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Volume 52 - June 2008 Editorial oldest scientific research station in the Masurian lake region. Andrey Degermendzhy and Regional Limnology: Egor Zadereev take us to the far-flung saline, While care is taken to accurately report Priorities, Progress meromictic lakes of Khakasia in southern information, SILnews is not responsible Siberia, Russia. Although frozen for more than for information and/or advertisements and Perspectives half-a-year and showing lack of fish, the saline published herein and does not endorse, lakes reveal that production and mineralization approve or recommend products, I received encouraging feedbacks on SILnews processes in the deeper, unmixed layers con- programs or opinions expressed. 51 from our readers. I believe the credit goes to the SILnews contributors for sharing informa- tinue unabated despite the thick ice layer on the tion and thoughts relating to the progress of top and subzero temperatures below. Although limnological studies at their respective research the field studies in this saline lake area have a institutions. I‘m pleased that the reports on short history, they provide us with some new In This Issue regional limnology and the work in progress at information on the functioning of microbial Announcement of 31st SIL...... 2 different laboratories can be put across through food web and of the stunted microbial food the SILnews to our readers. For the present chain. I personally have had the privilege to visit some of these serene and picturesque lakes Béla Entz: Member for Sixty Years...... 2 issue of SILnews I have received an interesting mix of resumes on different facets of regional on several occasions during summers since Lakes: Reports From Laboratories...... 3 limnology highlighting the main study aspects, 1999 to participate in some very fundamental or the factors that have hindered progress, e.g. limnological and food web research that is Regional Limnology...... 7 in the developing countries. Interestingly, there underway at the Lake Shira field lab (Fig.). is a great diversity in the limnological studies Moving to limnology in the developing coun- INTECOL Wetland in progress and in the approach to tackling the tries, Brij Gopal reports in nutshell the main Working Group...... 14 major water-quality problems. Here, I will very bottlenecks facing the progress of limnology in briefly comment on the different contribu- India but generally true for many developing Conference Announcements...... 16 tions on limnological studies included on the countries. Both scientific shortcomings as well subsequent pages of this issue. Announcements/Advertisements...... 18 as socio-political factors seem to be retarding To start with, Elizabeth Gross and Karl-Otto progress. Brij gives examples of issues facing Rothhaupt provide some good news from the the developing countries, most based on his Lake Konstanz, Germany. This largest lake personal experience in India where progress in in Germany has in recent years continued to limnology is slow and stagnating. In addition to exhibit signs of re-oligotrophication--thanks the causes that Brij outlines, it appears that there to the nutrient control and sewage collection is inadequate realization on the importance of and treatment measures that are in operation, knowledge of limnology in solving the issues Material for the December 2008 both in the lake and its catchment, since the relating to water quality and pollution. In the issue should be sent to the Editor by: early 1960s. The uninterrupted monitoring last half a century (since I as a student of fishery 1 October 2008 of the lake’s basic water- quality parameters biology had my first lesson in limnology in (under-water light conditions, chlorophyll and India), the abuse of water has increased, parallel Dr. Ramesh D. Gulati phosphorus concentrations and macrophytes with the increasing population and economic NIOO/Centre of Limnology coverage: see Fig.) demonstrate clear trophic development. The pace of progress in aquatic Post Box 1299 changes since past some years that point to studies has been only marginal, and if papers 3600 BG Maarssen reversal of eutrophication, with strong impact published in scientific ecological journals are a The Netherlands on biota in both pelagic and littoral zones of the yardstick to measure progress of research work, Fax: +31.294.232224 lake. In the subsequent contribution, Jolanta one can see that quality of research work is E-mail: [email protected] Ejsmont-Karabin gives us a glimpse into the generally stereotyped and repetitive. Lacking rich Polish traditions in the field of limnologi- focus and vision, most such manuscripts are Contributions on a PC formatted disk, rejected by the editors, many before reviewing. in any standard word processor or cal studies in the picturesque Masurian lakes DOS (ASCII) text, or as e-mail in the north of Poland. Many of us know of Fortunately, the studies in marine and coastal attachments, will assist the Editor. the Hydrobiological Station at Mikolajki, the ecology are more promising. The disparities in

SILnews 52: June 2008  the quality and quantity of research between conferences in Mexico and South America Schuur hospital where the world’s first heart freshwater and marine and coastal water re- where later this year at least four international transplant was done by Dr. Chris Barnard. searches can be narrowed by paying more atten- workshops and meetings (see announcements Visits to Kirstenbosch and Table Mountain tion to basic research on freshwater resources. In in this SILnews, including one on Shallow Lakes will be options for the mid-congress excursions short, the freshwater studies are not getting the (announced in SILnews 51) are to be held. during the 31st SIL Congress in 2010. attention they deserve from the politicians and These editorial comments are also meant to mo- Diarise the dates and visit http://sil2010.ufs.ac.za scientists. Moreover, with inadequate funding, tivate our readers to contribute to the SILnews: limnology as a research discipline has had been information on limnological studies from Johan U. Grobbelaar both overlooked and lagged behind. There is, different geographical areas is welcome. I hope to Chairperson of the LOC however, hope that freshwater studies will pick come back in the following issues of SILnews with [email protected] up with the economic development and help news about the rapid developments in limnology improve the environment for human welfare. in some countries (e.g. China). The readers are In contrast to the above, some other contribu- also encouraged to provide information and ideas Greetings to Béla Entz: tions to the present SILnews, however, reveal signs to make the SILnews more exciting for us all. of progress. For example, limnology in Turkey SIL Member for Sixty Years has made a brisk advance during the last 15 years Ramesh D. Gulati [Editor’s note: I have had two privileged (see contribution by Meryem Beklioglu). This is (Editor SILnews) meetings with Dr. Bela Entz in the Netherland also notable from an increase in research publica- several years ago, and was amazed by his tions and from the progress in both government- profound fluency of some 8 languages, which funded and university laboratories. As editor of Announcement of included Arabic (see Text). Bela spoke to me Aquatic Ecology, I have noticed that water-pollu- 31st SIL Congress freely and in fluent Dutch even though he tion related research (e.g. increase of heavy metals left the Netherlands almost 80 years ago as a 15-20 August 2010 concentrations in macrophytes, fish, etc.) seems child of 9 years. Bela is now 89 years of age to set the trend for limnological studies in Turkey. Cape Town, South Africa and doing well despite a nearly fatal accident Many of such studies, however, lack a clear vision The 31st Congress of SIL will be held from not very long ago. I wish him many more years about the threat the toxic substances pose to food 15 to 20 August 2010 in Cape Town, also of healthy life (and SIL Membership). His chain and human welfare. Meryem shows that referred to as the Mother City of South Africa. Hungarian professional colleagues and students water-quality problems facing the lakes in Turkey Overlooking the city is Table Mountain from are really proud of him and hold him in great are rather similar to those in Europe and a lot can where the views of the city and surrounds esteem. —Ramesh Gulati, Editor, SILNews] be learnt from strategies of research in Europe. are the best. The area is a national park that Hopefully, the pressure to publish will prevail also encompasses the incredibly scenic Table Béla Entz has been a member of the SIL since on quality of papers, and writing in a non-native Mountain Chain stretching from Signal Hill in 1948. Between 1950 and 1965 he had been the language, English, will steadily improve. the north to Cape Point in the south and the national SIL representative of Hungary. Since There are contributions in thisSILnews from seas and coastline of the peninsula. The narrow 2003 he is an emeritus member of the SIL. A Israel, Sri Lanka, Zimbabwe and Mexico, all intrusion of land with its beautiful valleys, bays scientist of international fame, Béla Entz, at the in the southern hemisphere. They provide and beaches is surrounded by the waters of the age of 89, actively pursues learning and is in information from these relatively less reported Atlantic Ocean in the west and the warmer love with limnology. Béla’s exceptional talent regions. The contribution of Moshe Gophen waters of False Bay. The Park is recognised for learning and speaking different languages relates to how climatic factors and hydrology for its extraordinarily rich, diverse and unique dates back to his parental home, and has had a cause a negative water balance, leading to water fauna and flora - with rugged cliffs, steep slopes tremendous effect on his whole life. His father, shortages and increase in salinity of water in a and sandy flats. It is a truly remarkable natural, Géza Entz was a professor of zoology and major part of the Middle-East. Such interna- scenic, historical, cultural and recreational asset director of the Balaton Limnological Institute tional issues demonstrate the need to prioritize and although debatable, nowhere else in the in Tihany, formerly known as the Hungarian fresh-water acquirement over fundamental world does an area of such spectacular beauty Biological Institute, Tihany. He spent his child- limnological research studies. Thus, desalination and such rich biodiversity exist almost entirely hood at the city of Utrecht (The Netherlands) of water to supplement supplies for human within a metropolitan area. until his homecoming to Hungary in 1929 needs is a primary need in the area but probably when he became a resident of Tihany. His Some 2 200 species of plants are found on also a means to relieve pressure on the limited fondness for the Lake Balaton turned him into the mountain that has been declared a World freshwater resources. Upali Amarasinghe a dedicated investigator and an admirer of the Heritage Site, with many members of the helps us to get a glimpse of how culture-based lake. Béla Entz obtained his doctoral degree in famous Proteaceae family. The dassie (rock reservoir fishery forms an important part of the natural history and chemistry at the Pázmány hyrax) is the most common animal not to freshwater studies in Sri Lanka. In Zimbabwe Péter University of Sciences in 1942. From forget the porcupines, mongooses and even (see in contribution of Chris Magadza), as in 1943 onwards he served the Limnological snakes. Five dams have been built before Sri Lanka, water impoundment in reservoirs is Institute at Tihany in different positions: he 1907 to supply the city of Cape Town with essential due to seasonal nature of rains. The started as a research fellow, and became a senior water. They have been the subject of several country faces some serious problems related researcher. He then became acting director and limnological investigations. The world famous to water pollution and water-borne diseases. retired as deputy director of the institute in Kirstenbosch botanical gardens are situated Lastly, the traditions of limnological research in 1983. During this long- lasting limnological on the eastern slopes of the mountain, not far Mexico appear to be rich. I‘m impressed with career and activities in Hungary, he worked in from the University of Cape Town and Groote the spurt of announcements of international Africa (in Ghana and Egypt) between 1966

 SILnews 52: June 2008 and 1974 as an expert of the FAO (Food Lake Environmental Committee, Japan). Lake Balaton were published in the book and Agriculture Organization of the United He worked in Ghana as a limnologist at the entitled “Changing Balaton”. Nations). He worked and published a lot in Volta Reservoir between 1966 and 1969, and After retiring in 1983 he still continues studies the field of limnology in several languages, as project manager of the FAO-UNDP Lake on the eutrophication of the Lake Balaton and which included Dutch, German, French, Nasser Development Centre Programme ice formation and related phenomena. Having English, Italian, Latin, Russian and Arabic. between 1969 and 1974. He dealt with the an enormous experience in tropical limnol- His comprehensive study of Lake Nasser was divergent limnological problems of Lake ogy, he played an important part in educating published in 1988 by the ILEC (International Nasser-Nubia (High Dam Lake) in Egypt. experts through his lectures on “Tropical and He made a good use of his wide subtropical limnology and fisheries” at the knowledge gained in Egypt, Agricultural University of Gödöllő. He also Kenya, Lesotho, Somalia and gives lectures in hydrobiology and limnology at Italy as the expert of the FAO several universities in Hungary. and UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme). He always holds his professional and public As a grant holder he visited audiences spellbound with a fascinating manner several countries and gave invited of verbal communication. This and his wide lectures at scientific meetings. knowledge of natural sciences, make him a gifted speaker. He is loved, respected and held In his homeland he primarily in high esteem by his colleagues for his warm investigated the Lake Balaton. nature. Béla Entz has always paid attention to He was mainly interested in the training the younger colleagues to be familiar physical and chemical features with the Nature and love it. In 2006, he was of the lake and its tributaries. conferred a membership of the Hungarian Holy He investigated seasonal changes Stephan Academy of Sciences. in water temperature, transpar- ency, oxygen saturation and During his active life, Béla Entz, handed down ice-formation. He carried out the secret of a scientist’s love of his profession, a water and sediment analyses, teacher’s wisdom and a human being’s helpful- studied the relationships between ness all over the world. We all wish our “Uncle water quality and biota, and Béla”, many more active years and good health the ecology of fishes. His Ph.D. so that he can go on with his mission. thesis was also based on these fields of limnology. He published Nándor Oertel, about one hundred papers in National Representative the national and international On behalf of the Hungarian section of SIL scientific journals. His long-term [email protected] Béla Entz, sixty year SIL member limnological observations on

