Review Article International Ayurvedic Medical Journal ISSN:2320 5091

ESSENTIAL MEDICINAL PLANTS OF CHIKISTA-KALIKA- A REVIEW Karra Nishteswar Dept. of Dravyaguna, IPGT&RA, Gujarat Ayurved University, Jamnagar, Rajasthan, India

ABSTRACT Two major works on Ayurveda namely Charaka samhita and Sushruta samhita have initially formulated the materia medica of Ayurveda. Later works like Ashtanga samgraha, Ash- tanga hridaya, Vrindamadhava, Chikitsakalika, Gadanigraha, Chakradatta, Vangasena, Sarangadhara have utilized the source material of these works to formulate their content. The compendia of medieval works attempted to simplify the Ashtanga-Ayurveda (Ayurveda with its eight specialties) and made the system suitable to their contemporary times. Tishata (10th AD) had documented certain simple herbal recipes for the management of diseases which are easily adoptable by an average general practitioner. The entire work was presented in 400 shlokas. His son Chandrata has written a commentary in Sanskrit on Chikitsakalika which is referred as son‟s commentary on father‟s work. Tishata has concised the herbal and herbo-mineral groups intro- duced by Charaka and Sushruta and also specified certain important single drugs useful in clini- cal practice. The style of precise and concise expression adopted by the author earned him a notable recognition among medieval compendia of Ayurveda. Keywords: Chikitsakalika, Ayurveda, Chandrata

INTRODUCTION deposited in Sushruta and other treatises and Chikitsakalika (the bud of medicine) basing this fact in mind, I have attempted to was referred by Chakrapanidutta (11th cen- write this compendium which is useful for tury AD) in his work „Chakradutta’. Chan- both intelligent and average practitioners of drata (son of Tishata) who wrote a Ayurveda”3 commentary on Chikistakalika referred Jej- Aushadha-gana (groups of medicinal jata (9th AD) in his work. Basing on these plants) external evidences, Acharya Priyavart Charaka introduced 50 major groups4 and Sharma opines that period of Chikitsakalika Sushruta enumerated 37 groups5 basing on could be 10th century AD.1 The total work the pharmacological activities of drugs. Ti- was presented with 400 shlokas distributed shata concised these groups into 18 Ganas2 in 5 chapters with an introduction consisting i.e. of 98 shlokas in which fundamental con- 1. Vataghnagana (Rasnadi) cepts, Physiological concepts and general 2. Kakolyadi (Pittaghnagana) principles of treatment were dealt in brief.2 3. Krishnadi (Kaphaghna) The author clearly stated that the aim of his 4. Sthiradi (Pittavataghna) work “those with intelligence of low profile 5. Katphaladi (Kaphavataghna) cannot understand the ocean like knowledge 6. Trayantikadi (Kaphapittaghna) Karra Nishteswar: A Review on Chikista-Kalika 7. Triphala shruta samhita and Astanga hridaya. Author 8. Trikatu has adopted Rasnadi, Eladi, Kakolyadi, Sthi- 9. Panchakola radi, Varunadigana from Sushruta samhita 10. Twakapanchaka with certain modifications. 11. Eladi (sleshmanilaghna) Table 1 shows list of 109 medicinal 12. Ashtavarga (Pittavyadhihara) plants which were enumerated by Tisata- 13. Trijataka charya. Among these groups of drug Chi- 14. Chaturjataka traka, Ela, Guduchi, Jiraka, Nagabala, Pip- 15. Varunadi pali, Shalparni, Shatavari, Shunthi and 16. Pruthupanchamoola (Brihat pancha- Twaka are frequently repeated. moola) Drugs for Panchakarma2 17. Kaneeyapanchamoola (Laghu pancha- After furnishing Gana (group of medicinal moola) plants), author discussed Sanshodhana 18. Dashamoola (purification procedures) and its favorable Kataphala and Trayantikadigana are seasons. Sanshodhana should be adminis- the novel groups introduced by Chikitsaka- tered after proper Amapachana. Table 2 lika. Triphala, Trikatu, Dashamoola, Trija- shows drugs used for Panchakarma proce- taka and Chaturjataka are taken from Su- dures. Table 2: Drugs and plants used for Panchakarma procedures Procedure Drugs For Vata diseases- Rasnataila, Balataila For Pitta diseases- Sahacharataila, Guduchitaila, Prasaranitaila, Vasag- Snehana hrita For Kapha diseases- Shatpalaghrita, Mahashatpalaghrita Swedana Punarnava, Eranda, Yava, Atasi- boil with Kanji Decoction of Madanaphala or Nimba with powder of Indrayava, Vacha, Vamana Pippali and Yashtimadhu For Vata diseases- Erandataila, Virechana For Pitta diseases- Bindughrita For Kapha diseases- Triphalakwatha with Guggulu Formed by jeggery, Tintidaka, cow‟s urine, Shatapushpa, Madanaphala, Niruhabasti Hingu, Saindhava Formed by Tilataila, Pippali, Yasthi, Kushtha, Bilva, Vacha, Mishi, Anuvasanabasti Pushkaramoola, Chitraka, Shati, Madanaphala, Devadaru and dugdha Shigrubeeja, Tulasi, Arjakabeeja, Sunthi, jiraka, Pippali, Mari- Shirovirechana cha,Krishnajiraka, Saindhava and Tumbaru Ashtanga Ayurveda Prameha, Pandu, Swasa, Kasa, Raktapitta, Under Kayachikitsa section the au- Trishna, Chardi, Hikka, Shoola, Udavarta, thor described treatment for 30 disease I.e. Mutrakrichchra, Rajayakshma, Krimi and Jwara, Atisara, Grahani, Arsha, Bhagan- Vatavyadhi. dara, Sopha, Udara, Gulma, Vidradhi, Under Shalakya section the treatment Galaganda & Gandamala, Visphota, Shlee- for 5 diseases i.e. Netraroga, Nasaroga, pada, Vatarakta, Visharpa, Kushtha, Kilasa, Karnaroga, Mukharoga and Shiroroga were 2 www.iamj.in IAMJ: Volume 1; Issue 4; July – Aug 2013

