AIR QUALITY November 2007 Issue 19 BULLETIN EUROPEAN POLICY IN BRIEF Citizens’ jury rules on air quality Mixed news for EU directive A citizens’ jury has told air quality minister Jonathan The European Café air quality average from 2010, down from designates the most recent CEN Shaw what should be done directive has passed through a the current limit value of standards as reference methods about pollution. 3 further stage in the European 40µg/m . For PM2.5, the for monitoring. It argues this The Defra citizen’s jury, one legislative process. parliamentary committee agreed could have implications for of many commissioned by The directive has been diluted on a target value of 20µg/m3 anyone considering establishing the Government in a bid to from its original form and from 2010 that will become new monitoring sites. This has appear to be listening to the despite intensive lobbying from legally-binding in 2015. The already had an impact on the people, focused on air quality environmental interests, last Council wants 25µg/m3. PAH network where the 4th issues. Each jury is made up month’s Environment Pressure group the European Daughter Directive (DD) of 20 or more members of Committee in Europe failed to Environment Bureau explains requirements have necessitated the public and typically cost toughen it. The directive that as it stands, the directive the replacement of the samplers £50,000-£100,000 to run. therefore retains its five year will mean air quality standards at the 24 existing sites and the For the Defra jury, three extension period to achieve need not be observed in places establishment of 10 additional representatives handed over limits and exemptions for where there is no permanent sites. The daughter directive has their report Articulating public industry under the IPPC. There population, in workplaces, and also resulted in the relocation of values in environmental continue to be greater loopholes in areas without air monitors. some of the sites in the heavy policy development at a as to where the directive applies EEB expressed its concern: metals network and the meeting with the minister and in relation to particles. “We’re dismayed that air establishment of 11 new sites. the air quality policy team led Against this, there has been polluters have been given five The directive could get by AEQ head Martin some tightening – the more years (until 2013) to clean strengthened or weakened when Williams. Defra will now Committee voted to reduce up their act.” it is considered by Parliament in consider the report and 3 limits for PM10 to 33µg/m on It also notes that the Directive December. respond to its findings. Twenty two members of NGOs the public were recruited last year from a range of rural, urban and city environments NSCA is dead. Long live EPUK across the West Midlands to Environmental Protection UK is minister Jonathan Shaw, who and mission, set out in our five take part in a discussion on the new name for the National gave a lacklustre performance year strategic plan Future air quality. They were asked Society for Clean Air (NSCA). in one of his first speeches in Focus, and our new name and to consider what NSCA was the UK’s longest his new role. He said: “Tackling brand will help us to more improvements they would established environmental issues such as air quality, land firmly establish our role as a like to see in air quality and organisation having been set quality and noise and statutory leading innovator in, and how these should be up in 1898 with the commentator on, environ- achieved. goal of abating city mental practice and policy. The jury identified the smoke. EPUK president Lord questions they wanted The change is the Julian Hunt added: “Our answered, and heard culmination of efforts approach has always been evidence from a range of air of chief executive Phil firmly based on broad quality experts, with an Mulligan who was brought nuisance is key to protecting partnerships, including opportunity to cross-examine in to revamp the organisation public health, the natural and scientists, government, industry ‘witnesses’. They formulated which has had financial and built environment, quality of and environmentalists. We have recommendations for action staffing difficulties over the last life, wellbeing and social promoted scientific based around six themes – couple of years. Mulligan has justice. It is vital that we work understanding, public debate education, technology, secured agreement from together, to make a real and innovation in policy. EPUK transport, industry, members and trustees for a new difference on the ground.” will continue our work of regulation, and lifestyle mission based on its Future Phil Mulligan explained that developing consensus in how choices. Focus document. EPUK will focus on air quality practical progress in Air Quality Bulletin EPUK was launched at the and climate change, noise and environmental quality can be attended the session – full House of Lords by air quality land quality. “Our new vision achieved.” report next month. The citizen’s jury report INSIDE THIS ISSUE ... can be viewed on www.defra.gov.uk/environme Defra sets out biofuels RESEARCH nt/airquality/publications/citiz NEWS 4 ens-jury/index.htm 2 Public spending review position statement 10 Air pollution is as big confirms new PSAs 5 London charge a an impact as smoking Heathrow AQ strategy and indicators missed opportunity We’re also too short of space COMING EVENTS to cover BAA’s Heathrow air 3 UK is now criticised on FEATURE quality strategy released this particles by the HOT AIR 6-9 Highways-prompted month. European Commission 12 Veggie oils, road plans Full report next month AQMAs: a full list and Halloween woes WS FROM THE NSCA BIOFUELS CONFERENCE HELD IN GREENWICH continued from page 1
Effect 30-50% 20% 5% 4% 2% 2%
rtnerships
AIR QUALITY NEWS