Lakes: Reports From Laboratories The Limnological Institute offers teaching facilities, and helps in organiz- of Matter in Lake Constance“ investigated ing lectures and seminars at the University of nutrient cycling and trophic interactions in at Konstanz (Germany): Freiburg. The students from the University at the pelagic zone. In 1998, we started the new Research on and beyond Freiburg attend courses at Konstanz. project SFB454 “Littoral of Lake Constance” [2]. Since 1998, 33 different research groups Lake Konstanz Limnology has a strong base in Konstanz, with (presently 14 groups) have focussed on four two full professors (Karl-Otto Rothhaupt, The Limnological Institute at Konstanz major aspects of littoral research: macrobial General Limnology; and Bernhard Schink, was founded by a private initiative in 1946 communities (macro-invertebrates & mac- Microbial Ecology), two associate professors at Falkau (Black Forest) under the name rophytes), microbial communities (algae, (Rainer Eckmann, Fish Ecology; and Frank Hydrobiologische Station für den Schwarzwald cyanobacteria, fungi and bacteria), fish ecology Peeters, Environmental Physics), and seven as- or Walter-Schlienz-Institute after the former and physical processes (transport, mixing and sistant professors [1] covering the fields aquatic patron. Hans-Joachim Elster became leader resuspension). For more details, please see our botany, bacterial cell-cell interactions, chemical of the institute in 1948. The Volkswagen- web link given below. ecology, environmental fluid mechanics, food Foundation supported the costs of the Stations’s quality, food web and population ecology, new building at Konstanz in 1970 on the Research in the littoral zone has proved to be molecular ecology of fish and tropical wetlands. shore of Überlinger See, the northwestern challenging: the littoral habitat is known for This has enabled us to attract two Collaborative basin of Lake Constance. Since 1981, the its heterogeneity but also for defined zones Research Centres (CRCs, in German Limnological Institute belongs to the University based on the water level. We had to reschedule SFB=Sonderforschungsbereich) supported by of Konstanz, and has a strong collaboration our experimental set-ups several times due to the German Science Foundation (DFG). From with the University of Freiburg. The Institute unforeseen changes in water level. Both a record 1986 to 1997, the project SFB248 “Cycling

SILnews 52: June 2008  high and record low water level fell within the charophytes and Najas species now occupy large [6] Müller, N., Hempel, M., Philipp, B. duration of this SFB; water level reached 5.65 parts of the littoral (E. Gross, unpubl.). and Gross, E. M. (2007) Degradation of m at the Konstanz gauge in May 1999 (see [5] gallic acid and hydrolysable polyphenols is for impacts on biota), while the level was barely A third major topic in our research within constitutively activated in the freshwater 2.30 m in February 2006. Such strong fluctua- SFB454 is the ongoing and apparently ac- plant-associated bacterium Matsuebacter sp. tions are possible because Lake Constance is a celerated sequence of species invasions in FB25. Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 47, 83-90. Dreissena polymorpha, large (total surface area 536 km2, upper lake Lake Constance (1965 [7] Thomas, G. & Eckmann, R. (2007) The Dikerogammarus villosus, Corbicula 473 km2 surface area, 254 m maximum depth; 2002 2003 influence of eutrophication and population fluminea, Limnomysis benedeni [3]), not regulated pre- alpine lake. Since the 2006 and 2008 biomass on common whitefish (Coregonus Crangonyx pseudogracilis hot summer of 2003, the water level often ). These organisms lavaretus) growth - the Lake Constance remained below the average annual fluctuations strongly affect the macroinvertebrate communi- example revisited. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. that range between ~2.70 in late winter and ties in the littoral zone and are potential prey 64, 402-410. ~4.00 m in early summer. This decrease exposed organisms for fish and waterfowl [8]. [8] Werner, S., Mörtl, M., Bauer, H. G. and large parts of the stony littoral. Probably in great contrast to the most other Rothhaupt, K. O. (2005) Strong impact of wintering waterbirds on zebra mussel In addition, the re-oligotrophication of Lake limnological centres in Germany associated with (Dreissena polymorpha) populations at Constance is a major research topic now, more traditional or larger universities, or both, Lake Constance, Germany. Freshwater since total phosphorus concentrations at the the limnology at Konstanz is rooted in the faculty Biology 50, 1412-1426 winter turnover are now <10 µg l-1 versus of biology that is devoted primarily to molecular ~90 µg l-1 in the 1980s. This tremendous and biochemical research. This presents us a chal- Elisabeth Gross & Karl-Otto Rothhaupt, change in the trophic state of the lake was lenge, to keep ecological research going, but also Konstanz, Germany brought about by the IGKB (Internationale offers an opportunity, to include new approaches Gewässerschutzkommission für den Boden- to answer questions, e.g., about the adaptation of see), an association of the neighbouring states certain organisms to environmental changes or of Lake Constance, founded in 1959, to initiate the bacterial degradation of allelochemicals [6]. Hydrobiological Station joint and coordinated measures for the restora- How will the Limnological Institute continue? at Mikołajki, Poland – tion of the lake. Thus, the work of the IGKB Although scientists at our institute are involved A Research Site in the Centre has been very successful. In total, more than 4 in a variety of other projects, the SFB is the billion € have since been invested in efficient project that is steering the main lines of research. of Masurian Lakeland sewage collection and treatment in inhabited The current SFB period will expire in mid 2010, Hydrobiological Station at Mikołajki is the areas surrounding the lake [4]. The ongoing and we will have to develop a new concept for a largest and the oldest scientific station in re-oligotrophication has a strong impact on follow-up coordinated research. But before that, the Masurian lake region. It was founded in biota in both the pelagic and the littoral zones. we will have to delve into and discuss our major 1951, primarily as a part of the Institute of Fisheries yields are declining due to reduc- findings on the ecology of littoral zones of lakes Experimental Biology. Later, it was incorpo- tions in productivity of both phytoplankton at an international workshop at Konstanz in rated into the Institute of Ecology, the Polish and zooplankton ([7]; Straile, unpubl.). Even 2009. Please look out for the announcement of Academy of Sciences. The station has been a submerged macrophytes that rely on sediment this workshop or contact us if you are interested part of the Centre for Ecological Research PAS nutrients show signs of nutrient limitation, and to participate. since 2002. From its very beginning, the Station has served as an important site for limnological References: research in its broad sense. The studies carried [1] http://www.uni- out here so far have mainly focused on lake konstanz.de/limnologie/ eutrophication and nutrient cycling, ecology of [2] http://www.uni- aquatic macrophytes and land impact on lakes. konstanz.de/sfb454/ Moreover, numerous guests, both Polish and [3] http://www.igkb. foreign, visiting the Station perform their own de/html/seedaten/index. research. Such studies have contributed to the html overall scientific production of the Station. This [4] http://www.igkb. has resulted in more than 830 research publica- de/html/erfolge/con- tions and award of 50 Ph.D. theses. Recently, tent_01.html a reorganisation of the Hydrobiological Station [5] Gross, E. M., has resulted in the formation of a consortium of Feldbaum, C. and several scientific institutions, all of which can Choi, C. (2002) High use the available research facilities. abundance of herbivorous Lepidoptera larvae Hydrobiological Station is situated on the (Acentria ephemerella western shore of Lake Mikołajski, which is Denis & Schiffermüller) one of the chain of the Great Masurian Lakes on submersed macro- (GML). The chain consists of 30 lakes form- phytes in Lake Constance ing a navigable lake system. Lake Mikołajski (Germany). Arch. and other lakes of the system are the primary Sampling site of macrophytes (Myriophyllum spicatum & Chara spp.; E. Gross & objects of interests for the Station users though group) in the littoral zone of Lower Lake Constance near the island Reichenau. Hydrobiol. 155, 1-21.

 SILnews 52: June 2008 studies are also performed on other lakes, some Ejsmont-Karabin J., Gorelysheva Z., Kalinowska salt lakes are in progress. There are some 500 of which are very picturesque and dystrophic K., Węgleńska T. 2004 – Role of zooplankton lakes exceeding 0.01km2 in Khakasia (about and form an essential part of the watersheds of (Ciliata, Rotifera and Crustacea) in phospho- 390 of them are fresh and the rest saline). The the Masurian Lakeland. The Masurian Lakes rus removal from cycling: lakes of the River Institute of Biophysics Siberian Branch of the have been the object of extensive limnological Jorka Watershed (Masuria Lakeland, Poland) Russian Academy of Science (Krasnoyarsk, research for many decades. Papers based on data – Pol. J. Ecol. 52: 275-284. Russia) initiated the scientific investigation from the GML system cover a wide range of Kalinowska K. 2004 – Bacteria, nanoflagellates of salt lakes in the region in 1994, when also hydrobiological topics including physical and and ciliates as components of the microbial the Field Station at Shira Lake was launched. chemical characteristics of lake water, plankton, loop in three lakes of different trophic status The lake which is located some 360 km south macrophyte and fish ecology, etc. The vast – Pol. J. Ecol. 52: 19-34. of Krasnoyarsk is brackish and meromictic amount of data from the past serves as a refer- Kostrzewska-Szlakowska I. 2006 – A three lake (salinity 12 g l-1; maximum depth 24 m); it ence for the studies in progress at the Station. study of the surface microlayer and subsurface is permanently divided into oxic and anoxic The Station provides accommodation and water from north-eastern Poland – Verh. zones by the chemocline, which is located at the laboratory facilities, road and water transport Internat. Verein. Limnol. 29 (3): 1642–1644. depth of 12-16 m, depending on the year and services, technical and field assistance and so Muirhead J.R., Ejsmont-Karabin J., MacIsaac H.J. season. During summer, there are pronounced on. Accommodation and other facilities are 2006. Quantifying rotifer species richness in vertical gradients in light, temperature and available to Polish and foreign research workers temperate lakes. Freshw. Biol. 51: 1696-1709. concentrations of salinity and dissolved oxygen on a nominal charge of 10-15 Euro per head Urlich W., Zalewski M. 2006 – Abundance and in the pelagic zone (Degermendzhy & Gulati, per 24 hour period. Numerous national and co-occurrence patterns of core and satellite 2002). The lake is also characterized by a deep- international conferences as well as student species of ground beetles on small lake water algal maximum below the thermocline in courses are also held at the Station. The Station islands – Oikos, 114: 338–348. summer (Gaevsky et al., 2002) and by a dense offers facilities for both oral and poster presen- population of chemocline bacteria (Pimenov tations, and small “fireplace room” on site for Jolanta Ejsmont-Karabin et al., 2003). The pelagic zooplankton com- evening discussions and social get-togethers. Hydrobiological Station munity of Shira Lake mostly consists of only Centre for Ecological Research PAS three zooplankton species, including a calanoid The station’s users are now involved in scientific Lesna 13 copepod Arctodiaptomus salinus and two species projects focused on: factors determining biodi- 11-730 Mikołajki, Poland of Rotifera, Brachionus plicatilis and Hexarthra versity in small- and large-scale habitats changing tel. 48 87 42 16 133 oxiura, which have stratified distribution in time and space and role of the pelagic and [email protected] (Zadereev & Tolomeev, 2007). An important benthic micro-invertebrates in microbial loop as characteristic of Shira Lake is the absence of well as the structure and functioning of psammon ichthyofauna and carnivorous zooplankton. communities of Rotifera, Ciliata and Crustacea. Salt Lakes Studies Open New Amphipod Gammarus lacustris occupies both littoral and pelagic parts (Tolomeev, Zadereev References Perspective for Limnologists & Degermendzhy, 2006) and probably serves Chróst, R.J. & Siuda, W. 2006. Microbial as top organism in the lake’s stunted food chain. production, utilization, and enzymatic Although salt lakes are widely distributed and degradation of organic matter in the upper sometimes unique in their species composition In addition to Lake Shira, there are about trophogenic water layer in the pelagial zone and ecosystem functioning, the attention of 50 lakes of various sizes, which range from of lakes along the eutrophication gradient. limnologists has been focused more on fresh freshwater to hypersaline (salinity > 100 g - Limnol. Oceanogr. 51:749-762 water habitats. Marine scientists consider salt l-1). They are all located within 50 km from Ejsmont-Karabin J. 2004 – Are community lakes as inland water bodies, but fresh water re- the field station, and can be considered as a composition and abundance of psammon searchers do not include them into their research “natural laboratory” for studying a number of Rotifera related to grain-size structure of agenda, due to certain specific characteristics basic problems dealing with species biodiversity of salt lakes. This approach is, however, now and general aquatic ecosystem functioning. beach sand in lakes? – Pol. J. Ecol. 52: Research scientist Denis Rogozin is drilling an ice-hole for changing and studies on such lakes are starting For example meromictic Shunet lake (20 g 363-368. winter sampling at Shira lake. (This photo was the winner of to pick up. Researchers of marine ecosystems l-1 salinity in mixolimnion, 60 g l-1 salinity in SIL2007 photo contest in “Sampling” nomination). believe that salt lakes are easier to manage than monimolimnion, 6 m maximum depth) has the large marine objects, while inland concentration of chemocline bacteria compa- waters can use lakes varying in salinity rable with Mahoney lake (Canada) which is as natural ecological and evolutionary considered to have maximal concentration of laboratories. Thus, salt lakes can be the bacteria in chemocline (Lunina et al., 2007). object of studies for both marine and freshwater scientists alike. Research at the field station at Shira Lake has a relatively short history. It is being supported Scientific field station at the shore by numerous grants from various Russian of Shira Lake (http://www.ibp. and international scientific foundations. The ru/field_station/) near the town laboratory has produced some 45 papers in of Shira (Republic of Khakasia) in peer-reviewed journals in last 5 years. The the central part of the Altai-Sayan support and impetus to research now in progress Mountain in southern Siberia was provided by international cooperation (Russia) is one such place where the with Centre for Limnology, The Netherlands Hydrobiological Station at Mikołajki, Poland comprehensive scientific studies of Institute of Ecology, Nieuwersluis; the A view of the Shira Field Station on the shore of Lake Shira at the sunrise. SILnews 52: June 2008  Limnological Station of the Institute of Plant We the Siberian Limnologists look forward to Pimenov, N.V., Rusanov, I.I., Karnachuk, O.V., Biology, University of Zurich, Switzerland; receiving feed-backs for research and scientific Rogozin, D.Y., Bryantseva, I.A., Lunina,O. and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, ideas from the readers of the SILnews. You are N., Yusupov, S.K., Parnachev, V.P. & M.V. Spain. Shira Lake was the venue of the 8th welcome to visit the salt lakes of Shira (Khakassia) Ivanov, 2003, Microbial processes of the International Conference on Salt Lake Research and to contribute to their scientific exploration. carbon and sulfur cycles in Lake Shira (July 2002), which was attended by >100 (Khakasia). Microbiology 72: 221-229. scientists from all over the world. Currently, an Andrey Degermendzhy, Lunina, O.N., I.A. Bryantseva, V.N. Akimov, international research project “New integrative The corresponding member of Russian I.I. Rusanov, D.Yu. Rogozin, E.S. Barinova, model of lake ecosystem functioning: stability and Academy of Sciences A.M. Lysenko, and N.V. Pimenov. 2007. controllability analysis” is being carried out in Director, Institute of Biophysics SB RAS Seasonal Changes in the Structure of the cooperation with the Centre for Limnology Anoxygenic Photosynthetic Bacterial (Netherlands). This project is jointly sup- Egor Zadereev, Ph.D. Community in Lake Shunet, Khakassia. ported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research scientist, Institute of Biophysics SB RAS Microbiology, Vol.76 No.3, p. 368 Research and the Netherlands Organization for Tolomeyev A. P., E. S. Zadereev and A. G. Scientific Research NWO Project No. 2004 References Degermendzhy. 2006. Fine stratified 0.47.011.2004.030.). The aim of the project is Degermendzhy, A.G. & R.D. Gulati, 2002, distribution of Gammarus lacustris sars to couple hydrophysical models developed for Understanding the mechanisms of bloom- (Crustacea: Amphipoda) in the pelagic zone stratified lakes by Russian scientists with bio- ing of phytoplankton in in Lake Shira, of the meromictic Lake Shira (Khakassia, logical food chain models developed by Dutch a saline lake in Siberia (the Republic of Russia). Doklady Biological Sciences, 411, scientists and introduce new concepts and ideas Khakasia). Aquatic Ecology 36: 331-340. 1, 346-348 (such as infochemical feedbacks, stoichiometric Gaevsky, N.A., Zotina, T.A. & T.B. Gorbaneva, Zadereev Yegor S. and Alexander P. Tolomeyev. constrains, spatial separation and vertical migra- 2002, Vertical structure and photosyn- 2007. The vertical distribution of zoo- tions of hydrobionts) into coupled models. thetic activity of Shira Lake phytoplankton. plankton in brackish meromictic lake Aquatic Ecology 36: 165-178. with deep-water chlorophyll maximum. Hydrobiologia. 576(1): 69-82

