Riparian Systems
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Ecological Issues in Floodplains and Riparian Corridors
Final White Paper Research Project T1803 Task 29 Riparian Corridor ECOLOGICAL ISSUES IN FLOODPLAINS AND RIPARIAN CORRIDORS by Susan M. Bolton Jeff Shellberg Associate Professor and Director Research Assistant Center for Streamside Studies University of Washington, Bx 352100 Seattle, Washington 98195 Washington State Transportation Center (TRAC) University of Washington, Box 354802 University District Building 1107 NE 45th Street, Suite 535 Seattle, Washington 98105-4631 Washington State Department of Transportation Technical Monitor Patricia Lynch Environmental Affairs Prepared for Washington State Transportation Commission Department of Transportation and in cooperation with U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration July 2001 TECHNICAL REPORT STANDARD TITLE PAGE 1. REPORT NO. 2. GOVERNMENT ACCESSION NO. 3. RECIPIENT'S CATALOG NO. WA-RD 524.1 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. REPORT DATE Ecological Issues in Floodplains and Riparian Corridors July 2001 6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE 7. AUTHOR(S) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO. Susan M. Bolton and Jeff Shellberg 9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS 10. WORK UNIT NO. Washington State Transportation Center (TRAC) University of Washington, Box 354802 11. CONTRACT OR GRANT NO. University District Building; 1107 NE 45th Street, Suite 535 Agreement T1803, Task 29 Seattle, Washington 98105-4631 12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS 13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED Research Office Washington State Department of Transportation Final white paper Transportation Building, MS 47370 Olympia, Washington 98504-7370 14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE James Toohey, Project Manager, 360-705-0885 15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES This study was conducted in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration. 16. ABSTRACT This white paper examines and synthesizes the literature pertaining to the current state of knowledge on the physical and biological effects of alluvial river channelization, channel confinement, and various channel and floodplain modifications. -
Plants for Riparian Buffers
Website: Aberdeen Plant Materials Center http://plant-materials.nrcs.usda.gov Plants for Riparian Buffers P.O. Box 296, Aberdeen, ID 83210 Phone:(208) 397-4133 Fax:(208) 397-3104 What is a Riparian Buffer? Many farmers, ranchers and land managers have a growing concern over water quality issues. Riparian buffers are one of the most important practices that you can use to help control non- point pollution and improve water quality. Riparian buffers are the grasses, grass-like, forbs, shrubs, trees or other vegetation growing along streams. These plants control erosion and help filter and keep water clean. Cropland fields shouldn’t be planted right up to a stream’s edge where the soil is generally more fragile and subject to erosion. A healthy riparian buffer between cropland and a river system Shrubs, trees and other vegetation protect the stream from pollutants and runoff. They absorb excess nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus from farm and livestock operations. Plants protect the stream banks from erosion by providing a protective barrier against the water. The trunks, branches, stems and leaves intercept the water currents that can weaken and wash away bank material. In addition to protecting water and soil, riparian buffers provide important habitat for aquatic and upland wildlife and also fish habitat. The information contained in this brochure will help you select the best shrubs and trees for installing riparian buffers on your farm or ranch. The plants listed are all highly recommended for use in the Intermountain West and Rocky Mountain States. Included are tips for planning riparian buffers and areas, Aberdeen Plant Materials Center Service area. -
Mangrove Swamp (Caroni Wetland, Trinidad)