IN BRIEF ALTERNATIVE FUELS Climate response The Government has Defra in biofuels stock-take published a summary of responses to its consultation Defra has outlined the “risks main types of biofuels are as with very low sulphur and on a draft Climate Change and opportunities” of biofuels in follows: aromatics and low particulates; Bill. terms of air pollution and global First-generation biodiesel: Bioethanol (first- and second- www.defra.gov.uk/corpora warming. For low proportions of (up to generation): te/consult/climatechange-bill/ Biofuels have been touted as 20%) biodiesel in diesel, the For low proportions of (up to the solution to current fossil fuel main trends seen in vehicles’ 10%) bioethanol in petrol, the Low carbon homes based energy problems, but high exhaust emissions relative to main trends seen in vehicles’ Guidance has been released food prices and greater standard fossil diesel are: exhaust emissions relative to on zero carbon homes. understanding of whole life Reductions of particulate standard fossil petrol are no Such homes may impacts has led to a backlash matter, carbon monoxide (CO) significant changes in emissions incorporate combined heat against support for biofuels. and VOC; of NOX and most VOCs and a and power plants which may Defra says the climate change A slight increase in NOX large increase in emissions of reduce carbon use but and air pollution benefits emissions. acetaldehyde, a VOC ozone increase emissions of local depend on the type and source Although biodiesel tends to precursor. pollutants. Tax incentives of the biofuel. emit fewer particulates, these There is evidence from other have been introduced to On health, it says: “Emissions are likely to be composed of countries to show that higher encourage low carbon homes from the combustion of biofuels different substances than those proportions of (up to 100%) and are outlined. depends on several factors, from conventional diesel. This bioethanol in petrol leads to a www.planningportal.gov.uk including the type of biofuel, will result in biodiesel substantial increase in ozone /uploads/code_for_sustain the level of blend with fossil particulates having different formation from acetaldehyde, able_homes_techguide.pdf fuel and the particular vehicle in health effects from those from although it has not yet been which it is used. There is a high conventional fuel. verified which areas of the UK Agency retrunks roads degree of variation reported in Second-generation biodiesel: would be susceptible to this The Government has research literature in this area This is a different product from effect. changed its mind on three which makes it difficult to place first generation biodiesel, and is The statement can be viewed roads that were to be accurate figures on their health chemically similar to high on www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/ detrunked based on the impacts. However, trends for the quality conventional diesel, but roads/environment/rtfo/289579 intervention of the Highways Agency. The following will therefore BIOFUELS remain the responsibility of the Highways Agency: Quantitech launch easy to use tester M32 (Bristol to M4 Junction 19); Quantitech is launching two Filtometer – is a low-cost, A36/A46 (from M4 near easy-to-use mid-infrared single wavelength analyser that Bristol to M27; near analysers for biofuels analysis. is ideal for measuring the blend Southampton); and The instruments have been ratio of biodiesel in diesel fuel M65 (Junctions 8 to 10). specifically designed for on-site or ethanol in petrol. The move may make it analysis and can be operated by The second instrument, the harder for authorities to users having limited or even no InfraSpec VFA-IR Spectrometer, implement action plan knowledge of infrared analytical is a spectral range analyser commitments. Bristol, for techniques. Since tax incentives, capable of monitoring more than example, wanted to introduce pollution and Government one component. It measures the priority lanes and enforce regulations are often based on % biodiesel in diesel fuel as speed limits on the section of the percentage of biofuel, it is well as total glycerides during motorway in the city. important to have an accurate the biodiesel reaction process. measurement method. More details on website Biodiesel trials halted The first – the InfraCal www.quantitech.co.uk Easy to test biofuel percentage National Express has announced that it has suspended its ‘first VEHICLE EMISSIONS generation’ UK biodiesel bus trial due to concerns over whether the benefits Hard shoulder running claimed to improve air outweigh the risk to the sustainability of food crop Modelling of the impacts from before case. Speed compliance CO2 – reduced by 4%; sources. introducing variable speed limit on the hard shoulder has been Fuel consumption – reduced National Express called a controlled traffic on the M42 98% or better at the 50mph by 4%; halt to the trial on its UK shows air quality gains. speed limit. Hydrocarbons – 3% increase. buses until so called ‘second Active traffic management on Vehicle emission modelling Active traffic management generation’ biofuels, which the M42 motorway east of and air quality measurements has also resulted in a minor use non food crops such as Birmingham includes using the have shown that vehicle reduction in noise of between wood chips and straw, are hard shoulder as a fourth lane of emissions have changed: 1.8dBA and 2.4 dBA. available or issues relating to traffic. A new report suggests Carbon monoxide – reduced M42 active traffic the sustainability of the that hard shoulder running has by 4%; management results – first six production have been increased the observed capacity NOX – reduced by 5%; months can be viewed on addressed. of the motorway by an average Particulate Matter – reduced www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/roads/tpm/ of 7% when compared to the by 10%; m42activetrafficmanagement
4 AIR QUALITY BULLETIN November 2007 AIR QUALITY NEWS
