (1) Use of aeronautical charts for must be placed on that person’s stu- VFR navigation using pilotage and dent pilot certificate for the specific dead reckoning with the aid of a mag- category of aircraft to be flown. netic compass; (2) Logbook endorsement. (i) A student (2) Use of aircraft performance charts pilot must have a solo cross-country pertaining to cross-country flight; endorsement from an authorized in- (3) Procurement and analysis of aero- structor that is placed in the student nautical weather reports and forecasts, pilot’s logbook for the specific make including recognition of critical weath- and model of aircraft to be flown. er situations and estimating visibility (ii) For each cross-country flight, the while in flight; authorized instructor who reviews the (4) Emergency procedures; cross-country planning must make an (5) Traffic pattern procedures that in- endorsement in the person’s logbook clude area departure, area arrival, after reviewing that person’s cross- entry into the traffic pattern, and ap- country planning, as specified in para- proach; graph (d) of this section. The endorse- (6) Procedures and operating prac- ment must— tices for collision avoidance, wake tur- (A) Specify the make and model of bulence precautions, and windshear aircraft to be flown; avoidance; (B) State that the student’s preflight (7) Recognition, avoidance, and oper- planning and preparation is correct and ational restrictions of hazardous ter- that the student is prepared to make rain features in the geographical area the flight safely under the known con- where the cross-country flight will be ditions; and flown;

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(8) Procedures for operating the in- (8) Procedures for operating the in- struments and equipment installed in struments and equipment installed in the aircraft to be flown, including rec- the aircraft to be flown, including rec- ognition and use of the proper oper- ognition and use of the proper oper- ational procedures and indications; ational procedures and indications; (9) Use of radios for VFR navigation (9) Use of radios for VFR navigation and two-way communication, except and two-way communications; that a student pilot seeking a sport (10) Takeoff, approach, and landing pilot certificate must only receive and procedures, including short-field, soft- log flight training on the use of radios field, and crosswind takeoffs, ap- installed in the aircraft to be flown; proaches, and landings; (10) Takeoff, approach, and landing (11) Climbs at best angle and best procedures, including short-field, soft- rate; and field, and crosswind takeoffs, ap- (12) Control and maneuvering solely proaches, and landings; by reference to flight instruments, in- (11) Climbs at best angle and best cluding straight and level flight, turns, rate; and descents, climbs, use of radio aids, and (12) Control and maneuvering solely ATC directives. by reference to flight instruments, in- (g) Maneuvers and procedures for cross- cluding straight and level flight, turns, country flight training in a helicopter. A descents, climbs, use of radio aids, and student pilot who is receiving training ATC directives. For student pilots for cross-country flight in a helicopter seeking a sport pilot certificate, the must receive and log flight training for provisions of this paragraph only apply the following maneuvers and proce- when receiving training for cross-coun- dures: try flight in an airplane that has a VH (1) Use of aeronautical charts for greater than 87 knots CAS. VFR navigation using pilotage and (f) Maneuvers and procedures for cross- dead reckoning with the aid of a mag- country flight training in a multiengine netic compass; airplane. A student pilot who is receiv- (2) Use of aircraft performance charts ing training for cross-country flight in pertaining to cross-country flight; a multiengine airplane must receive (3) Procurement and analysis of aero- and log flight training in the following nautical weather reports and forecasts, maneuvers and procedures: including recognition of critical weath- (1) Use of aeronautical charts for er situations and estimating visibility VFR navigation using pilotage and while in flight; dead reckoning with the aid of a mag- (4) Emergency procedures; netic compass; (5) Traffic pattern procedures that in- (2) Use of aircraft performance charts clude area departure, area arrival, pertaining to cross-country flight; entry into the traffic pattern, and ap- (3) Procurement and analysis of aero- proach; nautical weather reports and forecasts, (6) Procedures and operating prac- including recognition of critical weath- tices for collision avoidance, wake tur- er situations and estimating visibility bulence precautions, and windshear while in flight; avoidance; (4) Emergency procedures; (7) Recognition, avoidance, and oper- (5) Traffic pattern procedures that in- ational restrictions of hazardous ter- clude area departure, area arrival, rain features in the geographical area entry into the traffic pattern, and ap- where the cross-country flight will be proach; flown; (6) Procedures and operating prac- (8) Procedures for operating the in- tices for collision avoidance, wake tur- struments and equipment installed in bulence precautions, and windshear the aircraft to be flown, including rec- avoidance; ognition and use of the proper oper- (7) Recognition, avoidance, and oper- ational procedures and indications; ational restrictions of hazardous ter- (9) Use of radios for VFR navigation rain features in the geographical area and two-way communications; and where the cross-country flight will be (10) Takeoff, approach, and landing flown; procedures.

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(h) Maneuvers and procedures for cross- (2) Use of aircraft performance charts country flight training in a gyroplane. A pertaining to cross-country flight; student pilot who is receiving training (3) Procurement and analysis of aero- for cross-country flight in a gyroplane nautical weather reports and forecasts, must receive and log flight training in including recognition of critical weath- the following maneuvers and proce- er situations and estimating visibility dures: while in flight; (1) Use of aeronautical charts for (4) Emergency procedures; VFR navigation using pilotage and (5) Traffic pattern procedures that in- dead reckoning with the aid of a mag- clude area departure, area arrival, netic compass; entry into the traffic pattern, and ap- (2) Use of aircraft performance charts proach; pertaining to cross-country flight; (6) Procedures and operating prac- (3) Procurement and analysis of aero- tices for collision avoidance, wake tur- nautical weather reports and forecasts, bulence precautions, and windshear including recognition of critical weath- avoidance; er situations and estimating visibility (7) Recognition, avoidance, and oper- while in flight; ational restrictions of hazardous ter- (4) Emergency procedures; rain features in the geographical area (5) Traffic pattern procedures that in- where the cross-country flight will be clude area departure, area arrival, flown; entry into the traffic pattern, and ap- (8) Procedures for operating the in- proach; struments and equipment installed in (6) Procedures and operating prac- the aircraft to be flown, including rec- tices for collision avoidance, wake tur- ognition and use of the proper oper- bulence precautions, and windshear ational procedures and indications; avoidance; (9) Use of radios for VFR navigation (7) Recognition, avoidance, and oper- and two-way communications; ational restrictions of hazardous ter- (10) Takeoff, approach, and landing rain features in the geographical area procedures that include high-altitude, where the cross-country flight will be steep, and shallow takeoffs, ap- flown; proaches, and landings; and (8) Procedures for operating the in- (11) Control and maneuvering solely struments and equipment installed in by reference to flight instruments, in- the aircraft to be flown, including rec- cluding straight and level flight, turns, ognition and use of the proper oper- descents, climbs, use of radio aids, and ational procedures and indications; ATC directives. (9) Use of radios for VFR navigation (j) Maneuvers and procedures for cross- and two-way communication, except country flight training in a glider. A stu- that a student pilot seeking a sport dent pilot who is receiving training for pilot certificate must only receive and cross-country flight in a glider must log flight training on the use of radios receive and log flight training in the installed in the aircraft to be flown; following maneuvers and procedures: and (1) Use of aeronautical charts for (10) Takeoff, approach, and landing VFR navigation using pilotage and procedures, including short-field and dead reckoning with the aid of a mag- soft-field takeoffs, approaches, and netic compass; landings. (2) Use of aircraft performance charts (i) Maneuvers and procedures for cross- pertaining to cross-country flight; country flight training in a powered-lift. (3) Procurement and analysis of aero- A student pilot who is receiving train- nautical weather reports and forecasts, ing for cross-country flight training in including recognition of critical weath- a powered-lift must receive and log er situations and estimating visibility flight training in the following maneu- while in flight; vers and procedures: (4) Emergency procedures; (1) Use of aeronautical charts for (5) Traffic pattern procedures that in- VFR navigation using pilotage and clude area departure, area arrival, dead reckoning with the aid of a mag- entry into the traffic pattern, and ap- netic compass; proach;

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(6) Procedures and operating prac- (9) Use of radios for VFR navigation tices for collision avoidance, wake tur- and two-way communication, except bulence precautions, and windshear that a student pilot seeking a sport avoidance; pilot certificate must only receive and (7) Recognition, avoidance, and oper- log flight training on the use of radios ational restrictions of hazardous ter- installed in the aircraft to be flown; rain features in the geographical area (10) Control of air pressure with re- where the cross-country flight will be gard to ascending and descending flight flown; and altitude control; (8) Procedures for operating the in- (11) Control of the airship solely by struments and equipment installed in reference to flight instruments, except the aircraft to be flown, including rec- for a student pilot seeking a sport pilot ognition and use of the proper oper- certificate; and ational procedures and indications; (12) Recognition of weather and upper (9) Landings accomplished without air conditions conducive for the direc- the use of the altimeter from at least tion of cross-country flight. 2,000 feet above the surface; and (l) Maneuvers and procedures for cross- (10) Recognition of weather and upper country flight training in a powered para- air conditions favorable for cross-coun- chute. A student pilot who is receiving try soaring, ascending and descending training for cross-country flight in a flight, and altitude control. powered parachute must receive and (k) Maneuvers and procedures for cross- log flight training in the following ma- country flight training in an airship. A neuvers and procedures: student pilot who is receiving training (1) Use of aeronautical charts for for cross-country flight in an airship VFR navigation using pilotage and must receive and log flight training for dead reckoning with the aid of a mag- the following maneuvers and proce- netic compass, as appropriate. dures: (2) Use of aircraft performance charts pertaining to cross-country flight. (1) Use of aeronautical charts for (3) Procurement and analysis of aero- VFR navigation using pilotage and nautical weather reports and forecasts, dead reckoning with the aid of a mag- including recognizing critical weather netic compass; situations and estimating visibility (2) Use of aircraft performance charts while in flight. pertaining to cross-country flight; (4) Emergency procedures. (3) Procurement and analysis of aero- (5) Traffic pattern procedures that in- nautical weather reports and forecasts, clude area departure, area arrival, including recognition of critical weath- entry into the traffic pattern, and ap- er situations and estimating visibility proach. while in flight; (6) Procedures and operating prac- (4) Emergency procedures; tices for collision avoidance, wake tur- (5) Traffic pattern procedures that in- bulence precautions, and windshear clude area departure, area arrival, avoidance. entry into the traffic pattern, and ap- (7) Recognition, avoidance, and oper- proach; ational restrictions of hazardous ter- (6) Procedures and operating prac- rain features in the geographical area tices for collision avoidance, wake tur- where the cross-country flight will be bulence precautions, and windshear flown. avoidance; (8) Procedures for operating the in- (7) Recognition, avoidance, and oper- struments and equipment installed in ational restrictions of hazardous ter- the aircraft to be flown, including rec- rain features in the geographical area ognition and use of the proper oper- where the cross-country flight will be ational procedures and indications. flown; (9) If equipped for flight with naviga- (8) Procedures for operating the in- tion radios, the use of radios for VFR struments and equipment installed in navigation. the aircraft to be flown, including rec- (10) Recognition of weather and upper ognition and use of the proper oper- air conditions favorable for the cross- ational procedures and indications; country flight.

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(11) Takeoff, approach and landing § 61.94 Student pilot seeking a sport procedures. pilot certificate or a recreational (m) Maneuvers and procedures for pilot certificate: Operations at air- cross-country flight training in a weight- ports within, and in airspace lo- shift-control aircraft. A student pilot cated within, Class B, C, and D air- space, or at airports with an oper- who is receiving training for cross- ational control tower in other air- country flight in a weight-shift-control space. aircraft must receive and log flight (a) A student pilot seeking a sport training for the following maneuvers pilot certificate or a recreational pilot and procedures: certificate who wants to obtain privi- (1) Use of aeronautical charts for leges to operate in Class B, C, and D VFR navigation using pilotage and airspace, at an airport located in Class dead reckoning with the aid of a mag- B, C, or D airspace, and to, from, netic compass, as appropriate. through, or at an airport having an (2) Use of aircraft performance charts operational control tower, must re- pertaining to cross-country flight. ceive and log ground and flight train- (3) Procurement and analysis of aero- ing from an authorized instructor in nautical weather reports and forecasts, the following aeronautical knowledge including recognizing critical weather areas and areas of operation: situations and estimating visibility (1) The use of radios, communica- while in flight. tions, navigation systems and facili- (4) Emergency procedures. ties, and radar services. (5) Traffic pattern procedures that in- (2) Operations at airports with an op- clude area departure, area arrival, erating control tower, to include three entry into the traffic pattern, and ap- takeoffs and landings to a full stop, proach. with each landing involving a flight in (6) Procedures and operating prac- the traffic pattern, at an airport with tices for collision avoidance, wake tur- an operating control tower. bulence precautions, and windshear (3) Applicable flight rules of part 91 avoidance. of this chapter for operations in Class (7) Recognition, avoidance, and oper- B, C, and D airspace and air traffic con- ational restrictions of hazardous ter- trol clearances. rain features in the geographical area (4) Ground and flight training for the where the cross-country flight will be specific Class B, C, or D airspace for flown. which the solo flight is authorized, if (8) Procedures for operating the in- applicable, within the 90-day period struments and equipment installed in preceding the date of the flight in that the aircraft to be flown, including rec- airspace. The flight training must be ognition and use of the proper oper- received in the specific airspace area for which solo flight is authorized. ational procedures and indications. (5) Ground and flight training for the (9) If equipped for flight using navi- specific airport located in Class B, C, or gation radios, the use of radios for VFR D airspace for which the solo flight is navigation. authorized, if applicable, within the 90- (10) Recognition of weather and upper day period preceding the date of the air conditions favorable for the cross- flight at that airport. The flight and country flight. ground training must be received at (11) Takeoff, approach and landing the specific airport for which solo procedures, including crosswind ap- flight is authorized. proaches and landings. (b) The authorized instructor who [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; provides the training specified in para- Amdt. 61–103, 62 FR 40902, July 30, 1997; graph (a) of this section must provide a Amdt. 61–110, 69 FR 44867, July 27, 2004; logbook endorsement that certifies the Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42557, Aug. 21, 2009; student has received that training and Amdt. 61–125, 75 FR 5220, Feb. 1, 2010] is proficient to conduct solo flight in that specific airspace or at that spe- cific airport and in those aeronautical

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knowledge areas and areas of operation tificate or a recreational pilot certifi- specified in this section. cate. [Doc. No. FAA–2001–11133, 69 FR 44867, July [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; 27, 2004] Amdt. 61–103, 62 FR 40902, July 30, 1997; Amdt. 61–110, 69 FR 44868, July 27, 2004] § 61.95 Operations in Class B airspace and at airports located within Class Subpart D—Recreational Pilots B airspace. (a) A student pilot may not operate § 61.96 Applicability and eligibility re- an aircraft on a solo flight in Class B quirements: General. airspace unless: (a) This subpart prescribes the re- (1) The student pilot has received quirement for the issuance of rec- both ground and flight training from reational pilot certificates and ratings, an authorized instructor on that Class the conditions under which those cer- B airspace area, and the flight training tificates and ratings are necessary, and was received in the specific Class B air- the general operating rules for persons space area for which solo flight is au- who hold those certificates and ratings. thorized; (b) To be eligible for a recreational (2) The logbook of that student pilot pilot certificate, a person who applies has been endorsed by the authorized in- for that certificate must: structor who gave the student pilot (1) Be at least 17 years of age; flight training, and the endorsement is (2) Be able to read, speak, write, and dated within the 90-day period pre- understand the English language. If the ceding the date of the flight in that applicant is unable to meet one of Class B airspace area; and these requirements due to medical rea- sons, then the Administrator may (3) The logbook endorsement speci- place such operating limitations on fies that the student pilot has received that applicant’s pilot certificate as are the required ground and flight train- necessary for the safe operation of the ing, and has been found proficient to aircraft; conduct solo flight in that specific (3) Receive a logbook endorsement Class B airspace area. from an authorized instructor who— (b) A student pilot may not operate (i) Conducted the training or re- an aircraft on a solo flight to, from, or viewed the applicant’s home study on at an airport located within Class B the aeronautical knowledge areas list- airspace pursuant to § 91.131(b) of this ed in § 61.97(b) of this part that apply to chapter unless: the aircraft category and class rating (1) The student pilot has received sought; and both ground and flight training from (ii) Certified that the applicant is an instructor authorized to provide prepared for the required knowledge training to operate at that airport, and test. the flight and ground training has been (4) Pass the required knowledge test received at the specific airport for on the aeronautical knowledge areas which the solo flight is authorized; listed in § 61.97(b) of this part; (2) The logbook of that student pilot (5) Receive flight training and a log- has been endorsed by an authorized in- book endorsement from an authorized structor who gave the student pilot instructor who— flight training, and the endorsement is (i) Conducted the training on the dated within the 90-day period pre- areas of operation listed in § 61.98(b) of ceding the date of the flight at that this part that apply to the aircraft cat- airport; and egory and class rating sought; and (3) The logbook endorsement speci- (ii) Certified that the applicant is fies that the student pilot has received prepared for the required practical the required ground and flight train- test. ing, and has been found proficient to (6) Meet the aeronautical experience conduct solo flight operations at that requirements of § 61.99 of this part that specific airport. apply to the aircraft category and class (c) This section does not apply to a rating sought before applying for the student pilot seeking a sport pilot cer- practical test;

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(7) Pass the practical test on the use, data on takeoff and landing dis- areas of operation listed in § 61.98(b) tances, weather reports and forecasts, that apply to the aircraft category and and fuel requirements; and class rating; (ii) How to plan for alternatives if (8) Comply with the sections of this the planned flight cannot be completed part that apply to the aircraft category or delays are encountered. and class rating; and (9) Hold either a student pilot certifi- [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61–103, 62 FR 40902, July 30, 1997] cate or sport pilot certificate. [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; § 61.98 Flight proficiency. Amdt. 61–103, 62 FR 40902, July 30, 1997; (a) General. A person who applies for Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42558, Aug. 21, 2009] a recreational pilot certificate must re- § 61.97 Aeronautical knowledge. ceive and log ground and flight train- ing from an authorized instructor on (a) General. A person who applies for the areas of operation of this section a recreational pilot certificate must re- that apply to the aircraft category and ceive and log ground training from an class rating sought. authorized instructor or complete a home-study course on the aeronautical (b) Areas of operation. (1) For a single- knowledge areas of paragraph (b) of engine airplane rating: (i) Preflight this section that apply to the aircraft preparation; category and class rating sought. (ii) Preflight procedures; (b) Aeronautical knowledge areas. (1) (iii) Airport operations; Applicable Federal Aviation Regula- (iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go- tions of this chapter that relate to rec- arounds; reational pilot privileges, limitations, (v) Performance maneuvers; and flight operations; (vi) Ground reference maneuvers; (2) Accident reporting requirements (vii) Navigation; of the National Transportation Safety (viii) Slow flight and stalls; Board; (ix) Emergency operations; and (3) Use of the applicable portions of (x) Postflight procedures. the ‘‘Aeronautical Information Manual’’ (2) For a helicopter rating: (i) Preflight and FAA advisory circulars; preparation; (4) Use of aeronautical charts for (ii) Preflight procedures; VFR navigation using pilotage with (iii) Airport and heliport operations; the aid of a magnetic compass; (iv) Hovering maneuvers; (5) Recognition of critical weather situations from the ground and in (v) Takeoffs, landings, and go- flight, windshear avoidance, and the arounds; procurement and use of aeronautical (vi) Performance maneuvers; weather reports and forecasts; (vii) Ground reference maneuvers; (6) Safe and efficient operation of air- (viii) Navigation; craft, including collision avoidance, (ix) Emergency operations; and and recognition and avoidance of wake (x) Postflight procedures. turbulence; (3) For a gyroplane rating: (i) Preflight (7) Effects of density altitude on preparation; takeoff and climb performance; (ii) Preflight procedures; (8) Weight and balance computations; (iii) Airport operations; (9) Principles of aerodynamics, pow- (iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go- erplants, and aircraft systems; arounds; (10) Stall awareness, spin entry, (v) Performance maneuvers; spins, and spin recovery techniques, if (vi) Ground reference maneuvers; applying for an airplane single-engine (vii) Navigation; rating; (viii) Flight at slow airspeeds; (11) Aeronautical decision making (ix) Emergency operations; and and judgment; and (12) Preflight action that includes— (x) Postflight procedures. (i) How to obtain information on run- [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; way lengths at airports of intended Amdt. 61–103, 62 FR 40902, July 30, 1997]