Research scientist Denis Rogozin is drilling an ice-hole for A view of the Shira Field Station on the shore of Lake Shira at the sunrise. winter sampling at Shira lake. (This photo was the winner of SIL2007 photo contest in “Sampling” nomination).

 SILnews 52: June 2008 Regional Limnology Limnology in resources? And then, why is limnology not humans. During the past 5-6 decades, increas- gaining ground in the developing world? The ing emphasis on storage and diversion of Developing Countries international community classifies the na- water to meet the growing needs of agriculture The world seems to be unanimous in acknowl- tions into ‘developed’, ‘developing’ and ‘least and hydropower,and flood control measures edging that water is rapidly becoming the most developed’ primarily on the basis of their GDP have rapidly degraded the water resources. critical factor in economic development, and that and per capita income in US $, and their status Consequently, the inland water ecosystems water scarcity is increasing due to rapid expansion is reviewed periodically. The latest grouping cannot anymore deliver the goods and services of human population and its water requirement also recognizes ‘newly industrializing countries on which the economic development depends. for agricultural, urban and industrial growth. This (NIC)’, which include countries intermediate Disposal of untreated wastewaters, catchment is reflected in the United Nations declaring 2003 between the developed and developing. Such degradation and widespread infestation with as International Year of Freshwater, followed by a classification does not take into account invasive species, such as water hyacinth, have the International Decade for Action: Water for Life the differences in their water resources. Most accelerated the process of degradation (Fig. (2005-2015). The Human Development Report developing countries lie in the tropical and 1). One could argue that in the pre-industri- (2006) focuses on global water crisis. One would subtropical belt, but they differ greatly in the alization phase, the widespread epidemics of expect that limnology will play a central role in wealth of their natural resources, particularly water-borne and vector-borne diseases were finding a solution to this ‘global crisis’ because it the water resources. Some tropical countries responsible for keeping the human popula- is the only science that seeks to integrate different receive very high rainfall but most of them are tions under control. However, the Millennium water-related disciplines and takes a holistic view arid to semi-arid. A significant proportion of Development Goals and the declaration of 2008 of inland waters as ecosystems. Moreover, limnol- the landmass of many developing countries as the International Year of Sanitation provide ogy looks at inland water bodies beyond their is covered with high mountains. Several large ample evidence of increasing water pollution shoreline to understand the interactions with rivers such as the Nile, Ganga, Brahmaputra, and water scarcity. Yangtse and the Mekong, flow through these their watershed, including those at the air-water Now I turn to ‘why is limnology not gaining countries. Numerous large lakes are concen- interface. Unfortunately, this is not happening. ground in the developing countries’? The pres- trated in Central Asia and Eastern Africa. The ent state of limnology has been documented for Several limnologists (Brezonik 1996, Moss precipitation in these countries exhibits strong some countries in the SIL series “Limnology in 1999) have raised their concern and analysed seasonality and spatial and temporal variability. Developing Countries”. Whatever little is done the factors affecting the growth of limnology. In In India, the annual rainfall ranges from over in these countries is generally not published in Europe, as a corrective measure, a new limnol- 500 cm in the east to less than 10 cm in some the mainstream journals because the researchers ogy education program has been launched only areas in the west. Although the steep slopes have difficulties with language and poor com- this year, to meet the anticipated demand for of Cherapunji in northeast India receive the munication abilities (see also Williams 1994). trained limnologists (www.quali-limn.org). world’s highest mean annual rainfall, the area It is difficult to analyse the factors at a time has insufficient water due to a rapid runoff. The Here, I present a developing-country perspective, when limnology is losing ground (or not able to Central Highland of Sri Lanka and Western based largely upon my personal assessment of the progress) in Europe and North America because Ghats in India obstruct the monsoon so that Indian situation, which I believe to be generally of the lack of adequate public funding, and the the areas lying on their eastern side remain true for most countries in Asia and Africa. discussion revolves around basic limnology ver- semi-arid despite very high rainfall on the west- sus applied limnology. The economic reasons are First, I examine how the developing countries ern side. It must also be recognized that the vast more than obvious for the developing countries: differ from the developed ones in their water majority of inland water bodies in the develop- there is insufficient funding for infrastructure ing countries are rather (laboratory equipment, field facilities, scientific small (<1 to 10 ha), literature) and there are few opportunities for shallow and seasonal. interaction and exchange. Assistance from Further, innumerable developed countries and international agencies man-made water bodies is certainly required but any amount of external of varying dimen- support will be inadequate because of the vast sions are a prominent diversity of the inland water resources and the feature of the landscape huge population in developing countries. throughout the arid and semi-arid regions. I would argue, however, that funding may not be Many of these waters a constraint if there are compelling circumstances are saline. and convincing demonstration of the ability of For centuries, and limnological research to provide solutions to even millennia, the the problems of water resources. Even though developing countries it is true that the developing countries cannot managed these vari- afford the luxury of doing ‘curiosity-driven’ basic able water resources research to discover new paradigms, it is rarely successfully without recognized that the solution to problems of the dragon of pollu- ecosystem degradation requires an understand- Figure 1. Infestation of water hyacinth in Lake Phewa in Pokhra valley (Nepal). tion threatening the ing of the structural attributes, processes and Note also the change in land use/land cover of the surrounding hilly catchment.