Karra Nishteswar: A Review on Chikista-Kalika described. In the chapter of Shalyatantra the iii) Erandataila with Gomutra or Go- indication for Raktamokshana were enume- dugdha- Udara & Sotha rated along with a few recipes. Treatment of iv) Erandataila with Gomutra or Go- Bhutavidya, Kaumaratantra, Vishatantra, dugdha- Pakwashayagata Vata Rasayanatantra and Vajeekaranatantra 2) Guggulu were summarily disposed off very briefly i) Guggulu with Gomutra or Kwatha pre- with a few herbal recipes. A careful review pared from Punarnava, Devadaru, Haritaki of the treatment profiles discussed in the text and Guduchi- Sotha, Pandu and Medoroga clearly indicates that more emphasis was ii) Guggulu with Gomutra- Sotha given to Kayachikitsa when compared to iii) Guggulu with Khadirakwatha- kushtha rest of the branches of Ashtanga (8 special- iv) Guggulu with Agnimantha or ties). It appears that the author is more inter- Brihatpanchamoola Kwath- Medoroga ested in the enumeration of Yogas (formula- v) Guggulu with Triphala Kwatha- Vrana, tions), while details about Nidana (etiologi- Kushtha, Nadivrana, Bhagandara cal factors), Rupa (signs & symptoms), Chi- vi) Guggulu with Kwatha of Kanchanara, kistasutras (principles of treatment), Pathya Triphala and Pippali- Galaganda & Apathya (Do‟s and Dont‟s) were not in- vii) Guggulu with kwatha of Sunthi, Bala, cluded in the text. Guduchi, Rasna, Gokshura, Eranda & Shal- List of prime drugs & single drug recipes parni- Vatavyadhi Charaka identified certain drugs viii) Guggulu with Guduchikwatha- Vata- having broad-spectrum activity and formu- rakta lated a group entitled „Agryaushadhi’ (prime 3) Haritaki drugs).4 Vagbhata has adopted this list by i) Haritaki + Guda- Arsha improvising in his two works i.e. Ashtanga ii) Haritaki + Gomutra- Arsha samgraha6 and Ashtanga hridaya.7 Sushruta 4) Bhallataka has taken note of the prime drugs and men- i) Bhallataka (Vardhamana Prayoga)- tioned in the respective chapters dealing Arsha with the management of several diseases. 5) Haridra Tisatacharya emulated Charaka and men- i) Haridra + Amalaki Swarasa – Pra- tioned certain drug in the chapter meha „Prakirnaushadha’ based on the Agryau- ii) Haridra + Gomutra – Kushtha shadhi quoted by previous works and fur- 6) Khadira (Sara)- Kushtha nished a list of single drug recipes with 7) Bakuchi with Kwatha of Vibhitaka & different Anupana (vehicles) which are eas- Kakodumbara- Switra ily adoptable and result oriented. List of 8) Guduchi- indicated in Vatarakta, Slee- prime drugs2 as follow: pada, Chardi, Haleemaka, Pandu, Kamala 1) Eranda taila (castor oil) & Medoroga i) Erandataila + Gomutra – Andavriddhi 9) Triphala- Netraroga ii) Erandataila with Kwatha prepared 10) Kutaja- Atisara from Aragwadha, Gudhuchi and Vasa- 11) Parpataka with Kiratatikta- Jwara Vatarakta 12) Vasa- Raktapitta 13) Panchamoola- Trishna 3 www.iamj.in IAMJ: Volume 1; Issue 4; July – Aug 2013

