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The place of publication, unless otherwise stated, is .

CHAPTER 1

1. The notion that African fiction has been new in content and old in form has been assailed by various studies, including those of Charles R. Larson, David Carroll, Eustace Palmer and Eldred Jones referred to in the following chapters; it persists none the less, and a symptom is the word 'materials' which implies anthropological field-work to be written up as fiction. 2. Interviewed in Lire, April1979, p. !16. 'Solj~nitsyne' said Barthes, 'n'est pas un "bon" ecrivain pour nous: les probl~mes de forme qu'il a r~solus sont un peu fossilis~s par rapport a nous'. Barthes needed, of course, to shield 'bon' with quotation marks. !1. See especially George Watson, The Story of the Novel (Macmillan, 1979). 4. Wole Soyinka, Myth, Literature and the Afn·can World (Cambridge Univer• sity Press, 1976) p. x. 5. , Morning Yet on Creation Day (Heinemann, 1975) p. 9. 6. Watson, Story of the Novel, p. 11. The example of an African pupil recognising Lady Catherine is given in the next few lines. 7. A student made this objection to Mr Knightley (in Emma) in an examination script in 197!1. 8. In the Preface to Today, ed. Eldred jones, 1 (Heinemann, 1968). 9. Dylan Thomas called it a 'bewitching, tall, devilish story' in his Observer review, 6June 1952. 10. Mikhail Bakhtin, Problems of Dostoevsky's Poetics (1929, 196!1) trans. R. W. Rotsel (Ann Arbor: Ardis, 197!1) p. 99. 11. See Robert Scholes and Robert Kellogg, The Nature of Narrative (London: University Press, 1966). 12. Three Suitors, One Husband; and Until Further Notice (Methuen, 1968) is Oy6n6-Mbia's English version of plays composed in French. 1!1. E. D. McDonald (ed.), Phoenix: the Posthumous Papers of D. H. Lawrence (Heinemann, 19!16, 1961) p. 5!18. 14. David Carroll, Chinua Achebe (Macmillan, 1980) p. 18!1. 15. This idea is to be found throughout V. S. Naipaul, Among The Believers: An Islamic journey (Deutsch, 1981). 16. Achebe, Morning Yet on Creation Day, p. 24. 17. Albert Moravia, Which Tn"be do You Belong To.1, trans. Angus Davidson (Frogmore, St Albans: Panther Books, 1976) pp. 4!1-8. 167 168 Afn'ca and the Novel

18. Ibid., p. 54. 19. Ibid., p. 57. 20. Ibid., pp. U5-9. 21. Ngugi wa Thiong'o, Writers in Politics: Essays (Heinemann, 1981) pp. 15-16. 22. Zdzislaw Najder, 'Conrad's Casement Letters', Polish Perspectives 17 (1974) 29; quoted in Ian Watt, Conrad: In the Nineteenth Century (Berkeley, Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1979) p. 160. 2S. Joseph Conrad, Heart of Darkness, ch. 2. 24. See, for example, the persuasive explanation in these terms in Carroll, Chinua Achebe, pp. 1-5. 25. Ngugi, Writers in Politics, p. 67. 26. Ibid., p. 19. 27. Ibid., p. 20. 28. Karl Marx, Suroeys from Exile, ed. David Fembach (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 19H) pp. S06-7, S20. 29. Frantz Fanon, The Wretched of the Earth, trans. Constance Farrington (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1967) p. 254. SO. Achebe, Morning Yet on Creation Day, p. 45. Sl. Ngugi wa Thiong'o, Homecoming: Essays on Afn'can and Can'bbean Liter• ature, Culture and Politics (Heinemann, 1972) p. 4S. S2. See Placide Tempels, Bantu Philosophy, trans. Colin King (Paris: Presence Afn'caine, 1969). SS. Soyinka, Myth, Literature and The African World, p. xii. M. , Sunset in (Heinemann, 1969) p. IS.