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§ 61.99 Aeronautical experience. following limitation, ‘‘Passenger car- A person who applies for a rec- rying prohibited on flights more than reational pilot certificate must receive 10 nautical miles from (the appropriate and log at least 30 hours of flight time island).’’ The limitation may be subse- that includes at least— quently amended to include another is- (a) 15 hours of flight training from an land if the applicant complies with the authorized instructor on the areas of requirements of paragraph (a) of this operation listed in § 61.98 of this part section for another island. that consists of at least: (c) Upon meeting the requirements of (1) Except as provided in § 61.100 of § 61.99(a)(1) of this part, the applicant this part, 2 hours of flight training en may have the limitation(s) in para- route to an airport that is located graph (b) of this section removed. more than 25 nautical miles from the airport where the applicant normally § 61.101 Recreational pilot privileges and limitations. trains, which includes at least three takeoffs and three landings at the air- (a) A person who holds a recreational port located more than 25 nautical pilot certificate may: miles from the airport where the appli- (1) Carry no more than one pas- cant normally trains; and senger; and (2) Three hours of flight training (2) Not pay less than the pro rata with an authorized instructor in the share of the operating expenses of a aircraft for the rating sought in prepa- flight with a passenger, provided the ration for the practical test within the expenses involve only fuel, oil, airport preceding 2 calendar months from the expenses, or aircraft rental fees. month of the test. (b) A person who holds a recreational (b) 3 hours of solo flying in the air- pilot certificate may act as pilot in craft for the rating sought, on the command of an aircraft on a flight areas of operation listed in § 61.98 of within 50 nautical miles from the de- this part that apply to the aircraft cat- parture airport, provided that person egory and class rating sought. has— (1) Received ground and flight train- [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as amended by Amdt. 61–110, 69 FR 44868, July ing for takeoff, departure, arrival, and 27, 2004; Amdt. 61–124A, 74 FR 53645, Oct. 20, landing procedures at the departure 2009] airport; (2) Received ground and flight train- § 61.100 Pilots based on small islands. ing for the area, terrain, and aids to (a) An applicant located on an island navigation that are in the vicinity of from which the flight training required the departure airport; in § 61.99(a)(1) of this part cannot be ac- (3) Been found proficient to operate complished without flying over water the aircraft at the departure airport for more than 10 nautical miles from and the area within 50 nautical miles the nearest shoreline need not comply from that airport; and with the requirements of that section. (4) Received from an authorized in- However, if other airports that permit structor a logbook endorsement, which civil operations are available to which is carried in the person’s possession in a flight may be made without flying the aircraft, that permits flight within over water for more than 10 nautical 50 nautical miles from the departure miles from the nearest shoreline, the airport. applicant must show completion of a (c) A person who holds a recreational dual flight between two airports, which pilot certificate may act as pilot in must include three landings at the command of an aircraft on a flight that other airport. exceeds 50 nautical miles from the de- (b) An applicant who complies with parture airport, provided that person paragraph (a) of this section and meets has— all requirements for the issuance of a (1) Received ground and flight train- recreational pilot certificate, except ing from an authorized instructor on the requirements of § 61.99(a)(1) of this the cross-country training require- part, will be issued a pilot certificate ments of subpart E of this part that with an endorsement containing the apply to the aircraft rating held;

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(2) Been found proficient in cross- (iii) With a powerplant of more than country flying; and 180 horsepower, except aircraft certifi- (3) Received from an authorized in- cated in the rotorcraft category; or structor a logbook endorsement, which (iv) With retractable landing gear; is carried on the person’s possession in (2) That is classified as a multiengine the aircraft, that certifies the person airplane, powered-lift, glider, airship, has received and been found proficient balloon, powered parachute, or weight- in the cross-country training require- shift-control aircraft; ments of subpart E of this part that (3) That is carrying a passenger or apply to the aircraft rating held. property for compensation or hire; (d) A person who holds a recreational (4) For compensation or hire; pilot certificate may act as pilot in (5) In furtherance of a business; command of an aircraft in Class B, C, (6) Between sunset and sunrise; and D airspace, at an airport located in (7) In Class A, B, C, and D airspace, at an airport located in Class B, C, or D Class B, C, or D airspace, and to, from, airspace, or to, from, through, or at an through, or at an airport having an airport having an operational control operational control tower, provided tower; that person has— (8) At an altitude of more than 10,000 (1) Received and logged ground and feet MSL or 2,000 feet AGL, whichever flight training from an authorized in- is higher; structor on the following aeronautical (9) When the flight or surface visi- knowledge areas and areas of oper- bility is less than 3 statute miles; ation, as appropriate to the aircraft (10) Without visual reference to the rating held: surface; (i) The use of radios, communica- (11) On a flight outside the United tions, navigation system and facilities, States, unless authorized by the coun- and radar services. try in which the flight is conducted; (ii) Operations at airports with an op- (12) To demonstrate that aircraft in erating control tower to include three flight as an aircraft salesperson to a takeoffs and landings to a full stop, prospective buyer; with each landing involving a flight in (13) That is used in a passenger-car- the traffic pattern at an airport with rying airlift and sponsored by a chari- an operating control tower. table organization; and (iii) Applicable flight rules of part 91 (14) That is towing any object. of this chapter for operations in Class (f) A recreational pilot may not act B, C, and D airspace and air traffic con- as a pilot flight crewmember on any trol clearances; aircraft for which more than one pilot (2) Been found proficient in those is required by the type certificate of aeronautical knowledge areas and the aircraft or the regulations under areas of operation specified in para- which the flight is conducted, except graph (d)(1) of this section; and when: (3) Received from an authorized in- (1) Receiving flight training from a person authorized to provide flight structor a logbook endorsement, which training on board an airship; and is carried on the person’s possession or (2) No person other than a required readily accessible in the aircraft, that flight crewmember is carried on the certifies the person has received and aircraft. been found proficient in those aero- (g) A person who holds a recreational nautical knowledge areas and areas of pilot certificate, has logged fewer than operation specified in paragraph (d)(1) 400 flight hours, and has not logged of this section. pilot-in-command time in an aircraft (e) Except as provided in paragraphs within the 180 days preceding the flight (d) and (i) of this section, a rec- shall not act as pilot in command of an reational pilot may not act as pilot in aircraft until the pilot receives flight command of an aircraft— training and a logbook endorsement (1) That is certificated— from an authorized instructor, and the (i) For more than four occupants; instructor certifies that the person is (ii) With more than one powerplant; proficient to act as pilot in command

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of the aircraft. This requirement can erating rules for persons who hold be met in combination with the re- those certificates and ratings. quirements of §§ 61.56 and 61.57 of this part, at the discretion of the author- § 61.103 Eligibility requirements: Gen- ized instructor. eral. (h) A recreational pilot certificate To be eligible for a private pilot cer- issued under this subpart carries the tificate, a person must: notation, ‘‘Holder does not meet ICAO (a) Be at least 17 years of age for a requirements.’’ rating in other than a glider or bal- (i) For the purpose of obtaining addi- loon. tional certificates or ratings while (b) Be at least 16 years of age for a under the supervision of an authorized rating in a glider or balloon. instructor, a recreational pilot may fly (c) Be able to read, speak, write, and as the sole occupant of an aircraft: understand the English language. If the (1) For which the pilot does not hold applicant is unable to meet one of an appropriate category or class rat- these requirements due to medical rea- ing; sons, then the Administrator may (2) Within airspace that requires place such operating limitations on communication with air traffic con- that applicant’s pilot certificate as are trol; or necessary for the safe operation of the (3) Between sunset and sunrise, pro- aircraft. vided the flight or surface visibility is (d) Receive a logbook endorsement at least 5 statute miles. from an authorized instructor who: (j) In order to fly solo as provided in (1) Conducted the training or re- paragraph (i) of this section, the rec- viewed the person’s home study on the reational pilot must meet the appro- aeronautical knowledge areas listed in priate aeronautical knowledge and § 61.105(b) of this part that apply to the flight training requirements of § 61.87 aircraft rating sought; and for that aircraft. When operating an (2) Certified that the person is pre- aircraft under the conditions specified pared for the required knowledge test. in paragraph (i) of this section, the rec- (e) Pass the required knowledge test reational pilot shall carry the logbook on the aeronautical knowledge areas that has been endorsed for each flight listed in § 61.105(b) of this part. by an authorized instructor who: (f) Receive flight training and a log- book endorsement from an authorized (1) Has given the recreational pilot instructor who: training in the make and model of air- (1) Conducted the training in the craft in which the solo flight is to be areas of operation listed in § 61.107(b) of made; this part that apply to the aircraft rat- (2) Has found that the recreational ing sought; and pilot has met the applicable require- (2) Certified that the person is pre- ments of § 61.87; and pared for the required practical test. (3) Has found that the recreational (g) Meet the aeronautical experience pilot is competent to make solo flights requirements of this part that apply to in accordance with the logbook en- the aircraft rating sought before apply- dorsement. ing for the practical test. [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as (h) Pass a practical test on the areas amended by Amdt. 61–110, 69 FR 44868, July of operation listed in § 61.107(b) of this 27, 2004; Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42558, Aug. 21, part that apply to the aircraft rating 2009] sought. (i) Comply with the appropriate sec- Subpart E—Private Pilots tions of this part that apply to the air- craft category and class rating sought. § 61.102 Applicability. (j) Hold a U.S. student pilot certifi- This subpart prescribes the require- cate, sport pilot certificate, or rec- ments for the issuance of private pilot reational pilot certificate. certificates and ratings, the conditions [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as under which those certificates and rat- amended by Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42558, Aug. ings are necessary, and the general op- 21, 2009]

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§ 61.105 Aeronautical knowledge. § 61.107 Flight proficiency. (a) General. A person who is applying (a) General. A person who applies for for a private pilot certificate must re- a private pilot certificate must receive ceive and log ground training from an and log ground and flight training from authorized instructor or complete a an authorized instructor on the areas home-study course on the aeronautical of operation of this section that apply knowledge areas of paragraph (b) of to the aircraft category and class rat- this section that apply to the aircraft ing sought. category and class rating sought. (b) Areas of operation. (1) For an air- plane category rating with a single-en- (b) Aeronautical knowledge areas. (1) gine class rating: Applicable Federal Aviation Regula- (i) Preflight preparation; tions of this chapter that relate to pri- (ii) Preflight procedures; vate pilot privileges, limitations, and (iii) Airport and seaplane base oper- flight operations; ations; (2) Accident reporting requirements (iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go- of the National Transportation Safety arounds; Board; (v) Performance maneuvers; (3) Use of the applicable portions of (vi) Ground reference maneuvers; the ‘‘Aeronautical Information Manual’’ (vii) Navigation; and FAA advisory circulars; (viii) Slow flight and stalls; (4) Use of aeronautical charts for (ix) Basic instrument maneuvers; VFR navigation using pilotage, dead (x) Emergency operations; reckoning, and navigation systems; (xi) Night operations, except as pro- (5) Radio communication procedures; vided in § 61.110 of this part; and (6) Recognition of critical weather (xii) Postflight procedures. situations from the ground and in (2) For an airplane category rating flight, windshear avoidance, and the with a multiengine class rating: procurement and use of aeronautical (i) Preflight preparation; weather reports and forecasts; (ii) Preflight procedures; (7) Safe and efficient operation of air- (iii) Airport and seaplane base oper- craft, including collision avoidance, ations; and recognition and avoidance of wake (iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go- turbulence; arounds; (v) Performance maneuvers; (8) Effects of density altitude on (vi) Ground reference maneuvers; takeoff and climb performance; (vii) Navigation; (9) Weight and balance computations; (viii) Slow flight and stalls; (10) Principles of aerodynamics, pow- (ix) Basic instrument maneuvers; erplants, and aircraft systems; (x) Emergency operations; (11) Stall awareness, spin entry, (xi) Multiengine operations; spins, and spin recovery techniques for (xii) Night operations, except as pro- the airplane and glider category rat- vided in § 61.110 of this part; and ings; (xiii) Postflight procedures. (12) Aeronautical decision making (3) For a rotorcraft category rating and judgment; and with a helicopter class rating: (13) Preflight action that includes— (i) Preflight preparation; (i) How to obtain information on run- (ii) Preflight procedures; way lengths at airports of intended (iii) Airport and heliport operations; use, data on takeoff and landing dis- (iv) Hovering maneuvers; tances, weather reports and forecasts, (v) Takeoffs, landings, and go- and fuel requirements; and arounds; (ii) How to plan for alternatives if (vi) Performance maneuvers; (vii) Navigation; the planned flight cannot be completed (viii) Emergency operations; or delays are encountered. (ix) Night operations, except as pro- [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; vided in § 61.110 of this part; and Amdt. 61–103, 62 FR 40902, July 30, 1997] (x) Postflight procedures.

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(4) For a rotorcraft category rating (i) Preflight preparation; with a gyroplane class rating: (ii) Preflight procedures; (i) Preflight preparation; (iii) Airport operations; (ii) Preflight procedures; (iv) Launches and landings; (iii) Airport operations; (v) Performance maneuvers; (iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go- (vi) Navigation; arounds; (vii) Emergency operations; and (v) Performance maneuvers; (viii) Postflight procedures. (vi) Ground reference maneuvers; (9) For a powered parachute category (vii) Navigation; rating— (viii) Flight at slow airspeeds; (i) Preflight preparation; (ix) Emergency operations; (ii) Preflight procedures; (x) Night operations, except as pro- (iii) Airport and seaplane base oper- vided in § 61.110 of this part; and ations, as applicable; (xi) Postflight procedures. (iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go- (5) For a powered-lift category rat- arounds; ing: (v) Performance maneuvers; (i) Preflight preparation; (vi) Ground reference maneuvers; (ii) Preflight procedures; (vii) Navigation; (iii) Airport and heliport operations; (viii) Night operations, except as pro- (iv) Hovering maneuvers; vided in § 61.110; (v) Takeoffs, landings, and go- (ix) Emergency operations; and arounds; (x) Post-flight procedures. (vi) Performance maneuvers; (10) For a weight-shift-control air- (vii) Ground reference maneuvers; craft category rating— (viii) Navigation; (i) Preflight preparation; (ix) Slow flight and stalls; (ii) Preflight procedures; (x) Basic instrument maneuvers; (iii) Airport and seaplane base oper- (xi) Emergency operations; ations, as applicable; (xii) Night operations, except as pro- (iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go- vided in § 61.110 of this part; and arounds; (xiii) Postflight procedures. (v) Performance maneuvers; (6) For a glider category rating: (vi) Ground reference maneuvers; (i) Preflight preparation; (ii) Preflight procedures; (vii) Navigation; (iii) Airport and gliderport oper- (viii) Slow flight and stalls; ations; (ix) Night operations, except as pro- (iv) Launches and landings; vided in § 61.110; (v) Performance speeds; (x) Emergency operations; and (vi) Soaring techniques; (xi) Post-flight procedures. (vii) Performance maneuvers; [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as (viii) Navigation; amended by Amdt. 61–110, 69 FR 44868, July (ix) Slow flight and stalls; 27, 2004] (x) Emergency operations; and (xi) Postflight procedures. § 61.109 Aeronautical experience. (7) For a lighter-than-air category (a) For an airplane single-engine rat- rating with an airship class rating: ing. Except as provided in paragraph (i) Preflight preparation; (k) of this section, a person who applies (ii) Preflight procedures; for a private pilot certificate with an (iii) Airport operations; airplane category and single-engine (iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go- class rating must log at least 40 hours arounds; of flight time that includes at least 20 (v) Performance maneuvers; hours of flight training from an au- (vi) Ground reference maneuvers; thorized instructor and 10 hours of solo (vii) Navigation; flight training in the areas of operation (viii) Emergency operations; and listed in § 61.107(b)(1) of this part, and (ix) Postflight procedures. the training must include at least— (8) For a lighter-than-air category (1) 3 hours of cross-country flight rating with a balloon class rating: training in a single-engine airplane;

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(2) Except as provided in § 61.110 of (2) Except as provided in § 61.110 of this part, 3 hours of night flight train- this part, 3 hours of night flight train- ing in a single-engine airplane that in- ing in a multiengine airplane that in- cludes— cludes— (i) One cross-country flight of over (i) One cross-country flight of over 100 nautical miles total distance; and 100 nautical miles total distance; and (ii) 10 takeoffs and 10 landings to a (ii) 10 takeoffs and 10 landings to a full stop (with each landing involving a full stop (with each landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an air- flight in the traffic pattern) at an air- port. port. (3) 3 hours of flight training in a sin- (3) 3 hours of flight training in a mul- gle-engine airplane on the control and tiengine airplane on the control and maneuvering of an airplane solely by maneuvering of an airplane solely by reference to instruments, including reference to instruments, including straight and level flight, constant air- straight and level flight, constant air- speed climbs and descents, turns to a speed climbs and descents, turns to a heading, recovery from unusual flight heading, recovery from unusual flight attitudes, radio communications, and attitudes, radio communications, and the use of navigation systems/facilities the use of navigation systems/facilities and radar services appropriate to in- and radar services appropriate to in- strument flight; strument flight; (4) 3 hours of flight training with an (4) 3 hours of flight training with an authorized instructor in a single-en- authorized instructor in a multiengine gine airplane in preparation for the airplane in preparation for the prac- practical test, which must have been tical test, which must have been per- performed within the preceding 2 cal- formed within the preceding 2 calendar endar months from the month of the months from the month of the test; test; and and (5) 10 hours of solo flight time in a (5) 10 hours of solo flight time in an single-engine airplane, consisting of at airplane consisting of at least— least— (i) 5 hours of solo cross-country time; (i) 5 hours of solo cross-country time; (ii) One solo cross country flight of (ii) One solo cross country flight of 150 nautical miles total distance, with 150 nautical miles total distance, with full-stop landings at three points, and full-stop landings at three points, and one segment of the flight consisting of one segment of the flight consisting of a straight-line distance of more than 50 a straight-line distance of more than 50 nautical miles between the takeoff and nautical miles between the takeoff and landing locations; and landing locations; and (iii) Three takeoffs and three land- (iii) Three takeoffs and three land- ings to a full stop (with each landing ings to a full stop (with each landing involving a flight in the traffic pat- involving a flight in the traffic pat- tern) at an airport with an operating tern) at an airport with an operating control tower. control tower. (b) For an airplane multiengine rating. (c) For a helicopter rating. Except as Except as provided in paragraph (k) of provided in paragraph (k) of this sec- this section, a person who applies for a tion, a person who applies for a private private pilot certificate with an air- pilot certificate with rotorcraft cat- plane category and multiengine class egory and helicopter class rating must rating must log at least 40 hours of log at least 40 hours of flight time that flight time that includes at least 20 includes at least 20 hours of flight hours of flight training from an au- training from an authorized instructor thorized instructor and 10 hours of solo and 10 hours of solo flight training in flight training in the areas of operation the areas of operation listed in listed in § 61.107(b)(2) of this part, and § 61.107(b)(3) of this part, and the train- the training must include at least— ing must include at least— (1) 3 hours of cross-country flight (1) 3 hours of cross-country flight training in a multiengine airplane; training in a helicopter;

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(2) Except as provided in § 61.110 of (4) 10 hours of solo flight time in a this part, 3 hours of night flight train- gyroplane, consisting of at least— ing in a helicopter that includes— (i) 3 hours of cross-country time; (i) One cross-country flight of over 50 (ii) One solo cross country flight of nautical miles total distance; and 100 nautical miles total distance, with (ii) 10 takeoffs and 10 landings to a landings at three points, and one seg- full stop (with each landing involving a ment of the flight being a straight-line flight in the traffic pattern) at an air- distance of more than 25 nautical miles port. between the takeoff and landing loca- (3) 3 hours of flight training with an tions; and authorized instructor in a helicopter in (iii) Three takeoffs and three land- preparation for the practical test, ings to a full stop (with each landing which must have been performed with- involving a flight in the traffic pat- in the preceding 2 calendar months tern) at an airport with an operating from the month of the test; and control tower. (4) 10 hours of solo flight time in a (e) For a powered-lift rating. Except as helicopter, consisting of at least— provided in paragraph (k) of this sec- (i) 3 hours cross-country time; tion, a person who applies for a private (ii) One solo cross country flight of pilot certificate with a powered-lift 100 nautical miles total distance, with category rating must log at least 40 landings at three points, and one seg- hours of flight time that includes at ment of the flight being a straight-line least 20 hours of flight training from an distance of more than 25 nautical miles authorized instructor and 10 hours of between the takeoff and landing loca- solo flight training in the areas of op- tions; and eration listed in § 61.107(b)(5) of this (iii) Three takeoffs and three land- part, and the training must include at ings to a full stop (with each landing least— involving a flight in the traffic pat- (1) 3 hours of cross-country flight tern) at an airport with an operating training in a powered-lift; control tower. (2) Except as provided in § 61.110 of (d) For a gyroplane rating. Except as this part, 3 hours of night flight train- provided in paragraph (k) of this sec- ing in a powered-lift that includes— tion, a person who applies for a private (i) One cross-country flight of over pilot certificate with rotorcraft cat- 100 nautical miles total distance; and egory and gyroplane class rating must (ii) 10 takeoffs and 10 landings to a log at least 40 hours of flight time that full stop (with each landing involving a includes at least 20 hours of flight flight in the traffic pattern) at an air- training from an authorized instructor port. and 10 hours of solo flight training in (3) 3 hours of flight training in a pow- the areas of operation listed in ered-lift on the control and maneu- § 61.107(b)(4) of this part, and the train- vering of a powered-lift solely by ref- ing must include at least— erence to instruments, including (1) 3 hours of cross-country flight straight and level flight, constant air- training in a gyroplane; speed climbs and descents, turns to a (2) Except as provided in § 61.110 of heading, recovery from unusual flight this part, 3 hours of night flight train- attitudes, radio communications, and ing in a gyroplane that includes— the use of navigation systems/facilities (i) One cross-country flight of over 50 and radar services appropriate to in- nautical miles total distance; and strument flight; (ii) 10 takeoffs and 10 landings to a (4) 3 hours of flight training with an full stop (with each landing involving a authorized instructor in a powered-lift flight in the traffic pattern) at an air- in preparation for the practical test, port. which must have been performed with- (3) 3 hours of flight training with an in the preceding 2 calendar months authorized instructor in a gyroplane in from the month of the test; and preparation for the practical test, (5) 10 hours of solo flight time in an which must have been performed with- airplane or powered-lift consisting of in the preceding 2 calendar months at least— from the month of the test; and (i) 5 hours cross-country time;