FIGURE 1.3 Swamps. (a) Floodplain swamp (Ottawa River, Canada). (b) Mangrove swamp (Caroni wetland, Trinidad). FIGURE 1.4 Marshes. (a) Riverine marsh (Ottawa River, Canada; courtesy B. Shipley). (b) Salt marsh (Petpeswick Inlet, Canada). FIGURE 1.5 Bogs. (a) Lowland continental bog (Algonquin Park, Canada). (b) Upland coastal bog (Cape Breton Island, Canada). FIGURE 1.6 Fens. (a) Patterned fen (northern Canada; courtesy C. Rubec). (b) Shoreline fen (Lake Ontario, Canada). FIGURE 1.7 Wet meadows. (a) Sand spit (Long Point, Lake Ontario, Canada; courtesy A. Reznicek). (b) Gravel lakeshore (Tusket River, Canada; courtesy A. Payne). FIGURE 1.8 Shallow water. (a) Bay (Lake Erie, Canada; courtesy A. Reznicek). (b) Pond (interdunal pools on Sable Island, Canada). FIGURE 2.1 Flooding is a natural process in landscapes. When humans build cities in or adjacent to wetlands, flooding can be expected. This example shows Cedar Rapids in the United States in 2008 (The Gazette), but incidences of flood damage to cities go far back in history to early cities such as Nineveh mentioned in The Epic of Gilgamesh (Sanders 1972). FIGURE 2.5 Many wetland organisms are dependent upon annual flood pulses. Animals discussed here include (a) white ibis (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service), (b) Mississippi gopher frog (courtesy M. Redmer), (c) dragonfly (courtesy C. Rubec), and (d) tambaqui (courtesy M. Goulding). Plants discussed here include (e) furbish lousewort (bottom left; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service) and ( f ) Plymouth gentian. -N- FIGURE 2.10 Spring floods produce the extensive bottomland forests that accompany many large rivers, such as those of the southeastern United States of America. -
Wetland Valuation Volume I Wetland Ecosystem Services and Their
Wetland Health and Importance Research Programme Wetland Valuation Volume I 8 Wetland ecosystem services and their valuation: a review of current understanding and practice TT 440/09 Wetland Health and Importance Research Programme – 8 Health and Importance Programme Research TTWetland 440/09 Authors: J Turpie, K Lannas, N Scovronick & A Louw Series Editor: H Malan TT 440/09 WETLAND HEALTH AND IMPORTANCE RESEARCH PROGRAMME 8 WETLAND VALUATION. VOL I WETLAND ECOSYSTEM SERVICES AND THEIR VALUATION: A REVIEW OF CURRENT UNDERSTANDING AND PRACTICE Report to the Water Research Commission by Authors: J Turpie1, K Lannas2, N Scovronick1 and A Louw1 Series Editor: H Malan2 1 Anchor Environmental Consultants in association with the Percy FitzPatrick Institute, University of Cape Town 2 Freshwater Research Unit, University of Cape Town WRC Report No. TT 440/09 March 2010 OBTAINABLE FROM Water Research Commission Private Bag X03 Gezina, 0031 The publication of this report emanates from a project entitled Wetland Health and Importance Research Programme (WRC Project no. K5/1584) DISCLAIMER This report has been reviewed by the Water Research Commission (WRC) and approved for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of the WRC, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. ISBN 978-1-77005-932-0 Set No. 978-1-77005-936-8 Printed in the Republic of South Africa Front Cover: View from bird hide looking upstream, Nylsvley Nature Reserve, Limpopo Province, South Africa Photograph: J Turpie i PREFACE This report is one of the outputs of the Wetland Health and Importance (WHI) research programme which was funded by the Water Research Commission. -
2019 Data Report for Oneida Lake, Livingston County
Michigan Lakes– Ours to Protect 2019 Data Report for Oneida Lake, Livingston County Site ID: 470573 42.4676°N, 83.8488°W The CLMP is brought to you by: 1 About this report: This report is a summary of the data that have been collected through the Cooperative Lakes Monitoring Program. The contents have been customized for your lake. The first page is a summary of the Trophic Status Indicators of your lake (Secchi Disk Transparency, Chlorophyll-a, Spring Total Phosphorus, and Summer Total Phosphorus). Where data are available, they have been summarized for the most recent field season, five years prior to the most recent field season, and since the first year your lake has been enrolled in the program. If you did not take 8 or more Secchi disk measurements or 4 or more chlorophyll measurements, there will not be summary data calculated for these parameters. These numbers of measurements are required to ensure that the results are indicative of overall summer conditions. If you enrolled in Dissolved Oxygen/Temperature, the summary page will have a graph of one of the profiles taken during the late summer (typically August or September). If your lake stratifies, we will use a graph showing the earliest time of stratification, because identifying the timing of this condition and the depth at which it occurs is typically the most important use of dissolved oxygen measurements. The back of the summary page will be an explanation of the Trophic Status Index and where your lake fits on that scale. The rest of the report will be aquatic plant summaries, Score the Shore results, and larger graphs, including all Dissolved Oxygen/Temperature Profiles that you recorded. -