IN BRIEF VEHICLE EMISSIONS Sheffield Beacon As part of Sheffield City Charge a ‘missed opportunity’ Council’s Beacon activities, the council is holding two Environmental Protection UK “Further to this we feel the petrol equivalents.” events on air quality this (EPUK – formerly the NSCA) proposals are a missed EPUK continues: “We month. says plans for an emissions opportunity to improve air suggest that the scheme should The events (which are free related congestion charge in quality in London. Whilst the be re-developed with broader and held in Sheffield) are: London may be a missed proposals are technology neutral aims, to include local Sheffield Clean Air opportunity. on CO2 tail-pipe emissions, they environmental quality, and use Partnership – Thursday 15th Consultation recently ended do not consider air quality and criteria that will help to November; on the Mayor’s plans to other environmental aspects. In implement these aims whilst Community air quality incorporate engine size into the particular we are concerned that limiting risk to the congestion Monitoring – Weds 21st Nov. congestion charge scheme (AQB the proposals will lead to a rise reduction heart of the scheme.” www.beacons.idea.gov.uk/id September p2). in diesel k/core/page.do?pageId=625 EPUK welcomes the plans vehicles in 0584 but fears the projected CO2 central savings of implementing the London, Long range emissions scheme are small, which will which have The Annual European give it very poor cost significantly Community LRTAP effectiveness. Many might take greater Convention Emission up low emission cars, and given emissions of Inventory report 1990-2005 the discounts, drive their car local has been published. more, undermining congestion pollutants The report presents an relief benefits. than their GLA will clobber high polluters through the charge overview of air pollutant emission data reported by the member states between VEHICLE EMISSIONS the years 1990 to 2005. Across the EU-27, the Car ban ‘only hope’ for London emissions reported emissions of NOx in 2005 have decreased by Emissions targets for London outer London, changes in inner would be willing and able to more than 34%, and SO2 by stand little chance of being London boroughs alone were comfortably walk or cycle around 70% since 1990. achieved unless the Greater not found to be sufficient to longer distances. http://reports.eea.europa.eu London Authority (GLA) bans meet the GLA emissions target. Further research looks at the cars from both inner and outer The car-free inner and outer personal health benefits to four Inspire consultation London, according to a report London model was found to typical car users from switching The Commission is published today by the London bring about a 72% reduction in to walking and cycling and consulting on the shape of School of Hygiene & Tropical emissions, with active transport occasional taxi use. By doing the Inspire directive which Medicine (LSHTM) and the making up 53% of all trips. so, they would expend an seeks to harmonise data Oxford University Transport Researchers highlight the average of 139,300 kJ of energy provision (AQB October p4). Studies Unit. many benefits, in terms of a year, equivalent to an average www.ec-gis.org/inspire/ Current policies suggest that public health and safety, that the of 4.5 kg of fat. A woman might public_consultations/metada London is on course to reduce adoption of the car-free scenario reduce her risk of breast cancer ta/index.cfm land transport emissions by only would achieve. Not only would by 25% and increase her life 10%-23%. the former car users benefit in expectancy by between one and WHO reports Their calculations show that a terms of improved health as a two years, while a man would A meeting report has been car-free inner London scenario result of greater physical enjoy a 20-40% reduction in the published for the World equates to a 49% reduction in activity, but as active transport risk of premature mortality and Health Organisation’s emissions. Because most in the form of walking or around a 30% reduction in risk meeting on the health London car trips are within cycling increased, more people of type 2 diabetes. effects of particles held in Bonn earlier this year. The workshop agreed the RESEARCH need for further large-scale studies in Europe combining source-specific air quality Nanoparticle threat leads to research information, epidemiological The threat to health caused by cells. This may be a necessary human exposure to studies and toxicological nanoparticles is to scrutinised in step in the movement of nanoparticles but special analysis. Further, they two studies being released. particles deposited in the lung concern has been expressed agreed that data collection The first will identify into the blood and thence to regarding nanoparticles that are on air quality should include physicochemical factors other tissues. Research on the fibrous in shape. This concern is particle speciation and controlling the capacity of nano- mechanisms involved in based on the potential for such extend to source particles to penetrate cells of the translocation across the fibre-shaped nanoparticles to apportionment. It should respiratory epithelium, respiratory epithelium is behave like asbestos fibres. also aim at better spatial especially those of first contact needed.” Exposure to airborne asbestos and temporal resolution in on inhalation of the particles. The second study will look at fibres is associated with a PM exposure assessment. Defra explains: “One of the whether long nanoparticles number of severe lung diseases Health relevance of major concerns regarding the could behave in a similar way to including fibrosis (asbestosis), particulate matter from possible toxic effects of nano- asbestos fibres. Defra explains: lung cancer and mesothelioma.” various sources particles is the capacity of these “There is concern over the www.defra.gov.uk/science/ www.euro.who.int/Doc materials to translocate into potential adverse effects of funding/competitions.htm ument/E90672.pdf
AIR QUALITY BULLETIN November 2007 5 AIR QUALITY NEWS
IN BRIEF CLEANER VEHICLES Euro V incentive Low carbon car report released The Department for Transport has announced the details of The King Review of low-carbon fuels, bringing new technologies pollutants. a scheme to extend tax cars has been released to to market and smart consumer However, in many cases, CO2 incentives to encourage coincide with the Pre Budget choices such as buying a low- and other harmful emissions hauliers and bus operators to Report. It examines vehicle and carbon vehicle.” will tend to decline together, buy cleaner Euro V vehicles. fuel technologies which could On air quality, the report says: Even where trade-offs occur,
The Reduced Pollution help to decarbonise road “NOX, CO and hydrocarbons because of the much larger Certificate (RPC) scheme will transport over the next 25 years. cannot be ignored, and in some amounts of CO2 generated in be extended so that hauliers It says: “At low cost and by cases there can be trade-offs. combustion of carbon-based and bus operators first 2030, per-kilometre emissions “Standard diesel currently fuels, the CO2 impact will registering a Euro V could be reduced by 50 per cent results in lower CO2 emissions normally be dominant.”