CHAPTER 2

1. Charles R. Larson, The Emergence of Afn'can Fiction (Bloomington and London: Indiana University Press, 1971) ch. 2. 2. Ngugi. Wn'ters in Politics, p. 76. S. Carroll, Chinua Ache be, p. Sl. 4. Larson, Emergence of Afn'can Fiction, ch. 2. 5. Watt, Conrad, pp. 112-15. 6. In his profile Chinua Achebe (Longman, 1969). 7. 'Introduction' to William Plover, Turbott Wolfe (1965) pp. 9-55. 8. M. M. Mahood, The Colonial Encounter: A Reading of Six Novels (Rex Collings, 1977) p. 62. 9. Carroll, Chinua Achebe, p. SO. 10. Translated from the Arabic by Desmond Stewart (Chapman and Hall, 1966). 11. Eustace Palmer, The Growth of the Afn'can Novel (Heinemann, 1979) p.l?S. 12. Ibid., pp. 182-S. H. Camara Laye, of the Word (Fontana, 1980) p. 19. 14. Ibid., p. 21. 15. Soyinka, Myth, Literature and the Afn'can World, p. 124. 16. Larson, The Emergence of African Fiction, p. 22S. Notes 169

17. Ibid., p. 201. 18. Adele King, The Writings of Camara Laye (Heinemann, 1980) pp. 56-7. 19. See Ahmed Sefroui, La boite a merveilles (Paris: Seuil, 1974). 20. In Amis's The Green Man (Cape, 1969) the hero discusses the issue of his soul with God. 21. See King, Wn"tings of Camara Laye. 22. Ibid., p. 5!1. 2!1. Karega in Petals of Blood (Heinemann, 1977) p. !105. 24. See King, Wn"tings of Camara Laye, pp. 4!1-4. 25. John V. Taylor, The Primal Vision: Christian Presence Amid Afn"can Religion (SCM Press, 196!1).

CHAPTER !I

I. Larson, Emergence of Afn"can Fiction, p. 257. 2. Eldred Jones, The Wnting of Wole Soyinka (Heinemann, 197!1) pp. 162-!1. !!. Ibid., p. 16!1. 4. Larson, Emergence of Afn"can Fiction, p. 246. 5. Ibid., p. 246. 6. Palmer, Growth of the Afn"can Novel, p. 259. 7. Jones, Wn"ting of Wole Soyinka, p. 156. 8. See Bakhtin, Problems of Dostoevsky's Poetics, ch. 4. 9. Neil McEwan, The Survival of the Novel (Macmillan, 1981) p. 16. 10. Speaking at the University of Fez in April1979. 11. Palmer, Growth oftheAfn"can Novel, p. 242. 12. Soyinka, Myth, Lrterature and the Afn"can World, p. 127. 1!1. Ibid., p. 1. 14. Ibid., p. 18. 15. Ibid., p. 16. 16. See Chapter 5 of Anthony Powell, The Military Philosophers (Heinemann, 1968). 17. Carroll, ChinuaAchebe, p. 152. 18. Ibid., p. 1!14. 19. This remark is made by Ezeulu in Chapter 4 of Chinua Achebe, Arrow of God (Heinemann, 1964). 20. Achebe, Morning Yet on Creation Day, p. 25. 21. Ibid., pp. 24-5. 22. This is from the opening paragraph of his review of Colin Wilson's The Outsider, reprinted in What Became ofjane Austen? and other Questions (Cape, 1970). 2!1. Achebe, Morning Yet on Creation Day, p. 26. 24. Ibid., p. 26. Cary wrote of Fada that 'its people would not know the change if time jumped back fifty thousand years'. 25. Ibid., p. 75. 26. E. M. Forster, Howard's End, (A binger edn, Edward Arnold, 197!1) p. 4!1. 27. Robert Fraser, The Novels of Ayi KweiArmah (Heinemann, 1980) p. 25. 28. Achebe, Morning Yet on Creation Day, p. 25. 29. Fraser, Novels of , p. 18. 170 Africa and the Novel

!10. Ibid., p. 25. !11. Achebe, Morning Yet on Creation Day, p. 67.