SILnews 52: June 2008  functioning of these systems. The inland water and biodiversity in all aquatic habitats, the Over a decade ago, on my return to Turkey bodies are often treated as storages or conduits of conservationists under the banner of Ramsar from the United Kingdom after receiving my water, not as ecosystems. Convention have promoted the term wetlands doctoral degree in 1995 I felt to fulfill my urge to encompass a variety of aquatic ecosystems: to promote studies focusing on the ecology of Almost all limnology-related research has been streams, rivers, reservoirs, lakes, mangroves, lakes. I especially intended to work on shallow influenced by national policies that accord coastal waters and coral reefs (see Boulton and lakes, about which literally little was known lowest priority to ecology and environment. Brock 1999). An appreciation for the distinc- and for which the macrophytes were regarded For example, in India the studies on primary tion between the ‘ecological character’ of inland as unwanted weeds. With such a goal in my production, energetics, food chain transfer water systems for the required management mind and heart, I started virtually from a and nutrient dynamics initiated during the measures seems to be lacking. scratch to establish a limnology laboratory. I International Biological Programme in the was the the first limnologist employed at the 1960s were abandoned mid 1970s. At this Finally, the policy makers in developing Department of Biology, Middle East Technical point, the central Government shifted its countries need to realise that water secu- University (METU) in Ankara. My vision of priorities to improve water quality and pre- rity cannot be ensured without ensuring the shallow lake ecology was strongly in support of vent water pollution. Access to sophisticated ecological integrity of rivers and lakes and their a top-down control of ecosystem functioning instruments has allowed analyses of heavy metal associated wetlands, that in turn depend upon in freshwater lakes. However, this concept was and organic pollutant concentrations in water, their specific habitats, hydrology, biota and the not yet developed in Turkey. As the results of the sediments and organisms. Recent interest in watersheds within which they are imbedded. research I carried out presented the efficiency of biodiversity has seen a shift towards identify- biomanipulation2,3. However, over the course ing and enumerating the organisms. There is, References of time I have come to realise the indispensable however, a lack of taxonomic expertise and the Boulton, A.J. and Brock, M.A. 1999. Australian role of hydrology in shaping the ecology of organisms are rarely identified to the species Freshwater Ecology: Processes and Turkish lakes. This is also true for lakes in the level. Most research in the universities is based Management. Gleneagles Publishing, Glen Mediterranean region because of the strong on Ph.D.-oriented short-term studies that focus Osmond, Australia. control of the semi-dry Mediterranean climatic on the status of water bodies rather than on Brezonik, P.L. 1996. Freshwater ecosystems: revi- system with alternating dry and wet periods the cause-effect relationships. Limnological re- talizing educational programs in limnology. predominating in the region5,6. Now, my vision search, as in other areas of ecology, has become National Academy Press, Washington, DC. of the ecology of Turkish lakes has matured and highly fragmented and compartmentalized. Moss, B. 1999. Ecological challenges for lake in the mean time the Limnology Laboratory at The holistic ecosystem perspective of a water management. Hydrobiologia 395-396: 3-11. METU (www.limnology.metu.edu.tr) has grown body that requires interdisciplinary long-term Shang, S. 2008. A multiple criteria decision-mak- (Photo) and become an inspiring environment studies is rarely pursued, and the watershed and ing approach to estimate minimum environ- carrying out research mostly on the ecology of river-basin scale interactions are ignored. mental flow based on wetted parameter. River shallow lakes including the interactions between Research and Applications 24: 54-67. Certain conceptual barriers seem to generally the biota (or food-web) and hydrology, together Talling, J.F., and Lemoalle, J. 1998. Ecological prevent researchers in developing countries from with nutrient dynamics in the present as well as Dynamics of Tropical Inland Waters. asking searching questions and seeking coherent in the past using paleoecology. Lately, limnol- Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K. answers to them. The water resource managers ogy lab has been leading a snap-shot survey Williams, W.D. 1994. Constraints to the commonly ask, ‘how much water is required with space-for-time substitution approach conservation and management of tropical for particular organisms or for maintaining the aiming to understand the eutrophication in a inland waters. Mitt. Int. Verein. Limnol. ecological functions of the downstream river to gradient of shallow lakes funded nationally by 24: 357-363. an acceptable level’? This aspect, unfortunately, Turkish Scientific and Technological Research remains uninvestigated in most developing coun- Organization (TUBİTAK)). Preliminary results Brij Gopal tries (see Shang 2008, for a recent study in China). have already shown that ecology of our shallow Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi Instead, there is a tendency to refer to studies in lakes holds an intermediate position between [email protected] South Africa, USA or Australia, regardless of their north temperate and subtropical ones. Turkey’s applicability. Similarly, phosphorus continues to be close economic and cultural access to the EU accepted as the causative factor for eutrophication, countries has improved the funding, which without paying attention to the relative importance Bringing Limnology has never been so generous as now. There is of N versus P in tropical waters (see Talling and to the Lakes in Turkey now a great opportunity ahead for the Turkish Lemoalle 1998). If the ideas and solutions based limnologists to explore and unravel the ecology upon research in temperate, hydrologically distinct Turkey is a huge country stretching across 36° of inland lakes, especially in the face of climatic waters can be applied to the situation in developing - 42° N and 26°-45° E with a great annual warming. I have already helped to form a con- country, why should the governments allocate variation in precipitation regime from 250 to sortium project comprising twelve universities resources or why should we spend time and effort >2250 mm. This creates a great variety in biomes and a research institute to investigate impact in rediscovering the wheel? Hence, although of aquatic waters: alpine freshwaters, coastal of climate- hydrology and eutrophication on developing countries continue to seek expertise lagoons, and inland fresh and saline waterbodies structure, function and biodiversity of Turkish and funds from developed countries, the problems together covering 10,000 km2 of water area. streams and lakes; this is based on the space-time remain unresolved. Unfortunately, investigations on the inland waters substitution approach using contemporary and of Turkey are mostly restricted in their focuses long-term interactions from sediment records. Limnology has received another blow from on documenting the flora and fauna. There is a The emphasis of research is on integration of conservation enthusiasts. In their well-mean- general lack in understanding of the ecology of basic (food-web structure and function) and ing efforts to conserve/protect waterfowl, fish 1 freshwaters and ecosystem perspective . applied sciences (modeling, indicator species).

 SILnews 52: June 2008 This should allow developing a comprehensive research on the chemical communication 6. Beklioglu et al. 2007. Hydrobiologia, 196: approach to complex and sometimes non-linear for predator avoidance of Daphnia and the 317-326 dynamics of aquatic ecosystem to the drivers toxicities of salinity and pesticides6,. Data are (hydrology, nutrients). To stimulate scientific also being modelled by for life-history and Prof. Dr. Meryem Beklioglu, competitiveness and to secure close contact population dynamics of Daphnia by Middle East Technical University, with the best research groups outside Turkey, Dr. Karsten Rinke from the Limnological Biology Department, Limnology Laboratory, we now have two eminent scientists included as Institute, University of Konstanz, Germany, TR-06531, Ankara, Turkey advisors to the project (Professor Erik Jeppesen, and Dr. Can Ozan Tan from the Department [email protected] Denmark, and Professor David Hamilton, New of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Zealand). I have already had a close collabora- Harvard Medical School, USA. tion with Professor Jeppesen, who has been the Anticipated effects of the global climate change Regional Water Planning co-supervisor of several post-graduate students. on aquatic ecosystems in semi-dry Turkey are in the Middle-East: Furthermore, the ecology of Daphnia has been gloomy. Let’s, however, hope that we can be bet- Limnological, Political and a fascinating aspect of my research interests at ter armed with comprehensive scientific knowl- the Limnology Laboratory. Here we perform edge to mitigate some of these adverse effects. Economical Perspectives The climate conditions in Israeli vary from desert References in the south, mild Mediterranean climate in 1. Akbulut, N. 2005. the center and subtropical climate in the north. SIL publication More than 95% of natural water resources in 171-218 Israel are being utilized. Rain distribution over 2. Beklioglu et al. 2003. Israel (total 7.9x109m3/y = billion cubic meters Hydrobiologia 489: per year, (bcm/y) varies between 1300 mm/y 93-105 in the north and <100 mm/y in the southern 3. Beklioglu & Tan. desert; losses include 70% evapotranspiration, 2008. Fundamental 5% - runoff and 25% infiltration. Total national and Applied Limnology water supply is 2.11 bcm/y, of which 0.55 comes in press. from the Kinneret–Jordan System and 0.2 from 4. Beklioglu et al. the desalination. Thirty per cent (0.633 bcm/y) 2006. Archive fur of supplied waters is suitable for drinking and Hydrobiology 166 (4): domestic consumption. The only available 535-556 options to enhance fresh-water supplies are sea 5. Beklioglu et al. 2006. water desalination and recycling. Lake Kinneret Freshwater Biology 51: is used as a source of drinking water, domestic, Photo: Limnology Laboratory members (Note: Meryem Beklioglu, 4th from the 2200-2206 left, flanked by the staff and students and the ratio♀ 6 :3♂. Editor SILnews) agriculture, industry and aquifer recharging use through the National Water Carrier (NWC) that has been in operation since July 1964. During the last 43 years, the NWC has drawn totally 13 bcm of water from the lake. Due to water-level restric- tions, total amount of about 4 bcm of water was released through the south dam to the Dead Sea. Lake-water salinity has been fluctuating between 300 and 330 (ppm chloride) before 1960, 400 during early 1960’s, then decreased to 200 ppm in early 1980’s, and increased to 280-300 ppm in 2002. Lake Kinneret has become the major sup- plier of salts to the Israeli soils and aquifers. About

8 million tons of dissolved major ions (Cl, CO3,

Na, Mg, K, Ca, SO4) deposited onto the soils led to deterioration. The present projects for desalina- tion of Mediterranean waters of 0.5 bcm/y by 2010 include the installation of moderate plants (0.08 -0.150 bcm/y) along the coastal plain. The hydrological management of the Kinneret- River Jordan system as constrained by the Fig. A view of Lake Eymir. The lake is located 20 km south of Ankara (39o, 57`N, 32o 53`E and altitude, “NWC Management”(NWCM) is a close-dam 2 2 900 m; area, 1.25 km ; Zmax, 5.5 m; Zmean, 3.1 m; shoreline, 13 km; and catchment area, 971 km ). The strategy, i.e. maximum lake storage by close lake had been receiving raw sewage effluent for 20 ears and became eutrophic. The restoration measures of the dam operation. If “Open Dam Management” lake involved diversion of the sewage effluents and lake’s biomanipulation. Consequently, the clear water was (ODM) is applied, nutrient-rich water is obtained but for a short period, mainly due to a prolonged drought, increase in cyanobacteria blooms and transported across the lake during winter and salinity. Limnology laboratory has been monitoring Lake Eymir since 1997.

SILnews 52: June 2008  out-fluxed through the south dam. NWCM Sea Valley and then flow down through Concluding Remarks operation is resulting nutrient loads increase turbines for electricity generation to 365m 1) The Northern project combined with the and the constant pumping from the upper below sea level. The water will be desalinated National Water Carrier will enable integra- layers accelerates their accumulation. During by reverse osmosis and pumped to Jordan tion with Lake Kinneret without negative winter the demand for water is less than in (0.570 bcm/y) and Palestine (0.270 bcm/y) impact on the lake’s water quality becuase a summer, and less water is pumped out (0.023 . The excess of Red Sea water (app. 1.06 decline of nutrient loads is predicted. bcm/month and 0.032 bcm/month , respec- bcm/y), and the wastes will be dumped into tively). The ODM will cause an increase of the Dead Sea. These wastes are an unknown 2) The RSDSC is the most expensive alterna- 50-86% of nutrients removal from the lake. component to the Dead Sea ecosystem and tive and environmental damage to the desert might cause geochemical deteriorations such is predicted although no political problems The Dead Sea Destruction as gypsum suspensoids produced by the Red are expected. Exploitation of the Dead Sea water for fertilizer Sea sulfates and the Dead Sea calcium, and 3) The mixing of Red Sea with Dead Sea waters production by evaporation, the Kinneret Close might damage tourists enterprises due to might have negative impacts on tourism and Dam policy and consumption of fresh water predicted microbial blooms resulting from fertilizer production by Israel and Jordan resources in southern Jordan (between the the thermal structure changes. industries as well as precipitation of gypsum Dead Sea and Lake Kinneret) resulted in water 3). Mediterranean – Dead Sea Canal: this accompanied by change of the biological level decline from 1930 of about 31 m, surface project includes a gravitational transport environment of the upper water mass. area shrinkage by 310 km2 and water volume of 2 bcm/y Mediterranean waters through reduction by about 131 km3. Risky “Sinkhole” 4) The Naharaim gravitional project was found the shortest route in northern Israel via formation around the Dead Sea has occurred. to be the most economical but formation of Naharaim site , located about 20 km south The deteriorating ecology, water resources, re- the gypsum suspensoids is predicted in the of Kinneret. Desalinized water (0.8 bcm/y) gional politics, drinking water shortages as well Dead Sea. will be pumped to Jordan. The salts and as industrial development and cultural aspects extra 1.2 bcm/y Mediterranean waters will be 5) The Northern and Naharaim projects might of Israel, Jordan and Palestine, have created a transported through a pipe to the Dead Sea. cause political difficulties as both are entirely situation that urgently requires international Mediterranean salts contain high concentra- located in Israeli territory. cooperation to develop collaborative projects. tion of sulphate, and production of gypsum Three projects are outlined: suspensoids is predicted after its mixing with References the Dead Sea water and its calcium. Avnimelech, Y.Y. Baron, G. Rozental, N. 1). The “Northern Project”: transport of Yehoshua, and G. Shaham. 2007. Water desalinated Mediterranean waters through the Israeli National Water Carrier and Lake Kinneret to be supplied via the Jordan river to Jordanians and Palestinians. This project together with other sources will meet the Israeli demand for drinking water. The south dam of Lake Kinneret will be mostly open to discharge winter floods through the Jordan River to the Dead Sea. It will enhance nutrients removal from Lake Kinneret, revive the southern Jordan River and increases water supply to the Dead Sea (ca. 0.4 bcm/y) to slow down water level decline. Lake Kinneret waters are naturally recognized by the Dead Sea ecosystem and the development of fine particles of gypsum suspensoids is not predicted. The salts removed from desalinated waters will be discharged to the Mediterranean ocean. 2). This Project includes the Red Sea – Dead Sea Canal (RSDSC) for transporting of about 2 bcm/y of Red Sea waters through the eastern part of the Jordanian-Israeli Figure. Schematic map of “Red Sea-Dead Sea Canal”, showing transfer of water from the Red desert (Arava Valley) to the Dead Sea region. Sea to Desalination Plant and of desalinated water by Jordan and Palestine (modified from Part of the water will be used for energy Beith (2007). The steps involved are: 1) pumping Red Sea water to 125m elevation (E 125); 2) production, for the desalination process and conveying this water by gravitation via a canal and tunnel to a Retreatment Station at 107 m for tourism development. The 2 bcm/y (E 107); 3) water drop by gravitation via a pipeline to the Desalination Plant at 365 m BSL of Red Sea water will be pumped (60 m3 (E 365); 4) desalination carried out by hydro-electric energy (Desalination Plant); 5) drinking /second) to 125m altitude and then flow water supply (27 m3 s-1) by two pumping stations to: A) Jordan Kingdom and B) the Palestine; and 6) waste-water(brine) from the Desalination Plant. Excess Red-Sea water is discharged into by gravity through an open canal and a the Dead Sea. Mcm (10X6 m3). E=Elevation. tunnel to 107m altitude, close to the Dead