Karra Nishteswar: A Review on Chikista-Kalika 14) Pippali ii) With Jiraka, Tumbaru, haritaki, Chi- i) Pippali (Vardhamana Prayoga)- traka, Pushkaramoola, Triphala- Pleeharoga Madhyamabhagaroga ii) Pippali with Dasamoola/triphala Kwa- 22) Brahmi- with Vacha, Kushtha, tha- in Urdhwabhagaroga Sankhapushi and Suvarna- Unmada, Mada, 15) Rohitaki- Yakritroga Apasmara, Bhutabadha 16) Sirisha- Visharoga 23) Sunthi- with Kwath of Rasna or Gok- 17) Ankolamoola- with Koshataki Kwatha- shura or Guduchi- Adhobhagaroga Akhuvisha It is noted that the author for the first 18) Gomutra- Udararoga time suggested single drugs namely Pippali, 19) Swarna- Visha Hingu and Sunthi for the diseases originated 20) Rasna- Vataroga from Urdhwabhagaroga (Head and neck 21) Hingu- diseases), Madhyamabhagaroga (Diseases i) Hingu with Sunthi, Saindhava lavana & of thorax and abdomen) and Adhobhaga- Pushkaramoola- Gulma & Shoola roga (disease of lower parts including but- tocks, lower extremities) respectively. Table 3: Single drug recipes mentioned in other chapters 1. Pippali Vardhaman : Jwara, Swasa, Kasa, Arsha, Vatarakta, Kshaya 2. Musta + honey : Tivratisara 3. Kutaja : Pakwatisara 4. Aralu (Putapaka form) or Shyonaka : Atisara 5. Bhallataka : Arsha 6. Ardraka + Guda : Sopha 7. Draksha : Raktapitta 8. Rajakaseru : Raktapitta 9. Vasantaduti Kusuma (Patala) : Hikka 10. Nimbapatrakalka : Vranaropana 11. Jati-pravala, Kusuma : Mukhapaka 12. Daruharidra (Rasanjana) : Gudapaka 13. Haridra : Visha 14. Sirisha (Panchanga) : Visha 15. Sarapunkha : Alarkavisha 16. Dhatura (Beeja) : Alarkavisha 17. Hastikarna palasha : Rasayana 18. Eranda, Nimba, Jyotismati, Palasbeeja Taila : Rasayana 19. Satavari : Vajikarana 20. Nagabala : Vajikarana 21. Vidari : Vajikarana 22. Amalaki : Vajikarana 23. Gokshura : Vajikarana 24. Guduchi : Vajikarana 4 www.iamj.in IAMJ: Volume 1; Issue 4; July – Aug 2013