CHAPTER 4

1. Ngugi, Wn"ters in Polr~ics, p. 58. 2. See Chapter 6, below; and McDonald (ed.), Phoenix: the Posthumous Papers of D. H. Lawrence, p. 528. !1. Palmer, Growth of the Afn·can Novel, p. 297. 4. Clifford B. Robson, Ngugi wa Thiong'o (Macmillan, 1979) pp. 104-10. 5. Terry Eagleton, Marxism and Literary Cn"ticism (Methuen, 1976) p. 52. 6. Ngugi. Wn"ters in Politics, p. 75. 7. lbid.,p.!l. 8. John Carey, The Violent Effigy.' A Study of Dickens's Imagination (Faber, 1979) p. 1!14. 9. Palmer, The Growth of The African Novel (Heinemann, 1972) p. 30!1. 10. Ibid., pp. !10!1-4. 'They surely reveal themselves as immature adolescents.' 11. See Camara Laye, The Guardian of the Word, trans. James Kirkup (Fontana, 1980) p. 19. 12. Adrian Roscoe, Uhuru's Fire: Afn·can Literature East to South (Cambridge University Press, 1977) p. 2!14. 1!1. Alex La Guma, Time of the Butcherbird (Heinemann, 1979) p. 106. 14. Ibid., p. 6!1. 15. Ibid., p. 92.

CHAPTER 5

1. Trollope, South Africa, 2 vols (1878) Vol. II, p. 92. 2. Cited in Williamj. Pomeroy's Axis (New York, 1971) p. 19. !1. , 'English-Language Literature and Politics in South Africa', in Christopher Heywood (ed.), Aspects of South Afn·can Literature (Heinemann, 1976) p. 101. 4. Ibid., p. 118. 5. Nadine Gordimer,]uly's People (Cape, 1981) p. 9. 6. Ibid., p. 96. 7. Ibid., p. 8. 8. Rowland Smith, 'The Plot Beneath the Skin: The Novels of C. J. Driver'. in Heywood (ed.), Aspects of South Afn·can Literature, p. 148. 9. Gordimer.july's People, pp. 64-5. 10. Dennis Brutus, 'Protest Against Apartheid', in Cosmo Pieterse and Donald Munro (eds), Protest and Conflict in African Literature (1969) p. 97. 11. Gordimer.july's People, p. 45. 12. Ibid., p. 100. 1!1. Ibid., p. 72. 14. Ibid., p. 98. 15. Ibid., p. 71. 16. Ngugi, Writers and Politics, pp. 14-15. Ngugi writes that English is Notes 171

'probably the most racist of all human languages'. In the same passage he attacks Trollope for 'racist sickness', on the evidence of Trollope's remarks on signs of laziness among West Indians. Indolence, in any race, could jolt Trollope out of his usual fair-mindedness; most of us would have seemed idle to him. By Victorian standards Trollope was the opposite of a racialist. 17. Nadine Gordimer, A Guest of Honour (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 197S) p. 68. 18. Gordimer,]uly's People, p. 89. 19. Ibid., pp. S7-8. 20. Ibid., p. 59. 21. Robert J. Green, 'Politics and Literature in Africa: The Drama of Athol Fugard', in Heywood (ed.), Aspects of South African Literature, p. 172. 22. Gordimer.]uly's People, p. 86. 2S. Ibid., pp. 62-S. 24. Ibid., p. 29. 25. Ibid., p. 15S. 26. Ibid., p. 3S. 27. Ibid., p. 120. 28. Ibid., p. 6. 29. Laurens van der Post, The Heart of the Hunter (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1976) p. lOS. SO. Ibid., p. 119. Sl. Ibid., p. 12S. S2. Ibid., p. 12. SS. Achebe, Morning Yet on Creation Day, p. 5S. M. Vander Post, Heart of the Hunter, p. 167. S5. Ibid., pp. IS2-S. S6. Ibid., p. 60. S7. Ibid., pp. 120-1.