Current Insights Into the Effectiveness of Riparian Management, Attainment of Multiple Benefits, and Potential Technical Enhancements
Published March 8, 2019 Journal of Environmental Quality SPECIAL SECTION RIPARIAN BUFFER MANAGEMENT Current Insights into the Effectiveness of Riparian Management, Attainment of Multiple Benefits, and Potential Technical Enhancements Marc Stutter,* Brian Kronvang, Daire Ó hUallacháin, and Joachim Rozemeijer iparian buffers have been one of the most widely Abstract used management options worldwide when dealing Buffer strips between land and waters are widely applied with protection of surface waters from agricultural dif- measures in diffuse pollution management, with desired Rfuse pollution. Appropriately managed riparian areas offer mul- outcomes across other factors. There remains a need for tiple functions related to improving water quality, biodiversity, evidence of pollution mitigation and wider habitat and societal benefits across scales. This paper synthesizes a collection of 16 and climate adaptation. First, riparian areas offer possibilities new primary studies and review papers to provide the latest for protecting watercourses and lakes from inputs of sediments, insights into riparian management. We focus on the following nutrients, pesticides, and other contaminants by intercepting areas: (i) diffuse pollution removal efficiency of conventional surface runoff, tile drainage, and groundwater from adjoining and saturated buffer strips, (ii) enhancing biodiversity of buffers, agricultural fields. Second, riparian areas also offer unique bio- (iii) edge-of-field technologies for improving nutrient retention, and (iv) potential reuse of nutrients and biomass from buffers. diversity (in turn affecting in-field and in-stream biodiversity) Although some topics represent emerging areas, for other including structurally complex layers of vegetation, making well-studied topics (e.g., diffuse pollution), it remains that them attractive to many wildlife species (Naiman et al., 1993). -
Maritime Swamp Forest (Typic Subtype)
MARITIME SWAMP FOREST (TYPIC SUBTYPE) Concept: Maritime Swamp Forests are wetland forests of barrier islands and comparable coastal spits and back-barrier islands, dominated by tall trees of various species. The Typic Subtype includes most examples, which are not dominated by Acer, Nyssa, or Fraxinus, not by Taxodium distichum. Canopy dominants are quite variable among the few examples. Distinguishing Features: Maritime Shrub Swamps are distinguished from other barrier island wetlands by dominance by tree species of (at least potentially) large stature. The Typic Subtype is dominated by combinations of Nyssa, Fraxinus, Liquidambar, Acer, or Quercus nigra, rather than by Taxodium or Salix. Maritime Shrub Swamps are dominated by tall shrubs or small trees, particularly Salix, Persea, or wetland Cornus. Some portions of Maritime Evergreen Forest are marginally wet, but such areas are distinguished by the characteristic canopy dominants of that type, such as Quercus virginiana, Quercus hemisphaerica, or Pinus taeda. The lower strata also are distinctive, with wetland species occurring in Maritime Swamp Forest; however, some species, such as Morella cerifera, may occur in both. Synonyms: Acer rubrum - Nyssa biflora - (Liquidambar styraciflua, Fraxinus sp.) Maritime Swamp Forest (CEGL004082). Ecological Systems: Central Atlantic Coastal Plain Maritime Forest (CES203.261). Sites: Maritime Swamp Forests occur on barrier islands and comparable spits, in well-protected dune swales, edges of dune ridges, and on flats adjacent to freshwater sounds. Soils: Soils are wet sands or mucky sands, most often mapped as Duckston (Typic Psammaquent) or Conaby (Histic Humaquept). Hydrology: Most Maritime Swamp Forests have shallow seasonal standing water and nearly permanently saturated soils. Some may rarely be flooded by salt water during severe storms, but areas that are severely or repeatedly flooded do not recover to swamp forest. -
Assessment of Land Use Change and Riparian Zone Status in the Barnegat Bay and Little Egg Harbor Watershed: 1995-2002-2006
