a) b) c) 1 epem198 | Vanuatu 0.92 emsm106 | Vanuatu 0.96 gf060 | Papua New Guinea 0.99 epem142 | Papua New Guinea 1 gf059 | Papua New Guinea sexspinosa | Palau 0.97 1 sexspinosa biroi | Papua New Guinea tricolor | Papua New Guinea 0.99 sexdentata | Papua New Guinea 0.23 1 epem111 | Papua New Guinea 0.89 epem033 | Papua New Guinea 1 pg02 | Papua New Guinea 1 epem140 | Papua New Guinea 0.98 epem032 | Papua New Guinea 0epem050.45 | Papua New Guinea 1epem121 | Australia 0.83 au04 | Australia 0.99 0.96 epem116 | Papua New Guinea 0.33 epem031 | Papua New Guinea epem115 | Papua New Guinea 0.98 isis taki | Solomon Islands 1 epem023 | Papua New Guinea 1 medioava | Papua New Guinea 0.83 epem040 | Papua New Guinea 0.9 0.57 epem038 | Papua New Guinea emsm105 | Papua New Guinea 0.7 0.9epe5 m093 | Australia 1 pg01 | Papua New Guinea epem046 | Papua New Guinea 1 hercules | Papua New Guinea 0.62 onifera | Fiji 0.39 gf061 | Papua New Guinea 1 epem051 | Papua New Guinea epem150 | Australia 1 epem113 | Papua New Guinea 0.99 epem119 | Papua New Guinea 0.92 epem151 | Australia 0.97 epem128 | Papua New Guinea 0.57 gf065 | Philippines 0.61 gf064 | Philippines net diversification 0.45 0.22 epem152 | Australia epem153 | Australia 0.13 0.99 epem155 | Australia epem164 | Australia 0.62 1 epem154 | Australia 0.63 epem158 | Australia 1 epem157 | Australia rate 0.61 1 epem156 | Australia Australia epem127 | Papua New Guinea 1 0.22 1 gf078 | Australia con cta | Australia gf068 | Australia 1 gf069 | Papua New Guinea 1 distincta | Papua New Guinea gf070 | Papua New Guinea 1 epem022 | Papua New Guinea 0.87 gf053 | Papua New Guinea 1 epem034 | Papua New Guinea 0.87 epem112 | Papua New Guinea amber | Papua New Guinea 0.47 1 pg03 | Papua New Guinea 1 epem026 | Papua New Guinea 0.97 au02 | Australia 0.96 gf052 | Papua New Guinea -0.04 0.30 0.45 0.73 0.97 epem049 | Papua New Guinea 1 0.37 epem027 | Papua New Guinea gf051 | Papua New Guinea and 1 epem118 | Papua New Guinea viserion | Papua New Guinea 1 cervicornis | Papua New Guinea 1 emsm101 | Papua New Guinea 0.99 1 epem163 | Papua New Guinea 1 epem079 | Papua New Guinea 1 0.91 epem123 | Papua New Guinea 1 emsm162 | Papua New Guinea laminata | Papua New Guinea 1 epem129 | Papua New Guinea 1 epem060 | Papua New Guinea 0.88 0.99 fuscula | Papua New Guinea epem058 | Papua New Guinea 0.65 umbonata | Micronesia 0.18 1 epem097 | Solomon Islands epem067 | Papua New Guinea 0.85 0.72 gf055 | Papua New Guinea 0.98 epem103 | Solomon Islands New 0.96 epem124 | Papua New Guinea 0.09 epem061 | Papua New Guinea 1 epem132 | Papua New Guinea 1 epem130 | Papua New Guinea 0.53 0.95 gambogia | Papua New Guinea 1 epem057 | Papua New Guinea 1 sericella | Papua New Guinea nemoralis | Madagascar 1 1 epem083 | Papua New Guinea 0.69 1 gf058 | Papua New Guinea 0.88 epem085 | Papua New Guinea gf076 | Papua New Guinea 1 nc02 | New Caledonia 0.19 epem170 | New Caledonia 0.46 epem167 | New Caledonia 0.38 0.87 xanthocnemis | New