CHAPTER 6

1. Quoted in Hans Zell and Helene Silver (eds), A Reader's Guide to Afn'can Literature (Heinemann, 1972) p. 192. 2. Wole Soyinka, The Man Died: Prison Notes (Rex Collings, 1972; Harmonds• worth: Penguin, 1975). 3. Ngugi wa Thiong'o, Detained: A Writer's Prison Diary (Heinemann, 1981). 4. Christopher Ricks, Keats and Embarrassment (Cambridge University Press, 1976) p. 1. 5. Dickens, Our Mutual Fn'end, ch. 11. 6. Ricks, Keats and Embarrassment, p. I. 7. George Novack, Understanding History: Marxist Essays (New York: Path• finder Press, 1972). 8. Ibid., p. 8S. Select Bibliography

The place of publication, unless otherwise stated, is London.

I FICTION

Chinua Achebe

NOVELS (1958); No Longer At Ease (1960); Arrow of God (1964; second edn 1974); A Man of the People (1966).

SHORT STORIES Girls at War and Other Ston:es (1972) Achebe is published by Heinemann.

Elechi Amadi

The Concubine (1966); The Great Ponds (1969); The Slave (1978) Amadi is published by Heinemann.

Ayi K wei Armah

The Beautyful Ones Are Not Yet Born (1968); Fragments (1970); WhyAre WeSoBlest?(1972); Two ThousandSeasons(1973); The Healers (1978) Armah is published by Heinemann.

Nuruddin Farah

From a Crooked Rib (1970); A Naked Needle (1976); Sweet and Sour Milk (1979) Farah is published by Heinemann. 172 Select Bibliography 173

Nadine Gordimer

NOVELS The Lying Days (1958); Occasion for Lovz"ng (1963); The Late Bourgeois World (1966); A Guest of Honour (1970); The Con• servationist (1974); Burger's Daughter (1979);July's People (1981)

SHORT STORIES Livz"ngstone's Companions (1972); Selected Short Stories (1975) Nadine Gordimer is published by Cape

Alex LaGuma

NOVELS The Stone Country (1967); In The Foe, ofthe Season's End (1972); Tz"me of the Butcherbz"rd (1979)

SHORT STORIES A Walk z"n the Nz"ght (1967) Alex La Guma is published by Heinemann.

Camara Laye

The Afrz"can Chz"ld (L'enfant noz"r, 1953); The Radz"ance of the King (Le regard du rot", 1954); A Dream of Afn:ca (Dramouss, 1966); The Guardz"an of the Word (Le Maitre de la Parole, 1978) James Kirkup's translations of Camara Laye are published by Fontana. The French texts are published by Librairie Pion, Paris.

Meja Mwangi

Kt"ll Me Quick (1973); Carcase for Hounds (1974); Goz"ng Down Rzver Road (1976) Mwangi is published by Heinemann.

Ngugi wa Thiong'o

NOVELS Weep Not Chz"ld (1964); The Rz"ver Between (1965); A Graz"n of Wheat (1967); Petals of Blood (1977) 174 Africa and the Novel

SHORT STORIES Secret Lives (1975) Ngugi is published by Heinemann.

Ferdinand Oyono

Houseboy (Une vie de boy, 1956); The Old Man and the Medal ( Le vieux negre et la medaille, 1956) John Reed's translations of Oyono are published by Heinemann. The French texts are published by Editions Julliard, Paris.

Wole Soyinka

The Interpreters (1965); (1973) is available in paperback from Heinemann and in a Fontana edition. Season of Anomy is published by Rex Col• lings.

Laurens van der Post

Flamingo Feather (1955); A Story Like the Wind (1972); A Far• Off Place (1974); The Heart of the Hunter (1961) Vander Post is published by the Hogarth Press and in paperback by Penguin Books, Harmondsworth, Middlesex.

