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Effet De La Cryptorchidie Sur Le Transcriptome Testiculaire Humain

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Effet De La Cryptorchidie Sur Le Transcriptome Testiculaire Humain MARIE EVE BERGERON EFFET DE LA CRYPTORCHIDIE SUR LE TRANSCRIPTOME TESTICULAIRE HUMAIN Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales de l’Université Laval dans le cadre du programme de maîtrise en Physiologie-Endocrinologie pour l’obtention du grade de Maître ès sciences (M.Sc.) DÉPARTEMENT D’OBSTÉTRIQUE ET DE GYNÉCOLOGIE FACULTÉ DE MÉDECINE UNIVERSITÉ LAVAL QUÉBEC 2012 © Marie Eve Bergeron, 2012 Résumé Les niveaux d’expression de nombreux gènes peuvent être affectés par l’environnement et mener au développement de la cryptorchidie. Cette malformation congénitale est la plus commune dont une des conséquences majeures est l’infertilité masculine due au testicule non-descendu, auquel un risque plus élevé de cancer testiculaire est associé. L’expression des ARN totaux isolés à partir de biopsies testiculaires ont été analysés par micropuces, puis par une analyse bio-informatique et une validation par RT-qPCR de plusieurs gènes sélectionnés. Ces analyses m’ont permis d’identifier plus de deux milles candidats montrant une expression différente entre des sujets cryptorchides et normaux. Certains de ces gènes sélectionnés peuvent être associés à la descente testiculaire, d’autres au cancer testiculaire ou encore aux divers types cellulaires retrouvés dans cet organe. Les différences dans le transcriptome dues à la cryptorchidie vont nous aider à comprendre la cause génétique de cette maladie. ii Abstract Expression level of numerous genes may be affected by environmental condition and lead to development of cryptorchidism. The most common congenital malformation in male is cryptorchidism. One major consequence of this anomaly is infertility due to undescended testis, to which an increased risk of testicular cancer is associated. Expression of total RNAs isolated from testicular biopsies were analysed with microarray. This was followed by subsequent bioinformatic analysis and RT-qPCR validation of many highlighted genes. Those analyses allowed me to identified more than two thousand genes that showed a differential expression between normal and cryptorchid subjects. Among these highlighted and validated genes, some can be either associated to testicular descent, to testicular cancer, or to specific cell types in testes. Differences in transcriptome due to cryptorchidism should give us clues to identify the genetic causes of this malformation. Avant-Propos Cet ouvrage est rédigé sous forme de mémoire-article et contient trois chapitres. Le premier chapitre est une introduction au sujet traité, le deuxième est constitué d’un article (qui a été soumis à la revue Human Reproduction) et le troisième est une discussion complémentaire à celle de l’article et une conclusion. Les auteurs de l’article contenu au chapitre 2 sont : • moi-même, Marie Eve Bergeron : expérimentations, analyse et traitement des résultats et rédaction de l’article; • Marc Simard, étudiant au doctorat dans le laboratoire d’Yves Tremblay : conseils pour l’élaboration des protocoles expérimentaux du PCR quantitatif en temps réel et conseils sur la rédaction et la révision de l’article; • Christine Légaré, professionnelle de recherche du laboratoire : conseils pour l’élaboration des protocoles expérimentaux et révision de l’article; • Luc Boudreau : début des expérimentations; • Ezequiel Calvo, responsable de la plateforme de Biopuces du CRCHUL (Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université Laval) : traitement des résultats de micro-puces par bio-informatique; • Michel Thabet, médecin en andrologie au Département de chirugie, division urologie de l’Université Laval : extraction des tissus cryptorchides; • et Robert Sullivan, professeur au Département d’Obstétrique et Gynécologie de l’Université Laval, directeur de l’axe reproduction, santé périnatale et santé de l’enfant du CRCHUL et mon directeur de recherche : conseils pour l’élaboration des protocoles expérimentaux et révision de l’article. iv Remerciements : Tout d’abord, j’aimerais remercier Dr Robert Sullivan, mon directeur de maitrise, de m’avoir choisie pour ce projet de même que toutes les personnes du laboratoire qui m’ont aidées : Gilles Frenette, Christine Légaré et Louis-Jean Bordeleau, professionnels de recherche et les étudiants du laboratoire : Julieta, Clémence, Olivier et Akin. Je me dois de remercier les personnes des laboratoires aux alentours pour leur support moral et leur humour : Catherine, Francis, Raifish, Caroline, Houssein, Amélie, Gabriel, Aurélie, Hélène et autres. Je tiens également à remercier tout spécialement Marc, Jérôme et Éric qui ont su m’orienter, m’écouter et m’épauler à divers moments. À toute personne qui m’a aidé à apprendre et qui m’a ainsi permis de grandir. Table des matières Résumé ..................................................................................................................................... i Abstract .................................................................................................................................. ii Avant-Propos ........................................................................................................................ iii Remerciements : ................................................................................................................ iv Table des matières ................................................................................................................. vi Liste des tableaux ................................................................................................................. vii Liste des figures .................................................................................................................. viii Liste des abréviations ............................................................................................................. ix Chapitre 1 : Revue de littérature ............................................................................................. 1 1.0 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Différenciation du testicule ........................................................................................... 1 1.2 Testicules ...................................................................................................................... 4 1.2.1 Fluide des tubules séminifères ............................................................................... 4 1.2.2 Spermatogenèse ..................................................................................................... 5 1.2.3 Efficacité de la spermatogenèse ........................................................................... 13 1.2.4 Effets de la FSH et de la testostérone .................................................................. 14 1.2.5 Barrière hémato-testiculaire ................................................................................. 16 1.2.6 Descente testiculaire ............................................................................................ 18 1.3 Cryptorchidie .............................................................................................................. 21 1.3.1 Définition, étiologie et fréquence ........................................................................ 21 1.3.2 Dégénérescence tubulaire .................................................................................... 23 1.3.3 Effet de la température ......................................................................................... 25 1.3.4 Conséquences et traitement ................................................................................. 26 1.4 Cancer testiculaire ....................................................................................................... 27 1.4.1 Étiologie, incidence et pathogenèse ..................................................................... 27 1.4.2 Diagnostic et traitement ....................................................................................... 28 1.5 Technique de micropuces à ADN ............................................................................... 29 1.6 Objectif du projet de recherche ................................................................................... 30 Chapitre 2 : Effect of cryptorchidism on human testicular transcriptome ........................... 31 Figures .................................................................................................................................. 53 Chapitre 3 : Discussion complémentaire et conclusions ...................................................... 69 3.1 Discussion complémentaire ........................................................................................ 69 3.1.1 Gènes associés à la descente testiculaire ............................................................. 69 3.1.2 Gènes associés au cancer testiculaire ................................................................... 70 3.1.3 Gènes associés aux différents types cellulaires ................................................... 70 3.1.4 Autres aspects à considérer .................................................................................. 75 3.2 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................... 79 Bibliographie ........................................................................................................................ 80 Annexe - Données supplémentaires reliées à l’article .........................................................
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