10 SILnews 52: June 2008 Level decline in the Dead Sea, operational tary feeding. Also, because the water bodies a wise use of the available seed stock is made by alternatives. Naeman Institute, Technion, completely dry-up during some months of the selecting reservoirs that are suitable for developing Haifa, 74 p. (in Hebrew). year, the seasonal reservoirs do not harbour rich and sustaining culture-based fisheries. A study indi- Michael Beyth, M.2007.The Red Sea and the indigenous fish communities. Hence, from the cates that in Sri Lanka, it is possible to introduce a Mediterranean Dead Sea, canals project. point of view of biodiversity, conservation and strategy for rearing of fish fry up to fingerling size Memorandum.7 p. environmental protection, the culture-based in net cages and earthen ponds. Correct timing of Beyth, M., Gertman, I., Weinstein, R. and fisheries in seasonal reservoirs can be considered production of fingerlings is also necessary for suc- Gavrieli, I., 1998, End Brine Mixing in as a relatively eco-friendly development strategy. cessful implementation of culture-based fisheries the Dead Sea (July 20, 1998); Geological in seasonal reservoirs (Fig. 1). Because such fishery Survey of Israel Report GSI/30/98; 20 p. Regulatory process activities are community dependent, the final yield Gavrieli, I., 2000, Expected effects of the infloat The aquaculture committees are responsible from individual reservoirs will not only depend of seawater on the Dead Sea; GSI Current for the management of culture-based fisheries. on biological criteria but also on socio-economic Research, 12:7-11. Members of the aquaculture committee are ac- factors, including the degree of participation and Wakz, D., Raz, E. and Shtibelman, w., 1999, tively involved in these labour-intensive activities. cooperation within the community, for marketing The Research of the “Sinkholes” along the A proportion of the profit from the culture-based the produce, etc. Dead Sea Coast: Interm. Report. Submitted fisheries is utilized for reservoir improvement.. to the Steering Committee; 21 p. Current research on culture-based Species cultured fisheries in Sri Lanka Prof. Moshe Gophen As the culture period in seasonal reservoirs is In view of the large number of seasonal MIGAL-Glilee Technology Center-Tel Hai 7-9 months, the species suitable for stocking in reservoirs in Sri Lanka, the reservoirs need Academic College seasonal reservoirs should reach the marketable a suitability ranking for the development of POB 831 Kiryat Shmone, Israel (11016) size in 6-8 months. In the indigenous fish fauna culture-based fisheries. For such a ranking [email protected] of Sri Lanka, such species are not available. Exotic system or scale, physico-chemical, biological, tilapias are not desirable because they tend to catchment and hydrological characteristics of mature early in life (small size) in small water the water bodies, as well as socio-economic Culture-based Fisheries in bodies. As such, culture-based fisheries in seasonal aspects, need to be considered. De Silva et al. Village Reservoirs of Sri Lanka reservoirs exclusively rely on the common carp, (2005) attempted to develop a ranking system and the Chinese and Indian major carps. A stock- to determine the suitability of 14 non-peren- Introduction ing density of between 2000 and 2500 fingerlings nial reservoirs in southern Sri Lanka. They did In Sri Lanka, the total area of reservoirs is about ha-1 is the suitable, with approximately equal so using Geographical Information Systems 175,000 ha (Fernando 1993), which is about proportions of Aristichthys nobilis, Labeo rohita, and Analytic Hierarchy Process. The quality 2.7 ha km-2 of the island; in other words, about Catla catla and Cyprinus carpio. Ctenopharyngodon weightings indicated that none of the reservoirs 2.7 % of country’s area is covered by reservoirs. idella and Cirrhinus mrigala are the other species included for the ranking could be considered as Among these reservoirs, there are over 12,000 used. Under the fisheries development plan of Sri “poor”; six reservoirs were considered as “fair” small reservoirs, most of which are concentrated Lanka, it is envisaged to utilize 10,000 ha of the seven as “good” and one as “excellent.” in the dry zone of the country. These village village reservoirs annually to develop culture- Furthermore, Carlson’s trophic state indices reservoirs cover about 39,300 ha (Mendis1977). based fisheries. (TSI) measured on the basis of Secchi-disc Most of them are non-perennial and fill up dur- depth [TSI (SDD)], TP [TSI (TP)] and chloro- ing the inter-monsoon period from December to Conditions for success of the culture- phyll a [TSI (Chl-a)] show that the 45 reservoirs January (Fig. 2). Attempts to utilize these seasonal based fisheries in Sri Lanka studied are characterized by TSI (TP) = TSI reservoirs for the development of culture-based -1 A stocking density of 2000 fingerlings ha has (SDD) > TSI (Chl-a), indicating that non- fisheries were started in 1960 (Indrasena 1965). been suggested for achieving an average yield of algal particulate matter and colour dominate This involves releasing farm-produced seed fish -1 750 – 1000 kg ha (Chandrasoma and Kumarasiri underwater light attenuation. As TSI (Chl-a) is and recapturing them upon their reaching a 1986). For this objective, fingerling availability, positively correlated to culture-based fisheries desirable size (Indrasena 1965). selection of suitable seasonal reservoirs and post- yield, it is useful for planning culture-based Due to high potential yields, the culture-based stocking management are essential. Because the fisheries development strategies in non-perennial fisheries in seasonal reservoirs will provide a fingerlings are not available in sufficient quantities, reservoirs of Sri Lanka (Jayasinghe et al. 2005). means of increasing food supply in the rural areas of Sri Lanka. Under a project funded by MONTHS FAO in 1979-1980, the culture-based, fisheries M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O development trials were carried out by stocking of fingerlings of common carp, and Chinese and Indian major carps of 5-8 cm size. The mean fish yield in some 15 such reservoirs was estimated at 892 kg ha-1 per growing season (Chandrasoma and Kumarasiri 1986). The culture-based fisheries in village reservoirs of Sri Lanka have little impact on the environment because they are dependant on the existing INDUCED BREEDING OF MAJOR CARPS FRY REARING FINGERLING REARING STOCKING IN RESERVOIS CULTURE PERIOD HARVESTING water bodies and do not involve supplemen- Figure 1. Correct timing of culture-based fisheries in seasonal reservoirs of Sri Lanka. Rainy reason is shaded.

SILnews 52: June 2008 11 References voir in Zimbabwe, Lake Chivero (formerly source of water supply. The lake phytoplankton Chandrasoma, J. and W.S.A.A.L. Kumarasiri. L McIlwaine) on the Manyame (formerly is dominated by Cyanobacteria (Microcystis sp), 1986. Observations on polyculture of Hunyani) near Harare in 1952, triggered water- with an increase in the concentration of soluble- fish in seasonal tanks in Ratnapura and quality concerns as the reservoir became hyper- reactive phosphorus from <0.2 mg P l-1 to > Moneragala districts in Sri Lanka. Journal of eutrophic within ten years of its impoundment. 2 mg P l-1. Microcystin concentration varied Inland Fisheries 3: 49-55. The lake has a mostly rural and agricultural around a mean of 20 μg l-1 (Magadza 2003, De Silva, S.S., W M H.K. Wijenayake, A B.A.K. catchment of some 2136 km2, of which nearly Ndebele and Magadza 2006). 200 km2 is urban with a total population about Gunaratne and U.S Amarasinghe 2005. Use The main problem is that most major cities in four million. The problems of eutrophication of GIS tools to develop a scale for the selec- Zimbabwe are located along a ridge of high arose when elsewhere in the world, especially tion of non-perennial reservoirs for culture- ground that traverses the country. Thus, the for the North American Great lakes, concepts based fisheries activities. In: GIS Spatial processed wastewaters and diffuse sources of pol- of the linkage between eutrophication and Analyses in Fishery and Aquatic Sciences lution, which for the city of Harare, amount to human activity were developing in the 1960s. (Volume 2) Ed by T. Nishida, P.J. Kailola and several hundreds tonnes of phosphorus and over a C.E. Hollingworth, Fishery and Aquatic GIS Studies on the relationships between wastewater thousand tonnes of nitrogen, drain back into the Research Group, Japan. pp. 559-572. disposal and eutrophication firmly established water supply reservoirs. The situation in Harare Fernando, C.H. 1993. Impact of Sri Lankan the impact on the state of the lake of discharge has now led to incidences of chronic enteric reservoirs, their fisheries, management of nutrient-rich sewage effluents from trickle diseases as well as there are reports of rising cases and conservation. In: W. Erdelen, C. filter sewage treatment works (Robarts 1979, of liver cancer (Ndebele and Magadza 2006) Preu, N. Ishwaran and C.M. Madduma Thornton, 1982). These studies led to the con- Bandara (eds) Ecology and Landscape Lake Kariba is still the largest man-made lake by struction of the first Biological Nutrient Removal Management in Sri Lanka, Proceedings water volume (189 km3), with its area of 5600 Sewage Plant in Africa in the mid 1970s, of the International and Interdisciplinary km2, mean depth of 29 m and total length of which led to a rapid recovery of the lake from a Symposium 12-16 March 1990, Colombo, 287 km (Balon and Coche 1974). However, hypereutrophic state in the mid 1960s to a meso- Sri Lanka. Margraf Scientific Books, there are some interesting new findings related trophic lake by the early 1980s (Thorton 1982, Weikersheim. 351-374 pp. to the evolution of the lake’s ecosystem. The Magadza 1993). However, since then there has Indrasena, H.H.A. 1965. The development of conductivity of Zambezi floodwaters varies been a steady deterioration in the management fresh water fisheries in Ceylon. Proceedings between 40μS cm-1 and 50 μS cm-1, but may of the reservoir. Both the population doubling of the symposium on the Development rise to as much as 100 μS cm-1 during extreme in 12.5 years in the lake’s urban catchment area of Ceylon’s Fisheries. Bulletin of Fisheries low flow (Balon and Coche 1974). Earlier, the and poor or no maintenance of the wastewater Research Station, Ceylon. 17: 287-289. conductivity of lake water ranged between 40 μS treatment works, have resulted in Lake Chivero Jayasinghe, U.A.D., U.S. Amarasinghe and cm-1at the upstream end and about 80 μS cm-1 being among the most polluted lakes in the world S.S. De Silva 2005. Trophic classification at the dam site. Such an increase is attributed (Magadza 2003). This change had led to an of non-perennial reservoirs utilized for to evaporative increase of salt concentrations increase in the health risks to the cities of Harare, the development of culture-based fisher- attributed to the global warming. Further, the Chitungwiza and Norton, for which the lake is a ies, Sri Lanka. International Review of Hydrobiology 90: 209-222. Mendis, A.S. 1977. The role of man-made Table 1. Thermocline depth in L. Kariba; depth in metres. lakes in the development of fisheries in Sri Metalimnion Metalimnion Metalimnion Metalimnion Metalimnion Lanka. Proceedings of Indo-Pacific Fisheries o -1 upper depth lower depth median depth thickness Gradient ( C m ) Council 17(3): 247-254. Mean 17.50 25.00 21.25 7.50 0.53 1965-68 S.D. 4.18 3.16 3.45 2.74 0.20 Upali S. Amarasinghe Department of Zoology Mean 11.25 17.92 14.58 6.67 0.32 University of Kelaniya 1987-92 S.D. 4.83 6.89 5.52 4.44 0.13 Kelaniya 11600 Difference 6.25 7.08 6.67 0.83 0.21 Sri Lanka T-test 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.32 0.03 One factor ANOVA, F 7.27 5.6 7.2 0.17 7.18 One factor ANOVA. p 0.016 0.031 0.016 0.681 0.016 Limnology News from Zimbabwe Zimbabwe has a highly seasonal rainfall, now tending to be concentrated in few weeks between December and February. The country has many seasonal rivers...very few that are perennial. With no natural lakes, Zimbabwe has well over five thousand impoundments ranging from small farm dams of a few hundred cubic metres to Lake Kariba (5600 km2), shared by Zambia and Zimbabwe on the Zambezi River. Limnology in Zimbabwe has had a chequered history. The creation of the first large reser- Figure 1 Clear waters of a montane stream, Chimanimani Figure 2 Algal scum on L. Chivero