II CRITICAL STUDIES

Achebe, Chinua. Morning Yet on Creation Day, (Heinemann, 1975) Bakhtin, Mikhail. Problems of Dostoevsky's Poetics (1929, 1963); trans. R. W. Rotsel (Ann Arbor: Ardis, 1973) Barthes, Roland. Le plaisir du texte (Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1973); trans. Richard Miller (Cape, 1976) Carroll, David. Chinua Achebe (Macmillan, 1980) Eagleton, Terry. Marxism and Literary Cn"ticism (Methuen, 1976) Fraser, Robert. The Novels of Ayi Kwei Armah (Heinemann, 1980) Gontard, Marc. La violence du texte: la litterature marocaine de langue fran~aise (Paris: Harmattan, 1981) Select Bibliography 175

Heywood, Christopher, (ed.). Aspects of South Afn'can Literature (Heinemann, 1976) Jones, Eldred Durosimi. The Writing of Wole Soyinka (Heine• mann, 1973) Killam, G. E. D. The Novels of Chinua Achebe (Heinemann, 1969) King, Adele. The Wn'tzngs of Camara Laye (Heinemann, 1980) Larson, Charles R. The Emergence of Afn'canFiction (Blooming• ton and London: Indiana University Press, 1971) Mahood, M. M. The Colonia/Encounter: A Readzng ofSix Novels (Rex Collings, 1977) Moore, Gerald. The Chosen Tongue (Longman, 1971) Ngugi wa Thiong'o. Homecomzng: Essays on Afn'can and Can·b• bean Literature, Culture and Politics (Heinemann, 1972) Ngugi wa Thiong'o. Wn'ters zn Politics: Essays (Heinemann, 1981) Palmer, Eustace. An Introduction to the Afn'can Novel (Heine• mann, 1972) Palmer, Eustace. The Growth of the African Novel (Heinemann, 1979) Ravenscroft, Arthur. Chinua Achebe (Longman, 1969) Robson, Clifford B. Ngugi wa Thiong'o (Macmillan, 1979) Roscoe, Adrian A. Mother is Gold (Cambridge University Press, 1971) Roscoe, Adrian A. Uhuru's Fire: Afn'can Literature East to South (Cambridge University Press, 1977) Soyinka, Wole. Myth, Literature and the Afn'can World (Cam• bridge University Press, 1976) Watson, George. The Story of the Novel (Macmillan, 1979) Watt, Ian. Conrad: In the Nineteenth Century (Berkeley, Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1979)

III SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING

The novels of the exiled South African Bessie Head are the most glaring omission from the present study. She has attracted very able criticism, including Arthur Ravenscroft's essay in Heywood (ed.), Aspects of South Afn'can Literature. When Rain Clouds Gather (Gollancz, 1969), Maru (Heinemann, 1972) and A Ques• tion of Power (Heinemann, 1974) should be read in that order. 's The Palm- Wine Drinkard (Faber, 1952) is a 176 Afn"ca and the Novel

modem classic, and some would say the same of The Voice (1964) by the poet (available in Fontana). The opening chapters of Mongo Beti's The Poor Christ of Bomba (Heinemann) are a tour de force, better read in the French: Le pauvre Christ de Bomba (Paris: Robert Laffont, 1956). Of francophone fiction from the Maghreb, Driss Chraibi's Hezrs to the Past, in Len Ortzen's translation, is one of the few North African novels to have been accepted by Heinemann's . The French title is Succession Ouverte (Paris: Denoel, 1962). The Egyptian , the greatest novelist of the Arab world, is best known for Mzramar (1967), translated by Fatma Moussa-Mahmoud (Heinemann, 1978). The Nigerian Nkem Nkwankwo's Dauda (Deutsch, 1964), available in Fontana, is entertaining light reading. Buchi Emecheta's The Slave Gz"rl (Allison and Busby 1977), also in Fontana, is a story of 'the women's cause' in . Dambudzo Marechera, from Zim• babwe, is a promising younger writer. Heinemann, his publisher, warn (or promise) that 'he uses language without inhibitions' in Black SunUght (1980). John Updike's The Coup (1978) is in Penguin. Index