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(ii) One solo cross country flight of (i) 3 hours of cross-country flight 150 nautical miles total distance, with training in an airship; full-stop landings at three points, and (ii) Except as provided in § 61.110 of one segment of the flight consisting of this part, 3 hours of night flight train- a straight-line distance of more than 50 ing in an airship that includes: nautical miles between the takeoff and (A) A cross-country flight of over 25 landing locations; and nautical miles total distance; and (iii) Three takeoffs and three land- (B) Five takeoffs and five landings to ings to a full stop (with each landing a full stop (with each landing involving involving a flight in the traffic pat- a flight in the traffic pattern) at an tern) at an airport with an operating airport. control tower. (2) 3 hours of flight training in an air- (f) For a glider category rating. (1) If ship on the control and maneuvering of the applicant for a private pilot certifi- an airship solely by reference to instru- cate with a glider category rating has ments, including straight and level not logged at least 40 hours of flight flight, constant airspeed climbs and de- time as a pilot in a heavier-than-air scents, turns to a heading, recovery aircraft, the applicant must log at from unusual flight attitudes, radio least 10 hours of flight time in a glider communications, and the use of navi- in the areas of operation listed in gation systems/facilities and radar § 61.107(b)(6) of this part, and that flight services appropriate to instrument time must include at least— flight; (i) 20 flights in a glider in the areas of (3) Three hours of flight training operations listed in § 61.107(b)(6) of this with an authorized instructor in an air- part, including at least 3 training ship in preparation for the practical flights with an authorized instructor in test within the preceding 2 calendar a glider in preparation for the practical months from the month of the test; test that must have been performed and within the preceding 2 calendar months (4) 5 hours performing the duties of from the month of the test; and pilot in command in an airship with an (ii) 2 hours of solo flight time in a authorized instructor. glider in the areas of operation listed (h) For a balloon rating. A person who in § 61.107(b)(6) of this part, with not applies for a private pilot certificate less than 10 launches and landings with a lighter-than-air category and being performed. balloon class rating must log at least (2) If the applicant has logged at 10 hours of flight training that includes least 40 hours of flight time in a heav- at least six training flights with an au- ier-than-air aircraft, the applicant thorized instructor in the areas of op- must log at least 3 hours of flight time eration listed in § 61.107(b)(8) of this in a glider in the areas of operation part, that includes— listed in § 61.107(b)(6) of this part, and (1) Gas balloon. If the training is that flight time must include at least— being performed in a gas balloon, at (i) 10 solo flights in a glider in the least two flights of 2 hours each that areas of operation listed in § 61.107(b)(6) consists of— of this part; and (i) At least one training flight with (ii) 3 training flights with an author- an authorized instructor in a gas bal- ized instructor in a glider in prepara- loon in preparation for the practical tion for the practical test that must test within the preceding 2 calendar have been performed within the pre- months from the month of the test; ceding 2 calendar months from the (ii) At least one flight performing the month of the test. duties of pilot in command in a gas bal- (g) For an airship rating. A person who loon with an authorized instructor; and applies for a private pilot certificate (iii) At least one flight involving a with a lighter-than-air category and controlled ascent to 3,000 feet above airship class rating must log at least: the launch site. (1) 25 hours of flight training in air- (2) Balloon with an airborne heater. If ships on the areas of operation listed in the training is being performed in a § 61.107(b)(7) of this part, which consists balloon with an airborne heater, at of at least: least—

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(i) At least two training flights of 1 vate pilot certificate with a weight- hour each with an authorized instruc- shift-control rating must log at least 40 tor in a balloon with an airborne heat- hours of flight time that includes at er in preparation for the practical test least 20 hours of flight training with an within the preceding 2 calendar months authorized instructor and 10 hours of from the month of the test; solo flight training in the areas of op- (ii) One solo flight in a balloon with eration listed in § 61.107(b)(10) and the an airborne heater; and training must include at least— (iii) At least one flight involving a (1) Three hours of cross-country controlled ascent to 2,000 feet above flight training in a weight-shift-con- the launch site. trol aircraft; (i) For a powered parachute rating. A (2) Except as provided in § 61.110, 3 person who applies for a private pilot hours of night flight training in a certificate with a powered parachute weight-shift-control aircraft that in- category rating must log at least 25 cludes— hours of flight time in a powered para- (i) One cross-country flight of over 75 chute that includes at least 10 hours of nautical miles total distance that in- flight training with an authorized in- cludes a point of landing that is a structor, including 30 takeoffs and straight-line distance of more than 50 landings, and 10 hours of solo flight nautical miles from the original point training in the areas of operation listed of departure; and in § 61.107 (b)(9) and the training must (ii) Ten takeoffs and landings (with include at least— each landing involving a flight in the (1) One hour of cross-country flight traffic pattern) at an airport; training in a powered parachute that (3) Three hours of flight training includes a 1-hour cross-country flight with an authorized instructor in a with a landing at an airport at least 25 weight-shift-control aircraft in prepa- nautical miles from the airport of de- ration for the practical test, which parture; must have been performed within the (2) Except as provided in § 61.110, 3 preceding 2 calendar months from the hours of night flight training in a pow- month of the test; ered parachute that includes 10 take- (4) Ten hours of solo flight time in a offs and landings (with each landing in- weight-shift-control aircraft, con- volving a flight in the traffic pattern) sisting of at least— at an airport; (i) Five hours of solo cross-country (3) Three hours of flight training time; and with an authorized instructor in a pow- (ii) One solo cross-country flight over ered parachute in preparation for the 100 nautical miles total distance, with practical test, which must have been landings at a minimum of three points, performed within the preceding 2 cal- and one segment of the flight being a endar months from the month of the straight line distance of at least 50 test; nautical miles between takeoff and (4) Three hours of solo flight time in landing locations; and a powered parachute, consisting of at (5) Three takeoffs and landings (with least— each landing involving a flight in the (i) One solo cross-country flight with traffic pattern) in an aircraft at an air- a landing at an airport at least 25 nau- port with an operating control tower. tical miles from the departure airport; (k) Permitted credit for use of a flight and simulator or flight training device. (1) Ex- (ii) Twenty solo takeoffs and land- cept as provided in paragraphs (k)(2) of ings to a full stop (with each landing this section, a maximum of 2.5 hours of involving a flight in a traffic pattern) training in a flight simulator or flight at an airport; and training device representing the cat- (5) Three takeoffs and landings (with egory, class, and type, if applicable, of each landing involving a flight in the aircraft appropriate to the rating traffic pattern) in an aircraft at an air- sought, may be credited toward the port with an operating control tower. flight training time required by this (j) For a weight-shift-control aircraft section, if received from an authorized rating. A person who applies for a pri- instructor.

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(2) A maximum of 5 hours of training (ii) Presents to an examiner a log- in a flight simulator or flight training book or training record endorsement device representing the category, class, from an authorized instructor that and type, if applicable, of aircraft ap- verifies accomplishment of the appro- propriate to the rating sought, may be priate night flight training require- credited toward the flight training ments of this subpart. time required by this section if the (c) A person who does not meet the training is accomplished in a course night flying requirements in conducted by a training center certifi- § 61.109(d)(2), (i)(2), or (j)(2) may be cated under part 142 of this chapter. issued a private pilot certificate with (3) Except when fewer hours are ap- the limitation ‘‘Night flying prohib- proved by the Administrator, an appli- ited.’’ This limitation may be removed cant for a private pilot certificate with by an examiner if the holder complies an airplane, rotorcraft, or powered-lift with the requirements of § 61.109(d)(2), rating, who has satisfactorily com- (i)(2), or (j)(2), as appropriate. pleted an approved private pilot course [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; conducted by a training center certifi- Amdt. 61–103, 62 FR 40904, July 30, 1997; cated under part 142 of this chapter, Amdt. 61–110, 69 FR 44869, July 27, 2004] need only have a total of 35 hours of aeronautical experience to meet the re- § 61.111 Cross-country flights: Pilots quirements of this section. based on small islands. [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 40902, July 30, 1997, as (a) Except as provided in paragraph amended by Amdt. 61–104, 63 FR 20287, Apr. (b) of this section, an applicant located 23, 1998; Amdt. 61–110, 69 FR 44868, July 27, on an island from which the cross- 2004; Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42558, Aug. 21, 2009; country flight training required in Amdt. 61–124A, 74 FR 53645, Oct. 20, 2009; § 61.109 of this part cannot be accom- Amdt. 61–125, 75 FR 5220, Feb. 1, 2010] plished without flying over water for more than 10 nautical miles from the § 61.110 Night flying exceptions. nearest shoreline need not comply with (a) Subject to the limitations of the requirements of that section. paragraph (b) of this section, a person (b) If other airports that permit civil is not required to comply with the operations are available to which a night flight training requirements of flight may be made without flying over this subpart if the person receives water for more than 10 nautical miles flight training in and resides in the from the nearest shoreline, the appli- State of Alaska. cant must show completion of two (b) A person who receives flight round-trip solo flights between those training in and resides in the State of two airports that are farthest apart, in- Alaska but does not meet the night cluding a landing at each airport on flight training requirements of this both flights. section: (c) An applicant who complies with (1) May be issued a pilot certificate paragraph (a) or paragraph (b) of this with a limitation ‘‘Night flying prohib- section, and meets all requirements for ited’’; and the issuance of a private pilot certifi- (2) Must comply with the appropriate cate, except the cross-country training night flight training requirements of requirements of § 61.109 of this part, this subpart within the 12-calendar- will be issued a pilot certificate with month period after the issuance of the an endorsement containing the fol- pilot certificate. At the end of that pe- lowing limitation, ‘‘Passenger carrying riod, the certificate will become in- prohibited on flights more than 10 nau- valid for use until the person complies tical miles from (the appropriate is- with the appropriate night training re- land).’’ The limitation may be subse- quirements of this subpart. The person quently amended to include another is- may have the ‘‘Night flying prohibited’’ land if the applicant complies with the limitation removed if the person— requirements of paragraph (b) of this (i) Accomplishes the appropriate section for another island. night flight training requirements of (d) Upon meeting the cross-country this subpart; and training requirements of § 61.109 of this

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part, the applicant may have the limi- (h) A private pilot may act as pilot in tation in paragraph (c) of this section command for the purpose of conducting removed. a production flight test in a light-sport aircraft intended for certification in [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61–103, 62 FR 40904, July 30, 1997] the light-sport category under § 21.190 of this chapter, provided that— § 61.113 Private pilot privileges and (1) The aircraft is a powered para- limitations: Pilot in command. chute or a weight-shift-control air- craft; (a) Except as provided in paragraphs (2) The person has at least 100 hours (b) through (h) of this section, no per- of pilot-in-command time in the cat- son who holds a private pilot certifi- egory and class of aircraft flown; and cate may act as pilot in command of an (3) The person is familiar with the aircraft that is carrying passengers or processes and procedures applicable to property for compensation or hire; nor the conduct of production flight test- may that person, for compensation or ing, to include operations conducted hire, act as pilot in command of an air- under a special and any craft. associated operating limitations. (b) A private pilot may, for com- pensation or hire, act as pilot in com- [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as mand of an aircraft in connection with amended by Amdt. 61–110, 69 FR 44869, July any business or employment if: 27, 2004; Amdt. 61–115, 72 FR 6910, Feb. 13, 2007; Amdt. 61–125, 75 FR 5220, Feb. 1, 2010] (1) The flight is only incidental to that business or employment; and § 61.115 Balloon rating: Limitations. (2) The aircraft does not carry pas- (a) If a person who applies for a pri- sengers or property for compensation vate pilot certificate with a balloon or hire. rating takes a practical test in a bal- (c) A private pilot may not pay less loon with an airborne heater: than the pro rata share of the oper- (1) The pilot certificate will contain ating expenses of a flight with pas- a limitation restricting the exercise of sengers, provided the expenses involve the privileges of that certificate to a only fuel, oil, airport expenditures, or balloon with an airborne heater; and rental fees. (2) The limitation may be removed (d) A private pilot may act as pilot in when the person obtains the required command of a charitable, nonprofit, or aeronautical experience in a gas bal- community event flight described in loon and receives a logbook endorse- § 91.146, if the sponsor and pilot comply ment from an authorized instructor with the requirements of § 91.146. who attests to the person’s accomplish- (e) A private pilot may be reimbursed ment of the required aeronautical ex- for aircraft operating expenses that are perience and ability to satisfactorily directly related to search and location operate a gas balloon. operations, provided the expenses in- (b) If a person who applies for a pri- volve only fuel, oil, airport expendi- vate pilot certificate with a balloon tures, or rental fees, and the operation rating takes a practical test in a gas is sanctioned and under the direction balloon: and control of: (1) The pilot certificate will contain (1) A local, State, or Federal agency; a limitation restricting the exercise of or the privilege of that certificate to a (2) An organization that conducts gas balloon; and search and location operations. (2) The limitation may be removed (f) A private pilot who is an aircraft when the person obtains the required salesman and who has at least 200 aeronautical experience in a balloon hours of logged flight time may dem- with an airborne heater and receives a onstrate an aircraft in flight to a pro- logbook endorsement from an author- spective buyer. ized instructor who attests to the per- (g) A private pilot who meets the re- son’s accomplishment of the required quirements of § 61.69 may act as a pilot aeronautical experience and ability to in command of an aircraft towing a satisfactorily operate a balloon with an glider or unpowered ultralight vehicle. airborne heater.

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§ 61.117 Private pilot privileges and (e) Receive the required training and limitations: Second in command of a logbook endorsement from an author- aircraft requiring more than one ized instructor who: pilot. (1) Conducted the training on the Except as provided in § 61.113 of this areas of operation listed in § 61.127(b) of part, no private pilot may, for com- this part that apply to the aircraft cat- pensation or hire, act as second in com- egory and class rating sought; and mand of an aircraft that is type certifi- (2) Certified that the person is pre- cated for more than one pilot, nor may pared for the required practical test. that pilot act as second in command of (f) Meet the aeronautical experience such an aircraft that is carrying pas- requirements of this subpart that apply sengers or property for compensation to the aircraft category and class rat- or hire. ing sought before applying for the prac- tical test; [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; (g) Pass the required practical test Amdt. 61–103, 62 FR 40904, July 30, 1997] on the areas of operation listed in § 61.118–61.120 [Reserved] § 61.127(b) of this part that apply to the aircraft category and class rating sought; Subpart F—Commercial Pilots (h) Hold at least a private pilot cer- tificate issued under this part or meet § 61.121 Applicability. the requirements of § 61.73; and This subpart prescribes the require- (i) Comply with the sections of this ments for the issuance of commercial part that apply to the aircraft category pilot certificates and ratings, the con- and class rating sought. ditions under which those certificates and ratings are necessary, and the gen- § 61.125 Aeronautical knowledge. eral operating rules for persons who (a) General. A person who applies for hold those certificates and ratings. a commercial pilot certificate must re- ceive and log ground training from an § 61.123 Eligibility requirements: Gen- authorized instructor, or complete a eral. home-study course, on the aeronautical To be eligible for a commercial pilot knowledge areas of paragraph (b) of certificate, a person must: this section that apply to the aircraft (a) Be at least 18 years of age; category and class rating sought. (b) Be able to read, speak, write, and (b) Aeronautical knowledge areas. (1) understand the English language. If the Applicable Federal Aviation Regula- applicant is unable to meet one of tions of this chapter that relate to these requirements due to medical rea- commercial pilot privileges, limita- sons, then the Administrator may tions, and flight operations; place such operating limitations on (2) Accident reporting requirements that applicant’s pilot certificate as are of the National Transportation Safety necessary for the safe operation of the Board; aircraft. (3) Basic aerodynamics and the prin- (c) Receive a logbook endorsement ciples of flight; from an authorized instructor who: (4) Meteorology to include recogni- (1) Conducted the required ground tion of critical weather situations, training or reviewed the person’s home windshear recognition and avoidance, study on the aeronautical knowledge and the use of aeronautical weather re- areas listed in § 61.125 of this part that ports and forecasts; apply to the aircraft category and class (5) Safe and efficient operation of air- rating sought; and craft; (2) Certified that the person is pre- (6) Weight and balance computations; pared for the required knowledge test (7) Use of performance charts; that applies to the aircraft category (8) Significance and effects of exceed- and class rating sought. ing aircraft performance limitations; (d) Pass the required knowledge test (9) Use of aeronautical charts and a on the aeronautical knowledge areas magnetic compass for pilotage and listed in § 61.125 of this part; dead reckoning;

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(10) Use of facilities; (iv) Hovering maneuvers; (11) Aeronautical decision making (v) Takeoffs, landings, and go- and judgment; arounds; (12) Principles and functions of air- (vi) Performance maneuvers; craft systems; (vii) Navigation; (13) Maneuvers, procedures, and (viii) Emergency operations; emergency operations appropriate to (ix) Special operations; and the aircraft; (x) Postflight procedures. (14) Night and high-altitude oper- (4) For a rotorcraft category rating ations; with a gyroplane class rating: (15) Procedures for operating within (i) Preflight preparation; the National Airspace System; and (ii) Preflight procedures; (16) Procedures for flight and ground (iii) Airport operations; training for lighter-than-air ratings. (iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go- arounds; § 61.127 Flight proficiency. (v) Performance maneuvers; (a) General. A person who applies for (vi) Ground reference maneuvers; a commercial pilot certificate must re- (vii) Navigation; ceive and log ground and flight train- (viii) Flight at slow airspeeds; ing from an authorized instructor on (ix) Emergency operations; and the areas of operation of this section (x) Postflight procedures. that apply to the aircraft category and (5) For a powered-lift category rat- class rating sought. ing: (b) Areas of operation. (1) For an air- (i) Preflight preparation; (ii) Preflight procedures; plane category rating with a single-en- (iii) Airport and heliport operations; gine class rating: (iv) Hovering maneuvers; (i) Preflight preparation; (v) Takeoffs, landings, and go- (ii) Preflight procedures; arounds; (iii) Airport and seaplane base oper- (vi) Performance maneuvers; ations; (vii) Navigation; (iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go- (viii) Slow flight and stalls; arounds; (ix) Emergency operations; (v) Performance maneuvers; (x) High-altitude operations; (vi) Ground reference maneuvers; (xi) Special operations; and (vii) Navigation; (xii) Postflight procedures. (viii) Slow flight and stalls; (6) For a glider category rating: (ix) Emergency operations; (i) Preflight preparation; (x) High-altitude operations; and (ii) Preflight procedures; (xi) Postflight procedures. (iii) Airport and gliderport oper- (2) For an airplane category rating ations; with a multiengine class rating: (iv) Launches and landings; (i) Preflight preparation; (v) Performance speeds; (ii) Preflight procedures; (vi) Soaring techniques; (iii) Airport and seaplane base oper- (vii) Performance maneuvers; ations; (viii) Navigation; (iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go- (ix) Slow flight and stalls; arounds; (x) Emergency operations; and (v) Performance maneuvers; (xi) Postflight procedures. (vi) Navigation; (7) For a lighter-than-air category (vii) Slow flight and stalls; rating with an airship class rating: (viii) Emergency operations; (i) Fundamentals of instructing; (ix) Multiengine operations; (ii) Technical subjects; (x) High-altitude operations; and (iii) Preflight preparation; (xi) Postflight procedures. (iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver (3) For a rotorcraft category rating to be performed in flight; with a helicopter class rating: (v) Preflight procedures; (i) Preflight preparation; (vi) Airport operations; (ii) Preflight procedures; (vii) Takeoffs, landings, and go- (iii) Airport and heliport operations; arounds;

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(viii) Performance maneuvers; (iii) One 2-hour cross country flight (ix) Navigation; in a single engine airplane in daytime (x) Emergency operations; and conditions that consists of a total (xi) Postflight procedures. straight-line distance of more than 100 (8) For a lighter-than-air category nautical miles from the original point rating with a balloon class rating: of departure; (i) Fundamentals of instructing; (iv) One 2-hour cross country flight (ii) Technical subjects; in a single engine airplane in night- (iii) Preflight preparation; time conditions that consists of a total (iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver straight-line distance of more than 100 to be performed in flight; nautical miles from the original point (v) Preflight procedures; of departure; and (vi) Airport operations; (v) Three hours in a single-engine air- (vii) Launches and landings; plane with an authorized instructor in (viii) Performance maneuvers; preparation for the practical test with- (ix) Navigation; in the preceding 2 calendar months (x) Emergency operations; and from the month of the test. (xi) Postflight procedures. (4) Ten hours of solo flight time in a [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as single engine airplane or 10 hours of amended by Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42558, Aug. flight time performing the duties of 21, 2009] pilot in command in a single engine airplane with an authorized instructor § 61.129 Aeronautical experience. on board (either of which may be cred- (a) For an airplane single-engine rat- ited towards the flight time require- ing. Except as provided in paragraph (i) ment under paragraph (a)(2) of this sec- of this section, a person who applies for tion), on the areas of operation listed a commercial pilot certificate with an under § 61.127(b)(1) that include— airplane category and single-engine (i) One cross-country flight of not class rating must log at least 250 hours less than 300 nautical miles total dis- of flight time as a pilot that consists of tance, with landings at a minimum of at least: three points, one of which is a straight- (1) 100 hours in powered aircraft, of line distance of at least 250 nautical which 50 hours must be in airplanes. miles from the original departure (2) 100 hours of pilot-in-command point. However, if this requirement is flight time, which includes at least— being met in Hawaii, the longest seg- (i) 50 hours in airplanes; and ment need only have a straight-line (ii) 50 hours in cross-country flight of distance of at least 150 nautical miles; which at least 10 hours must be in air- and planes. (ii) 5 hours in night VFR conditions (3) 20 hours of training on the areas with 10 takeoffs and 10 landings (with of operation listed in § 61.127(b)(1) of each landing involving a flight in the this part that includes at least— traffic pattern) at an airport with an (i) Ten hours of instrument training operating control tower. using a view-limiting device including (b) For an airplane multiengine rating. attitude instrument flying, partial Except as provided in paragraph (i) of panel skills, recovery from unusual this section, a person who applies for a flight attitudes, and intercepting and commercial pilot certificate with an tracking navigational systems. Five airplane category and multiengine hours of the 10 hours required on in- class rating must log at least 250 hours strument training must be in a single of flight time as a pilot that consists of engine airplane; at least: (ii) 10 hours of training in an airplane (1) 100 hours in powered aircraft, of that has a retractable landing gear, which 50 hours must be in airplanes. flaps, and a controllable pitch pro- (2) 100 hours of pilot-in-command peller, or is turbine-powered, or for an flight time, which includes at least— applicant seeking a single-engine sea- (i) 50 hours in airplanes; and plane rating, 10 hours of training in a (ii) 50 hours in cross-country flight of seaplane that has flaps and a control- which at least 10 hours must be in air- lable pitch propeller; planes.