12 SILnews 52: June 2008 thermocline, reported in the mid 1960s to be and Umguza and Khami reservoirs in Bulawayo various freshwater environments from the point situated at about 20m depth, has ascended by have become hypereutrophic. Effluents from of view of taxonomy of aquatic organisms. some 6.6 m. Over all, the mean lake tempera- the iron and steel industries at Kwekwe release Notable among them are C.V. Hoffman, H. ture has risen by close to 2°C (Table 1). heavy metals into the Sebakwe River, and K. Harring, B. Sámano, V. Brehm, B. Carlin- Hwange Colliery discharges acid effluent into Nilson and B.F. Osorio-Tafall. They all made The mean lake temperature based on regressing adjacent streams. In large rivers such as the pioneering studies on the plankton of various data on water temperature against air tempera- Save, siltation has destroyed many riverine freshwater bodies. ture shows an increase of about 2°C since the habitats. Pools have silted up and riffle habitats mid 1960s Freshwater bodies in Mexico are found in have been smothered with sand. Consequently, different climatic zones and are diverse in their Unpublished work by Dr. Barbra Douglas aquatic animals, such as crocodiles, hippopota- types and characteristics. There are ephemeral in the early 1960s on the phytoplankton of mus, otters and several fish species, are now and frozen high altitude pools, thermal springs, the lake indicated a general preponderance of absent from large stretches of these rivers, and permanent natural and man-made lakes, Chlorophyceae. By the mid 1980s, the phyto- threatened with extinction. Uncontrolled gold underground running waters (sinkholes or plankton consisted mainly of Cyanobacteria panning has also resulted in the destruction of cenotes), arid (barren) waterbodies, surface and (Cylindrospermum sp) during the stratification stream habitats as well as the introduction of underground rivers and inland saline lakes. period (Romberg 1987). mercury and cyanide into the panned streams. Thus, the geological differences among the -wa In the 1980s, zooplankton showed abundance References ter bodies make the Mexican limnology unique. of large calanoids and daphnids in the pelagic As for many other freshwater bodies of the Kadye, W.T., Magadza C.D.D., Moyo N.A.G & zone while cyclopoids and chydorids were world, the Mexican freshwater ecosystems have S Kativu. Habitat associations of three fish found in the shallow areas (Balon and Coche; also experienced both natural and man-made species on a montane plateau (Nyika Plateau, Magadza 1980) The current studies show a impacts. For example, the freshwater lakes in Malawi), Freshwater Biology (in press) decrease in zooplankton while phytoplankton the Mexican Valley, which were nearly 100,000 Magadza C.H.D. 2003 Lake Chivero: A man- productivity (Ndebele pers com.) is dominated years ago about 35-m deep, have now been agement case study. Lakes and Reservoirs: by cyanophyceae. reduced to shallow waterbodies that are a few Research and Management. 8(2): 69-81. meters deep and some of them have become Our laboratory studies indicate that above a Magadza, C.H.D. 1980. The distribu- saline (e.g., lake Texcoco). mean temperature of 28°C, Cyanobacteria tion of zooplankton in the Sanyati Bay, (Microcystis aeruginosa and Oscillatoria sp) Lake Kariba: a multivariate analysis. The country has 70 large lakes varying in area dominate the phytoplankton. Hydrobiologia, 70: 57 from 1,000 to 10,000 ha and 14, 000 reser- Magadza, C.H.D. 2006. Kariba Reservoir: voirs, about 85% of which are <10 ha each. Early during the formation of Lake Kariba Experience and lessons learned. Lakes and Majority of the lakes in Mexico are natural, it was realised that that there were no local Reservoirs: Research and Management. and of volcanic origin, while the reservoirs are fishes that could utilise the pelagic zone. Thus, 11(4) 271-286. essentially man-made. Some important lakes Limnothrissa miodon, from Lake Tanganyika Masundire, H.M. 1994. Seasonal trends in in Mexico for which considerable limno- was introduced in 1968/69 to occupy this zooplankton densities in Sanyati basin, logical data are available are Charo, Cuitzeo, vacant niche. This is a planktivorous fish that Lake Kariba: a multivariate analysis. Pátzcuaro, Zacapu, Zirahuén (Michoacán), depends on entomostracans. Catches of this Hydrobiologia 272: 211-230. Chapala (Jalisco and Michoacán), Amatitlán fishery peaked in the early 1990s but has Ndebele, M.R and C.H.D. Magadza 2006 The (Jalisco), Catemaco (Veracruz), Crater Lakes steadily declined, and I quote a local fisherman occurrence of Microcycstin_LR in Lake (Axalapascos) (Puebla), el Sol Lake (State of that their catches per night are now measured Chivero, Zimbabwe. Lakes and Reservoirs: Mexico) and Cuatro Ciénegas (Coahuila). The “in kilograms, rather than tonnes”. Thus, the Research and Management, Vol. 11(1); 57-62 Secchi-disc transparency in some lakes is as low rise in lake temperature, changes in phytoplank- Robarts, R.D. 1979. Underwater light penetra- as a few cm, e.g. Chapala (20° 20’ 0” N, 103° 0’ ton composition, decline of entomostracans tion, chlorophyll a and primary production 0” W) and Xochimilco (Mexico City) (19° 17’ populations and of pelagic fishery point to in a tropical African lake, Lake McIlwaine, 29” N 99° 5’ 52” W), and in others up to 20 impacts of global warming. Rhodesia. Hydrobiology 86(4); 423-444. m, e.g. Poza de Media Luna (21° 51’ 18.6” N; The lotic environments have been studied Romberg L. (1987) Phytoplankton succes- 100° 01’ 22.3” W), San Luis Potosí. relatively much less in Zimbabwe. The rivers sion in the Sanyati basin, Lake Kariba. Compared with the rivers, the Mexican lakes face several threats, especially flow reduction Hydrobiologia 153: 193-202 have received more from the limnologist. due to climate change, siltation and pollution Thornton J.A. Ed. 1982. Lake McIlwaine: the Limnology has continued to be an important from agrochemicals and industrial waste. A few eutrophication and recovery of a tropical subject at the both undergraduate and post- fast-flowing streams in the eastern highlands African Lake. Dr. W Junk Publishers. 251p. graduate levels of most Mexican universities. of Zimbabwe are still in a relatively pristine condition. These have recently become the The National Association of Limnology in focus of montane stream ecological studies, in Exciting Moments in the Mexican Mexico was formed during 1997 with a modest conjunction with work on Nyika plateaux in membership of about 200 workers, which has Malawi (Kadye et al in press) Limnology: Past, Present and since then grown to about 250 members. More Future of Mexican Limnology recently, the periodic meetings on limnol- DDT persistently shows up in mothers’ milk in ogy have contributed further to the growth the Lake Kariba area. Several of the large water Limnology in Mexico has a long and impressive of limnology in Mexico. So far, three such supply reservoirs, such as Lake Chivero, Lake history of more than a hundred years. European meetings have been held at different cities in Mtirikwe (formerly L. Kyle) near Masvingo, and North American workers began to study the Mexican Republic (1999, Morelia; 2002,

SILnews 52: June 2008 13 Mexico City; and 2005, Villahermosa). The Mexico. For example, the tradition of triennial For further reading: fourth such meeting is scheduled for this international meetings of rotiferan zooplankton De la Lanza Espinosa, G. & J. L. García year (see elsewhere the announcement in this was initiated by A. Ruttner-Kolisko, the famous Calderón (editors). 2002. Lagos y Presas de SILnews for details). These meetings, although Austrian limnologist. Subsequently, this became México. AGT Editor, Mexico City, Mexico. they are at national level, have international an international Rotifera group. Mexico had Alcocer, J. & S.S.S. Sarma (editors). 2002. character: the Proceedings of the First Mexican the privilege of organizing the XI Rotifera Limnology in Mexico: Basic and applied as- Limnology Symposium held during 1999 were Symposium at the National Autonomous pects. Developments in Hydrobiology163, published in Hydrobiologia (Vol. 467, 2002, University of Mexico, Campus Iztacala (Mexico Springer (reprinted from Hydrobiologia Eds. Alcocer and Sarma). In addition, the City) in March, 2006 (with the undersigned Vol. 467). Mexican Planktonological Society (SOMPAC) as the main organizer (Sarma et al. 2007). Sarma, S.S.S., R.D. Gulati, R.L. Wallace, with its regular meetings, has also substantially A total of 125 participants (including 50 S. Nandini, H. J. Dumont & R. Rico- enhanced limnological output of the Mexican Mexican researchers) from 20 nations partici- Martínez (editors). 2007. Advances in waterbodies. The Proceedings of the 14th pated in the symposium. This year, the VIII Rotifer Research. Hydrobiologia Vol. 593. SOMPAC Meeting held during 2006 in International Cladocera Meeting, will be held Morelia City will appear this year as a supple- in Aguascalientes City (Mexico) during 21-25, S.S.S. Sarma mentary issue in the journal Hidrobiológica October. Such international meetings have thus Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, (UAM, Mexico City). given a boost to limnological investigations on Campus Iztacala, Tlalnepantla, Mexico. Mexican freshwater bodies. Thus, the current Starting with the traditional survey of freshwa- [email protected] growing trend in Mexican limnology augurs ter organisms, Mexican limnology has wit- well for research studies in future. nessed a great expansion and now encompasses many interdisciplinary studies of freshwaters. Information retrieved from standard databases (e.g., Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA), Biological Abstracts, Zoological Records, etc.) reveals that nearly 500 papers on Mexican limnological studies were published during the current decade (1999 – 2008), which is nearly 40% higher than a decade earlier. While the conventional field sampling of lakes and ponds is continuing, experimental limnoecology, paleolimnology, studies relating to conservation of freshwater habitats and Fig. A: Alchichica lake. Volcanic origin, a crater utilization of wastewaters for aquaculture have Fig. B: Iturbide Reservoir (Isidro Fabela, State of lake, pH >9, max. depth 60 m, located in the State Mexico, Mexico) (19° 34’ 32” latitude N and 99° also gained foothold. Ecological studies on of Puebla, a high altitude (2345 m above sea level), 25’ 48” longitude W), a high altitude (3300 m specific taxonomic groups, e.g. freshwaters oligo-mesotrophic, saline lake (salinity 9 g/L). Area above sea level) oligotrophic waterbody, maximum plankton, have also contributed to the rapid of lake: 1.81 km2, white rock-like structures are the depth 25 m, Area of reservoir: <1 km2. expansion of the limnological database in

INTECOL Wetland Working Group

INTECOL Wetland Working Group subsequent administrative efforts to organize and national sponsors. Approximately 90 an international meeting. The major functions people from 20 countries attended 10 days of and History of the International of the WWG has been to organize an interna- meeting and field trips. US scientific participa- Wetland Conferences tional meeting every 4 years, and to join the tion for 12 persons was guaranteed through a main body of INTECOL at a larger meeting PL410 grant to the conferences organizers, D. The INTECOL Wetland Working Group two years thereafter. Whigham. The meeting format consisted of (WWG) was formed at the International Congress of Ecology in Jerusalem in 1978 to The attendance at the encourage research, information sharing and meetings is shown in the scientific exchanges within the general area of Figure. wetland sciences. About 40 people attended the first meeting. At that time there were no 1980, New Delhi, internationally based wetland ecology societies, India journals or specialty meetings comparable to The First International that available for other biomes like forests, Wetlands Conference oceans or grasslands (with exception of the took place from 10-17 International Peat Congresses, which tended September 1980 in New to focused geographically and in terms of Delhi with the assistance discipline interests). V. J. Chapman chaired of several international Figure. Attendance at the international wetland meetings supported by INTECOL.