Caledonia epem166 | New Caledonia 0.96 1 epem172 | New Caledonia Guinea 0.98 epem169 | New Caledonia 1 epem173 | New Caledonia epem165 | New Caledonia 0.98 1 gf063 | Australia 0.84 gf062 | Australia 0.83 athertonensis cedarensis | Australia epem068 | Papua New Guinea 1 epem174 | Australia 0.52 gf071 | Philippines epem055 | Papua New Guinea gf073 | Australia grallatrix | Madagascar 0.81 mg014 | Madagascar 0.73 mg056 | Madagascar 0.83 1 mg054 | Madagascar 0.71 mg132 | Madagascar 0.92 mg043 | Madagascar 0.99 annemariae | Madagascar 0.81 mg018 | Madagascar 0.09 mg015 | Madagascar 1 1 mg021 | Madagascar 0.25 0.08 mg021 | Madagascar veteratrix | Madagascar 0.47 oswaldi | Madagascar nemoralis | Madagascar 1 mg029 | Madagascar 1 lucida | Madagascar 0.69 1 mg064 | Madagascar 0.05 sikorae | Madagascar 1 mg024 | Madagascar gf017 | Madagascar 1 0.43 mg125 | Madagascar 0.96 mg071 | Madagascar gf011 | Madagascar 1 gf013 | Madagascar 1 gf015 | Madagascar 0.84 1 oculata | Madagascar Madagascar 1 0.81 mg107 | Madagascar mg083 | Madagascar 1 mg068 | Madagascar 1 mg130 | Madagascar 0.78 longispinosa | Madagascar 0.98 longispinosa scabrata | Madagascar 0.95 mg066 | Madagascar mg117 | Madagascar 0.26roosevelti | Fiji 0.95 furcata | Fiji 1 colaensis | Fiji 0.99 bula | Fiji pegasus | Fiji 1 1 uncagena | Fiji simplispinosa | Fiji 1 1 knowlesi | Fiji 1 wilsoni | Fiji ululevu | Fiji 1 0.99 vatu | Fiji 0.61 kava | Fiji epem100 | Solomon Islands 0.96 mendanai | Solomon Islands 0.97 emsm170 | Solomon Islands 0.96 gf029 | Papua New Guinea 0.99 cryptocera | Micronesia 0.48 1 1 braueri | Seychelles 0.96 epem197 | Vanuatu gf033 | Cambodia 0.04 epem005 | Palau 0.64 tjibodana | Thailand 0.99 clm014004 | China 1 0.55 gf032 | Borneo 0.91 gf031 | Philippines gf030 | China 0.5 aristotelis | Borneo vieti | China 0.14 0.66 fervida | Japan gf077 | Philippines 1 hongkongensis | China fervens | Fiji 1 gf023 | Borneo 1 0.53 oceanica | Micronesia 1 roberti | China 0.72 1 hospes | Papua New Guinea 1 emsm107 | Palau Asia aglae | Borneo 0.71 1 binghamii | Borneo 0.58 0.87 epem019 | Philippines 0.99 0.99 gf020 | Luzon cariniceps | Philippines 0.99 plagiaria | Vietnam cam01 | Central African Republic 1 1 gf075 | Saudi Arabia 1 jordanica | United Arab Emirates indica | Madagascar 0.75 gf027 | Thailand 1 0.84 planifrons | China CLM014007 | China 0.35 0.73 zoceana | China 0.42 0.93 ryukyuensis | Japan 1 sagei | China 0.99 gf026 | Cambodia parva | Palau 1 1 nindi | Solomon Islands 0.98 epem199 | Vanuatu 0.6 1 epem010 | Palau gf024 | Philippines gf046 | China 1 gf085 | Japan jacobsoni | Indonesia 0.96 lucioccipitalis | Indonesia 1 ke01 | Kenya 0.45 0.99 tz03 | Kenya pallidula | France 0.95 1 kohli | Kenya 1 liengmei | Tanzania 0.32 komori | Comoros 0.99 tz02 | Tanzania 1 concinna | Kenya sinaitica | Saudi Arabia 0.2 minuscula | Saudi Arabia 0.48 1 emsm175 | Ghana 1 UG01 | Uganda 0.47 speculifera | Ghana 0.17 nigeriensis | Kenya 1 dea | Tanzania 1 megatron | Comoros 0.22 