Achebe, Chinua, 1-8 passim, 18, 5!1, Butor, Michel, 17 54, 70, 101' 110 Arrow of God, 7, 15, 16, !16-9, 111 Camus, Albert, 2 A Man of the People, 75-95, 16!1 Carey, John, 114 Morning Yet On Creation Day, 2, Carroll, David, Chinua Achebe, 7, !1-4, 8, 16, 97-8, 101, 151-2 15, 22, 27, !16, 9!1 No Longer at Ease, 21, !11, !12 Carroll, Lewis, 51, 72 Things Fall Apart, 4, 7, 15, 20-!16, Cary, Joyce, 7 96 Mister johnson, 1!1-14, 96, 169 Amadi, Elechi, 5, 161 n. 24 The Concubine, 16 Chaucer, Geoffrey, 2 The Great Ponds, 16, 19 Clemenceau, Georges, 121 The Slave, 16 Coleridge, S. T., 127 Sunset in Biafra, 19, 161 Conrad, Joseph, ix, 6, 7, !11 Amis, Kingsley, 57, 71, 88, 90, 95, 96 Heart of Darkness, 10-14, 16 One Fat Englishman, 61 Crabbe, George, 129 Apuleius, 66 Annab, Ayi Kwei, 18, 10!1 The Beautyful Ones Are Not Yet Defoe, Daniel, 1, 6 Born, 85-101, 102 Dickens, Charles, 1, 2, 6, 55, 84, 87, Two Thousand Seasons, 162 97' 105, 112, 114, 16!1 Austen, Jane, 167 n. 7 Dostoevsky, Fyodor, 66 Pride and Prejudice, 4-5 Eagleton, Terry, 106 Bakhtin, Mikhail, 6 Ekwensi, Cyprian, I, 151 Poetics, 6, Problems of Dostoevsky's Eliot, George, 105, 106 66-7, 69 Balzac, Honore de, 10!1, 104 Barth, John, 2 Fanon, Franz, The Wr~tched of the Barthes, Roland, ix, 2-!1, 86, 167 n. 2 Earth, 14-15, 102, 166 Beckett, Samuel, 57 Farah, Nuruddin, 11!1, 127 Beerbohm, Max, !17 From a Crooked Rib, 119 Bernanos, Georges, 47 A Naked Needle, 65 B~ti. Mongo, The Poor Christ of Sweet and Sour Milk, 18, 117-21 Bomba, 17, 40, 60 Fielding, Henry, 2 Blake, William, 111, 129, 146, 154 joseph Andrews, 41 Brutus, Dennis, 1!12 Forster, E. M., Howard's End, 97 Buchan,John, 142, 151 Fraser, Robert, 99-100 Burgess, Anthony, 24, 61 Frayn, Michael, Inside Mr Enderby, 61 The Tin Men, 6 177 178 Index