Karra Nishteswar: A Review on Chikista-Kalika

In addition to 109 drugs mentioned After Amapachana, Rasnaditaila (for Vata in Gana by the author, it appears 13 drugs diseases), Vasaghrita (for Pitta diseases) were mentioned under „Prakirnaushadha’ and Shatpalaghrita (for Kapha diseases) chapter and 13 drugs were mentioned under were suggested for Snehanakarma before Panchakarma procedures. In total 135 the commencement of Shodhana (purifica- drugs appears to be the essential drugs tion procedures like vomiting, purgation, identified by Tishata in the management of enemata etc). various diseases. REFERENCES Contribution to Ayurvedic Materia me- 1. P.V. Sharma, Ayurveda ka Vaijnanika dica Itihasa, Varanasi, Chaukhambha Orientalia, 1. Author has indicated Sarpunkha for 2001;203-5 Alarkavisha, Patalapushpa for Hikka which 2. Tisatacharya, Chikitsakalika, ed. by P.V. were not mentioned in the earlier works. Sharma, Varanasi, Chaukhambha Surbharati 2. Indication of certain seed oils namely Prakashan, 2005;14-8, 21, 69-71, 91 Erandataila, Nimbataila, Jyotismatitaila and 3. Tisatacharya, Chikitsakalika, ed. by P.V. Palashataila should be considered as Sharma, Varanasi, Chaukhambha Surbharati contributions of Tisatacharya. Prakashan, 2005;1 3. Author suggested Rohitaka for Yakrita- 4. Agnivesha, Charaka, Dridhabala, Cha- roga though it is referred in Pliharoga by raka Samhita, ed. Vd. Jadavaji Trikamaji other works and Bhavamishra quoted one Acharya, Varanasi, Chaukhambha Surabha- synonym Pleehaghna for Rohitaka. Tisata- rati Publications, 2008; 31, 131-2 charya confirmed Vagbhata‟s version of 5. Sushruta, Sushruta Samhita, ed. Vd. Ja- „Pleehamayae Pippali’ and indicated it for davji Trikamji Acharya, 8th edition, Vara- Pleeharoga. nasi, Chaukhambha Orientalia, 2007;163 4. Charaka considered Sira, Hridaya and 6. Vriddha Vagbhata, Ashtanga Samgraha, vasti as Trimarmas, but the author of ed. K.R. Srikantha Murthy, Varanasi, Chikitsakalika considered Hridaya, Guda Chaukhambha Orientalia, 2005;128-9 and Nabhi as Trimarmas. 7. Vagbhata, Ashtanga Hridaya, ed. Pt. Hari 5. The diseases of body and mind are classi- Sadashiva Shastri, Varanasi, Chaukhambha fied as Karmaja, Doshaja and Karmado- Surbharati Prakashana, 2010; 943-4 shaja, while Ayurvedic classics categorized CORRESPONDING AUTHOR diseases under two types i.e. Nija and Agan- Dr. Karra Nishteswar tuja. Doshaja vyadhis are curable with Sod- Prof. and Head, Dept of Dravyaguna hana and Samana measures but Karmaja IPGT&RA, Gujarat Ayurveda University vyadhis are not curable with these methods. Jamnagar, Gujarat, India 6. Author suggested Baladitaila for Vata- Email: [email protected] roga, Mahatiktakaghrita for Pittaroga and Dhanvantarighrita for Kapharoga. Source of support: Nil 7. For the purpose of Amapachana the au- Conflict of interest: None Declared thor furnished a list of drugs- namely Rasna, Patola, Nimba, Sunthi, Vasa and Triphala. 5 www.iamj.in IAMJ: Volume 1; Issue 4; July – Aug 2013