14 SILnews 52: June 2008 daily conference papers, a mid-week tour to scientific endeavors dominated the program. Australian institutions. There were dozens of local wetlands and a half-day wrap-up session Morning plenary sessions (invited), afternoon symposia and several great tours and workshops to write consensus position papers on wetland 15-20 minutes presentations, poster sessions before and after the meeting. Approximately research needs. Two book volumes (Gopal, and evening specialty topics were scheduled, 550 participants from 60 countries attended the B., R. E. Turner, R. G. Wetzel, and D. F. as were workshops for a mid-week “hands-on” symposium. Several books and collections of Whigham (editors.) 1982. Wetlands: Ecology training session on at least four techniques papers in journals were published as a result of and Management. International Scientific (Eh measurements, wetland evaluations, and that meeting. Publications, Jaipur, India. Vol. 1/2. 514 pp. the cotton strip and balsa wood method for and 156 pp., respectively) and one conference measuring microorganism activities). The 2000, Quebec City, Canada recommendation and several journal articles purpose of the workshops was to allow partici- The INTECOL Wetland Symposium was held in resulted. Several conference participants pants the opportunity to learn a technique well Quebec City, Canada (6-12 August, 2000). The subsequently returned to India for research with enough to develop expertise on their own. Total meeting was hosted by C. Rubec, B. Belangér and colleagues contacted at that first conference. registration was about 400 persons representing G. Hood and held jointly with the International 37 countries. Excellent field Peat Society, International 1984, Trebon, Czechoslovakia trips were organized before and Mire Conservation Group, and The International Wetlands Conference after the main meeting dates. 2008: Cuiaba, Brazil Society for Wetland Scientists Publication from materials was in Trebon, Czechoslovakia, June 13-23, The VIIIth INTECOL as the “Quebec 2000: A Global presented at the conference 1984. It was hosted by Prof. Jan Kvet and Wetland Symposium Celebration of Wetlands.” organized by the Department of Hydrobotany, included post-conference will be held in Cuiabá, Twenty concurrent sessions Czechoslovakian Academy of Sciences. publication of extended Mato Grosso, Brazil, were held over five days with a Approximately 210 people from 26 countries abstracts from the poster mid-week field trip. Pre- and from 20-25 July, 2008. attended the one-week meeting. The meeting sessions, a book by the French post-meeting tours included See announcement included plenary sessions, shorter afternoon National Center of Scientific trips to the Pacific and Atlantic and evening presentations, poster sessions, Research (CNFS) and submis- on page 16. coasts, Hudson Bay and inland. round-table discussions and field trips. Two sions to specialty journals There were 59 symposia and 72 conference proceedings have been published (e.g. Wetlands Ecology and lecture sessions. Seventy-two based on papers presented at that meeting. One Management). There was a definite emphasis countries were represented by 2,068 delegates is a special (Pokorny, J., O. Lhotsky, P. Denny on publishing peer-reviewed articles and to making this the largest wetland meeting ever. The and R. E. Turner (editors) 1987. Waterplants avoid symposium-style publications. WWG presented awards to several members and and wetland processes. Archiv Fur Hydrobiologie held a business meeting on the last day. A resolu- Vol. 27) and two books (1). Mitsch, W.J., M. 1992, Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A. tion was passed supporting the conservation of Straskraba, and S.E. Jørgensen (editors). 1988. The International Wetlands Conference was the Nakaikema Wetland (Japan) and discussion Wetland Modelling. Elsevier, Amsterdam. 2). held at Ohio State University, 13-17 September of by-laws for the WWG. D. Whigham (ed.) Springer-Verlag, publishers) 1992. It was sponsored by several US national as well as a whole issue of Aquatic Botany. federal and state agencies and by numerous 2004, Utrecht, The Netherlands international wetland resource agencies (NGO The INTECOL Wetland Symposium was held 1988, Rennes, France and federal). There were 15 symposia, more 25-30 July, 2004, in Utrecht, The Netherlands, The International Wetlands Conference was than 900 participants reprsenting 52 countries, under the guidance of Prof. Jos Verhoeven, held September 19-23, 1988, at Rennes, making it the largest wetland meeting ever. University of Utrecht. The web site is at: France, under the aegis of the University of Environmental education sessions were fully http://www.bio.uu.nl/intecol/. The conference Rennes and the National Museum of Natural represented in a major way. Several books and mission highlighted the newest developments History. It was sponsored by INTECOL, the collections of papers in journals are complete as in Wetland Science with all its major disciplines International Union for the Conservation a result of that meeting. The format of organized and reviewed this knowledge in the perspective of Nature and Natural Resources, World symposium, workshops, posters and specialized of integrated water resources management Wildlife Fund and in France by the Ministry of topics developing into collected journal articles world-wide. There were 787 registered par- Environment, UNESCO/MAB, the National was set for future meetings. ticipants from 62 countries. There were 68 Institute of Agricultural Research, the National Center for Scientific Research. The organiz- 1996, Perth, Australia ing committee was chaired by Professor J. C. The INTECOL Wetland Lefeuvre from the National Museum of Natural Symposium was held at History. This third conference was different Perth, Australia in September, from the others in several ways. The theme 1996, and hosted by Western of the 3rd conference was “Conservation and Australia University and Development: the sustainable use of wetland Murdoch University, by A.J. resources”. This theme was chosen to draw McComb and J. Davis. It interest from developing countries, conserva- was sponsored by several US tion organizations and to reflect the member’s national federal and state interest in wetlands as a natural resource. The agencies, and, by internation- member’s interests are strongly scientific as al wetland resource agencies compared to primarily managerial, so that (NGO and federal) and

SILnews 52: June 2008 15 oral sessions all in the centrally located city of Whigham (editors.) 1982. Wetlands: Ecology Interactions with watersheds, lakes, and Utrecht and 25 field excursions. A total of 550 and Management. International Scientific riparian zones. Sp. issue Wetlands Ecology oral presentations and 263 poster presentations Publications, Jaipur, India. Vol. 2. 156 pp. and Management 3:79-137. Mitsch, W. J. (ed.), 1994. Global Wetlands: were made. 1984-Czechoslovakia Old World and New. Elsevier Science, B.V. Pokorny, J., O. Lhotsky, P. Denny and R. E. Turner Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Notes from Prof. Jan Kvet (editors) 1987. Waterplants and wetland Mitsch, W. J. 1993. Intecol’s IV International “It may be mentioned that the Czechs, Poles processes. Archiv Fur Hydrobiologie Vol. 27. Wetlands Conference: A report. and Romanians started a large scale series of Whigham, D. F., Dykyjová, D. and Hejny’ International Journal of Ecology and international collaboration in wetlands ecology (eds.). (1993) Wetlands of the World: Environmental Sciences 19:129-134. during the IBP Program, namely at the meetings Inventory, Ecology and Management. Wetzel, R. G., R. G. Van der Valk, R. E. Turner, in Tulcea (Romania) in 1970, and at Mikolajki Volume 1. Africa, Australia, Canada W. J. Mitsch and B. Gopal (Editors). 1994. (Poland) in 1972. The final outcome of this and Greenland, Mediterranean, Mexico, Recent Studies on Ecology and Management collaboration was the book “Production Ecology Papua New Guinea, South Asia, Tropical of Wetlands. International Journal ofEcology of Wetlands”, edited by D. F. Westlake, J. Kvet South America, United States. Kluwer and Environmental Sciences 20(1-2). 254 pp. and A. Szczepanski. In the fall 1977 Kvet met Academic Publishers. Trends in Ecology and with Turner in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, and they Evolution. 9:114-115. 1996-Australia came to the conclusion that, after the end of the Mitsch, W.J., M. Straskraba, and S.E. Jørgensen McComb, A. J. and J. A. Davis (eds.) 1998. IBP, the international collaboration in wetlands (editors). 1988. Wetland Modelling. Wetlands for the Future. Gleneagles Publ. ecology should best continue within the frame- Elsevier, Amsterdam Adelaide, Australia. work of INTECOL. This proposal materialized Aquatic Botany Issue on Wetlands, 1989. Tanner, C.D., G. Raisin, G. Ho, and W.J. at the 1978 International Ecology Congress of Mitsch. 1999. Constructed and natural 1988-France INTECOL in Jerusalem (which, unfortunately, wetlands for pol lution control. Sp. Issue of Bulletin d’Ecologie 21(3). no Czechoslovakian could attend for political Ecological Engineering 12: 1-170. Book from French National Center of Scientific reasons). Dr. V. J. Chapman came to similar Zedler, J. and N. Rhea. 1998. Ecology and Research (CNFS) conclusions and took the lead in organizing the Management of Wetland Plant Invasions meeting. Neither of us then expected that this 1992-USA Special issue of Wetlands Ecology and collaboration would eventually develop into such Finlayson, C. M. and A. G. van der Valk. Management Vol. 5:3. a large scale.” 1995. Classification and Inventory of the 2000 – Quebec World’swetlands. Sp. Issue Vegetatio.118:1- 6 special issues of journals Major Publications of Groups of Papers 192); reprinted by Kluwer Academic Publishers, Originating from the WWG Symposia Dordrecht, The Nethrlands, 192 pp. 2004-Utrecht 1980-India Gopal, B. and W. J. Mitsch (ed.) 1995. The role of 3 special issues of journals: Wetlands as a Gopal, B., R. E. Turner, R. G. Wetzel, and D. F. vegetation in created and restored wetlands. Sp. Natural Resource; and Ecological Studies Whigham (Editors.) 1982. Wetlands: Ecology Issue Ecological Engineering 5:1-121. Vols. 190, 191. Springer Verlag. and Management. International Scientific Jorgensen, S.E. (ed). 1995.Wetlands: Publications, Jaipur, India. Vol. 1. 514 pp. Gopal, B., R.E. Turner, R.G. Wetzel, and D.F.

Conference Announcements Rotifera XII Gargagno, Italy (1988), Banyoles, Spain (1991), consists of 10+ concurrent sessions, plenary Berlin, Germany. 16-21 August, 2009 Mikolaiki, Poland (1994), Collegeville, USA talks, workshops and symposium. The host (1997), Khon Kaen, Thailand (2000), Illmitz, institution is the Universidade Federal de Rotifera XII is an international scientific sym- Austria (2003) and Mexico City, Mexico (2006). Mato Grosso, and the organizing committee posium dedicated to rotifers from molecular is headed up by Prof. Paulo Teixeira de Sousa Please find the First Announcement for the to ecological science and from basic to applied Jr. This is the first meeting of the WWG in Symposium Rotifera XII at www.rotifera-xii. research including aquaculture. South America, which is expected to stimulate igb-berlin.de Rotifera XII will take place in Berlin, Germany international and continental-scale interactions, from 16 to 21 August, 2009. It is hosted by promote wetland education, research and man- the Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology Announcement of The VIII agement throughout the region, and give rise to and Inland Fisheries, the Humboldt-University the largest wetland meeting in Latin America. Berlin and the Natural History Museum Berlin. INTECOL Wetland Symposium A major field attraction is the Pantanal of Mato Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil, 20-25 July, 2008 Grosso, an excellent example of international Rotifera XII will be held in the tradition of cooperation in research and development of previous triennial meetings. The first symposium The VIII INTECOL Wetland Symposium wetlands, bordered by three countries. The city took place in Lunz, Austria (1976) followed by will be held in Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil, of Cuiabá is the gateway to the Pantanal, the meetings at Gent, Belgium (1979), Uppsala, from 20 to 25 July, 2008. The theme is “Big state capital. There is an adequate convention Sweden (1983), Edinburgh, Scotland (1985), Wetlands, Big Concerns” and the meeting center and modestly-priced housing available.