compliant vehicle before 1 – equivalent to a 30 per cent but higher NOX emissions than Review of low-carbon cars. October 2009 can claim a reduction in the absolute level petrol; and ethanol is generally Part I: the potential for CO2 discount of up to £500 a year of emissions. These significant a cleaner-burning fuel than reduction can be viewed on on Vehicle Excise Duty (VED). reductions in CO2 from road petrol, producing less CO2, but www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/ A vehicle will only be transport are achievable in the results in higher concentrations pbr_csr/reviews/pbr_csr eligible for the discount if it short term through progress on of SO2 and other local 07_king_index.cfm meets the Euro V emissions standard and is fitted with the onboard diagnostic VEHICLE EMISSIONS systems and torque control mechanisms that check and Filter-less diesel meets petrol emissions control emissions of nitrogen oxides. This will ensure the UK vehicle technology firm an additive that needs topping those of Euro 5. Euro V standard is Ricardo claims it has developed up. These technologies include maintained throughout the a diesel engine that is as clean Ricardo says this positions advanced air handling systems, life of the vehicle. as petrol without the need to use diesel alongside petrol hybrid two-stage series-sequential The RPC scheme began in aftertreatment. and fuel cell powered vehicles turbocharging, advanced 1999. In the financial year The development is important as future high fuel-economy, exhaust gas recirculation, and 2006/07 8426 buses and as US emission standards for environmentally friendly application of closed-loop 29,102 lorries had RPCs. diesels have been set at the automotive products capable of cylinder pressure-based engine
RPC’s cut vehicle tax by up same level as those for petrol. meeting U.S. Super Ultra-Low controls. If a lean NOX trap is to £500 a year, the latest Vehicle manufacturers are keen Emission (SULEV) and Tier II used, the engine could achieve
Euro V standard will bear to avoid use of aftertreatment Bin 2 requirements ie NOX NOX levels less than one-tenth down more on NOx than catalysts which require use of levels approximately one-sixth of the Euro 5 levels. PM10. Scania skips treatment VEHICLE EMISSIONS Truckmaker Scania reports that it now has an engine that can meet Euro 5 Motor firms boast emission benefits standards without exhaust SMMT, the motor balance these objectives – the for regulators to impose ever aftertreatment. Euro 5 manufacturers body, has need to reduce emissions, tighter limits in a spiral of become mandatory with in highlighted the progress made improve safety, give customers diminishing returns, at ever the European Union in in improving emissions of the comfort features they greater cost to manufacturers?” October 2009. vehicles. demand, keep prices down and More comparisons on Scania is the first truck Using cards loosely based on all within the constraints of a http://smmtlib.findlay.co.uk/ manufacturer to achieve Euro the ‘top trumps’ game, it competitive auto sector. articles/news/News/Evolution% 5 without exhaust gas compares the emissions “Is it reasonable 20of%20the%20Car.pdf aftertreatment by relying on performance of old and new improved fuel injection. models of cars. For instance a Emission comparisons 2007 Fiesta emits less than two top-trump style
Motorcycle emissions per cent of the NOX, HC and Vehicle technology specialist CO emissions of its 1976 Ricardo has tested a number predecessor. SMMT has of motorcycles against calculated that it would take the existing and proposed following number of 1.25 petrol standardised drive cycles. engined Fiestas to generate the Four of the 12 motorcycles same level of emissions as one tested, did not meet current 1976 Fiesta model: On NO2 – emissions legislation for 76 cars; on CO – 71 cars; and motorcycles. on hydrocarbons – 51 cars. Motorcycle exhaust But it added: “More pollution emissions factors and test abatement technology and cycles programme – final safety systems have played a report can be viewed on large part in creating larger, www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/roads/en heavier (and less aerodynamic) vironment/research/cqvcf/Ric cars. For car makers it is ardoMotorcycleEmissions.pdf proving increasingly difficult to