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(3) 20 hours of training on the areas (ii) 5 hours in night VFR conditions of operation listed in § 61.127(b)(2) of with 10 takeoffs and 10 landings (with this part that includes at least— each landing involving a flight with a (i) Ten hours of instrument training traffic pattern) at an airport with an using a view-limiting device including operating control tower. attitude instrument flying, partial (c) For a helicopter rating. Except as panel skills, recovery from unusual provided in paragraph (i) of this sec- flight attitudes, and intercepting and tion, a person who applies for a com- tracking navigational systems. Five mercial pilot certificate with a rotor- hours of the 10 hours required on in- craft category and helicopter class rat- strument training must be in a multi- ing must log at least 150 hours of flight engine airplane; time as a pilot that consists of at least: (ii) 10 hours of training in a multien- (1) 100 hours in powered aircraft, of gine airplane that has a retractable which 50 hours must be in helicopters. landing gear, flaps, and controllable (2) 100 hours of pilot-in-command pitch propellers, or is turbine-powered, flight time, which includes at least— or for an applicant seeking a multien- (i) 35 hours in helicopters; and gine seaplane rating, 10 hours of train- (ii) 10 hours in cross-country flight in ing in a multiengine seaplane that has helicopters. flaps and a controllable pitch propeller; (3) 20 hours of training on the areas of operation listed in § 61.127(b)(3) of (iii) One 2-hour cross country flight this part that includes at least— in a multiengine airplane in daytime (i) Five hours on the control and ma- conditions that consists of a total neuvering of a helicopter solely by ref- straight-line distance of more than 100 erence to instruments using a view- nautical miles from the original point limiting device including attitude in- of departure; strument flying, partial panel skills, (iv) One 2-hour cross country flight recovery from unusual flight attitudes, in a multiengine airplane in nighttime and intercepting and tracking naviga- conditions that consists of a total tional systems. This aeronautical expe- straight-line distance of more than 100 rience may be performed in an aircraft, nautical miles from the original point flight simulator, flight training device, of departure; and or an aviation training device; (v) Three hours in a multiengine air- (ii) One 2-hour cross country flight in plane with an authorized instructor in a helicopter in daytime conditions that preparation for the practical test with- consists of a total straight-line dis- in the preceding 2 calendar months tance of more than 50 nautical miles from the month of the test. from the original point of departure; (4) 10 hours of solo flight time in a (iii) One 2-hour cross country flight multiengine airplane or 10 hours of in a helicopter in nighttime conditions flight time performing the duties of that consists of a total straight-line pilot in command in a multiengine air- distance of more than 50 nautical miles plane with an authorized instructor (ei- from the original point of departure; ther of which may be credited towards and the flight time requirement in para- (iv) Three hours in a helicopter with graph (b)(2) of this section), on the an authorized instructor in preparation areas of operation listed in § 61.127(b)(2) for the practical test within the pre- of this part that includes at least— ceding 2 calendar months from the (i) One cross-country flight of not month of the test. less than 300 nautical miles total dis- (4) Ten hours of solo flight time in a tance with landings at a minimum of helicopter or 10 hours of flight time three points, one of which is a straight- performing the duties of pilot in com- line distance of at least 250 nautical mand in a helicopter with an author- miles from the original departure ized instructor on board (either of point. However, if this requirement is which may be credited towards the being met in Hawaii, the longest seg- flight time requirement under para- ment need only have a straight-line graph (c)(2) of this section), on the distance of at least 150 nautical miles; areas of operation listed under and § 61.127(b)(3) that includes—

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(i) One cross-country flight with performing the duties of pilot in com- landings at a minimum of three points, mand in a gyroplane with an author- with one segment consisting of a ized instructor on board (either of straight-line distance of at least 50 which may be credited towards the nautical miles from the original point flight time requirement under para- of departure; and graph (d)(2) of this section), on the (ii) 5 hours in night VFR conditions areas of operation listed in § 61.127(b)(4) with 10 takeoffs and 10 landings (with that includes— each landing involving a flight in the (i) One cross-country flight with traffic pattern). landings at a minimum of three points, (d) For a gyroplane rating. A person with one segment consisting of a who applies for a commercial pilot cer- straight-line distance of at least 50 tificate with a rotorcraft category and nautical miles from the original point gyroplane class rating must log at of departure; and least 150 hours of flight time as a pilot (ii) 5 hours in night VFR conditions (of which 5 hours may have been ac- with 10 takeoffs and 10 landings (with complished in a flight simulator or each landing involving a flight in the flight training device that is represent- traffic pattern). ative of a gyroplane) that consists of at (e) For a powered-lift rating. Except as least: provided in paragraph (i) of this sec- (1) 100 hours in powered aircraft, of tion, a person who applies for a com- which 25 hours must be in gyroplanes. mercial pilot certificate with a pow- (2) 100 hours of pilot-in-command ered-lift category rating must log at flight time, which includes at least— least 250 hours of flight time as a pilot (i) 10 hours in gyroplanes; and that consists of at least: (ii) 3 hours in cross-country flight in (1) 100 hours in powered aircraft, of gyroplanes. which 50 hours must be in a powered- (3) 20 hours of training on the areas lift. of operation listed in § 61.127(b)(4) of (2) 100 hours of pilot-in-command this part that includes at least— flight time, which includes at least— (i) 2.5 hours on the control and ma- neuvering of a gyroplane solely by ref- (i) 50 hours in a powered-lift; and erence to instruments using a view- (ii) 50 hours in cross-country flight of limiting device including attitude in- which 10 hours must be in a powered- strument flying, partial panel skills, lift. recovery from unusual flight attitudes, (3) 20 hours of training on the areas and intercepting and tracking naviga- of operation listed in § 61.127(b)(5) of tional systems. This aeronautical expe- this part that includes at least— rience may be performed in an aircraft, (i) Ten hours of instrument training flight simulator, flight training device, using a view-limiting device including or an aviation training device; attitude instrument flying, partial (ii) One 2-hour cross country flight in panel skills, recovery from unusual a gyroplane in daytime conditions that flight attitudes, and intercepting and consists of a total straight-line dis- tracking navigational systems. Five tance of more than 50 nautical miles hours of the 10 hours required on in- from the original point of departure; strument training must be in a pow- (iii) Two hours of flight training dur- ered-lift; ing nighttime conditions in a gyro- (ii) One 2-hour cross country flight in plane at an airport, that includes 10 a powered-lift in daytime conditions takeoffs and 10 landings to a full stop that consists of a total straight-line (with each landing involving a flight in distance of more than 100 nautical the traffic pattern); and miles from the original point of depar- (iv) Three hours in a gyroplane with ture; an authorized instructor in preparation (iii) One 2-hour cross country flight for the practical test within the pre- in a powered-lift in nighttime condi- ceding 2 calendar months from the tions that consists of a total straight- month of the test. line distance of more than 100 nautical (4) Ten hours of solo flight time in a miles from the original point of depar- gyroplane or 10 hours of flight time ture; and

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(iv) 3 hours in a powered-lift with an (i) Three hours of flight training in a authorized instructor in preparation glider or 10 training flights in a glider for the practical test within the pre- with an authorized instructor on the ceding 2 calendar months from the areas of operation listed in § 61.127(b)(6) month of the test. of this part including at least 3 train- (4) Ten hours of solo flight time in a ing flights in a glider with an author- powered-lift or 10 hours of flight time ized instructor in preparation for the performing the duties of pilot in com- practical test within the preceding 2 mand in a powered-lift with an author- calendar months from the month of the ized instructor on board (either of test; and which may be credited towards the (ii) 5 solo flights in a glider on the flight time requirement under para- areas of operation listed in § 61.127(b)(6) graph (e)(2) of this section, on the areas of this part. of operation listed in § 61.127(b)(5) that (g) For an airship rating. A person who includes— applies for a commercial pilot certifi- (i) One cross-country flight of not cate with a lighter-than-air category less than 300 nautical miles total dis- and airship class rating must log at tance with landings at a minimum of least 200 hours of flight time as a pilot, three points, one of which is a straight- which includes at least the following line distance of at least 250 nautical hours: miles from the original departure (1) 50 hours in airships. point. However, if this requirement is (2) Thirty hours of pilot in command being met in Hawaii the longest seg- flight time in airships or performing ment need only have a straight-line the duties of pilot in command in an distance of at least 150 nautical miles; airship with an authorized instructor and aboard, which consists of— (ii) 5 hours in night VFR conditions (i) 10 hours of cross-country flight with 10 takeoffs and 10 landings (with time in airships; and each landing involving a flight in the (ii) 10 hours of night flight time in traffic pattern) at an airport with an airships. operating control tower. (3) Forty hours of instrument time to (f) For a glider rating. A person who include— applies for a commercial pilot certifi- cate with a glider category rating must (i) Instrument training using a view- log at least— limiting device for attitude instrument flying, partial panel skills, recovery (1) 25 hours of flight time as a pilot in a glider and that flight time must in- from unusual flight attitudes, and clude at least 100 flights in a glider as intercepting and tracking navigational pilot in command, including at least— systems; and (i) Three hours of flight training in a (ii) Twenty hours of instrument glider with an authorized instructor or flight time, of which 10 hours must be 10 training flights in a glider with an in flight in airships. authorized instructor on the areas of (4) 20 hours of flight training in air- operation listed in § 61.127(b)(6) of this ships on the areas of operation listed in part, including at least 3 training § 61.127(b)(7) of this part, which includes flights in a glider with an authorized at least— instructor in preparation for the prac- (i) Three hours in an airship with an tical test within the preceding 2 cal- authorized instructor in preparation endar months from the month of the for the practical test within the pre- test; and ceding 2 calendar months from the (ii) 2 hours of solo flight that include month of the test; not less than 10 solo flights in a glider (ii) One hour cross country flight in on the areas of operation listed in an airship in daytime conditions that § 61.127(b)(6) of this part; or consists of a total straight-line dis- (2) 200 hours of flight time as a pilot tance of more than 25 nautical miles in heavier-than-air aircraft and at from the point of departure; and least 20 flights in a glider as pilot in (iii) One hour cross country flight in command, including at least— an airship in nighttime conditions that

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consists of a total straight-line dis- (B) Two solo flights in a balloon with tance of more than 25 nautical miles an airborne heater on the appropriate from the point of departure. areas of operation; and (5) 10 hours of flight training per- (C) One flight involving a controlled forming the duties of pilot in command ascent to 3,000 feet above the launch with an authorized instructor on the site. areas of operation listed in § 61.127(b)(7) (i) Permitted credit for use of a flight of this part, which includes at least— simulator or flight training device. (1) Ex- (i) One cross-country flight with cept as provided in paragraph (i)(2) of landings at a minimum of three points, this section, an applicant who has not with one segment consisting of a accomplished the training required by straight-line distance of at least 25 this section in a course conducted by a nautical miles from the original point training center certificated under part of departure; and 142 of this chapter may: (ii) 5 hours in night VFR conditions (i) Credit a maximum of 50 hours to- with 10 takeoffs and 10 landings (with ward the total aeronautical experience each landing involving a flight in the requirements for an airplane or pow- traffic pattern). ered-lift rating, provided the aero- (h) For a balloon rating. A person who nautical experience was obtained from applies for a commercial pilot certifi- an authorized instructor in a flight cate with a lighter-than-air category simulator or flight training device that and a balloon class rating must log at represents that class of airplane or least 35 hours of flight time as a pilot, powered-lift category and type, if ap- which includes at least the following plicable, appropriate to the rating requirements: sought; and (1) 20 hours in balloons; (ii) Credit a maximum of 25 hours to- (2) 10 flights in balloons; ward the total aeronautical experience requirements of this section for a heli- (3) Two flights in balloons as the copter rating, provided the aero- pilot in command; and nautical experience was obtained from (4) 10 hours of flight training that in- an authorized instructor in a flight cludes at least 10 training flights with simulator or flight training device that an authorized instructor in balloons on represents a helicopter and type, if ap- the areas of operation listed in plicable, appropriate to the rating § 61.127(b)(8) of this part, which consists sought. of at least— (2) An applicant who has accom- (i) For a gas balloon— plished the training required by this (A) Two training flights of 2 hours section in a course conducted by a each in a gas balloon with an author- training center certificated under part ized instructor in preparation for the 142 of this chapter may: practical test within the preceding 2 (i) Credit a maximum of 100 hours to- calendar months from the month of the ward the total aeronautical experience test; requirements of this section for an air- (B) 2 flights performing the duties of plane and powered-lift rating, provided pilot in command in a gas balloon with the aeronautical experience was ob- an authorized instructor on the appro- tained from an authorized instructor in priate areas of operation; and a flight simulator or flight training de- (C) One flight involving a controlled vice that represents that class of air- ascent to 5,000 feet above the launch plane or powered-lift category and site. type, if applicable, appropriate to the (ii) For a balloon with an airborne rating sought; and heater— (ii) Credit a maximum of 50 hours to- (A) Two training flights of 1 hour ward the total aeronautical experience each in a balloon with an airborne requirements of this section for a heli- heater with an authorized instructor in copter rating, provided the aero- preparation for the practical test with- nautical experience was obtained from in the preceding 2 calendar months an authorized instructor in a flight from the month of the test; simulator or flight training device that

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represents a helicopter and type, if ap- verifies accomplishment of the appro- plicable, appropriate to the rating priate night flight training require- sought. ments of this subpart. (3) Except when fewer hours are ap- [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; proved by the FAA, an applicant for Amdt. 61–103, 62 FR 40905, July 30, 1997] the commercial pilot certificate with the airplane or powered-lift rating who § 61.133 Commercial pilot privileges has completed 190 hours of aero- and limitations. nautical experience is considered to (a) Privileges—(1) General. A person have met the total aeronautical experi- who holds a commercial pilot certifi- ence requirements of this section, pro- cate may act as pilot in command of an vided the applicant satisfactorily com- aircraft— pleted an approved commercial pilot (i) Carrying persons or property for course under part 142 of this chapter compensation or hire, provided the per- and the approved course was appro- son is qualified in accordance with this priate to the commercial pilot certifi- part and with the applicable parts of cate and aircraft rating sought. this chapter that apply to the oper- [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; ation; and Amdt. 61–101, 62 FR 16892, Apr. 8, 1997; Amdt. (ii) For compensation or hire, pro- 61–103, 62 FR 40904, July 30, 1997; Amdt. 61– vided the person is qualified in accord- 104, 63 FR 20288, Apr. 23, 1998; Amdt. 61–124, 74 ance with this part and with the appli- FR 42558, Aug. 21, 2009; Amdt. 61–124A, 74 FR cable parts of this chapter that apply 53645, Oct. 20, 2009] to the operation. (2) Commercial pilots with lighter-than- § 61.131 Exceptions to the night flying air category ratings. A person with a requirements. commercial pilot certificate with a (a) Subject to the limitations of lighter-than-air category rating may— paragraph (b) of this section, a person (i) For an airship—(A) Give flight and is not required to comply with the ground training in an airship for the night flight training requirements of issuance of a certificate or rating; this subpart if the person receives (B) Give an endorsement for a pilot flight training in and resides in the certificate with an airship rating; State of Alaska. (C) Endorse a student pilot certifi- (b) A person who receives flight cate or logbook for solo operating training in and resides in the State of privileges in an airship; Alaska but does not meet the night (D) Act as pilot in command of an flight training requirements of this airship under IFR or in weather condi- section: tions less than the minimum pre- (1) May be issued a pilot certificate scribed for VFR flight; and with the limitation ‘‘night flying pro- (E) Give flight and ground training hibited.’’ and endorsements that are required for (2) Must comply with the appropriate a flight review, an operating privilege night flight training requirements of or recency-of-experience requirements this subpart within the 12-calendar- of this part. month period after the issuance of the (ii) For a balloon—(A) Give flight and pilot certificate. At the end of that pe- ground training in a balloon for the riod, the certificate will become in- issuance of a certificate or rating; valid for use until the person complies (B) Give an endorsement for a pilot with the appropriate night flight train- certificate with a balloon rating; ing requirements of this subpart. The (C) Endorse a student pilot certifi- person may have the ‘‘night flying pro- cate or logbook for solo operating hibited’’ limitation removed if the per- privileges in a balloon; and son— (D) Give ground and flight training (i) Accomplishes the appropriate and endorsements that are required for night flight training requirements of a flight review, an operating privilege, this subpart; and or recency-of-experience requirements (ii) Presents to an examiner a log- of this part. book or training record endorsement (b) Limitations. (1) A person who ap- from an authorized instructor that plies for a commercial pilot certificate

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with an airplane category or powered- §§ 61.135–61.141 [Reserved] lift category rating and does not hold an instrument rating in the same cat- Subpart G—Airline Transport Pilots egory and class will be issued a com- mercial pilot certificate that contains § 61.151 Applicability. the limitation, ‘‘The carriage of pas- This subpart prescribes the require- sengers for hire in (airplanes) (pow- ments for the issuance of airline trans- ered-lifts) on cross-country flights in port pilot certificates and ratings, the excess of 50 nautical miles or at night conditions under which those certifi- is prohibited.’’ The limitation may be cates and ratings are necessary, and removed when the person satisfactorily the general operating rules for persons accomplishes the requirements listed who hold those certificates and ratings. in § 61.65 of this part for an instrument § 61.153 Eligibility requirements: Gen- rating in the same category and class eral. of aircraft listed on the person’s com- mercial pilot certificate. To be eligible for an airline transport pilot certificate, a person must: (2) If a person who applies for a com- (a) Be at least 23 years of age; mercial pilot certificate with a balloon (b) Be able to read, speak, write, and rating takes a practical test in a bal- understand the English language. If the loon with an airborne heater— applicant is unable to meet one of (i) The pilot certificate will contain a these requirements due to medical rea- limitation restricting the exercise of sons, then the Administrator may the privileges of that certificate to a place such operating limitations on balloon with an airborne heater. that applicant’s pilot certificate as are (ii) The limitation specified in para- necessary for the safe operation of the graph (b)(2)(i) of this section may be aircraft; removed when the person obtains the (c) Be of good moral character; required aeronautical experience in a (d) Meet at least one of the following gas balloon and receives a logbook en- requirements: dorsement from an authorized instruc- (1) Holds a commercial pilot certifi- tor who attests to the person’s accom- cate with an instrument rating issued plishment of the required aeronautical under this part; experience and ability to satisfactorily (2) Meet the military experience re- quirements under § 61.73 of this part to operate a gas balloon. qualify for a commercial pilot certifi- (3) If a person who applies for a com- cate, and an instrument rating if the mercial pilot certificate with a balloon person is a rated military pilot or rating takes a practical test in a gas former rated military pilot of an balloon— Armed Force of the United States; or (i) The pilot certificate will contain a (3) Holds either a foreign airline limitation restricting the exercise of transport pilot license with instrument the privileges of that certificate to a privileges, or a foreign commercial gas balloon. pilot license with an instrument rat- (ii) The limitation specified in para- ing, that— graph (b)(3)(i) of this section may be (i) Was issued by a contracting State removed when the person obtains the to the Convention on International required aeronautical experience in a Civil Aviation; and balloon with an airborne heater and re- (ii) Contains no geographical limita- ceives a logbook endorsement from an tions. authorized instructor who attests to (e) Meet the aeronautical experience the person’s accomplishment of the re- requirements of this subpart that apply to the aircraft category and class rat- quired aeronautical experience and ing sought before applying for the prac- ability to satisfactorily operate a bal- tical test; loon with an airborne heater. (f) Pass a knowledge test on the aero- [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; nautical knowledge areas of § 61.155(c) Amdt. 61–103, 62 FR 40905, July 30, 1997] of this part that apply to the aircraft category and class rating sought;

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(g) Pass the practical test on the (10) Aerodynamics relating to an air- areas of operation listed in § 61.157(e) of craft’s flight characteristics and per- this part that apply to the aircraft cat- formance in normal and abnormal egory and class rating sought; and flight regimes; (h) Comply with the sections of this (11) Human factors; subpart that apply to the aircraft cat- (12) Aeronautical decision making egory and class rating sought. and judgment; and (13) Crew resource management to in- [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61–103, 62 FR 40905, July 30, 1997; clude crew communication and coordi- Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42559, Aug. 21, 2009] nation.