Karra Nishteswar: A Review on Chikista-Kalika

Table 1: List of medicinal plants categorized in various groups by Tisatacharya Sl. Sanskrit Name Botanical name Family no. 1 Agaru Aquilaria agallocha Roxb. Thymelaeaceae 2 Agnimantha Premna integrifolia Linn., Verbenaceae Ajamoda Trachyspermum roxburghianum (DC.) Umbelliferae; Apia- 3 Craib. ceae 4 Amalaki Emblica officinalis Gaertn. Euphorbiaceae 5 Aragvadha Cassia fistula Linn. Caesalpiniaceae 6 Arani Clerodendrum phlomidis Linn. f. Verbenaceae 7 Arjuna Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) W. & A. Combretaceae 8 Ashwagandha Withania somnifera (Linn.) Solanaceae 9 Aswattha Ficus religiosa Linn. Moraceae 10 Atibala Abutilon indicum (Linn.) Sw. Malvaceae 11 Ativisha Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. ex Royle. Ranunculaceae 12 Bakayana Melia azedarach Linn. Meliaceae 13 Bala Sida cordifolia Linn. Malvaceae 14 Bharangi Clerodendrum indicum (Linn) moon Verbenaceae 15 Bhunimba Andrographis panicultata Wall. ex Nees Acanthaceae 16 Bibhitaki Terminalia bellirica Roxb. Combretaceae 17 Bilva Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa ex Roxb. Rutaceae 18 Brihati Solanum torvum Sw. Solanaceae Angelica archangelica Linn. var. Umbelliferae 19 Chanda himalaica (C. B. Clarke) 20 Chandana Santalum album Linn. Santalaceae 21 Chavya Piper chaba Hunter non-Blume. Piperaceae 22 Chirabilva Holoptelea integrifolia (Roxb.) Planch. Ulmaceae 23 Chitraka Plumbago zeylanica Linn. Plumbaginaceae 24 Choraka Angelica glauca Edgew. Umbelliferae 25 Darbha Imperata cylindrical Rausch. Poaceae 26 Devadaru (mara) Cedrus deodara (Roxb.) Loud. Pinaceae 27 Dhanyaka Coriandrum sativum Linn. Umbelliferae 28 Duralabha Fagonia cretica Linn. Zygophyllaceae 29 Ela Elettaria cardamomum Maton. Zingiberaceae 30 Eranda Ricinus communis Linn. Euphorbiaceae 31 Gambhari Gmelina arborea Roxb. Verbenaceae 32 Gokshura Tribulus terrestris Linn. Zygophyllaceae Guduchi Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers ex 33 Menispermaceae Hook.f. &Thoms.

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Karra Nishteswar: A Review on Chikista-Kalika 34 Guggulu Commiphora mukul (Hook. ex Stocks) Burseraceae 35 Haritaki Terminalia chebula Retz. Combretaceae 36 Hingu Ferula narthex Boiss. Umbelliferae 37 Indrayava Holarrhena antidysenterica (Linn.) Wall. Apocynaceae 38 Jatamansi Nardostachys jatamansi DC. Valerianaceae 39 Jiraka Carum bulbocastanum W. Koch. Umbelliferae 40 Jivaka Microstylis musifera Ridley. Orchidaceae 41 Jivanti Leptadenia reticulata W. & A Asclepiadaceae 42 Kakoli Lilium polyphyllum D. Don. Liliaceae 43 Kamala (Pundarika) Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. Nymphaeaceae 44 Kantakari Solanum xanthocarpum S. &W. Solanaceae 45 Kapikachchu Mucuna prurita Hook. Fabaceae 46 Karanja Pongamia pinnata Pierre. Fabaceae 47 Karkatashringi Pistacia integerrima Stewart ex Brandis. Anacardiaceae 48 Katphala Myrica nagi Hook. f. non-Thunb. Myricaceae 49 Katruna Cymbopogon schoenanthus Linn. Gramineae 50 Katuki Picrorhiza kurroa Royle ex Benth. Scrophulariaceae 51 Keshara Crocus sativus Linn. Iridaceae 52 Kshirakakoli Lilium polyphyllum D. Don. Liliaceae 53 Kunduru Boswellia serrata Roxb. Burseraceae 54 Kushtha Saussurea lappa (Decne) Sch.-Bip. Compositae 55 Lavanga Syzygium aromaticum (Linn.) Merr. Myrtaceae 56 Madhuka Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn. Fabaceae 57 Mahameda Piper nigrumLinn. Piperaceae 58 Maricha (Ushana) Piper nigrumLinn. Piperaceae 59 Mashaparni Teramnus labialis Spreng. Fabaceae 60 Meda Polygonatum cirrhifolium (Wall.) Royle. Liliaceae 61 Meshashringi Gymnema sylvestre B. Br. Asclepiadaceae 62 Morata Maerua arenaria Hook. f. &Thoms. Capparidaceae 63 Mudgaparni Phaseolus trilobus sensu Ait. & auct. Fabaceae 64 Mura Erythrina stricta Roxb. Fabaceae 65 Murva (Madhurasa) Marsdenia tenacissima Wight & Arn. Asclepiadaceae 66 Musta (Ambudhara) Cyperus rotundusLinn. Cyperaceae 67 Nagabala Sida veronicaefolia Lam. Malvaceae 68 Nagakeshara Mesua ferrea Linn. Guttiferae 69 Nimba Azadirachta indica A. Juss. Meliaceae 70 Parpataka Fumaria vaillantiiLoisel. Fumariaceae 71 Patala Stereospermum suaveolens DC Bignoniaceae 72 Patha Cissampelos pareira Linn Menispermaceae 73 Patola Trichosanthes dioica Roxb. Cucurbitaceae