Assessment of Land Use Change and Riparian Zone Status in the Barnegat Bay and Little Egg Harbor Watershed: 1995-2002-2006 Intact forested riparian zone along the upper reaches of the Forked River. Richard G. Lathrop¹ Scott M. Haag² October 2007 ¹Grant F. Walton Center for Remote Sensing and Spatial Analysis ²Institute of Marine and Coastal Science School of Environmental & Biological Sciences-Rutgers University New Brunswick, NJ 08901 1 Assessment of Land Use Change and Riparian Zone Status in the Barnegat Bay and Little Egg Harbor Watershed: 1995-2002-2006 Executive Summary The Barnegat Bay/Little Egg Harbor (BB/LEH) estuary is suffering from eutrophication issues due to nutrient, most importantly nitrogen, loading from both atmospheric as well as watershed sources (Kennish et al, 2007). Urban and agricultural land uses can be an important source of nitrogen loading. As part of our ongoing monitoring efforts, the Grant F. Walton Center for Remote Sensing & Spatial Analysis, with funding provided by the Barnegat Bay National Estuary Program, undertook to map and assess recent land use change in the Barnegat Bay-Little Egg Harbor watershed. Our updated mapping reveals that urban land use increased from approximately 25% in 1995 to approximately 30% of the BB/LEH watershed in 2006. Including all altered land uses (i.e., agriculture and barren lands) puts the percentage of altered land in the BB-LEH watershed at over 33% in 2006. The BB/LEH estuary system is continuing to experience a significant conversion of forested and wetland habitats to urban land cover and thereby exacerbating nutrient loading to the BB-LEH estuary. -
PESHTIGO RIVER DELTA Property Owner
NORTHEAST - 10 PESHTIGO RIVER DELTA WETLAND TYPES Drew Feldkirchner Floodplain forest, lowland hardwood, swamp, sedge meadow, marsh, shrub carr ECOLOGY & SIGNIFICANCE supports cordgrass, marsh fern, sensitive fern, northern tickseed sunflower, spotted joe-pye weed, orange This Wetland Gem site comprises a very large coastal • jewelweed, turtlehead, marsh cinquefoil, blue skullcap wetland complex along the northwest shore of Green Bay and marsh bellflower. Shrub carr habitat is dominated three miles southeast of the city of Peshtigo. The wetland by slender willow; other shrub species include alder, complex extends upstream along the Peshtigo River for MARINETTE COUNTY red osier dogwood and white meadowsweet. Floodplain two miles from its mouth. This site is significant because forest habitats are dominated by silver maple and green of its size, the diversity of wetland community types ash. Wetlands of the Peshtigo River Delta support several present, and the overall good condition of the vegetation. - rare plant species including few-flowered spikerush, The complexity of the site – including abandoned oxbow variegated horsetail and northern wild raisin. lakes and a series of sloughs and lagoons within the river delta – offers excellent habitat for waterfowl. A number This Wetland Gem provides extensive, diverse and high of rare animals and plants have been documented using quality wetland habitat for many species of waterfowl, these wetlands. The area supports a variety of recreational herons, gulls, terns and shorebirds and is an important uses, such as hunting, fishing, trapping and boating. The staging, nesting and stopover site for many migratory Peshtigo River Delta has been described as the most birds. Rare and interesting bird species documented at diverse and least disturbed wetland complex on the west the site include red-shouldered hawk, black tern, yellow shore of Green Bay. -
Tidal Wetland Gross Primary Production Across the Continental
RESEARCH ARTICLE Tidal Wetland Gross Primary Production Across 10.1029/2019GB006349 the Continental United States, 2000–2019 Special Section: R. A. Feagin1 , I. Forbrich2 , T. P. Huff1, J. G. Barr3, J. Ruiz‐Plancarte4 , J. D. Fuentes4 , Carbon cycling in tidal wet- 4 5 5 6 7 R. G. Najjar , R. Vargas , A. Vázquez‐Lule , L. Windham‐Myers , K. D. Kroeger , lands and estuaries of the con- 8 1 9 8 8 2 tiguous United States E. J. Ward , G. W. Moore , M. Leclerc , K. W. Krauss , C. L. Stagg , M. Alber , S. H. Knox10 , K. V. R. Schäfer11, T. S. Bianchi12 , J. A. Hutchings13 , H. Nahrawi9,14 , 1 1 1 1,15 6 16 Key Points: A. Noormets , B. Mitra , A. Jaimes , A. L. Hinson , B. Bergamaschi , J. S. King , and 17 • We created the Blue Carbon (BC) G. Miao model, which mapped the Gross Primary Production (GPP) of all 1Department of Ecology and Conservation Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA, 2Marine Biological tidal wetlands within the Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, USA, 3Elder Research, Charlottesville, VA, USA, 4Department of Meteorology and continental United States 5 • Atmospheric Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA, Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, The BC model provides maps of tidal 6 7 wetland GPP at sub‐250 m scales University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA, United States Geological Survey, Menlo Park, CA, USA, United States 8 and at 16‐day intervals for the years Geological Survey, Woods Hole, MA, USA, United States Geological Survey, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, 2000‐2019 Lafayette, LA, USA, 9Atmospheric Biogeosciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA, 10Department of Geography, • 2 The average daily GPP per m was University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, USA, 11Department of Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, 4.32 ± 2.45 g C/m2/day, and the total NJ, USA, 12Departmet of Geological Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA, 13Department of Earth and annual GPP for the continental 14 United States was 39.65 ± 0.89 Tg Planetary Sciences, Washington University, St. -