§ 61.155 Aeronautical knowledge. § 61.157 Flight proficiency. (a) General. The knowledge test for (a) General. (1) The practical test for an airline transport pilot certificate is an airline transport pilot certificate is based on the aeronautical knowledge given for— areas listed in paragraph (c) of this sec- (i) An airplane category and single tion that are appropriate to the air- engine class rating. craft category and class rating sought. (ii) An airplane category and multi- (b) Aircraft type rating. A person who engine class rating. is applying for an additional aircraft (iii) A rotorcraft category and heli- type rating to be added to an airline copter class rating. transport pilot certificate is not re- (iv) A powered-lift category rating. quired to pass a knowledge test if that (v) An aircraft type rating. person’s airline transport pilot certifi- (2) A person who is applying for an cate lists the aircraft category and airline transport pilot practical test class rating that is appropriate to the must meet— type rating sought. (i) The eligibility requirements of (c) Aeronautical knowledge areas. (1) § 61.153; and Applicable Federal Aviation Regula- (ii) The aeronautical knowledge and tions of this chapter that relate to air- aeronautical experience requirements line transport pilot privileges, limita- of this subpart that apply to the air- tions, and flight operations; craft category and class rating sought. (2) Meteorology, including knowledge (b) Aircraft type rating. Except as pro- of and effects of fronts, frontal charac- vided in paragraph (c) of this section, a teristics, cloud formations, icing, and person who applies for an aircraft type upper-air data; rating to be added to an airline trans- (3) General system of weather and port pilot certificate or applies for a NOTAM collection, dissemination, in- type rating to be concurrently com- terpretation, and use; pleted with an airline transport pilot (4) Interpretation and use of weather certificate: charts, maps, forecasts, sequence re- (1) Must receive and log ground and ports, abbreviations, and symbols; flight training from an authorized in- (5) National Weather Service func- structor on the areas of operation tions as they pertain to operations in under this section that apply to the the National Airspace System; aircraft type rating; (6) Windshear and microburst aware- (2) Must receive a logbook endorse- ness, identification, and avoidance; ment from an authorized instructor (7) Principles of air navigation under that certifies the applicant completed instrument meteorological conditions the training on the areas of operation in the National Airspace System; listed under paragraph (e) of this sec- (8) Air traffic control procedures and tion that apply to the aircraft type rat- pilot responsibilities as they relate to ing; and en route operations, terminal area and (3) Must perform the practical test in radar operations, and instrument de- actual or simulated instrument condi- parture and approach procedures; tions, except as provided under para- (9) Aircraft loading, weight and bal- graph (g) of this section. ance, use of charts, graphs, tables, for- (c) Exceptions. A person who applies mulas, and computations, and their ef- for an aircraft type rating to be added fect on aircraft performance; to an airline transport pilot certificate

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or an aircraft type rating concurrently (vii) Normal and abnormal proce- with an airline transport pilot certifi- dures; cate, and who is an employee of a cer- (viii) Emergency procedures; and tificate holder operating under part 121 (ix) Postflight procedures. or part 135 of this chapter, does not (4) For a rotorcraft category—heli- need to comply with the requirements copter class rating: of paragraph (b) of this section if the (i) Preflight preparation; applicant presents a training record (ii) Preflight procedures; that shows completion of that certifi- (iii) Takeoff and departure phase; cate holder’s approved pilot in com- (iv) In-flight maneuvers; mand training program for the aircraft (v) Instrument procedures; type rating. (vi) Landings and approaches to land- (d) Upgrading type ratings. Any type ings; rating(s) and limitations on a pilot cer- (vii) Normal and abnormal proce- tificate of an applicant who completes dures; an airline transport pilot practical test (viii) Emergency procedures; and will be included at the airline trans- (ix) Postflight procedures. port pilot certification level, provided (f) Proficiency and competency checks the applicant passes the practical test conducted under part 121, part 135, or in the same category and class of air- subpart K of part 91. (1) Successful com- craft for which the applicant holds the pletion of any of the following checks type rating(s). satisfies the flight proficiency require- (e) Areas of operation. (1) For an air- ments of this section for the issuance plane category—single engine class rat- of an airline transport pilot certificate ing: and/or the appropriate aircraft rating: (i) Preflight preparation; (i) A proficiency check under § 121.441 (ii) Preflight procedures; of this chapter. (iii) Takeoff and departure phase; (ii) Both a competency check under (iv) In-flight maneuvers; § 135.293(a)(2) and § 135.293(b) of this (v) Instrument procedures; chapter and pilot-in-command instru- (vi) Landings and approaches to land- ment proficiency check under § 135.297 ings; of this chapter. (vii) Normal and abnormal proce- (iii) Both a competency check under dures; § 91.1065 of this chapter and a pilot-in- (viii) Emergency procedures; and command instrument proficiency (ix) Postflight procedures. check under § 91.1069 of this chapter. (2) The checks specified in paragraph (2) For an airplane category—multi- (f)(1) of this section must be conducted engine class rating: by one of the following: (i) Preflight preparation; (i) An FAA Aviation Safety Inspec- (ii) Preflight procedures; tor. (iii) Takeoff and departure phase; (ii) An Aircrew Program Designee (iv) In-flight maneuvers; who is authorized to perform pro- (v) Instrument procedures; ficiency and/or competency checks for (vi) Landings and approaches to land- the air carrier whose approved training ings; program has been satisfactorily com- (vii) Normal and abnormal proce- pleted by the pilot applicant. dures; (iii) A Training Center Evaluator (viii) Emergency procedures; and with appropriate certification author- (ix) Postflight procedures. ity who is also authorized to perform (3) For a powered-lift category rat- the portions of the competency and/or ing: proficiency checks required by para- (i) Preflight preparation; graph (f)(1) of this section for the air (ii) Preflight procedures; carrier whose approved training pro- (iii) Takeoff and departure phase; gram has been satisfactorily completed (iv) In-flight maneuvers; by the pilot applicant. (v) Instrument procedures; (g) Aircraft not capable of instrument (vi) Landings and approaches to land- maneuvers and procedures. An applicant ings; may add a type rating to an airline

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transport pilot certificate with an air- § 61.158 [Reserved] craft that is not capable of the instru- ment maneuvers and procedures re- § 61.159 Aeronautical experience: Air- quired on the practical test under the plane category rating. following circumstances— (a) Except as provided in paragraphs (1) The rating is limited to ‘‘VFR (b), (c), and (d) of this section, a person only.’’ who is applying for an airline transport (2) The type rating is added to an air- pilot certificate with an airplane cat- line transport pilot certificate that has egory and class rating must have at instrument privileges in that category least 1,500 hours of total time as a pilot and class of aircraft. that includes at least: (3) The ‘‘VFR only’’ limitation may be (1) 500 hours of cross-country flight removed for that aircraft type after the time. applicant: (2) 100 hours of night flight time. (i) Passes a practical test in that (3) 75 hours of instrument flight time, type of aircraft on the appropriate in- in actual or simulated instrument con- strument maneuvers and procedures in ditions, subject to the following: § 61.157; or (i) Except as provided in paragraph (a)(3)(ii) of this section, an applicant (ii) Becomes qualified in § 61.73(d) for may not receive credit for more than a that type of aircraft. total of 25 hours of simulated instru- (h) Multiengine airplane with a single- ment time in a flight simulator or pilot station. An applicant for a type flight training device. rating, at the ATP certification level, (ii) A maximum of 50 hours of train- in a multiengine airplane with a sin- ing in a flight simulator or flight train- gle-pilot station must perform the ing device may be credited toward the practical test in the multi-seat version instrument flight time requirements of of that airplane. The practical test paragraph (a)(3) of this section if the may be performed in the single-seat training was accomplished in a course version of that airplane if the Exam- conducted by a training center certifi- iner is in a position to observe the ap- cated under part 142 of this chapter. plicant during the practical test in the (iii) Training in a flight simulator or case where there is no multi-seat flight training device must be accom- version of that multiengine airplane. plished in a flight simulator or flight (i) Single engine airplane with a single- training device, representing an air- pilot station. An applicant for a type plane. rating, at the ATP certification level, (4) 250 hours of flight time in an air- in a single engine airplane with a sin- plane as a pilot in command, or as sec- gle-pilot station must perform the ond in command performing the duties practical test in the multi-seat version of pilot in command while under the of that single engine airplane. The supervision of a pilot in command, or practical test may be performed in the any combination thereof, which in- single-seat version of that airplane if cludes at least— the Examiner is in a position to ob- (i) 100 hours of cross-country flight serve the applicant during the prac- time; and tical test in the case where there is no (ii) 25 hours of night flight time. multi-seat version of that single engine (5) Not more than 100 hours of the airplane. total aeronautical experience require- ments of paragraph (a) of this section (j) Waiver authority. An Examiner may be obtained in a flight simulator who conducts a practical test may or flight training device that rep- waive any task for which the FAA has resents an airplane, provided the aero- provided waiver authority. nautical experience was obtained in an [Doc. No. FAA–2006–26661, 74 FR 42560, Aug. approved course conducted by a train- 21, 2009; Amdt. 61–124A, 74 FR 53647, Oct. 20, ing center certificated under part 142 of 2009] this chapter. (b) A person who has performed at least 20 night takeoffs and landings to

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a full stop may substitute each addi- (d) An applicant is issued an airline tional night takeoff and landing to a transport pilot certificate with the full stop for 1 hour of night flight time limitation, ‘‘Holder does not meet the to satisfy the requirements of para- pilot in command aeronautical experi- graph (a)(2) of this section; however, ence requirements of ICAO,’’ as pre- not more than 25 hours of night flight scribed under Article 39 of the Conven- time may be credited in this manner. tion on International Civil Aviation, if (c) A commercial pilot may credit the applicant does not meet the ICAO the following second-in-command requirements contained in Annex 1 flight time or flight-engineer flight ‘‘Personnel Licensing’’ to the Conven- time toward the 1,500 hours of total tion on International Civil Aviation, time as a pilot required by paragraph but otherwise meets the aeronautical (a) of this section: experience requirements of this sec- (1) Second-in-command time, pro- tion. vided the time is acquired in an air- (e) An applicant is entitled to an air- plane— (i) Required to have more than one line transport pilot certificate without pilot flight crewmember by the air- the ICAO limitation specified under plane’s flight manual, type certificate, paragraph (d) of this section when the or the regulations under which the applicant presents satisfactory evi- flight is being conducted; dence of having met the ICAO require- (ii) Engaged in operations under sub- ments under paragraph (d) of this sec- part K of part 91, part 121, or part 135 of tion and otherwise meets the aero- this chapter for which a second in com- nautical experience requirements of mand is required; or this section. (iii) That is required by the operating [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; rules of this chapter to have more than Amdt. 61–103, 62 FR 40906, July 30, 1997; one pilot flight crewmember. Amdt. 61–104, 63 FR 20288, Apr. 23, 1998; Amdt. (2) Flight-engineer time, provided the 61–109, 68 FR 54560, Sept. 17, 2003; Amdt. 61– time— 124, 74 FR 42561, Aug. 21, 2009] (i) Is acquired in an airplane required to have a flight engineer by the air- § 61.161 Aeronautical experience: plane’s flight manual or type certifi- Rotorcraft category and helicopter cate; class rating. (ii) Is acquired while engaged in oper- (a) A person who is applying for an ations under part 121 of this chapter for airline transport pilot certificate with which a flight engineer is required; a rotorcraft category and helicopter (iii) Is acquired while the person is class rating, must have at least 1,200 participating in a pilot training pro- hours of total time as a pilot that in- gram approved under part 121 of this cludes at least: chapter; and (1) 500 hours of cross-country flight (iv) Does not exceed more than 1 hour time; for each 3 hours of flight engineer (2) 100 hours of night flight time, of flight time for a total credited time of no more than 500 hours. which 15 hours are in helicopters; (3) Flight-engineer time, provided the (3) 200 hours of flight time in heli- flight time— copters, which includes at least 75 (i) Is acquired as a U.S. Armed hours as a pilot in command, or as sec- Forces’ flight engineer crewmember in ond in command performing the duties an airplane that requires a flight engi- of a pilot in command under the super- neer crewmember by the flight manual; vision of a pilot in command, or any (ii) Is acquired while the person is combination thereof; and participating in a flight engineer crew- (4) 75 hours of instrument flight time member training program for the U.S. in actual or simulated instrument me- Armed Forces; and teorological conditions, of which at (iii) Does not exceed 1 hour for each least 50 hours are obtained in flight 3 hours of flight engineer flight time with at least 25 hours in helicopters as for a total credited time of no more a pilot in command, or as second in than 500 hours. command performing the duties of a

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pilot in command under the super- ment time in a flight simulator or vision of a pilot in command, or any flight training device. combination thereof. (ii) A maximum of 50 hours of train- (b) Training in a flight simulator or ing in a flight simulator or flight train- flight training device may be credited ing device may be credited toward the toward the instrument flight time re- instrument flight time requirements of quirements of paragraph (a)(4) of this paragraph (a)(4) of this section if the section, subject to the following: training was accomplished in a course (1) Training in a flight simulator or a conducted by a training center certifi- flight training device must be accom- cated under part 142 of this chapter. plished in a flight simulator or flight (iii) Training in a flight simulator or training device that represents a rotor- flight training device must be accom- craft. plished in a flight simulator or flight (2) Except as provided in paragraph training device that represents a pow- (b)(3) of this section, an applicant may ered-lift. receive credit for not more than a total (b) Not more than 100 hours of the of 25 hours of simulated instrument total aeronautical experience require- time in a flight simulator and flight ments of paragraph (a) of this section training device. may be obtained in a flight simulator (3) A maximum of 50 hours of train- or flight training device that rep- ing in a flight simulator or flight train- resents a powered-lift, provided the ing device may be credited toward the aeronautical experience was obtained instrument flight time requirements of in an approved course conducted by a paragraph (a)(4) of this section if the training center certificated under part aeronautical experience is accom- 142 of this chapter. plished in an approved course con- ducted by a training center certificated [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; under part 142 of this chapter. Amdt. 61–103, 62 FR 40906, July 30, 1997; Amdt. 61–104, 63 FR 20289, Apr. 23, 1998] [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61–103, 62 FR 40906, July 30, 1997; § 61.165 Additional aircraft category Amdt. 61–104, 63 FR 20289, Apr. 23, 1998] and class ratings. § 61.163 Aeronautical experience: Pow- (a) Rotorcraft category and helicopter ered-lift category rating. class rating. A person applying for an airline transport certificate with a (a) A person who is applying for an rotorcraft category and helicopter airline transport pilot certificate with class rating who holds an airline trans- a powered-lift category rating must port pilot certificate with another air- have at least 1,500 hours of total time craft category rating must: as a pilot that includes at least: (1) 500 hours of cross-country flight (1) Meet the eligibility requirements time; of § 61.153 of this part; (2) 100 hours of night flight time; (2) Pass a knowledge test on the aero- (3) 250 hours in a powered-lift as a nautical knowledge areas of § 61.155(c) pilot in command, or as a second in of this part; command performing the duties of a (3) Comply with the requirements in pilot in command under the super- § 61.157(b) of this part, if appropriate; vision of a pilot in command, or any (4) Meet the applicable aeronautical combination thereof, which includes at experience requirements of § 61.161 of least— this part; and (i) 100 hours of cross-country flight (5) Pass the practical test on the time; and areas of operation of § 61.157(e)(4) of (ii) 25 hours of night flight time. this part. (4) 75 hours of instrument flight time (b) Airplane category rating with a sin- in actual or simulated instrument con- gle-engine class rating. A person apply- ditions, subject to the following: ing for an airline transport certificate (i) Except as provided in paragraph with an airplane category and single- (a)(4)(ii) of this section, an applicant engine class rating who holds an air- may not receive credit for more than a line transport pilot certificate with an- total of 25 hours of simulated instru- other aircraft category rating must:

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(1) Meet the eligibility requirements (1) Meet the eligibility requirements of § 61.153 of this part; of § 61.153, except paragraph (f) of that (2) Pass a knowledge test on the aero- section; nautical knowledge areas of § 61.155(c) (2) Comply with the requirements in of this part; § 61.157(b) of this part, if applicable; (3) Comply with the requirements in (3) Meet the applicable aeronautical § 61.157(b) of this part, if appropriate; experience requirements of subpart G (4) Meet the applicable aeronautical of this part; and experience requirements of § 61.159 of (4) Pass a practical test on the areas this part; and of operation of § 61.157(e) appropriate to (5) Pass the practical test on the the aircraft rating sought. areas of operation of § 61.157(e)(1) of (f) Category class ratings for the oper- this part. ation of aircraft with experimental certifi- cates. Notwithstanding the provisions (c) Airplane category rating with a mul- of paragraphs (a) through (e) of this tiengine class rating. A person applying section, a person holding an airline for an airline transport certificate with transport certificate may apply for a an airplane category and multiengine category and class rating limited to a class rating who holds an airline trans- specific make and model of experi- port certificate with another aircraft mental aircraft, provided— category rating must: (1) The person has logged at least 5 (1) Meet the eligibility requirements hours flight time while acting as pilot of § 61.153 of this part; in command in the same category, (2) Pass a knowledge test on the aero- class, make, and model of aircraft that nautical knowledge areas of § 61.155(c) has been issued an experimental cer- of this part; tificate; (3) Comply with the requirements in (2) The person has received a logbook § 61.157(b) of this part, if appropriate; endorsement from an authorized in- (4) Meet the applicable aeronautical structor who has determined that he or experience requirements of § 61.159 of she is proficient to act as pilot in com- this part; and mand of the same category, class, (5) Pass the practical test on the make, and model of aircraft for which areas of operation of § 61.157(e)(2) of application is made; and this part. (3) The flight time specified in para- (d) Powered-lift category. A person ap- graph (f)(1) of this section must be plying for an airline transport pilot logged between September 1, 2004 and certificate with a powered-lift category August 31, 2005. rating who holds an airline transport certificate with another aircraft cat- [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61–103, 62 FR 40906, July 30, 1997; egory rating must: Amdt. 61–110, 69 FR 44869, July 27, 2004] (1) Meet the eligibility requirements of § 61.153 of this part; § 61.167 Privileges. (2) Pass a required knowledge test on (a) A person who holds an airline the aeronautical knowledge areas of transport pilot certificate is entitled to § 61.155(c) of this part; the same privileges as a person who (3) Comply with the requirements in holds a commercial pilot certificate § 61.157(b) of this part, if appropriate; with an instrument rating. (4) Meet the applicable aeronautical (b) An airline transport pilot may in- experience requirements of § 61.163 of struct— this part; and (1) Other pilots in air transportation (5) Pass the required practical test on service in aircraft of the category, the areas of operation of § 61.157(e)(3) of class, and type, as applicable, for which this part. the airline transport pilot is rated and (e) Additional class rating within the endorse the logbook or other training same aircraft category. A person apply- record of the person to whom training ing for an airline transport certificate has been given; with an additional class rating who (2) In flight simulators, and flight holds an airline transport certificate in training devices representing the air- the same aircfaft category must— craft referenced in paragraph (b)(1) of

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this section, when instructing under (b) Be able to read, speak, write, and the provisions of this section and en- understand the English language. If the dorse the logbook or other training applicant is unable to meet one of record of the person to whom training these requirements due to medical rea- has been given; sons, then the Administrator may (3) Only as provided in this section, place such operating limitations on except that an airline transport pilot that applicant’s flight instructor cer- who also holds a flight instructor cer- tificate as are necessary; tificate can exercise the instructor (c) Hold either a commercial pilot privileges under subpart H of this part certificate or airline transport pilot for which he or she is rated; and certificate with: (4) In an aircraft, only if the aircraft (1) An aircraft category and class rat- has functioning dual controls, when in- ing that is appropriate to the flight in- structing under the provisions of this structor rating sought; and section. (2) An instrument rating, or privi- (c) Excluding briefings and leges on that person’s pilot certificate debriefings, an airline transport pilot that are appropriate to the flight in- may not instruct in aircraft, flight structor rating sought, if applying simulators, and flight training devices for— under this section— (i) A flight instructor certificate with (1) For more than 8 hours in any 24- an airplane category and single-engine consecutive-hour period; or class rating; (2) For more than 36 hours in any 7- (ii) A flight instructor certificate consecutive-day period. with an airplane category and multien- (d) An airline transport pilot may gine class rating; not instruct in Category II or Category (iii) A flight instructor certificate III operations unless he or she has been trained and successfully tested under with a powered-lift rating; or Category II or Category III operations, (iv) A flight instructor certificate as applicable. with an instrument rating. (d) Receive a logbook endorsement [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; from an authorized instructor on the Amdt. 61–103, 62 FR 40907, July 30, 1997; fundamentals of instructing listed in Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42561, Aug. 21, 2009] § 61.185 of this part appropriate to the §§ 61.169–69.171 [Reserved] required knowledge test; (e) Pass a knowledge test on the Subpart H—Flight Instructors Other areas listed in § 61.185(a)(1) of this part, than Flight Instructors With a unless the applicant: (1) Holds a flight instructor certifi- Sport Pilot Rating cate or ground instructor certificate § 61.181 Applicability. issued under this part; (2) Holds a teacher’s certificate This subpart prescribes the require- issued by a State, county, city, or mu- ments for the issuance of flight in- nicipality that authorizes the person to structor certificates and ratings (ex- teach at an educational level of the 7th cept for flight instructor certificates grade or higher; or with a sport pilot rating), the condi- (3) Is employed as a teacher at an ac- tions under which those certificates credited college or university. and ratings are necessary, and the lim- (f) Pass a knowledge test on the aero- itations on those certificates and rat- nautical knowledge areas listed in ings. § 61.185(a)(2) and (a)(3) of this part that [Doc. No. FAA–2001–11133, 69 FR 44869, July are appropriate to the flight instructor 27, 2004] rating sought; (g) Receive a logbook endorsement § 61.183 Eligibility requirements. from an authorized instructor on the To be eligible for a flight instructor areas of operation listed in § 61.187(b) of certificate or rating a person must: this part, appropriate to the flight in- (a) Be at least 18 years of age; structor rating sought;