emsm174 | Ghana megacephala | Micronesia 0.96 punctulata spinosa | Madagascar 1 emsm171 | Madagascar 1 Africa 0.3emsm1777 | Ghana 1 ke08 | Kenya 1 punctulata | Tanzania SA02 | Saudi Arabia 0.44 quadrensis | Borneo 1 quadricuspis | Borneo epem024 | Indonesia 1 1 1 epem020 | Philippines 1 1 gf040 | Philippines 0.64 spinicornis | Borneo noda | Vietnam 1 tumida | China 1 gf039 | Thailand 1 nodifera | Thailand 0.57 0.88 gf036 | Philippines 1 gf035 | Philippines gf034 | Philippines 0.99 epem179 | Thailand 1 1 gf038 | Borneo gf037 | China 0.69 1 rugithorax | Thailand sabahna | Borneo 1 bluntschlii | Thailand 1 0.89 singaporensis | Borneo 0.99 comata | Borneo 0.75 epem201 | Thailand 1 gf042 | Philippines 0.97 montana | Borneo 0.87 gf044 | Borneo Asia 0.99 gatesi | Vietnam 1 0.68 gf045 | Thailand 0.5 0.64 dugasi | Thailand smythiesii | China havilandi | Borneo 0.41 angulicollis | Borneo 1 epem070 | Papua New Guinea 0.96 sauberi | Indonesia elisae | Thailand 1 tandjongensis | Cambodia 0.58 0.99 sarawakana | Borneo vulgaris | Vietnam 1 pilifera | California 1 inquilina | Utah 0.99 carrolli | Florida 0.98 senex | Arizona 0.73 1 cavigenis | Arizona 0.98 jtl203 | Guerrero 1 cerebrosior | Arizona 0.63 spadonia | Arizona deceptrix | Honduras 0.71 jtl201 | Guatemala 0.14 1 oridana | Florida 1 jtl190 | Guatemala punctatissima | Nicaragua 0.98 0.95 clydei | Arizona 0.97 nebulosa | Nicaragua fossimandibula | Costa Rica 0.63 pelor | Texas 1 beloceps | Nicaragua 1 jtl225 | Nicaragua 1 jtl212 | Nicaragua 0.83 rectitrudis | Nicaragua 0.49 1 carinote | Costa Rica jtl195 | Guatemala 1 1 harrisonfordi | Nicaragua 1 jtl226 | Honduras 0.83 0.07 specularis | Nicaragua 1 jtl221 | Nicaragua tysoni | North Carolina 1 juniperae | Arizona 0.91 xerophila | New Mexico 0.95 jtl211 | Nicaragua arachnion | Nicaragua 0.97 colobopsis | Nicaragua 0.95 antillana | Guadeloupe 0.33 allarmata | Ecuador 0.07 protensa | Chiapas 0.95 synarmata | Nicaragua hasticeps | Costa Rica 0.99 orii | Costa Rica 0.69 roushae | Guatemala 1 purpurea | Chiapas 0.51 jtl196 | Guatemala 1 gulo | Nicaragua 0.9 0.66 jtl197 | Guatemala jtl224 | Nicaragua 0.51 gouldi | Guatemala 0.98 violacea | Costa Rica 0.98 sebo la | Costa Rica 0.42 1 epem187 | Jalisco 0.22 mooreorum | Nicaragua 1 dentata | Florida New psilogaster | Nicaragua 0.94 1 acamata | Nicaragua jtl170 | Guatemala 1 vallicola | Arizona 0.48 diversipilosa | Arizona 0.14 sciara | Arizona 0.9 1 cockerelli | Arizona 0.32 perpilosa | Arizona 0.9 sciophila | Baja California Sur 1 epem185 | Jalisco hyatti | Arizona 0.32 morrisii | New York 0.06 1 angusticeps | Honduras 0.63 jtl200 | Guatemala 0.01 0.12 epem188 | Chiapas 1 jtl198 | Chiapas 0.75 spathipilosa | Nicaragua mackayi | Chiapas World 0.98 desertorum | Arizona 0.99 sitiens | Texas 1 obtusospinosa | Arizona 0.95 1 portalensis | Arizona 0.23 vistana | Baja California Sur 0.95 titanis | Arizona 1 sicaria | Costa Rica sensitiva | Costa Rica 1 pubiventris | Chiapas pugnax | Costa