Wet Meadow Wetland: Wet Meadow

Wet Meadow Wetland: Wet Meadow A wet meadow is an open wetland habitat with soils that are saturated for part or all of the growing season. They have predominantly herbaceous (non-woody) plants that may include any combination of grasses, sedges, rushes, ferns, and forbs. The vegetation may be low and sparse, or tall and dense, depending on a variety of environmental factors. Although standing water may be present at times— especially in winter or spring or after rainstorms—it does not persist for long, and many wet meadows have little if any standing water through much of the growing season. Like other kinds of meadows, many wet meadows are on active or inactive farmland. How to Recognize It Confirming that this scruffy Claverack pasture was wet meadow would require taking a closer look at the As the name implies, the key characteristics are both the plants. wet soils and open, meadow-like conditions. However, during drier parts of the year, the ground underfoot can crunch rather than squelch. Wet meadows can also be as inconspicuous as a small, short patch of bristly sedges Wet Meadow Hand Hollow PCA in the middle of a July pasture or as flowery as a late- Examples summer purple burst of chest-high Purple Loosestrife, Joe-Pye Weed and Blue Vervain. Schor PCA Borden Pond PCA Because of the periodic soggy ground, wet meadows are often not cut or grazed as frequently and closely as drier Mud Creek ELC Beebe Hill fields. Thus, scruffy meadows occurring in local low State Forest spots on the landscape are likely candidates as are ‘roughs’ around landscaped ponds, where lawn mowers Keep Preserve have been deterred by soft ground. Roe Jan Park If allowed to flourish later in the year, those abundant flowers attract a diversity of animals, including the last pulse of bee life; butterflies searching for hibernation or migration resources; and dragonflies, spiders and birds looking to cash in on the herbivores. On warm September days, this flurry of animal life can stand in sharp contrast to the relative quiet of adjacent, closely- cropped hayfields or pastures. Visiting Visit wet meadows throughout the County and at any time Location of year, though May-September are the best times for Wet meadows can be found throughout Columbia viewing wildflowers and butterflies. In March or early County, and can occur at any elevation— in small or April, you might be lucky enough to witness the wonderful large depressions or swales, along stream terraces and courtship ritual of the American woodcock in some wet floodplains, on the slopes of seepy hillsides, and even meadows as well as certain upland meadows. perched near the summits of rocky hilltops. DRAFT 10/30 Characteristic Plants The following species are common in this habitat, but not necessarily unique What to Look For to it. Those with an asterisk (*) are Plants: Wet meadows are sometimes dominated by good indicator species; non-native invasive species, such as Purple Loosestrife and/or Reed species are printed in purple, invasives Canary Grass and contain many species not unique to in bold. this habitat (see table of Characteristic Species and the ‘Similar Habitats’ below). However, at the same time, Shrubs they harbor a high diversity of native plant species, Multiflora Rose including some uncommon native wildflowers, such as Meadowsweet Swamp Candle, Common Beardtongue, Monkeyflower, Gray dogwood Common and Swamp Milkweed, Small-flowered Arrow-wood Agrimony, Joe-Pye-Weed, American Groundnut, and Pussy Willow New England Aster, which can be very conspicuous Eurasian Honeysuckle during their respective flowering seasons. Less conspicuous at first glance, but just as noteworthy is the Ground Flora diversity of native wetland sedges and grasses, including Sensitive Fern Rice Cutgrass, Fowl Mannagrass, Rattlesnake Grass, and Giant Goldenrod Bluejoint. Soft Rush* Purple Loosestrife Purple Loosetrife Insects: The plentiful late-summer flowers of wet Reed Canary-Grass meadows mean that butterflies are some of the most Rough-Leaved Goldenrod characteristic organisms of wet meadows. The abundant Arrow-leaved Tearthumb nectar (and occasional Milkweed) attract migrating Blue Vervain* Monarchs and many of our common butterflies. Least Grass-leaved Goldenrod Skippers, while not limited to wet meadows, are typical Canada Goldenrod of them. Certain rarer butterfly species are closely tied Boneset* to wet meadows and similar habitats because their Broom Sedge* caterpillars feed on wetland plants such as sedges (Black Common Bedstraw Dash, Mulberry Wing, Dion Skipper, or the Browns), Spotted Touch-Me-Not Turtlehead (Baltimore Checkerspot) and Water Docks Woolgrass Purplestem Aster (Bronze Copper). Kentucky Bluegrass Purplestem Aster* Wet meadows, together with old fields, also provide Marsh Fern important late-season nectar and pollen sources for Fowl Meadowgrass various native bees and wasps. Despite its status as an Willowherb ‘invasive’ (because of its competition with native wetland plants), Purple Loosestrife flowers will often be literally humming. Ground