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(h) Pass the required practical test (k) Comply with the appropriate sec- that is appropriate to the flight in- tions of this part that apply to the structor rating sought in an: flight instructor rating sought. (1) Aircraft that is representative of [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; the category and class of aircraft for Amdt. 61–103, 62 FR 40907, July 30, 1997; the aircraft rating sought; or Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42561, Aug. 21, 2009] (2) Flight simulator or approved flight training device that is represent- § 61.185 Aeronautical knowledge. ative of the category and class of air- (a) A person who is applying for a craft for the rating sought, and used in flight instructor certificate must re- accordance with a course at a training ceive and log ground training from an center certificated under part 142 of authorized instructor on: (1) Except as provided in paragraph this chapter. (b) of this section, the fundamentals of (i) Accomplish the following for a instructing, including: flight instructor certificate with an (i) The learning process; airplane or a glider rating: (ii) Elements of effective teaching; (1) Receive a logbook endorsement (iii) Student evaluation and testing; from an authorized instructor indi- (iv) Course development; cating that the applicant is competent (v) Lesson planning; and and possesses instructional proficiency (vi) Classroom training techniques. in stall awareness, spin entry, spins, (2) The aeronautical knowledge areas and spin recovery procedures after pro- for a recreational, private, and com- viding the applicant with flight train- mercial pilot certificate applicable to ing in those training areas in an air- the aircraft category for which flight plane or glider, as appropriate, that is instructor privileges are sought; and certificated for spins; and (3) The aeronautical knowledge areas for the instrument rating applicable to (2) Demonstrate instructional pro- the category for which instrument ficiency in stall awareness, spin entry, flight instructor privileges are sought. spins, and spin recovery procedures. (b) The following applicants do not However, upon presentation of the en- need to comply with paragraph (a)(1) of dorsement specified in paragraph (i)(1) this section: of this section an examiner may accept (1) The holder of a flight instructor that endorsement as satisfactory evi- certificate or ground instructor certifi- dence of instructional proficiency in cate issued under this part; stall awareness, spin entry, spins, and (2) The holder of a current teacher’s spin recovery procedures for the prac- certificate issued by a State, county, tical test, provided that the practical city, or municipality that authorizes test is not a retest as a result of the ap- the person to teach at an educational plicant failing the previous test for de- level of the 7th grade or higher; or ficiencies in the knowledge or skill of (3) A person employed as a teacher at stall awareness, spin entry, spins, or an accredited college or university. spin recovery instructional procedures. [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; If the retest is a result of deficiencies Amdt. 61–103, 62 FR 40907, July 30, 1997] in the ability of an applicant to dem- onstrate knowledge or skill of stall § 61.187 Flight proficiency. awareness, spin entry, spins, or spin re- (a) General. A person who is applying covery instructional procedures, the for a flight instructor certificate must examiner must test the person on stall receive and log flight and ground train- awareness, spin entry, spins, and spin ing from an authorized instructor on recovery instructional procedures in an the areas of operation listed in this airplane or glider, as appropriate, that section that apply to the flight instruc- tor rating sought. The applicant’s log- is certificated for spins; book must contain an endorsement (j) Log at least 15 hours as pilot in from an authorized instructor certi- command in the category and class of fying that the person is proficient to aircraft that is appropriate to the pass a practical test on those areas of flight instructor rating sought; and operation.

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(b) Areas of operation. (1) For an air- (i) Fundamentals of instructing; plane category rating with a single-en- (ii) Technical subject areas; gine class rating: (iii) Preflight preparation; (i) Fundamentals of instructing; (iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver (ii) Technical subject areas; to be performed in flight; (iii) Preflight preparation; (v) Preflight procedures; (iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver (vi) Airport operations; to be performed in flight; (vii) Takeoffs, landings, and go- (v) Preflight procedures; arounds; (vi) Airport and seaplane base oper- (viii) Fundamentals of flight; ations; (ix) Performance maneuvers; (vii) Takeoffs, landings, and go- (x) Flight at slow airspeeds; arounds; (xi) Ground reference maneuvers; (viii) Fundamentals of flight; (xii) Emergency operations; and (ix) Performance maneuvers; (xiii) Postflight procedures. (x) Ground reference maneuvers; (5) For a powered-lift category rat- (xi) Slow flight, stalls, and spins; ing: (xii) Basic instrument maneuvers; (i) Fundamentals of instructing; (xiii) Emergency operations; and (ii) Technical subject areas; (xiv) Postflight procedures. (iii) Preflight preparation; (2) For an airplane category rating (iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver with a multiengine class rating: to be performed in flight; (i) Fundamentals of instructing; (v) Preflight procedures; (ii) Technical subject areas; (vi) Airport and heliport operations; (iii) Preflight preparation; (vii) Hovering maneuvers; (viii) Takeoffs, landings, and go- (iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver arounds; to be performed in flight; (ix) Fundamentals of flight; (v) Preflight procedures; (x) Performance maneuvers; (vi) Airport and seaplane base oper- (xi) Ground reference maneuvers; ations; (xii) Slow flight and stalls; (vii) Takeoffs, landings, and go- (xiii) Basic instrument maneuvers; arounds; (xiv) Emergency operations; (viii) Fundamentals of flight; (xv) Special operations; and (ix) Performance maneuvers; (xvi) Postflight procedures. (x) Ground reference maneuvers; (6) For a glider category rating: (xi) Slow flight and stalls; (i) Fundamentals of instructing; (xii) Basic instrument maneuvers; (ii) Technical subject areas; (xiii) Emergency operations; (iii) Preflight preparation; (xiv) Multiengine operations; and (iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver (xv) Postflight procedures. to be performed in flight; (3) For a rotorcraft category rating (v) Preflight procedures; with a helicopter class rating: (vi) Airport and gliderport oper- (i) Fundamentals of instructing; ations; (ii) Technical subject areas; (vii) Launches and landings; (iii) Preflight preparation; (viii) Fundamentals of flight; (iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver (ix) Performance speeds; to be performed in flight; (x) Soaring techniques; (v) Preflight procedures; (xi) Performance maneuvers; (vi) Airport and heliport operations; (xii) Slow flight, stalls, and spins; (vii) Hovering maneuvers; (xiii) Emergency operations; and (viii) Takeoffs, landings, and go- (xiv) Postflight procedures. arounds; (7) For an instrument rating with the (ix) Fundamentals of flight; appropriate aircraft category and class (x) Performance maneuvers; rating: (xi) Emergency operations; (i) Fundamentals of instructing; (xii) Special operations; and (ii) Technical subject areas; (xiii) Postflight procedures. (iii) Preflight preparation; (4) For a rotorcraft category rating (iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver with a gyroplane class rating: to be performed in flight;

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(v) Air traffic control clearances and knowledge test on the areas listed in procedures; § 61.185(a)(1) of this part. (vi) Flight by reference to instru- [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; ments; Amdt. 61–103, 62 FR 40907, July 30, 1997] (vii) Navigation aids; (viii) Instrument approach proce- § 61.193 Flight instructor privileges. dures; A person who holds a flight instruc- (ix) Emergency operations; and tor certificate is authorized within the (x) Postflight procedures. limitations of that person’s flight in- (c) The flight training required by structor certificate and ratings to this section may be accomplished: train and issue endorsements that are (1) In an aircraft that is representa- required for: tive of the category and class of air- (a) A student pilot certificate; craft for the rating sought; or (b) A pilot certificate; (2) In a flight simulator or flight (c) A flight instructor certificate; training device representative of the (d) A ground instructor certificate; category and class of aircraft for the (e) An aircraft rating; rating sought, and used in accordance (f) An instrument rating; with an approved course at a training (g) A flight review, operating privi- center certificated under part 142 of lege, or recency of experience require- this chapter. ment of this part; (h) A practical test; and [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; (i) A knowledge test. Amdt. 61–103, 62 FR 40907, July 30, 1997; Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42561, Aug. 21, 2009] [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61–103, 62 FR 40907, July 30, 1997, as § 61.189 Flight instructor records. amended by Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42561, Aug. 21, 2009] (a) A flight instructor must sign the logbook of each person to whom that § 61.195 Flight instructor limitations instructor has given flight training or and qualifications. ground training. A person who holds a flight instruc- (b) A flight instructor must maintain tor certificate is subject to the fol- a record in a logbook or a separate doc- lowing limitations: ument that contains the following: (a) Hours of training. In any 24-con- (1) The name of each person whose secutive-hour period, a flight instruc- logbook or student pilot certificate tor may not conduct more than 8 hours that instructor has endorsed for solo of flight training. flight privileges, and the date of the (b) Aircraft Ratings. A flight instruc- endorsement; and tor may not conduct flight training in (2) The name of each person that in- any aircraft for which the flight in- structor has endorsed for a knowledge structor does not hold: test or practical test, and the record (1) A pilot certificate and flight in- shall also indicate the kind of test, the structor certificate with the applicable date, and the results. category and class rating; and (c) Each flight instructor must retain (2) If appropriate, a type rating. the records required by this section for (c) Instrument Rating. A flight in- at least 3 years. structor who provides instrument training for the issuance of an instru- § 61.191 Additional flight instructor ment rating, a type rating not limited ratings. to VFR, or the instrument training re- (a) A person who applies for an addi- quired for commercial pilot and airline tional flight instructor rating on a transport pilot certificates must hold flight instructor certificate must meet an instrument rating on his or her the eligibility requirements listed in pilot certificate and flight instructor § 61.183 of this part that apply to the certificate that is appropriate to the flight instructor rating sought. category and class of aircraft used for (b) A person who applies for an addi- the training provided. tional rating on a flight instructor cer- (d) Limitations on endorsements. A tificate is not required to pass the flight instructor may not endorse a:

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(1) Student pilot’s certificate or log- (f) Training received in a multiengine book for solo flight privileges, unless airplane, a helicopter, or a powered-lift. A that flight instructor has— flight instructor may not give training (i) Given that student the flight required for the issuance of a certifi- training required for solo flight privi- cate or rating in a multiengine air- leges required by this part; and plane, a helicopter, or a powered-lift (ii) Determined that the student is unless that flight instructor has at prepared to conduct the flight safely least 5 flight hours of pilot-in-com- under known circumstances, subject to mand time in the specific make and any limitations listed in the student’s model of multiengine airplane, heli- logbook that the instructor considers copter, or powered-lift, as appropriate. necessary for the safety of the flight. (g) Position in aircraft and required (2) Student pilot’s certificate and pilot stations for providing flight training. logbook for a solo cross-country flight, (1) A flight instructor must perform all unless that flight instructor has deter- training from in an aircraft that com- mined the student’s flight preparation, plies with the requirements of § 91.109 planning, equipment, and proposed pro- of this chapter. cedures are adequate for the proposed (2) A flight instructor who provides flight under the existing conditions flight training for a pilot certificate or and within any limitations listed in rating issued under this part must pro- the logbook that the instructor con- vide that flight training in an aircraft siders necessary for the safety of the that meets the following require- flight; ments— (3) Student pilot’s logbook for solo (i) The aircraft must have at least flight in a Class B airspace area or at two pilot stations and be of the same an airport within Class B airspace un- category, class, and type, if appro- less that flight instructor has— priate, that applies to the pilot certifi- cate or rating sought. (i) Given that student ground and (ii) For single-place aircraft, the pre- flight training in that Class B airspace solo flight training must have been or at that airport; and provided in an aircraft that has two (ii) Determined that the student is pilot stations and is of the same cat- proficient to operate the aircraft safe- egory, class, and type, if appropriate. ly. (h) Qualifications of the flight instruc- (4) Logbook of a recreational pilot, tor for training first-time flight instructor unless that flight instructor has— applicants. (1) The ground training pro- (i) Given that pilot the ground and vided to an initial applicant for a flight flight training required by this part; instructor certificate must be given by and an authorized instructor who— (ii) Determined that the recreational (i) Holds a ground or flight instructor pilot is proficient to operate the air- certificate with the appropriate rating, craft safely. has held that certificate for at least 24 (5) Logbook of a pilot for a flight re- calendar months, and has given at view, unless that instructor has con- least 40 hours of ground training; or ducted a review of that pilot in accord- (ii) Holds a ground or flight instruc- ance with the requirements of § 61.56(a) tor certificate with the appropriate of this part; or rating, and has given at least 100 hours (6) Logbook of a pilot for an instru- of ground training in an FAA-approved ment proficiency check, unless that in- course. structor has tested that pilot in ac- (2) Except for an instructor who cordance with the requirements of meets the requirements of paragraph § 61.57(d) of this part. (h)(3)(ii) of this section, a flight in- (e) Training in an aircraft that requires structor who provides training to an a type rating. A flight instructor may initial applicant for a flight instructor not give flight training in an aircraft certificate must— that requires the pilot in command to (i) Meet the eligibility requirements hold a type rating unless the flight in- prescribed in § 61.183 of this part; structor holds a type rating for that (ii) Hold the appropriate flight in- aircraft on his or her pilot certificate. structor certificate and rating;

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(iii) Have held a flight instructor cer- gle operations unless the flight instruc- tificate for at least 24 months; tor: (iv) For training in preparation for (1) Has a pilot and flight instructor an airplane, rotorcraft, or powered-lift certificate with the applicable cat- rating, have given at least 200 hours of egory and class rating for the training; flight training as a flight instructor; (2) If appropriate, has a type rating and on his or her pilot certificate for the (v) For training in preparation for a aircraft; glider rating, have given at least 80 (3) Is pilot in command qualified for hours of flight training as a flight in- night vision goggle operations, in ac- structor. cordance with § 61.31(k); (3) A flight instructor who serves as a (4) Has logged 100 night vision goggle operations as the sole manipulator of flight instructor in an FAA-approved the controls; course for the issuance of a flight in- (5) Has logged 20 night vision goggle structor rating must hold a flight in- operations as the sole manipulator of structor certificate with the appro- the controls in the category and class, priate rating and pass the required ini- and type of aircraft, if aircraft class tial and recurrent flight instructor pro- and type is appropriate, that the train- ficiency tests, in accordance with the ing will be given in; requirements of the part under which (6) Is qualified to act as pilot in com- the FAA-approved course is conducted, mand in night vision goggle operations and must— under § 61.57(f) or (g); and (i) Meet the requirements of para- (7) Has a logbook endorsement from graph (h)(2) of this section; or an FAA Aviation Safety Inspector or a (ii) Have trained and endorsed at person who is authorized by the FAA to least five applicants for a practical test provide that logbook endorsement that for a pilot certificate, flight instructor states the flight instructor is author- certificate, ground instructor certifi- ized to perform the night vision goggle cate, or an additional rating, and at pilot in command qualification and re- least 80 percent of those applicants cent flight experience requirements passed that test on their first attempt; under § 61.31(k) and § 61.57(f) and (g). and (A) Given at least 400 hours of flight [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; training as a flight instructor for Amdt. 61–103, 62 FR 40907, July 30, 1997; Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42561, Aug. 21, 2009] training in an airplane, a rotorcraft, or for a powered-lift rating; or § 61.197 Renewal requirements for (B) Given at least 100 hours of flight flight instructor certification. training as a flight instructor, for (a) A person who holds a flight in- training in a glider rating. structor certificate that has not ex- (i) Prohibition against self-endorse- pired may renew that flight instructor ments. A flight instructor shall not certificate by— make any self-endorsement for a cer- (1) Passing a practical test for— tificate, rating, flight review, author- (i) One of the ratings listed on the ization, operating privilege, practical current flight instructor certificate; or test, or knowledge test that is required (ii) An additional flight instructor by this part. rating; or (j) Additional qualifications required to (2) Submitting a completed and give training in Category II or Category signed application with the FAA and III operations. A flight instructor may satisfactorily completing one of the not give training in Category II or Cat- following renewal requirements— egory III operations unless the flight (i) A record of training students instructor has been trained and tested showing that, during the preceding 24 in Category II or Category III oper- calendar months, the flight instructor ations, pursuant to § 61.67 or § 61.68 of has endorsed at least 5 students for a this part, as applicable. practical test for a certificate or rating (k) Training for night vision goggle op- and at least 80 percent of those stu- erations. A flight instructor may not dents passed that test on the first at- conduct training for night vision gog- tempt.

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(ii) A record showing that, within the § 61.199 Reinstatement requirements preceding 24 calendar months, the of an expired flight instructor cer- flight instructor has served as a com- tificate. pany check pilot, chief flight instruc- (a) Flight instructor certificates. The tor, company check airman, or flight holder of an expired flight instructor instructor in a part 121 or part 135 oper- certificate who has not complied with ation, or in a position involving the the flight instructor renewal require- regular evaluation of pilots. ments of § 61.197 may reinstate that (iii) A graduation certificate showing flight instructor certificate and ratings that, within the preceding 3 calendar by filing a completed and signed appli- months, the person has successfully cation with the FAA and satisfactorily completed an approved flight instruc- completing one of the following rein- statement requirements: tor refresher course consisting of (1) A flight instructor certification ground training or flight training, or a practical test, as prescribed by combination of both. § 61.183(h), for one of the ratings held on (iv) A record showing that, within the expired flight instructor certifi- the preceding 12 months from the cate. month of application, the flight in- (2) A flight instructor certification structor passed an official U.S. Armed practical test for an additional rating. Forces military instructor pilot pro- (b) Flight instructor ratings. (1) A ficiency check. flight instructor rating or a limited (b) The expiration month of a re- flight instructor rating on a pilot cer- newed flight instructor certificate tificate is no longer valid and may not shall be 24 calendar months from— be exchanged for a similar rating or a (1) The month the renewal require- flight instructor certificate. ments of paragraph (a) of this section (2) The holder of a flight instructor rating or a limited flight instructor are accomplished; or rating on a pilot certificate may be (2) The month of expiration of the issued a flight instructor certificate current flight instructor certificate with the current ratings, but only if provided— the person passes the required knowl- (i) The renewal requirements of para- edge and practical test prescribed in graph (a) of this section are accom- this subpart for the issuance of the cur- plished within the 3 calendar months rent flight instructor certificate and preceding the expiration month of the rating. current flight instructor certificate, [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as and amended by Amdt. 61–104, 63 FR 20289, Apr. (ii) If the renewal is accomplished 23, 1998; Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42562, Aug. 21, under paragraph (a)(2)(iii) of this sec- 2009] tion, the approved flight instructor re- fresher course must be completed with- § 61.201 [Reserved] in the 3 calendar months preceding the expiration month of the current flight Subpart I—Ground Instructors instructor certificate. § 61.211 Applicability. (c) The practical test required by paragraph (a)(1) of this section may be This subpart prescribes the require- accomplished in a flight simulator or ments for the issuance of ground in- structor certificates and ratings, the flight training device if the test is ac- conditions under which those certifi- complished pursuant to an approved cates and ratings are necessary, and course conducted by a training center the limitations upon those certificates certificated under part 142 of this chap- and ratings. ter. [Doc. No. 25910, 63 FR 20289, Apr. 23, 1998, as § 61.213 Eligibility requirements. amended by Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42562, Aug. (a) To be eligible for a ground in- 21, 2009] structor certificate or rating a person must: (1) Be at least 18 years of age;

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(2) Be able to read, write, speak, and (3) A recommendation for a knowl- understand the English language. If the edge test required for the issuance of a applicant is unable to meet one of sport pilot certificate, recreational these requirements due to medical rea- pilot certificate, or private pilot cer- sons, then the Administrator may tificate under this part. place such operating limitations on (b) A person who holds an advanced that applicant’s ground instructor cer- ground instructor rating is authorized tificate as are necessary; to provide: (3) Except as provided in paragraph (1) Ground training on the aero- (b) of this section, pass a knowledge nautical knowledge areas required for test on the fundamentals of instructing the issuance of any certificate or rat- to include— ing under this part except for the aero- (i) The learning process; nautical knowledge areas required for (ii) Elements of effective teaching; an instrument rating. (iii) Student evaluation and testing; (2) The ground training required for (iv) Course development; any flight review except for the train- (v) Lesson planning; and ing required for an instrument rating. (vi) Classroom training techniques. (3) A recommendation for a knowl- (4) Pass a knowledge test on the aero- edge test required for the issuance of nautical knowledge areas in— any certificate or rating under this part except for an instrument rating. (i) For a basic ground instructor rat- (c) A person who holds an instrument ing §§ 61.97, 61.105, and 61.309; ground instructor rating is authorized (ii) For an advanced ground instruc- to provide: tor rating §§ 61.97, 61.105, 61.125, 61.155, (1) Ground training in the aero- and 61.309; and nautical knowledge areas required for (iii) For an instrument ground in- the issuance of an instrument rating structor rating, § 61.65. under this part; (b) The knowledge test specified in (2) Ground training required for an paragraph (a)(3) of this section is not instrument proficiency check; and required if the applicant: (3) A recommendation for a knowl- (1) Holds a ground instructor certifi- edge test required for the issuance of cate or flight instructor certificate an instrument rating under this part. issued under this part; (d) A person who holds a ground in- (2) Holds a teacher’s certificate structor certificate is authorized, with- issued by a State, county, city, or mu- in the limitations of the ratings on the nicipality that authorizes the person to ground instructor certificate, to en- teach at an educational level of the 7th dorse the logbook or other training grade or higher; or record of a person to whom the holder (3) Is employed as a teacher at an ac- has provided the training or rec- credited college or university. ommendation specified in paragraphs [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as (a) through (c) of this section. amended by Amdt. 61–110, 69 FR 44869, July [Doc. No. 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as 27, 2004; Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42562, Aug. 21, amended by Amdt. 61–110, 69 FR 44869, July 2009] 27, 2004; Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42562, Aug. 21, 2009] § 61.215 Ground instructor privileges. (a) A person who holds a basic ground § 61.217 Recent experience require- instructor rating is authorized to pro- ments. vide— The holder of a ground instructor (1) Ground training in the aero- certificate may not perform the duties nautical knowledge areas required for of a ground instructor unless the per- the issuance of a sport pilot certificate, son can show that one of the following recreational pilot certificate, private occurred during the preceding 12 cal- pilot certificate, or associated ratings endar months: under this part; (a) Employment or activity as a (2) Ground training required for a ground instructor giving pilot, flight sport pilot, recreational pilot, and pri- instructor, or ground instructor train- vate pilot flight review; and ing;

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(b) Employment or activity as a (b) Other provisions of this part flight instructor giving pilot, flight in- apply to the logging of flight time and structor, or ground instructor ground testing. or flight training; (c) This subpart applies to applicants (c) Completion of an approved flight for, and holders of, sport pilot certifi- instructor refresher course and receipt cates. It also applies to holders of rec- of a graduation certificate for that reational pilot certificates and higher, course; or as provided in § 61.303. (d) An endorsement from an author- [Docket No. FAA–2001–11133, 69 FR 44869, ized instructor certifying that the per- July 27, 2004, as amended by Amdt. 61–125, 75 son has demonstrated knowledge in the FR 5221, Feb. 1, 2010] subject areas prescribed under § 61.213(a)(3) and (a)(4), as appropriate. § 61.303 If I want to operate a light- sport aircraft, what operating limits [Doc. No. FAA–2006–26661, 74 FR 42562, Aug. and endorsement requirements in 21, 2009] this subpart must I comply with? (a) Use the following table to deter- Subpart J—Sport Pilots mine what operating limits and en- dorsement requirements in this sub- part, if any, apply to you when you op- SOURCE: Docket No. FAA–2001–11133, 69 FR 44869, July 27, 2004, unless otherwise noted. erate a light-sport aircraft. The med- ical certificate specified in this table § 61.301 What is the purpose of this must be in compliance with § 61.2 in re- subpart and to whom does it apply? gards to currency and validity. If you (a) This subpart prescribes the fol- hold a recreational pilot certificate, but not a medical certificate, you must lowing requirements that apply to a comply with cross country require- sport pilot certificate: ments in § 61.101 (c), even if your flight (1) Eligibility. does not exceed 50 nautical miles from (2) Aeronautical knowledge. your departure airport. You must also (3) Flight proficiency. comply with requirements in other (4) Aeronautical experience. subparts of this part that apply to your (5) Endorsements. certificate and the operation you con- (6) Privileges and limits. duct.