6 AIR QUALITY BULLETIN November 2007 AIR QUALITY FEATURE Planning for Agency traffic The Highways Agency has published its spreadsheet of air quality management areas prompted by its motorways and trunks roads. The Highways Agency has for some time (those authorities in bold below). traffic reductions, actions that the been known to have a ‘hitlist’ of air The list provides interesting reading, Highways Agency are unlikely to endorse quality management areas triggered by its not least for the varied actions included in given that it is judged on moving large roads. local authority air quality action plans – volumes of traffic, quickly. It has now published this, along with its from do-nothing to junction closures. The list can be viewed at www.high view as to which ones it sees as a priority Speed limits are a recurring theme, as are ways.gov.uk/knowledge/1798.aspx
Authority Poll’t Location of the air quality management area Local authority ‘wish list’ for action affecting Agency roads
Barnet NO2 M1: J1-J4 within borough. A1: Small section at Speed restrictions PM10 junction with M1
Barnsley NO2 J35a-J38 within borough (100m either side of central Speed reduction to 50mph, variable messaging/traffic reservation and up to 200m at J37 Dodworth/A628) management schemes
Birming- NO2 M6: J5-J7 within borough. A38: Minworth N to 5 - 20 minute response time for M6 incidents, improved incident ham junction with M6, sliproad onto M6 contingency planning, improved scheme diversion routing, M42 active traffic management, evaluate active traffic management for M6, M1J21 improvements
Blaby NO2 S of J21 btwn Enderby and Narborough, J21-21a Assess impact of M1 widening, redesign of J21, Variable speed btwn Thorpe Astley & Kirby Muxloe limits & use of hard shoulder, variable message signing, improved screening
Blackburn NO2 M65 Earcroft, A666 Blackburn Rd / M65 J4 slip Action plan not set w. Darwen
Bolsover NO2 M1 Nr J28, Carter Lane East, South Normanton Speed restrictions, reductions in traffic volume
Bolton NO2 M61 J2 to N of J6 in borough, corridor (variable) (Gtr Manchester action plan) refers to speed controls PM10
Brent- NO2 Nags Head Lane at M25 junction Action plan not set wood Brook St roundabout at M25 / A12 junction Greenshaw/Porters Close nr A12 (Brentwood BP) Warescot Rd/Hartswood Av/Ongar Rd nr A12 B1002 Roman Road, Hey Bridge nr A12 Fryerning Ln, Pemberton Av, Trimble Close, nr A12
Bristol CC NO2 M32: J1 to city centre; M5/M49: W of J18 to E of Improve speed enforcement, speed restrictions, detrunking M32 PM10 J18a, incl M5/M49 jn at Avonmouth
Broms- NO2 M42: J1 Lickey End Work with Agency on direct options for J1 M42, junction grove improvements, speed restrictions, closure of junction, introduction of tolls, reduction in traffic & trucks
Brox- NO2 M25: Arlington Cres, Parkside, 13-21 High St, Liaise with Agency on environmental impact assessments for bourne PM10 Waltham Cross, J25 (Holmesdale tunnel portal) M25 projects (Congestion Study M25 J25 & orbit multi-model M25: 33 to 55 Teresa Gardens, Waltham Cross, study) M25: Tyle Kiln Cot., Burntfarm Ride, J24-25 (N of)
Broxtowe NO2 M1: J25-26, Trowell, Nottm - Tiree Cls, Iona Drive Action plan not set M1: J25-26, Trowell, Nottm - Derbyshire Ave M1: J25-26, Trowell, Nottm - Nottingham Road M1: J26 Nuthall, Nottm - Nottingham Rd, Back Ln
Bury NO2 M60: Corridor around W of J17- E of J18 (Gtr Manchester) Council to work with Agency on M60 route PM10 M62: East from M60 J18 to boundary management strategy, refers to speed controls M66: Corridor from start to J4
Cannock NO2 A5: Watling St, Bridgtown area between A34 Walsall Smarter traffic lights (MOVA) at Walkmill Lane, Ped. crossings, Chase DC Rd to A460/South Staffs boundary Jct imps at Delta Way, review of road hierarchy & speed limits
Chichester NO2 A27: Properties on Stockbridge roundabout Action plan not set DC
Congleton NO2 M6: J18-19 near Cranage, two properties Monitoring, modelling, RMS, HGV lanes, ramp metering, traffic BC officers, congestion busting w’shops, M6 widening/expressway
Dartford NO2 A282: Dartford Tunnel Approach Road, J1a to 300m Speed restrictions, improved screening, assessment of impact of BC PM10 south of 1b, corridor approx 250m wide Dartford tolls, variable message signing