16 SILnews 52: June 2008 A special effort is being made to facilitate Important dates to remember: the website www.dbag.unifi.it/maliaf for student participation and for international October 22 to 24...... Meeting more information. exchanges. See http://www.cppantanal.org. July 30...... Early Registration br/intecol/eng/ http://www.cppantanal.org. July 3...... Deadline for submission of Abstracts MALIAF Organizer: br/intecol/eng/index.php October 22...... Late Registration Dr. Francesca Gherardi, The Department of Evolutionary Biology, Important Deadlines: Early Registration 1 April Registration fees: University of Florence, Florence (Italy). 2008; Abstracts, 1 May; Early registration...... $130 US, Students $70 [email protected] Please contact Dr. R. Eugene Turner if you have Late registration...... $150 US, Students $80 any queries: [email protected] IMPASSE Project coordinator: The registration fee must accompany abstract submission. Prof. Ian Cowx, Hull International Fisheries Institute, For more information contact and visit University of Hull, UK VIII International Symposium [email protected] or [email protected]) On Cladocera http://www.uv.mx/citro/congreso_limnologia2008 Aguascalientes, Mexico, 21-25 October, 2008, Symposium on Carbon We cordially welcome you to the web page The Workshop “Managing Cycling in Continental http://academia.uaa.mx/symposium/viii_sic Alien Species for Sustainable Aquatic Environments regarding VIII International Symposium Development of Aquaculture Rio de Janeiro, 8-10 September, 2008 on Cladocera 2008. This will be held in the Autonomous University of Aguascalientes and Fisheries” (MALIAF) On behalf of the Post-graduation Program in (UAA). Aguascalientes City, Aguascalientes Florence, Italy, 5-7 November 2008 Ecology of the University Federal of Rio de Janeiro, and with the support of the Brazilian State. MEXICO. http://academia.uaa. The project IMPASSE “Environmental Impacts of Society of Limnology, I would like to invite you mx/symposium/viii_sic Alien Species in Aquaculture” was funded within to participate at the Symposium on Carbon the EU’s Sixth Framework Program for Research For more information contact the organizers Cycling in Continental Aquatic Environments, and Technological Development. Its overall goal is Dr. Marcelo Silva Briano, [email protected], that will take place in Rio de Janeiro from 8 to to develop guidelines for environmentally sound and Dr Roberto Rico Martínez, rrico@correo. 10 September, 2008. uaa.mx, or call the Department of Biology: practices for the introductions and translocations of species in aquaculture, guidelines on quarantine The Symposium will be comprised of plenary ses- a) International Phone: 00 (52)-449-9107400 procedures and risk assessment protocols, and pro- sions, round tables and oral and poster presenta- ext. 347 cedures for assessing the potential impacts of alien tions. It will deal with the following themes: species (AS) in aquaculture and related activities. b) México phone: 01 (449) 9107400 ext. 347 1) processes related to the emission, production, The workshop MALIAF aims at discussing the consumption and accumulation of carbon in The 4th Mexican Limnological strategies needed to develop sustainable and different aquatic inland ecosystems; 2) relevance profitable aquaculture and fisheries across the of these ecosystems in the global carbon budget; Congress of the Mexican world, with respect to AS, with the participa- 3) human alteration of the carbon cycle; and 4) Limnological Society tion of scientists and managers worldwide. the main knowledge gaps and perspectives relat- City of Xalapa, State of Veracruz, México on Selected presentations will be published. ing to the carbon cycle in tropical ecosystems. 22-24 October, 2008 Worshop Themes Abstracts are invited for oral/poster presentations at the Symposium and should be submitted by Organizer: Laura Davalos-Lind (laura_davalos- · Reviews of introductions of AS in different e-mail to:[email protected] by 4th of June, 2008. [email protected]) aquatic environments. President of the Asociación Mexicana de Limnología: · Impacts (environmental, ecological, social, Additional information is available at the Alfonso Lugo ([email protected]) and economic) arising from the introduction website: http://www.ppgecologia.biologia.ufrj. of aquatic AS. br/ciclocarbono/ Recognizing that the water quality and · Aquaculture and aquaculture-related opera- A special issue of the journal Oecologia Brasiliensis quantity and the education of young limnolo- tions involving AS. entitled “Carbon Cycle in Brazilian Continental gists to conduct basic and applied research are · Analysis of drivers of the use of aquatic AS. Aquatic Systems” will accept manuscripts for critical for the both developing and developed · Constraints in establishing good practices in publication. This special issue will have sections countries, the Mexican Limnological Society the introduction aquatic AS. concerning: 1) Anthropogenic alterations on the organises triennial congresses. The 4th · Dispersal mechanisms from aquaculture- Carbon Cycle; 2) Land – Water interactions; 3) Mexican Limnological Congress will serve as related activities. Carbon assimilation; 4) Carbon production; 5) a forum to facilitate exchange of information, · Risk assessment and management. Carbon accumulation; and 6) Carbon exportation stimulate new research and establish collabora- · Quarantine procedures. tion among scientists and educators. The · Recommendations on potential mitigation- We look forward to welcoming you in Rio in Mexican Limnological Society has approxi- remediation procedures and contingency plans. September! mately 200 members. Oral presentations (20 min) and posters are Alex Enrich Prast Plenary lectures will be given by two prominent welcome. Deadline for abstract submission and Symposium Coordinator scientists Evertt Fee and Alan Covich. early registration is July 15 (2008). Please visit Place: Auditório Horácio Macedo

SILnews 52: June 2008 17 Announcements/Advertisements

The Launch of Freshwater Articles are available online as soon as they are SIL members are eligible for a 10% discount on published and will also be published in hard normal subscription rates for the 2008 issues, Reviews—A New FBA Journal copy bi-annually from March 2008. Online ac- when they quote the code: ‘FR0208SIL’.” SILnews readers may be interested to note the cess is currently free for the initial promotional Colin S.Reynolds launch of Freshwater Reviews, the new, peer- period. Subscription rates are very competitive, Editor Freshwater Reviews reviewed journal from the Freshwater Biological and are also available from the journal website. www.fba.org.uk/journals Association. The aim of the journal is to provide informative and authoritative reviews on a wide range of topics in fresh water science, which will appeal to a diverse audience, including academics, students, practitioners and teachers. To date, Freshwater Reviews has published three articles online: · ‘Picophytoplankton in freshwater ecosystems: the importance of small-sized phototrophs’ by Dr New from the FBA….. Cristiana Callieri; · ‘The kingdom of the shore: achieve- The World of Lakes: Lakes of the World ment of good ecological potential in by Mary J Burgis and Pat Morris, with illustrations by Guy Troughton reservoirs’ by Professor Brian Moss and ‘Efficiency, energy and stoichiometry The World of Lakes provides a fully illustrated in pelagic food webs; and and clearly written introduction to the fascinating world of lakes, which are shown to be not only · ‘Reciprocal roles of food quality scenic attractions but also living communities, as much as cities and forests. Despite their distinct and food quantity’ by Professor Dag shorelines, lakes are not isolated but constantly Hessen’. interact with their surroundings. Nor are they just water; their many subtle variations have Several more are at various points profound effects on the wildlife they support. in the editorial process and will be published in the near future, includ- The World of Lakes explains the properties of ing reviews on the biogeography of lake water, the formation of lakes, their dramatic seasonal patterns, and the communities of bacterioplankton in inland waters by plants and animals that they support. The Drs Jürg Logue and Eva Lindström; remarkable variety of the world’s lakes is then phytoplankton of East African Great described: from the frozen lakes of Antarctica, Lakes by Prof. Jean-Pierre Descy and which face perpetual cold and prolonged darkness, to the rich warm waters of equatorial Dr Hugo Sarmento; local and global Africa. Having provided a picture of lakes as disturbances in streams and rivers by dynamic but delicate habitats, the authors Dr Sergi Sabater; the role of specially discuss the crucial question of conservation. designated wildlife sites in freshwater The text is richly illustrated with photographs, conservation by Chris Mainstone and drawings and diagrams. The authors’ extensive the developmental history of inland- travels and research have enabled them to water science by Dr Jack Talling. provide a unique combination of clear explanations and broad coverage making this Contributed reviews are invited work of genuine interest to students of biology immediately and may cover any topic and geography as well as to general readers. within fresh water sciences and their Naturalists, ornithologists, anglers, application. They should aim to be holidaymakers and anyone wanting a greater between 8000 and 12000 words in understanding of lakes will be delighted by this length, although shorter or longer book. articles will be considered. Guidelines Order today : ring the FBA for authors are available through the Price £25.00* FBA’s online journal system at www. +44 (0)1539 442468 fba.org.uk/journals. Submissions should be made via the website. If you *plus p&p, 25% discount for FBA members, Order Code: SPEC 15 ISBN 978-0-900386-76-3; ISSN 1747-1958, 281 pages, First published in 1987 as The Natural History of Lakes, wish to discuss a submission please by Cambridge University Press. Reprinted by the FBA in August 2007, fully updated with additional illustrations. contact the Editor, Professor Colin S. Reynolds at [email protected].

18 SILnews 52: June 2008 Information for Advertisers

SILnews is the official newsletter of the Advertisements submitted on a PC formatted vice fee, if applicable) should be forwarded Societas Internationalis Limnologiae (SIL) - disk, in any standard word processor or DOS to the SILnews (please contact Ms Denise L. International Association of Theoretical and (ASCII) text, or as an e-mail attachment, will Johnson for information). Applied Limnology. SILnews is published assist the Editor. If you are sending a TIFF file, We look forward to being of service to you. three times each year and is distributed to the resolution must be 1200 DPI when using about 3,100 SIL members, libraries and black and white, and 300 DPI for Greyscale. Ramesh D. Gulati organizations world-wide. SILnews has been If you are forwarding it by e-mail, please send Editor SILnews published since 1987 and is non-profit. your advertisement to Denise L. Johnson: [email protected] [email protected] The page sizes, dimensions and cost for plac- ing an advertisement with SILnews are: A previous volume of SILnews will be sent to you Denise L. Johnson (if you require it) so that you can see the format. SIL Administrative Assistant Full Page University of NC at Chapel Hill A complimentary copy of SILnews, in which 19.7 x 25.4 cm, 7 6/8” x 10”...... $800.00 US SPH, ESE, CB 7431, Rosenau Hall your advertisement appears, will be sent to you Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7431 1/2 Page Horizontal once it has been published. SILnews is posted U.S.A. 19.7 x 12.7 cm or 7 6/8” x 5”...... $500.00 US on the SIL web site at www.limnology.org after it has been published and your advertisement 1/2 Page Vertical +1.336.376.9362-Work will appear there. 9.4 x 25.4 cm or 3 11/16” x 10”..$500.00 US +1.336.376.8825-Fax [email protected] 1/4 Page Vertical Payment will be due on receipt of the advertise- ment and is required before it is published. A 9.4 x 12.7 cm or 3 11/16” x 5”....$300.00 US cheque or a bank draft (please include the ser-

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SILnews 52: June 2008 19 Attention: Manufacturers of Limnological SIL Officers Equipment and Publishers President SILnews accepts advertisements for equipment and publications that will be of interest to Prof. Dr. Brian Moss SIL members. School of Biological Sciences Biosciences Building SILnews is distributed twice a year to more than 3,000 SIL members and libraries world-wide. The University of Liverpool If your company is interested in acquiring advertising space in SILnews, please contact Ramesh D. P.O. Box 147 Gulati ([email protected]) or Ms. Denise Johnson ([email protected]) the Editorial Office for rates, Liverpool L69 3BX or use the mailing address indicated on the front page. Great Britain Email: [email protected] A complimentary copy of SILnews, in which your advertisement appears, will be sent to you once it has been published. SILnews is posted on the SIL web site at http://www.limnology.org after it has General been published . Secretary-Treasurer Prof. Dr. Morten Søndergaard Freshwater Biological Laboratory Limnology Jobs and Studentship Notices University of Copenhagen Notices on the availability of limnologically-oriented jobs and graduate student opportunities are 51 Helsingørsgade DK 3400 Hillerød now accepted for publication in the SILnews and displayed on the SIL web site at http://www. E-mail: [email protected] limnology.org. There is no charge for the service at this time, which is available to both SIL members and non-members. Executive Persons submitting notices should note the four month lead-time for the print edition of SILnews; Vice-Presidents those advertisements with short deadlines should be directed to the web site only. Prof. Dr. Judit Padisák Submissions should include: Veszprém University Limnological Research Group • a short title describing the position (job or studentship); P.O.B. 158, H-8200 Veszprém • location and duration of the position; Hungary • closing date for applications; E-mail: [email protected] • a short paragraph describing the position, including any citizenship, educational or employment Prof. Dr. Ellen Van Donk prerequisites; and, NIOO/Centre for Limnology • information on where potential applicants may obtain further information, including names P.O. Box 1299 3600 BG Maarssen of contact persons, telephone numbers, fax numbers, e-mail addresses, and web site addresses, Netherlands Email: [email protected] where appropriate. Prof. Dr. Brij Gopal Submissions may be edited for length and clarity. Those deemed inappropriate to the SIL mandate School of Environmental Sciences will be rejected at the discretion of the SILnews Editor or the Webmaster. Submissions for the print Jawaharlal Nehru University edition of SILnews should be sent to the editor at the address on the cover of this issue. New Delhi 110067 Submissions for the SIL web site should be sent by e-mail to [email protected] or by fax to India the attention of Gordon Goldsborough at: +1 (204) 474-7618. E-mail: [email protected]

Editor, SIL NEWS Ramesh D. Gulati Are you moving? NIOO/Centre for Limnology Post Box 1299 Please send your change of address to: 3600 BG Maarssen William M. Lewis, Jr. The Netherlands c/o Ms. Denise Johnson Fax: +31.294.232224 The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill E-mail: [email protected] School of Public Health Department of Environmental Sciences & Engineering CB# 7431, 124 Rosenau Hall Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7431 USA [email protected] Phone: 919 843-4580; Fax: 919 843-4072 For Your Information SILnews is now on the SIL web site The International Association of Theoretical and Applied Limnology works in PDF format. The newsletter is created worldwide to understand lakes, rivers, and wetlands and to use knowledge gained in Adobe Acrobat, Version 5. To open, use Adobe Acrobat Reader. from research to manage and protect these diverse, inland aquatic ecosystems.

20 SILnews 52: June 2008