If you hold And you hold Then you may operate And

(1) A medical certificate ...... (i) A sport pilot certificate, ...... (A) Any light-sport aircraft for (1) You must hold any other which you hold the en- endorsements required by dorsements required for its this subpart, and comply category and class with the limitations in § 61.315. (ii) At least a recreational pilot (A) Any light-sport aircraft in (1) You do not have to hold certificate with a category that category and class, any of the endorsements and class rating, required by this subpart, nor do you have to comply with the limitations in § 61.315. (iii) At least a recreational (A) That light-sport aircraft, (1) You must comply with the pilot certificate but not a only if you hold the en- limitations in § 61.315, ex- rating for the category and dorsements required in cept § 61.315(c)(14) and, if class of light sport aircraft § 61.321 for its category a private pilot or higher, you operate, and class, § 61.315(c)(7). (2) Only a U.S. driver’s license (i) A sport pilot certificate, (A) Any light-sport aircraft for (1) You must hold any other which you hold the en- endorsements required by dorsements required for its this subpart, and comply category and class. with the limitations in § 61.315. (ii) At least a recreational pilot (A) Any light-sport aircraft in (1) You do not have to hold certificate with a category that category and class, any of the endorsements and class rating, required by this subpart, but you must comply with the limitations in § 61.315.

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If you hold And you hold Then you may operate And

(iii) At least a recreational (A) That light-sport aircraft, (1) You must comply with the pilot certificate but not a only if you hold the en- limitations in § 61.315, ex- rating for the category and dorsements required in cept § 61.315(c)(14) and, if class of light-sport aircraft § 61.321 for its category a private pilot or higher, you operate, and class, § 61.315(c)(7). (3) Neither a medical certificate (i) A sport pilot certificate, (A) Any light-sport glider or (1) You must hold any other nor a U.S. driver’s license balloon for which you hold endorsements required by the endorsements required this subpart, and comply for its category and class with the limitations in § 61.315. (ii) At least a private pilot cer- (A) Any light-sport glider or (1) You do not have to hold tificate with a category and balloon in that category and any of the endorsements class rating for glider or class required by this subpart, balloon, nor do you have to comply with the limitations in § 61.315. (iii) At least a private pilot cer- (A) Any light-sport glider or (1) You must comply with the tificate but not a rating for balloon, only if you hold the limitations in § 61.315, ex- glider or balloon, endorsements required in cept § 61.315(c)(14) and, if § 61.321 for its category a private pilot or higher, and class § 61.315(c)(7).

(b) A person using a U.S. driver’s li- speak, write, and understand English cense to meet the requirements of this because of medical reasons, the FAA paragraph must— may place limits on your certificate as (1) Comply with each restriction and are necessary for the safe operation of limitation imposed by that person’s light-sport aircraft. U.S. driver’s license and any judicial or administrative order applying to the § 61.307 What tests do I have to take to operation of a motor vehicle; obtain a sport pilot certificate? (2) Have been found eligible for the To obtain a sport pilot certificate, issuance of at least a third-class air- man medical certificate at the time of you must pass the following tests: his or her most recent application (if (a) Knowledge test. You must pass a the person has applied for a medical knowledge test on the applicable aero- certificate); nautical knowledge areas listed in (3) Not have had his or her most re- § 61.309. Before you may take the cently issued medical certificate (if the knowledge test for a sport pilot certifi- person has held a medical certificate) cate, you must receive a logbook en- suspended or revoked or most recent dorsement from the authorized instruc- Authorization for a Special Issuance of tor who trained you or reviewed and a Medical Certificate withdrawn; and evaluated your home-study course on (4) Not know or have reason to know the aeronautical knowledge areas list- of any medical condition that would ed in § 61.309 certifying you are pre- make that person unable to operate a pared for the test. light-sport aircraft in a safe manner. (b) Practical test. You must pass a [Doc. No. FAA–2001–11133, 69 FR 44869, July practical test on the applicable areas 27, 2004, as amended by Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR of operation listed in §§ 61.309 and 42562, Aug. 21, 2009; Amdt. 61–125, 75 FR 5221, 61.311. Before you may take the prac- Feb. 1, 2010] tical test for a sport pilot certificate, § 61.305 What are the age and lan- you must receive a logbook endorse- guage requirements for a sport ment from the authorized instructor pilot certificate? who provided you with flight training (a) To be eligible for a sport pilot cer- on the areas of operation specified in tificate you must: §§ 61.309 and 61.311 in preparation for (1) Be at least 17 years old (or 16 the practical test. This endorsement years old if you are applying to operate certifies that you meet the applicable a glider or balloon). aeronautical knowledge and experience (2) Be able to read, speak, write, and requirements and are prepared for the understand English. If you cannot read, practical test.

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§ 61.309 What aeronautical knowledge (2) How to plan for alternatives if the must I have to apply for a sport planned flight cannot be completed or pilot certificate? if you encounter delays. To apply for a sport pilot certificate [Docket No. FAA–2001–11133, 69 FR 44869, you must receive and log ground train- July 27, 2004, as amended by Amdt. 61–125, 75 ing from an authorized instructor or FR 5221, Feb. 1, 2010] complete a home-study course on the § 61.311 What flight proficiency re- following aeronautical knowledge quirements must I meet to apply for areas: a sport pilot certificate? (a) Applicable regulations of this To apply for a sport pilot certificate chapter that relate to sport pilot privi- you must receive and log ground and leges, limits, and flight operations. flight training from an authorized in- (b) Accident reporting requirements structor on the following areas of oper- of the National Transportation Safety ation, as appropriate, for airplane sin- Board. gle-engine land or sea, glider, gyro- (c) Use of the applicable portions of plane, airship, balloon, powered para- the aeronautical information manual chute land or sea, and weight-shift-con- and FAA advisory circulars. trol aircraft land or sea privileges: (d) Use of aeronautical charts for (a) Preflight preparation. VFR navigation using pilotage, dead (b) Preflight procedures. reckoning, and navigation systems, as (c) Airport, seaplane base, and appropriate. gliderport operations, as applicable. (e) Recognition of critical weather (d) Takeoffs (or launches), landings, situations from the ground and in and go-arounds. flight, windshear avoidance, and the (e) Performance maneuvers, and for gliders, performance speeds. procurement and use of aeronautical (f) Ground reference maneuvers (not weather reports and forecasts. applicable to gliders and balloons). (f) Safe and efficient operation of air- (g) Soaring techniques (applicable craft, including collision avoidance, only to gliders). and recognition and avoidance of wake (h) Navigation. turbulence. (i) Slow flight (not applicable to (g) Effects of density altitude on lighter-than-air aircraft and powered takeoff and climb performance. parachutes). (h) Weight and balance computa- (j) Stalls (not applicable to lighter- tions. than-air aircraft, gyroplanes, and pow- (i) Principles of aerodynamics, pow- ered parachutes). erplants, and aircraft systems. (k) Emergency operations. (j) Stall awareness, spin entry, spins, (l) Post-flight procedures. and spin recovery techniques, as appli- [Docket No. FAA–2001–11133, 69 FR 44869, cable. July 27, 2004, as amended by Amdt. 61–125, 75 (k) Aeronautical decision making FR 5221, Feb. 1, 2010] and risk management. (l) Preflight actions that include— § 61.313 What aeronautical experience must I have to apply for a sport (1) How to get information on runway pilot certificate? lengths at airports of intended use, Use the following table to determine data on takeoff and landing distances, the aeronautical experience you must weather reports and forecasts, and fuel have to apply for a sport pilot certifi- requirements; and cate:

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If you are applying for a sport pilot certifi- cate with . . . Then you must log at least . . . Which must include at least . . .

(a) Airplane category and single-engine (1) 20 hours of flight time, including at (i) 2 hours of cross-country flight training, land or sea class privileges, least 15 hours of flight training from an (ii) 10 takeoffs and landings to a full authorized instructor in a single-engine stop (with each landing involving a airplane and at least 5 hours of solo flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport, flight training in the areas of operation (iii) One solo cross-country flight of at listed in § 61.311, least 75 nautical miles total distance, with a full-stop landing at a minimum of two points and one segment of the flight consisting of a straight-line dis- tance of at least 25 nautical miles be- tween the takeoff and landing loca- tions, and (iv) 2 hours of flight training with an authorized instructor on those areas of operation specified in § 61.311 in preparation for the practical test within the preceding 2 calendar months from the month of the test. (b) Glider category privileges, and you (1) 10 hours of flight time in a glider, in- (i) Five solo launches and landings, and have not logged at least 20 hours of cluding 10 flights in a glider receiving (ii) at least 3 training flights with an au- flight time in a heavier-than-air aircraft, flight training from an authorized in- thorized instructor on those areas of structor and at least 2 hours of solo operation specified in § 61.311 in prep- flight training in the areas of operation aration for the practical test within the listed in § 61.311, preceding 2 calendar months from the month of the test. (c) Glider category privileges, and you (1) 3 hours of flight time in a glider, in- (i) Three solo launches and landings, have logged 20 hours flight time in a cluding five flights in a glider while re- and (ii) at least 3 training flights with heavier-than-air aircraft, ceiving flight training from an author- an authorized instructor on those ized instructor and at least 1 hour of areas of operation specified in solo flight training in the areas of oper- § 61.311 in preparation for the practical ation listed in § 61.311, test within the preceding 2 calendar months from the month of the test. (d) Rotorcraft category and gyroplane (1) 20 hours of flight time, including 15 (i) 2 hours of cross-country flight training, class privileges, hours of flight training from an author- (ii) 10 takeoffs and landings to a full ized instructor in a gyroplane and at stop (with each landing involving a least 5 hours of solo flight training in flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport, the areas of operation listed in (iii) One solo cross-country flight of at § 61.311, least 50 nautical miles total distance, with a full-stop landing at a minimum of two points, and one segment of the flight consisting of a straight-line dis- tance of at least 25 nautical miles be- tween the takeoff and landing loca- tions, and (iv) 2 hours of flight training with an authorized instructor on those areas of operation specified in § 61.311 in preparation for the practical test within the preceding 2 calendar months from the month of the test. (e) Lighter-than-air category and airship (1) 20 hours of flight time, including 15 (i) 2 hours of cross-country flight training, class privileges, hours of flight training from an author- (ii) Three takeoffs and landings to a ized instructor in an airship and at full stop (with each landing involving a least 3 hours performing the duties of flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport, pilot in command in an airship with an (iii) One cross-country flight of at least authorized instructor in the areas of 25 nautical miles between the takeoff operation listed in § 61.311, and landing locations, and (iv) 2 hours of flight training with an authorized in- structor on those areas of operation specified in § 61.311 in preparation for the practical test within the preceding 2 calendar months from the month of the test. (f) Lighter-than-air category and balloon (1) 7 hours of flight time in a balloon, in- (i) 2 hours of cross-country flight training, class privileges, cluding three flights with an authorized and (ii) 1 hours of flight training with instructor and one flight performing the an authorized instructor on those duties of pilot in command in a balloon areas of operation specified in with an authorized instructor in the § 61.311 in preparation for the practical areas of operation listed in § 61.311, test within the preceding 2 calendar months from the month of the test.

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If you are applying for a sport pilot certifi- cate with . . . Then you must log at least . . . Which must include at least . . .

(g) Powered parachute category land or (1) 12 hours of flight time in a powered (i) 1 hour of cross-country flight training, sea class privileges, parachute, including 10 hours of flight (ii) 20 takeoffs and landings to a full training from an authorized instructor stop in a powered parachute with each in a powered parachute, and at least 2 landing involving flight in the traffic pat- hours of solo flight training in the areas tern at an airport; (iii) 10 solo takeoffs of operation listed in § 61.311 and landings to a full stop (with each landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport, (iv) One solo flight with a landing at a different air- port and one segment of the flight con- sisting of a straight-line distance of at least 10 nautical miles between takeoff and landing locations, and (v) 1 hours of flight training with an authorized in- structor on those areas of operation specified in § 61.311 in preparation for the practical test within the preceding 2 calendar months from the month of the test. (h) Weight-shift-control aircraft category (1) 20 hours of light time, including 15 (i) 2 hours of cross-country flight training, land or sea class privileges, hours of flight training from an author- (ii) 10 takeoffs and landings to a full ized instructor in a weight-shift-control stop (with each landing involving a aircraft and at least 5 hours of solo flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport, flight training in the areas of operation (iii) One solo cross-country flight of at listed in § 61.311, least 50 nautical miles total distance, with a full-stop landing at a minimum of two points, and one segment of the flight consisting of a straight-line dis- tance of at least 25 nautical miles be- tween takeoff and landing locations, and (iv) 2 hours of flight training with an authorized instructor on those areas of operation specified in § 61.311 in preparation for the practical test within the preceding 2 calendar months from the month of the test.

[Doc. No. FAA–2001–11133, 69 FR 44869, July (7) In Class B, C, and D airspace, at 27, 2004; Amdt. 61–124A, 74 FR 53647, Oct. 20, an airport located in Class B, C, or D 2009; Amdt. 61–125, 75 FR 5221, Feb. 1, 2010] airspace, and to, from, through, or at § 61.315 What are the privileges and an airport having an operational con- limits of my sport pilot certificate? trol tower unless you have met the re- quirements specified in § 61.325. (a) If you hold a sport pilot certifi- (8) Outside the United States, unless cate you may act as pilot in command you have prior authorization from the of a light-sport aircraft, except as spec- ified in paragraph (c) of this section. country in which you seek to operate. (b) You may share the operating ex- Your sport pilot certificate carries the penses of a flight with a passenger, pro- limit ‘‘Holder does not meet ICAO re- vided the expenses involve only fuel, quirements.’’ oil, airport expenses, or aircraft rental (9) To demonstrate the aircraft in fees. You must pay at least half the op- flight to a prospective buyer if you are erating expenses of the flight. an aircraft salesperson. (c) You may not act as pilot in com- (10) In a passenger-carrying airlift mand of a light-sport aircraft: sponsored by a charitable organization. (1) That is carrying a passenger or (11) At an altitude of more than 10,000 property for compensation or hire. feet MSL or 2,000 feet AGL, whichever (2) For compensation or hire. is higher. (3) In furtherance of a business. (12) When the flight or surface visi- (4) While carrying more than one pas- bility is less than 3 statute miles. senger. (13) Without visual reference to the (5) At night. surface. (6) In Class A airspace. (14) If the aircraft:

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(i) Has a VH greater than 87 knots § 61.319 [Reserved] CAS, unless you have met the require- ments of § 61.327(b). § 61.321 How do I obtain privileges to operate an additional category or (ii) Has a VH less than or equal to 87 knots CAS, unless you have met the re- class of light-sport aircraft? quirements of § 61.327(a) or have logged If you hold a sport pilot certificate flight time as pilot in command of an and seek to operate an additional cat- egory or class of light-sport aircraft, airplane with a VH less than or equal to 87 knots CAS before April 2, 2010. you must— (15) Contrary to any operating limi- (a) Receive a logbook endorsement tation placed on the airworthiness cer- from the authorized instructor who tificate of the aircraft being flown. trained you on the applicable aero- (16) Contrary to any limit on your nautical knowledge areas specified in § 61.309 and areas of operation specified pilot certificate or airman medical cer- in § 61.311. The endorsement certifies tificate, or any other limit or endorse- you have met the aeronautical knowl- ment from an authorized instructor. edge and flight proficiency require- (17) Contrary to any restriction or ments for the additional light-sport limitation on your U.S. driver’s license aircraft privilege you seek; or any restriction or limitation im- (b) Successfully complete a pro- posed by judicial or administrative ficiency check from an authorized in- order when using your driver’s license structor other than the instructor who to satisfy a requirement of this part. trained you on the aeronautical knowl- (18) While towing any object. edge areas and areas of operation speci- (19) As a pilot flight crewmember on fied in §§ 61.309 and 61.311 for the addi- any aircraft for which more than one tional light-sport aircraft privilege you pilot is required by the type certificate seek; of the aircraft or the regulations under (c) Complete an application for those which the flight is conducted. privileges on a form and in a manner acceptable to the FAA and present this [Docket No. FAA–2001–11133, 69 FR 44869, application to the authorized instruc- July 27, 2004, as amended by Amdt. 61–125, 75 tor who conducted the proficiency FR 5221, Feb. 1, 2010; Amdt. 61–125A, 75 FR check specified in paragraph (b) of this 15610, Mar. 30, 2010] section; and § 61.317 Is my sport pilot certificate (d) Receive a logbook endorsement issued with aircraft category and from the instructor who conducted the class ratings? proficiency check specified in para- graph (b) of this section certifying you Your sport pilot certificate does not are proficient in the applicable areas of list aircraft category and class ratings. operation and aeronautical knowledge When you successfully pass the prac- areas, and that you are authorized for tical test for a sport pilot certificate, the additional category and class light- regardless of the light-sport aircraft sport aircraft privilege. privileges you seek, the FAA will issue you a sport pilot certificate without § 61.323 [Reserved] any category and class ratings. The FAA will provide you with a logbook § 61.325 How do I obtain privileges to endorsement for the category and class operate a light-sport aircraft at an of aircraft in which you are authorized airport within, or in airspace with- in, Class B, C, and D airspace, or in to act as pilot in command. other airspace with an airport hav- [Docket No. FAA–2001–11133, 69 FR 44869, ing an operational control tower? July 27, 2004, as amended by Amdt. 61–125, 75 If you hold a sport pilot certificate FR 5222, Feb. 1, 2010; Amdt. 61–125A, 75 FR and seek privileges to operate a light- 15610, Mar. 30, 2010] sport aircraft in Class B, C, or D air- space, at an airport located in Class B, C, or D airspace, or to, from, through, or at an airport having an operational control tower, you must receive and