Derby CC NO2 A5111 (A6): In city, between Alvaston Islands Expansion of urban traffic control (Agency to assist), travel plan (Alvaston Bypass) (Agency to assist)
Doncaster NO2 A1(M): J36 corridor along A18 into town centre Variable message signs MBC M18: Bawtry/Hantley Wood, at junction with A638
Dover BC NO2 A20: Townhall St, from York St roundabout nr Jn improvements to reduce Townwall St congestion, dual section Western docks to a point c.140m from the Eastern of A2 to Lydden, strategic signage to move freight onto dualled Docks A2, new exit slip road onto A20 from Eastern Docks Eastleigh NO2 M3: J12-14 Action plan not set continued overleaf BC
AIR QUALITY BULLETIN November 2007 7 AIR QUALITY FEATURE ● Highways Agency AQMAs, from previous page Authority Poll’t Location of the air quality management area Local authority ‘wish list’ for action affecting Agency roads
Enfield LB NO2 M25: J24 to east of J25 within borough Road widening through Holmesdale tunnel to improve vehicle PM10 movements,
Erewash NO2 M1: Between J24 & J25 Long Eaton, east of M1 Variable speed limits, ramp metering, traffic management and BC North of J25 Sandiacre, east of M1 calming using gateways, integrate motorway & urban traffic control systems, conversion to hardshoulder to running lane at jct, hardshoulder crawler lanes, active traffic management to reduce congestion, motorway goods vehicle low emissions zone
Grave- NO2 A2: Corridor either side of A2 within borough Work together with Agency on direct options for A2, realignment sham BC PM10 & widening of A2, speed regulation to 50mph, 14% reduction in trucks, 10.5% reduction in overall flows
Harrow LB NO2 M1: West of J4 within borough No measures for Highways Agency within draft consultation PM10 version
Hereford- NO2 A49(T): Corridor through Hereford Town Centre ‘Hereford Intelligent Transport System’ on A49 in Hereford, shire CC alteration of traffic management at Belmont roundabout, network management duties for the A49 in Hereford
Hertsmere NO2 M25: Charleston Paddocks, South Mimms, nr J23 Work with Agency on multi-modal studies, support Agency for BC M25: 31-39 Blanche Lane, South Mimms, nr J23 measures to reduce air pollution on M1 & M25 M1: 12 Grove Place & caravans, Aldenham, nr J5
Hillingdon NO2 J3 to 4b within borough Public transport, reduced speed limits, road user charging, LB J14 to 15 within borough variable message signs, green travel plans
Hounslow NO2 M4 Heston and Cranford wards Smooth traffic flows, HOV & freight priority lanes, RMS – VMS, LB PM10 Brentford and Chiswick wards reduced speed limits, M4 and M4 spur in tunnel with scrubbing
Hull CC NO2 A63(T): Hessle Road & Castle Street east to River Hull Variable message signs
Hunting- NO2 A14: Huntingdon, NE of A14 from Spittals Jct to Town Action plan not set donshire Bdge; Houses in Brampton near junction of A1/A14; Houses between Hemmingford & Fenstanton
Leeds CC NO2 M621 199-103 Dewsbury Rd, Holbeck, south of city A1 upgrading to motorway status, East Leeds Link Road centre near J3 Reference to route management strategy for M1/M621
Luton BC NO2 M1 Section to north and south of J11 in borough Action plan not set
Maidstone NO2 M20 J6 to 7, corridor either side Speed restrictions, enhanced screening, assessment of impact BC of introducing M20 tolls, advisory signage
Manch- NO2 M60: West of J5 to J4 (Gtr Manchester action plan) SEMMS Quality Bus Corridor, ester CC PM10 M56: South of J6 to J1 council to work with Agency on M60 RMS, speed controls
N Warw- NO2 M6/M42/A446 Farmhouse near junction of all three Liaise with Highways Agency on measures impacting on air ickshire roads, Stonebridge quality
NW Leic- NO2 M1 Small section N of J23a nr Kegworth Action plan not set estershire
Northamp- NO2 M1 J15 to north of J15a, approx 50m corridor SW None ton BC
Notting- NO2 A52(T) Dunkirk/Clifton Boulevard including QMC, Action plan not set ham CC btwn A6200 &A6005.
Oldham NO2 M60: within borough; A627(M): Start to before first (Gtr Manchester action plan) Council to work with Agency on MBC PM10 junction; A663: M60 J21 to junction with A627(M) M60 RMS, speed controls; LEZ, travel plans, alternative fuels
Oswestry NO2 A483 Gate House, at junction of A483 & Albridge Dualling and realignment BC Lane
Ports- NO2 A27: A27 Cosham No specific measures as expected to meet by 2010. Other mouth CC general measures in action plan will address.