Ghanem, Fathy Laye, Camara, 17, 161 The Man Who Lost his Shadow, 41 TheAfn"can Child, 47,54 Golding, William, 57 Dramouss, 56 The Scorpion God, 33 The Guardian of the Word, 48, 57 Gontard, Marc The Radiance of the King, 17, La violence du texte, 3 47-60 Gordimer, Nadine, 124, 128, 129 Leonardo da Vinci, 47 The Conservationist, 137 Lucian, 66, 69 A Guest of Honour, 135 Lugard, F. D., 1st. baron, 38 July's People, 130-41 Lukacs, Georg, 106 The Late Bourgeois World, 131 Graves, Richard, 112 McEwan, Neil, Green, Robertj., 137 The Survival of the Greene, Graham, 51, 57, 75 Novel, 66 Mahood, M. M., 35, 36 Mao Tse-Tung, 114 Haggard, Rider, 81, 151 Marx, Karl, and Marxism, 4, 8, 14, Hardy, Thomas 30, 75, 76, 103, 107. 113, 118, jude the Obscure, 87, 106 164-6 Hanley, L. P., 107 Maupassant, Guy de, 2, 97 The Go-Between, 36 Milton, John, 129 Homer, 19, 152 Moravia, Alberto, 9-10, 163 Murdoch, Iris,41, 57, 88,164 Mwangi, Meja, 127, 162 James, Henry, 47, 94 Carcase for Jones, Eldred, 5 Hounds, 122 Going Down River Road, 122-4 The Wn"ting of Wole Soyinka, 62, Kill 65 Me Quick, 122 Joyce, James, 2, 6, 121 Jung, C. G., 10, 142, 151, 153 Nabokov, Vladimir, 2 Naipaul, V. S., 8 Ngugi wa Thiong'o, 1, 18, 19, 34, Kafka, Franz, 2, 47, 49 127. 161 Kellogg. Roben, The Nature of Detained, 161 Narrative, 128 Devil on the Cross, 103 King, Adele, The Writings of Camara A Grain of Wheat, 116 Laye, 55, 59, 60 Homecoming, 3, 17, 75 Kipling, Rudyard, 51 Petals of Blood, 18, 23,102-17, Kirkup, James, 47, 48, 59 118, 162, 163 The River Between, 116 La Guma, Alex, 161 Weep Not, Child, 116 Time of the Butcherbird, 124-7, Wn"ters in Politics, 9, 13, 14, 22, 162 30, 102, 106, 113, 114, 134, A Walk in the Night, 124 170 n. 16 Lamb, Charles, 84 Nkwankwo, Nkem 73 Larson, Charles R., The Emergence Novack, George, Understanding ofAfn"canFiction, 21, 27, 49, History, 164-5 54, 61-2, 64, 65 Lautreamont, comte de, 47 Ousmane, Sembene, God's Bits of Lawrence, D. H., 2, 6, 7, 113 Wood, 102 Index 179

Oyono, Ferdinand, Houseboy, 17, Myth, Literature and the Afn'can 40-7 World, !1, 18-19,49, 51, Oyono-Mbia, Guillaume, 7, 89, 108 75-6, 78 Chronicles of Mvoutessi, 7 Season of Anomy, 161-2 Steiner, George, 165 Palmer, Eustace, The Growth of the Swift, Jonathan, 66 African Novel, 45-6, 65, 74, 79, 105, 114-15 Taylor, John, The Primal Vision, 60 Powell, Anthony, A Dance to the Tempels, Father Placide, 17 Music of Time, 82 Thomas, Dylan, 6, I67 n. 9 Powys, J. C., 155 Tonnies, Ferdinand, !II Pringle, Thomas, 128-9 Trollope, Anthony, 87, ll2 South Africa, I28 Rabelais, 66 Tutuola, Amos, I Ravenscroft, Arthur, Chinua Achebe, The Palm- Wine Drinkard, 5-6 !11 Richardson, Samuel, 6 Updike, John, !I Pamela, 41 The Coup, I65-6 Ricks, Christopher, Keats and Embarrassment, 16!1 van der Post, Sir Laurens, !14, 128, Robbe-Grillet, Alain, 17, 64, 69 129, I6I Robson, C. B., Ngugi wa Thiong'o, A Far Off Place, 142, 145, 149, 105 150, 157 Roscoe, Adrian, Uhuru's Fire, 124 The Heart of the Hunter, 146, 151, Roth, Philip, !I 157, 159 jung and the Story of Our Time, Said, Edward, 164 Orienta/ism, 151 Sartre, Jean-Paul, 96 A Story Like the Wind, 141-60, Scholes, Robert, The Nature of 162 Narrative, 28 Virgil, 9, I9, 159 Schreiner, Olive, 155 The Story of An Afn'can Farm, 10-11 Watson, George, The Story ojthe Sefroui, Ahmed, 56 Novel, 4, 28 Senghor, Leopold Sedar, 8, 60 Watt, Ian, !11 Shakespeare, 68, 84, 115-16, 129, Waugh, Evelyn, !17, 84 1!16 Wilson, Sir Angus, !17 Sidney, Sir Philip, 55 Wordsworth, William, 154 Smith, Rowland, 1!11 Soyinka, Wole, 1, !1!1, 101, 161 Yeats, W. B., 15-16,21, 106, 154 The Interpreters, 18, 61-79, 16!1 The Man Died, 161 Zola, Emile, 2