Beetles in general prefer moist areas and are The abundant insect life of wet meadows lures various moderately abundant in wet meadows. In our area, predators, including dragonflies. Because wet meadows Pterostichus patruelis, a mediums-sized, admittedly non- are usually dry for at least part of the year, they do not descript black beetle, seems to favor wet meadows over provide breeding habitat for dragonflies, however such other habitats. Ants are not especially common in wet colorful species as the Ruby Meadowhawk and meadows, but the habitat is frequented by several Halloween Pennant often come to forage. Spiders also species of Myrmica, which prefer moist soils. While abound, and in August and September, the orb webs of distinguishing among Myrmica species is a chore, the the striking Black and Yellow Garden Spider are prominent ridges on their exoskeleton give Myrmica conspicuous. A dangling butterfly usually means that a ants as a whole an almost shriveled appearance. Crab Spider (or an Ambush Bug) has caught a meal. Wetland: Wet Meadow DRAFT 10/30 More ‘What to Look For’ Birds & Mammals: Nesting Red-Winged Blackbirds are raucous, early-season inhabitants of uncut wet Reptiles & Amphibians: Snakes and frogs are among the meadows and similar habitats. Swamp Sparrows nest in vertebrate predators of wet meadows. Various species wet meadows and marshes. American Goldfinchs, Song of snakes will wander through wet meadows; aside from Sparrows, and Eastern Bluebirds may nest in wet the widespread Eastern Garter Snake, the more rarely meadows that have scattered trees or shrubs. The seen Green and Ribbon Snakes may also be found here. uncommon Virginia Rail and Sora nest in dense grass- or Pickerel and Green Frogs sometimes stray through, sedge-dominated wet meadows, if there are adjacent while the rarer Northern Leopard Frog, who seems to be areas of open water. uncommon in the County, is generally associated with wet meadow habitat. A pair of turtle species are also part of the predatory contingent and are at least partially associated with wet meadows. Spotted Turtles use wet meadows and a variety of other wetland and upland habitats for foraging, resting and even over-wintering. Bog Turtles uses calcareous wet meadows that are adjacent to their A Mulberry Wing core fen habitats. (left) and Spotted Turtle from Rare Species Hillsdale (top). Plants Bush’s Sedge (Regionally Uncommon) Cattail Sedge (Regionally Scarce) Squarrose Sedge (Regionally Uncommon) The winding trails of Meadow Voles, punctuated by Canada Lilly (Regionally Scarce) grass-lined nests, are often conspicuous beneath the Ragged Fringed Orchid (Regionally Scarce) thatch of taller wet meadows or, in spring, as doodles in Shrubby St. Johnswort (NYS Threatened) the melting snow atop the now-flattened meadow Winged Monkeyflower (NYS Rare) vegetation. Meadow Voles occur in a range of field Andrew’s Bottle Gentian (Regionally Scarce) types, but are able swimmers and don’t seem to mind wet feet. Mink and other mammals together with hawks Animals and owls hunt for the voles and other creatures. Appalachian Brown Eyed Brown (Regionally Rare) Similar Habitats Dion Skipper (Regionally Rare) Wet meadows share some of their plants with upland Mulberry Wing (Regionally Rare) meadows, especially old fields, and with marshes. For Black Dash (Regionally Rare) example, all of the goldenrod species commonly found Spotted Turtle (NYS Special Concern) in wet meadows, are also important components of Bog Turtle (NYS Endangered) upland old fields. To distinguish a wet meadow from an Wood Turtle (NYS Special Concern) old field (which is not always easy), look for the wet Eastern Ribbon Snake (Reg. Uncommon) meadow’s wetland indicator plants, such as sedges, as well as Purple Loosestrife, Reed Canary Grass, Sensitive Fern, Marsh Fern, Soft Rush, Blue Vervain, Boneset, and Purplestem Aster. Some of these common wetland Eastern plants are also found in marshes. However, a marsh Ribbon tends to have standing water of longer-duration in the Snake in growing season, and hence harbor plants—such as Hillsdale Cattail, Common Reed, Bur-reed, Pickerelweed, and Arrowhead—that are well-adapted to those wetter conditions and rarely found in wet meadows. DRAFT 10/30 History of the Habitat Open wet meadows may rarely be self-sustaining, being instead the product of recent or on-going natural or human-caused disturbances. Many of our wet meadows form in slight depressions or wet swales in active or abandoned pastures, hayfields or cropland, and have An American Beaver swims across a Gallatin pond. been kept open (i.e., without woody vegetation) by th frequent or occasional grazing, mowing, or tilling. Other advent of upland hayfields in the second half of the 18 anthropogenic origins include recent clearing of century, those wet meadows which were regularly shrublands or forests, partial draining of marshes, or flooded and thereby replenished were a core partial wetland filling. component of the grass-based colonial farming system.

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