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log ground and flight training. The au- are not required if you have logged thorized instructor who provides this flight time as pilot in command of an training must provide a logbook en- airplane with a VH less than or equal to dorsement that certifies you are pro- 87 knots CAS prior to April 2, 2010. ficient in the following aeronautical knowledge areas and areas of oper- [Docket No. FAA–2007–29015, 75 FR 5222, Feb. ation: 1, 2010; Amdt. 61–125A, 75 FR 15610, Mar. 30, (a) The use of radios, communica- 2010] tions, navigation system/facilities, and radar services. Subpart K—Flight Instructors With a (b) Operations at airports with an op- Sport Pilot Rating erating control tower to include three takeoffs and landings to a full stop, SOURCE: Doc. No. FAA–2001–11133, 69 FR with each landing involving a flight in 44875, July 27, 2004, unless otherwise noted. the traffic pattern, at an airport with an operating control tower. § 61.401 What is the purpose of this (c) Applicable flight rules of part 91 subpart? of this chapter for operations in Class (a) This part prescribes the following B, C, and D airspace and air traffic con- requirements that apply to a flight in- trol clearances. structor certificate with a sport pilot § 61.327 Are there specific endorse- rating: ment requirements to operate a (1) Eligibility. light-sport aircraft based on VH? (2) Aeronautical knowledge. (a) Except as specified in paragraph (3) Flight proficiency. (c) of this section, if you hold a sport (4) Endorsements. pilot certificate and you seek to oper- (5) Privileges and limits. ate a light-sport aircraft that is an air- (b) Other provisions of this part plane with a VH less than or equal to 87 apply to the logging of flight time and knots CAS you must— testing. (1) Receive and log ground and flight training from an authorized instructor [Doc. No. FAA–2001–11133, 69 FR 44875, July 27, 2004, as amended by Amdt. 61–125, 75 FR in an airplane that has a VH less than or equal to 87 knots CAS; and 5222, Feb. 1, 2010] (2) Receive a logbook endorsement from the authorized instructor who § 61.403 What are the age, language, and pilot certificate requirements provided the training specified in para- for a flight instructor certificate graph (a)(1) of this section certifying with a sport pilot rating? that you are proficient in the operation of light-sport aircraft that is an air- To be eligible for a flight instructor certificate with a sport pilot rating plane with a VH less than or equal to 87 knots CAS. you must: (b) If you hold a sport pilot certifi- (a) Be at least 18 years old. cate and you seek to operate a light- (b) Be able to read, speak, write, and sport aircraft that has a VH greater understand English. If you cannot read, than 87 knots CAS you must— speak, write, and understand English (1) Receive and log ground and flight because of medical reasons, the FAA training from an authorized instructor may place limits on your certificate as in an aircraft that has a VH greater are necessary for the safe operation of than 87 knots CAS; and light-sport aircraft. (2) Receive a logbook endorsement (c) Hold at least a sport pilot certifi- from the authorized instructor who cate with category and class ratings or provided the training specified in para- privileges, as applicable, that are ap- graph (b)(1) of this section certifying propriate to the flight instructor privi- that you are proficient in the operation leges sought. of light-sport aircraft with a VH great- er than 87 knots CAS. [Doc. No. FAA–2001–11133, 69 FR 44875, July (c) The training and endorsements re- 27, 2004, as amended by Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR quired by paragraph (a) of this section 42562, Aug. 21, 2009]

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§ 61.405 What tests do I have to take to glider. If you have not failed a prac- obtain a flight instructor certificate tical test based on deficiencies in your with a sport pilot rating? ability to demonstrate knowledge or To obtain a flight instructor certifi- skill in these areas and you provide the cate with a sport pilot rating you must endorsement required by paragraph pass the following tests: (b)(1)(ii) of this section, an examiner (a) Knowledge test. Before you take a may accept the endorsement instead of knowledge test, you must receive a log- the demonstration required by this book endorsement certifying you are paragraph. If you are taking a test be- prepared for the test from an author- cause you previously failed a test based ized instructor who trained you or on not meeting the requirements of evaluated your home-study course on this paragraph, you must pass a prac- the aeronautical knowledge areas list- tical test on stall awareness, spin ed in § 61.407. You must pass knowledge entry, spins, and spin recovery instruc- tests on— tional competency and proficiency in (1) The fundamentals of instructing the applicable category and class of listed in § 61.407(a), unless you meet the aircraft that is certificated for spins. requirements of § 61.407(c); and (2) The aeronautical knowledge areas § 61.407 What aeronautical knowledge for a sport pilot certificate applicable must I have to apply for a flight in- to the aircraft category and class for structor certificate with a sport which flight instructor privileges are pilot rating? sought. (b) Practical test. (1) Before you take (a) Except as specified in paragraph the practical test, you must— (c) of this section you must receive and (i) Receive a logbook endorsement log ground training from an authorized from the authorized instructor who instructor on the fundamentals of in- provided you with flight training on struction that includes: the areas of operation specified in (1) The learning process. § 61.409 that apply to the category and (2) Elements of effective teaching. class of aircraft privileges you seek. (3) Student evaluation and testing. This endorsement certifies you meet (4) Course development. the applicable aeronautical knowledge (5) Lesson planning. and experience requirements and are (6) Classroom training techniques. prepared for the practical test; (b) You must receive and log ground (ii) If you are seeking privileges to provide instruction in an airplane or training from an authorized instructor glider, receive a logbook endorsement on the aeronautical knowledge areas from an authorized instructor indi- applicable to a sport pilot certificate cating that you are competent and pos- for the aircraft category and class in sess instructional proficiency in stall which you seek flight instructor privi- awareness, spin entry, spins, and spin leges. recovery procedures after you have re- (c) You do not have to meet the re- ceived flight training in those training quirements of paragraph (a) of this sec- areas in an airplane or glider, as appro- tion if you— priate, that is certificated for spins; (1) Hold a flight instructor certificate (2) You must pass a practical test— or ground instructor certificate issued (i) On the areas of operation listed in under this part; § 61.409 that are appropriate to the cat- (2) Hold a teacher’s certificate issued egory and class of aircraft privileges by a State, county, city, or munici- you seek; pality; or (ii) In an aircraft representative of (3) Are employed as a teacher at an the category and class of aircraft for accredited college or university. the privileges you seek; (iii) In which you demonstrate that [Doc. No. FAA–2001–11133, 69 FR 44875, July you are able to teach stall awareness, 27, 2004, as amended by Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR spin entry, spins, and spin recovery 42562, Aug. 21, 2009] procedures if you are seeking privileges to provide instruction in an airplane or

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§ 61.409 What flight proficiency re- (j) Soaring techniques. quirements must I meet to apply for (k) Slow flight (not applicable to a flight instructor certificate with a lighter-than-air and powered para- sport pilot rating? chutes). You must receive and log ground and (l) Stalls (not applicable to lighter- flight training from an authorized in- than-air, powered parachutes, and gy- structor on the following areas of oper- roplanes). ation for the aircraft category and (m) Spins (applicable to airplanes class in which you seek flight instruc- and gliders). tor privileges: (a) Technical subject areas. (n) Emergency operations. (b) Preflight preparation. (o) Tumble entry and avoidance tech- (c) Preflight lesson on a maneuver to niques (applicable to weight-shift-con- be performed in flight. trol aircraft). (d) Preflight procedures. (p) Post-flight procedures. (e) Airport, seaplane base, and gliderport operations, as applicable. § 61.411 What aeronautical experience (f) Takeoffs (or launches), landings, must I have to apply for a flight in- and go-arounds. structor certificate with a sport (g) Fundamentals of flight. pilot rating? (h) Performance maneuvers and for Use the following table to determine gliders, performance speeds. the experience you must have for each (i) Ground reference maneuvers (ex- aircraft category and class: cept for gliders and lighter-than-air).

If you are applying for a flight instructor certificate with a sport pilot rating Then you must log at least . . . Which must include at least . . . for . . .

(a) Airplane category and (1) 150 hours of flight time as a pilot, ...... (i) 100 hours of flight time as pilot in command single-engine class privi- in powered aircraft, leges, (ii) 50 hours of flight time in a single-engine air- plane, (iii) 25 hours of cross-country flight time, (iv) 10 hours of cross-country flight time in a single-engine airplane, and (v) 15 hours of flight time as pilot in command in a single-engine airplane that is a light-sport aircraft. (b) Glider category privi- (1) 25 hours of flight time as pilot in command leges, in a glider, 100 flights in a glider, and 15 flights as pilot in command in a glider that is a light-sport aircraft, or. (2) 100 hours in heavier-than-air aircraft, 20 flights in a glider, and 15 flights as pilot in command in a glider that is a light-sport air- craft. (c) Rotorcraft category and (1) 125 hours of flight time as a pilot, ...... (i) 100 hours of flight time as pilot in command gyroplane class privi- in powered aircraft, leges, (ii) 50 hours of flight time in a gyroplane, (iii) 10 hours of cross-country flight time, (iv) 3 hours of cross-country flight time in a gy- roplane, and (v) 15 hours of flight time as pilot in command in a gyroplane that is a light-sport aircraft. (d) Lighter-than-air category (1) 100 hours of flight time as a pilot, ...... (i) 40 hours of flight time in an airship, and airship class privi- (ii) 20 hours of pilot in command time in an air- leges, ship, (iii) 10 hours of cross-country flight time, (iv) 5 hours of cross-country flight time in an airship, and (v) 15 hours of flight time as pilot in command in an airship that is a light-sport aircraft. (e) Lighter-than-air category (1) 35 hours of flight time as pilot-in-command, (i) 20 hours of flight time in a balloon, and balloon class privi- (ii) 10 flights in a balloon, and leges, (iii) 5 flights as pilot in command in a balloon that is a light-sport aircraft.

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If you are applying for a flight instructor certificate with a sport pilot rating Then you must log at least . . . Which must include at least . . . for . . .

(f) Weight-shift-control air- (1) 150 hours of flight time as a pilot, ...... (i) 100 hours of flight time as pilot in command craft category privileges, in powered aircraft, (ii) 50 hours of flight time in a weight-shift-con- trol aircraft, (iii) 25 hours of cross-country flight time, (iv) 10 hours of cross-country flight time in a weight-shift-control aircraft, and (v) 15 hours of flight time as pilot in command in a weight-shift-control aircraft that is a light- sport aircraft. (g) Powered-parachute cat- (1) 100 hours of flight time as a pilot, ...... (i) 75 hours of flight time as pilot in command in egory privileges, powered aircraft, (ii) 50 hours of flight time in a powered para- chute, (iii) 15 hours of cross-country flight time, (iv) 5 hours of cross-country flight time in a powered parachute, and (v) 15 hours of flight time as pilot in command in a powered parachute that is a light-sport aircraft.

§ 61.413 What are the privileges of my structor certificate with a sport pilot flight instructor certificate with a rating. sport pilot rating? [Doc. No. FAA–2001–11133, 69 FR 44875, July If you hold a flight instructor certifi- 27, 2004, as amended by Amdt. 61–125, 75 FR cate with a sport pilot rating, you are 5222, Feb. 1, 2010] authorized, within the limits of your certificate and rating, to provide train- § 61.415 What are the limits of a flight ing and endorsements that are required instructor certificate with a sport for, and relate to— pilot rating? (a) A student pilot seeking a sport If you hold a flight instructor certifi- pilot certificate; cate with a sport pilot rating, you may (b) A sport pilot certificate; only provide flight training in a light- (c) A flight instructor certificate sport aircraft and are subject to the with a sport pilot rating; following limits: (d) A powered parachute or weight- (a) You may not provide ground or shift-control aircraft rating; flight training in any aircraft for (e) Sport pilot privileges; which you do not hold: (f) A flight review or operating privi- (1) A sport pilot certificate with ap- lege for a sport pilot; plicable category and class privileges (g) A practical test for a sport pilot or a pilot certificate with the applica- certificate, a private pilot certificate ble category and class rating; and with a powered parachute or weight- (2) Applicable category and class shift-control aircraft rating or a flight privileges for your flight instructor instructor certificate with a sport pilot certificate with a sport pilot rating. rating; (b) You may not provide ground or (h) A knowledge test for a sport pilot flight training for a private pilot cer- certificate, a private pilot certificate tificate with a powered parachute or with a powered parachute or weight- weight-shift-control aircraft rating un- shift-control aircraft rating or a flight less you hold: instructor certificate with a sport pilot (1) At least a private pilot certificate rating; and with the applicable category and class (i) A proficiency check for an addi- rating; and tional category or class privilege for a (2) Applicable category and class sport pilot certificate or a flight in- privileges for your flight instructor certificate with a sport pilot rating.

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(c) You may not conduct more than 8 authorized to operate that light-sport hours of flight training in any 24-con- aircraft. secutive-hour period. (g) You may not provide training in a (d) You may not endorse a: light-sport aircraft with a VH greater (1) Student pilot’s certificate or log- than 87 knots CAS unless you have the book for solo flight privileges, unless endorsement specified in § 61.327 (b), or you have— are otherwise authorized to operate (i) Given that student the flight that light-sport aircraft. training required for solo flight privi- (h) You must perform all training in leges required by this part; and an aircraft that complies with the re- (ii) Determined that the student is quirements of § 91.109 of this chapter. prepared to conduct the flight safely (i) If you provide flight training for a under known circumstances, subject to certificate, rating or privilege, you any limitations listed in the student’s must provide that flight training in an logbook that you consider necessary aircraft that meets the following: for the safety of the flight. (1) The aircraft must have at least (2) Student pilot’s certificate and two pilot stations and be of the same logbook for a solo cross-country flight, category and class appropriate to the unless you have determined the stu- certificate, rating or privilege sought. dent’s flight preparation, planning, (2) For single place aircraft, pre-solo equipment, and proposed procedures flight training must be provided in an are adequate for the proposed flight aircraft that has two pilot stations and under the existing conditions and with- is of the same category and class ap- in any limitations listed in the logbook propriate to the certificate, rating, or that you consider necessary for the privilege sought. safety of the flight. [Doc. No. FAA–2001–11133, 69 FR 44875, July (3) Student pilot’s certificate and 27, 2004, as amended by Amdt. 61–125, 75 FR logbook for solo flight in Class B, C, 5222, Feb. 1, 2010; Amdt. 61–125A, 75 FR 15610, and D airspace areas, at an airport Mar. 30, 2010] within Class B, C, or D airspace and to § 61.417 Will my flight instructor cer- from, through or on an airport having tificate with a sport pilot rating list an operational control tower, unless aircraft category and class ratings? that you have— Your flight instructor certificate (i) Given that student ground and does not list aircraft category and flight training in that airspace or at class ratings. When you successfully that airport; and pass the practical test for a flight in- (ii) Determined that the student is structor certificate with a sport pilot proficient to operate the aircraft safe- rating, regardless of the light-sport air- ly. craft privileges you seek, the FAA will (4) Logbook of a pilot for a flight re- issue you a flight instructor certificate view, unless you have conducted a re- with a sport pilot rating without any view of that pilot in accordance with category and class ratings. The FAA the requirements of § 61.56. will provide you with a logbook en- (e) You may not provide training to dorsement for the category and class of operate a light-sport aircraft in Class light-sport aircraft you are authorized B, C, and D airspace, at an airport lo- to provide training in. cated in Class B, C, or D airspace, and to, from, through, or at an airport hav- § 61.419 How do I obtain privileges to ing an operational control tower, un- provide training in an additional less you have the endorsement speci- category or class of light-sport air- fied in § 61.325, or are otherwise author- craft? ized to conduct operations in this air- If you hold a flight instructor certifi- space and at these airports. cate with a sport pilot rating and seek (f) You may not provide training in a to provide training in an additional light-sport aircraft that is an airplane category or class of light-sport aircraft with a VH less than or equal to 87 knots you must— CAS unless you have the endorsement (a) Receive a logbook endorsement specified in § 61.327 (a), or are otherwise from the authorized instructor who

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trained you on the applicable areas of (iii) Each person whose logbook you operation specified in § 61.409 certifying have endorsed as proficient to oper- you have met the aeronautical knowl- ate— edge and flight proficiency require- (A) An additional category or class of ments for the additional category and light-sport aircraft; class flight instructor privilege you (B) In Class B, C, and D airspace; at seek; an airport located in Class B, C, or D (b) Successfully complete a pro- airspace; and to, from, through, or at ficiency check from an authorized in- an airport having an operational con- structor other than the instructor who trol tower; trained you on the areas specified in (C) A light-sport aircraft that is an § 61.409 for the additional category and airplane with a VH less than or equal to class flight instructor privilege you 87 knots CAS; and seek; (D) A light-sport aircraft with a VH (c) Complete an application for those greater than 87 knots CAS. privileges on a form and in a manner (iv) Each person whose logbook you acceptable to the FAA and present this have endorsed as proficient to provide application to the authorized instruc- flight training in an additional cat- tor who conducted the proficiency egory or class of light-sport aircraft. check specified in paragraph (b) of this (b) Within 10 days after providing an section; and endorsement for a person to operate or (d) Receive a logbook endorsement provide training in an additional cat- from the instructor who conducted the egory and class of light-sport aircraft proficiency check specified in para- you must— graph (b) of this section certifying you (1) Complete, sign, and submit to the are proficient in the areas of operation FAA the application presented to you and authorized for the additional cat- to obtain those privileges; and egory and class flight instructor privi- lege. (2) Retain a copy of the form. (c) You must keep the records listed § 61.421 May I give myself an endorse- in this section for 3 years. You may ment? keep these records in a logbook or a No. If you hold a flight instructor separate document. certificate with a sport pilot rating, [Doc. No. FAA–2001–11133, 69 FR 44875, July you may not give yourself an endorse- 27, 2004, as amended by Amdt. 61–125, 75 FR ment for any certificate, privilege, rat- 5222, Feb. 1, 2010; Amdt. 61–125A, 75 FR 15610, ing, flight review, authorization, prac- Mar. 30, 2010] tical test, knowledge test, or pro- ficiency check required by this part. § 61.425 How do I renew my flight in- structor certificate? § 61.423 What are the recordkeeping If you hold a flight instructor certifi- requirements for a flight instructor cate with a sport pilot rating you may with a sport pilot rating? renew your certificate in accordance (a) As a flight instructor with a sport with the provisions of § 61.197. pilot rating you must: (1) Sign the logbook of each person to § 61.427 What must I do if my flight in- whom you have given flight training or structor certificate with a sport ground training. pilot rating expires? (2) Keep a record of the name, date, You may exchange your expired and type of endorsement for: flight instructor certificate with a (i) Each person whose logbook or stu- sport pilot rating for a new certificate dent pilot certificate you have en- with a sport pilot rating and any other dorsed for solo flight privileges. rating on that certificate by passing a (ii) Each person for whom you have practical test as prescribed in § 61.405(b) provided an endorsement for a knowl- or § 61.183(h) for one of the ratings list- edge test, practical test, or proficiency ed on the expired flight instructor cer- check, and the record must indicate tificate. The FAA will reinstate any the kind of test or check, and the re- privilege authorized by the expired cer- sults. tificate.

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§ 61.429 May I exercise the privileges 63.12a Refusal to submit to an alcohol test of a flight instructor certificate or to furnish test results. with a sport pilot rating if I hold a 63.12b [Reserved] flight instructor certificate with an- 63.13 Temporary certificate. other rating? 63.14 Security disqualification. 63.15 Duration of certificates. If you hold a flight instructor certifi- 63.15a [Reserved] cate, a commercial pilot certificate 63.16 Change of name; replacement of lost with an airship rating, or a commercial or destroyed certificate. pilot certificate with a balloon rating 63.17 Tests: General procedure. issued under this part, and you seek to 63.18 Written tests: Cheating or other unau- exercise the privileges of a flight in- thorized conduct. structor certificate with a sport pilot 63.19 Operations during physical deficiency. rating, you may do so without any fur- 63.20 Applications, certificates, logbooks, ther showing of proficiency, subject to reports, and records; falsification, repro- the following limits: duction, or alteration. 63.21 Change of address. (a) You are limited to the aircraft 63.23 Special purpose flight engineer and category and class ratings listed on flight navigator certificates: Operation your flight instructor certificate, com- of U.S.-registered civil airplanes leased mercial pilot certificate with an air- by a person not a U.S. citizen. ship rating, or commercial pilot cer- tificate with a balloon rating, as appro- Subpart B—Flight Engineers priate, when exercising your flight in- 63.31 Eligibility requirements; general. structor privileges and the privileges 63.33 Aircraft ratings. specified in § 61.413. 63.35 Knowledge requirements. (b) You must comply with the limits 63.37 Aeronautical experience requirements. specified in § 61.415 and the record- 63.39 Skill requirements. keeping requirements of § 61.423. 63.41 Retesting after failure. (c) If you want to exercise the privi- 63.42 Flight engineer certificate issued on leges of your flight instructor certifi- basis of a foreign flight engineer license. cate in a category or class of light- 63.43 Flight engineer courses. sport aircraft for which you are not currently rated, you must meet all ap- Subpart C—Flight Navigators plicable requirements to provide train- 63.51 Eligibility requirements; general. ing in an additional category or class 63.53 Knowledge requirements. of light-sport aircraft specified in 63.55 Experience requirements. § 61.419. 63.57 Skill requirements. 63.59 Retesting after failure. [Doc. No. FAA–2001–11133, 69 FR 44875, July 63.61 Flight navigator courses. 27, 2004, as amended by Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR APPENDIX A TO PART 63—TEST REQUIREMENTS 42562, Aug. 21, 2009; Amdt. 61–125, 75 FR 5222, FOR FLIGHT NAVIGATOR CERTIFICATE Feb. 1, 2010] APPENDIX B TO PART 63—FLIGHT NAVIGATOR TRAINING COURSE REQUIREMENTS PART 63—CERTIFICATION: FLIGHT APPENDIX C TO PART 63—FLIGHT ENGINEER CREWMEMBERS OTHER THAN PI- TRAINING COURSE REQUIREMENTS LOTS AUTHORITY: 49 U.S.C. 106(g), 40113, 44701– 44703, 44707, 44709–44711, 45102–45103, 45301– 45302. SPECIAL FEDERAL AVIATION REGULATION NO. 93 [NOTE] SPECIAL FEDERAL AVIATION REGULATION SPECIAL FEDERAL AVIATION REGULATION NO. NO. 93 100–2 [NOTE]

Subpart A—General EDITORIAL NOTE: For the text of SFAR No. 93, see part 61 of this chapter. Sec. 63.1 Applicability. SPECIAL FEDERAL AVIATION REGULATION 63.2 Certification of foreign flight crew- NO. 100–2 members other than pilots. 63.3 Certificates and ratings required. EDITORIAL NOTE: For the text of SFAR No. 63.11 Application and issue. 100–2, see part 61 of this chapter. 63.12 Offenses involving alcohol or drugs.

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