Reigate & NO2 M25: J7 to west of J8, 30m either side Safety and lane discipline review, improved signage/road Banstead M23: near J9, near J8 (Merstham), 30m either side markings BC A23(T): Horley, M23 J9 east to A23 A23: Hooley, jn with Dean Lane
Rochdale NO2 M62, M66, M60, A627M: All within in borough (exc. (Gtr Manchester action plan) refers to speed controls, low MBC sm. far E section of M62), 200m corridor either side emission zone, travel plans, alternative fuels
Rother- NO2 M1: nr J33, Brinsworth & Catcliffe; west of J34, Speed restrictions and enforcement, advisory signs (plus town ham MBC Meadowhall; btwn J30 & 31, Wales Bar centre action plan – travel plans)
Runny- NO2 M25: J11 N to J13, 55m either side; J11 S to Speed restrictions, enhanced screening, advisory signs mede BC PM10 boundary at New Haw/ Byfleet, 70m either side
Rushcliffe NO2 A52(T) Nottingham Knight roundabout to boundary Action plan not set BC
Rushmoor NO2 M3 J4-4a, 51m either side of centreline Speed regulation and enforcement, HOV lanes, crawler lanes, BC tolls, signage, enforce ‘drive on the left’, tree planting
St Albans NO2 M25: Frogmore/Colney St, between J21 & 22 Speed regulation and traffic management CC M1/M10/A4147: Beachtree cottages at junction
Salford NO2 M60, M61, M62, M602: For NO2, corridor around all in (Gtr Manchester action plan) council to work with Agency on MBC PM10 borough. for PM10, area near M60 J13 M60 RMS, speed controls, LEZ, travel plans, alternative fuels
Sandwell NO2 M6, M5, A4123: Entire length within borough Action plan not set MBC
Seven- NO2 M20: From M25 J3 to border with Tonbridge Reduction in all vehicle emissions by 35%, reduction in HGV’s oaks DC PM10 M25: From Surrey to Dartford border, Incl J3-5 by 10%, reduction in speed to 80kph (50 mph), M26: from M25 J5 to border with Tonbridge A20(T): Swanley bypass (M25 J3 to Bromley border) AIR QUALITY FEATURE ● Highways Agency AQMAs, from previous page
Authority Poll’t Location of the air quality management area Local authority ‘wish list’ for action affecting Agency roads
Sheffield NO2 M1 Area north of J34n and south of J34s Speed restrictions, variable message signage CC
Shrewsbury NO2 A49(T) Bayston Hill btwn Sharpstones Ln & Burgs Ln Cycling facilities along A49, traffic management measures along & Atcham A49
Slough BC NO2 M4 100m corridor N of carriageway J5-7 and S of Smooth flows on to M4 at J5, reduce queuing at J5 of M4, work carriageway; J5-Sutton Lane. with council to reduce emissions from M4 South NO2 A5 Jn of Dunstable High St and Church St (A505) in Dunstable bypass to relieve A5, motorway widening M1 J10-13, Beds DC central Dunstable improved traffic management on A5 South NO2 M25: 50m corridor either side, M40: 30m corridor Action plan not set Bucks DC either side, M4: 20m corridor either side South NO2 A14 Corridor from Bar Hill to Impington (varying Action plan not set Cambs DC width) South NO2 A38 The Old Parsonage, Dean Prior south of Action plan not set Hams DC Buckfastleigh South NO2 A5 Central Towcester, Saracens Head crossroads to Action plan not set Northants Silverstone Brook South NO2 M6: Woodbk Hs, Tedd’y Rd, Penkridge nr M6 J12 Action plan not set Staffs DC M54: Bursnips Rd, Essington, near M6/M54 jn M54: A460 Cannock Rd, Featherstone, near M54 A5: Oak Farm, A5 east of M6 (proposed) Southamp- NO2 M271 At end, south of J1 where meets A33 Action plan not set ton CC
South NO2 A19 south of Lindisfarne roundabout north along Tyne Action plan not set Tyneside Tunnel approach Spelth- NO2 M25: south of J13-J14 within borough, M3: east of Road system design to reduce congestion orne BC J2-J1 within borough, A30: J with M25 E to boundary Stockport NO2 M60 N of J25 to J4 within borough (Gtr Manchester action plan) council to work with HA on M60 MBC PM10 RMS, speed controls, LEZ, travel plans, alternative fuels
Stoke-on- NO2 A500(T), A50: Entire length within borough No measures for HA Trent CC
Surrey NO2 M3 From J4 to N of Ravenswood roundabout, either Action plan not set Heath BC side of carriageway Tameside NO2 M60: N of J23 Ashton to S of J24, M67: J1 to jn with Action plan not set MBC PM10 A57, A57(T): Jn with M67 to A628, A628(T): Jn with A57 to boundary Tewkes- NO2 M5 near J10, 15 Withybridge Gardens Action plan not set bury BC near J11, Comus, Bamfurlong (proposed) Three NO2 M25: Chorley Wood – south of J18 to north of River Speed regulation and traffic management Rivers DC PM10 Chess, 74m either side; Chandlers Cross – west of Chandler’s Lane to J19, 74m either side; Kings Langley – where crosses railway, 74m either side Thurrock NO2 A13: North Stifford, A282: 2 hotels, Weston Avenue, M25 Orbit strategy BC PM10 Lakeside, M25: Premier Hotel, J31; Thurrock Hotel, Ship Ln, nrJ31; Gatehope Drive, Irvine Gdns, S Ock. J29-30; Kemps Farm Cott., Dennis Rd, S Ock. J29-30 Tonbridge NO2 M20 39m corridor around centreline between J4-5, Speed restrictions, advisory signage, enhanced screening & Malling (New Hythe Lane, Larkfield to Hall Road, Aylesford) Trafford NO2 M60 south of J6 to north of J10 (Gtr Manchester action plan) LA to work with HA on M60 RMS, MBC PM10 refers to speed controls, LEZ, travel plans, alternative fuels