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Karra Nishteswar: A Review on Chikista-Kalika 74 Patra Cinnamomum tamala. Lauraceae 75 Pippali Piper longumLinn. Piperaceae 76 Pippalimoola Root of Piper longumLinn. Piperaceae 77 Plaksha (Vati) Ficus infectoria Roxb. Moraceae 78 Prishniparni Uraria picta Desv. Fabaceae 79 Priyangu (Phalini) Callicarpa macrophyllaVahl. Verbenaceae 80 Punarnava Boerhavia diffusa Linn. Nyctaginaceae 81 Rasna Pluchea lanceolata Roxb. Compositae 82 Renuka (kaunti) Vitex agnus-castus Linn. Verbenaceae 83 Riddhi Habenaria intermedia D. Don Orchidaceae 84 Rishabhaka Microstylis wallichii Linn. Orchidaceae 85 Saireyaka Nilgirianthus ciliatus (Nees) Bremek. Acanthaceae Brassica campestrisLinn. var. rapa (L.) 86 Sarshapa Brassicaceae Hartm. 87 Shalaparni Desmodium gangeticum DC. Fabaceae 88 Shatavari Asparagus racemosus willd. Asparagaceae 89 Shigru Moringa pterygosperma Gaertn. Moringaceae 90 Shilarasa (Turushka) Liquidamber orientalis Miller Hamamelidaceace 91 Shriveshtaka Pinus roxburghii Sarg. Pinaceae 92 Shyonaka Oroxylumindicum Vent. Bignoniaceae Anisomeles malabarica Lamiaceae 93 Sprukka (Linn.) R. Br. ex Sims 94 Sthauneyaka Taxus baccata Linn. Taxaceae 95 Sunthi Zingiber officinale Rosc. Zingiberaceae 96 Tagara Valerianawallichii DC. Valerianaceae 97 Trayantika Ficus heterophylla Linn. f. Moraceae 98 Twaka (Chocha) Cinnamomum zeylanicum Lauraceae 99 Uchchata Abrus precatorius Linn. Fabaceae 100 Udumbara Ficus racemosa Linn. Moraceae 101 Vacha Acorus calamus Linn. Araceae 102 Vansalochana Bambusa bambos (L.) Voss. Poaceae 103 Varuna Crataeva nurvala Buch.-Ham. Capparidaceae 104 Vasa Adhatoda vasica Nees. Acanthaceae 105 Vata Ficus benghalensis Linn Moraceae 106 Vetasa Salix caprea Linn. Arecaceae 107 Vidanga Embelia ribes Burm. f. Myrsinaceae 108 Vidarikanda Pueraria tuberosa DC. Fabaceae 109 Vriddhi Habenaria intermedia D. Don Orchidaceae

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