Exploring Our Wonderful Wetlands Publication
Exploring Our Wonderful Wetlands Student Publication Grades 4–7 Dear Wetland Students: Are you ready to explore our wonderful wetlands? We hope so! To help you learn about several types of wetlands in our area, we are taking you on a series of explorations. As you move through the publication, be sure to test your wetland wit and write about wetlands before moving on to the next exploration. By exploring our wonderful wetlands, we hope that you will appreciate where you live and encourage others to help protect our precious natural resources. Let’s begin our exploration now! Southwest Florida Water Management District Exploring Our Wonderful Wetlands Exploration 1 Wading Into Our Wetlands ................................................Page 3 Exploration 2 Searching Our Saltwater Wetlands .................................Page 5 Exploration 3 Finding Out About Our Freshwater Wetlands .............Page 7 Exploration 4 Discovering What Wetlands Do .................................... Page 10 Exploration 5 Becoming Protectors of Our Wetlands ........................Page 14 Wetlands Activities .............................................................Page 17 Websites ................................................................................Page 20 Visit the Southwest Florida Water Management District’s website at WaterMatters.org. Exploration 1 Wading Into Our Wetlands What exactly is a wetland? The scientific and legal definitions of wetlands differ. In 1984, when the Florida Legislature passed a Wetlands Protection Act, they decided to use a plant list containing plants usually found in wetlands. We are very fortunate to have a lot of wetlands in Florida. In fact, Florida has the third largest wetland acreage in the United States. The term wetlands includes a wide variety of aquatic habitats. Wetland ecosystems include swamps, marshes, wet meadows, bogs and fens. Essentially, wetlands are transitional areas between dry uplands and aquatic systems such as lakes, rivers or oceans. -
Coastal Wetland Trends in the Narragansett Bay Estuary During the 20Th Century
u.s. Fish and Wildlife Service Co l\Ietland Trends In the Narragansett Bay Estuary During the 20th Century Coastal Wetland Trends in the Narragansett Bay Estuary During the 20th Century November 2004 A National Wetlands Inventory Cooperative Interagency Report Coastal Wetland Trends in the Narragansett Bay Estuary During the 20th Century Ralph W. Tiner1, Irene J. Huber2, Todd Nuerminger2, and Aimée L. Mandeville3 1U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service National Wetlands Inventory Program Northeast Region 300 Westgate Center Drive Hadley, MA 01035 2Natural Resources Assessment Group Department of Plant and Soil Sciences University of Massachusetts Stockbridge Hall Amherst, MA 01003 3Department of Natural Resources Science Environmental Data Center University of Rhode Island 1 Greenhouse Road, Room 105 Kingston, RI 02881 November 2004 National Wetlands Inventory Cooperative Interagency Report between U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, University of Rhode Island, and Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management This report should be cited as: Tiner, R.W., I.J. Huber, T. Nuerminger, and A.L. Mandeville. 2004. Coastal Wetland Trends in the Narragansett Bay Estuary During the 20th Century. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Northeast Region, Hadley, MA. In cooperation with the University of Massachusetts-Amherst and the University of Rhode Island. National Wetlands Inventory Cooperative Interagency Report. 37 pp. plus appendices. Table of Contents Page Introduction 1 Study Area 1 Methods 5 Data Compilation 5 Geospatial Database Construction and GIS Analysis 8 Results 9 Baywide 1996 Status 9 Coastal Wetlands and Waters 9 500-foot Buffer Zone 9 Baywide Trends 1951/2 to 1996 15 Coastal Wetland Trends 15 500-foot Buffer Zone Around Coastal Wetlands 15 Trends for Pilot Study Areas 25 Conclusions 35 Acknowledgments 36 References 37 Appendices A.