Rica 1 jtl189 | Honduras 1 1jtl199 | Guatemala 0.77 texticeps | Chiapas 1 branstetteri | Honduras brandaoi | Honduras 0.87 1biconstricta | Costa Rica 1 0.99 xanthogaster | Ecuador 1 dossena | Costa Rica jelskii | Dominican Republic 1 obscurithorax | Florida cocciphaga | Costa Rica 1 1 astur | Ecuador 1kukrana | Nicaragua 1 mantilla | Costa Rica ssiceps | Ecuador 1 0.98 jtl223 | Costa Rica 0.71 chocoensis | Nicaragua 1 hirsuta | Costa Rica tanyscapa | Nicaragua 1 0.84 macrops | Baja California 0.65 micula | Arizona 0.97 californica | Utah 0.98 yaqui | Baja California ceres | Arizona 0.89 1 rugulosa | New Mexico 0.95 clementensis | Baja California 0.84 soritis | Kansas epem195 | Oaxaca 1 1 tepicana | Arizona 1 hoplitica | Texas 1 jtl202 | Guatemala 0.69 tuxtlasana | Honduras 1 jtl158 | Honduras ceibana | Honduras 1 1davisi | New York 1 adrianoi | Florida 1 littoralis | Florida 1 bicarinata | Arizona metallescens | Florida 1 constipata | Texas 0.95 1 picobarva | Costa Rica 0.93 boltoni | Costa Rica multispina | Panama 0.99 hizemops | Costa Rica 1 0.97 lustrata | Costa Rica 0.61 0.99 browni | Costa Rica 1 scrobifera | Nicaragua 1 1 wardi | Guatemala renae | Costa Rica oaxacana | Guatemala karolmorae | Nicaragua 1 0.75 epem193 | Oaxaca 1 otisi | Nicaragua 0.55 sospes | Ecuador 0.51 harlequina | Dominican Republic 0.4 0.04 simonsi | Chiapas 0.96 prostrata | Costa Rica 0.5 1 rugiceps | Nicaragua 0.61 boruca | Costa Rica 0.94 epem192 | Costa Rica 0.5 jtl178 | Venezuela perpusilla | Costa Rica 0.77 citrina | Costa Rica 0.89 amazonica | Ecuador 0.76 nitidicollis | Costa Rica 0.94 cramptoni | Peru 0.53 bicornis | Nicaragua erratilis | Costa Rica 1 1 amabilis | Costa Rica minutula | French Guiana 1 jtl214 | Honduras 1 laudatana | Guadeloupe 0.5 exarata | Nicaragua 0.9 eowilsoni | Nicaragua 0.98 vorax | Peru 1 0.63 1 absurda | Costa Rica 1 rogeri | Nicaragua 0.92 jtl134 | Costa Rica 1 epem191 | Panama 1 walkeri | Nicaragua 1 rhinomontana | Nicaragua rhinoceros | Costa Rica 1 tristicula | Ecuador 0.77 1 carapuna | Costa Rica 0.38 gf086 | Vanuatu 1 1 jtl177 | Venezuela avens | Honduras 1 moerens | Alabama 1 glomericeps | Nicaragua 1 militicida | Arizona 0.88 psammophila | Baja California Sur 1 nitella | Costa Rica 1 jtl218 | Nicaragua 1 diana | Costa Rica 0.69 innupta | Costa Rica 1 ectatommoides | Nicaragua rhea | Arizona mbriata | Panama Cephalotes setulifer

5 10 15 20 30 60 40 30 20 10 0 -60 0 60 time before present Latitude time before present (my) (my) Figure S1 : The global Pheidole phylogeny annotated with inferred diversification rate and latitudi- nal distribution. a) The maximum clade credibility (mcc) phylogeny inferred with BEAST, with nodes set to median ages. Node labels are posterior supports, node bars are 95% age distributions. b) Latitudinal extent of each Pheidole species and morphospecies on the tree. c) Median diversifica- tion rate inferred with BAMM across the same phylogeny (M sampling fraction assumption).