Wakefield NO2 M1: J38-42 within borough, M62: J29-33 within n/a MBC borough, A1: M62 J33 to Wentbridge Walsall NO2 M6 J8 to north of J10 within borough n/a MBC
Warrington NO2 M6, M62, M56: 50m either side of motorways within Feasibility of VMS for AQ information, evaluate effect of speed BC borough restrictions, assess impact of planning applications, address signage issues for motorway diversions, RMS for M6 and M62
Watford NO2 M1 J5-6 Ravenscroft, Gossamers & Eastlea Ave, n/a BC Meriden Waverley NO2 A3 through Hindhead n/a BC
West NO2 A35 through Chideock (15m corridor) n/a Dorset DC
Wigan NO2 M6, M58: Corridor around motorways in borough n/a MBC
Woking- NO2 M4 60m corridor either side (Gtr Manchester action plan) LA to work with HA on M60 RMS, ham DC M6 motorway speed strategy, reduce traffic on M6, junction
Wolverha- NO2 M54 J2 (although junction is outside borough) n/a mpton MBC PM10
Wycombe NO2, M40 J3-5 12m corridor either side expanded in Motorway speed strategy, M40 Handy Cross layout changes, DC places near junctions to 30m reductions in traffic volume, multi-model studies
AIR QUALITY BULLETIN November 2007 9 AIR QUALITY RESEARCH
SCIENCE SHORTS PUBLIC HEALTH Fruit no help Fruit and vegetables do not Air pollution as bad as smoking appear to reduce oxidative DNA damage among a Turkish researchers believe that placental damage. smoke with those who were sample of over 200 eastern the impact of air pollution may Both birthweight and exposed to air pollution. It has European street policemen. be as bad as smoking on the placental weight of those in the established that the Those who ate a lot of fruit condition of the placenta. air pollution exposed group consequences of exposure to air appeared no better off than 92 pregnant women were were lower than the smokers or pollution were as harmful as the those who didn’t. Researchers studied, a third smokers, a third non exposed groups. Zinc and effects of smoking.” said: “The contribution to the exposed to air pollution, and cadmium levels were highest The effects of air pollution genotoxicity and the last third who were controls among smokers, with control and smoking on placental carcinogenicity in humans that neither smoked nor were group being lowest. cadmium, zinc concentration following exposure to air exposed to significant air Researchers said: “To the and metallothionein pollution present in the urban pollution. Samples from their best of our knowledge this is expression, Hulya Cetin environment appears not be placentas were tested for zinc the first study to compare level Sorkun et al, Toxicology Vol. related just to one factor and and cadmium and associated in placentas of those who 238 (2007) pp15-22. consideration of the influence of a combination of factors URBAN LANDSCAPE such as oxidative DNA damage, PAH DNA adducts, antioxidant status and genetic Do trees cut particle pollution? susceptibility is required.” UK researchers have proposed a example built up or industrial formation. The relationship between model that can be used to areas, which are often absent of “For any new developments biomarkers of oxidative calculate how many trees are suitable planting areas, are that contribute to the local PM10 DNA damage, PAH DNA required to mop up pollution. where reductions in PM10 are concentrations, mitigation by adducts, antioxidant status The researchers say: particularly needed. However planting trees can be assessed, and genetic susceptibility “Modelling the capture of trees smaller reductions of on and in some cases reductions following exposure to across two UK local authorities average 2.5-7% can be achieved can be sufficient to meet air environmental air pollution has shown that trees are capable if a quarter of every available quality objectives by PM10. in humans Rajinder Singh et of reducing PM10 concentrations space were planted in each grid Estimating the reduction of al, Mutation Research, Vol. across the whole authority. square across the authority.” urban PM10 concentrations by 620, (2007) pp83-92. Reductions of 7-20% can be But the researchers also warn trees within an environmental achieved, but at a cost of that planting trees on this scale information system for Did ban help? planting huge numbers of trees. will need to take heed for planners, W Bealey et al, Australian researchers have Appreciative reductions also personal safety issues and the Journal of Environmental studied whether a Lebanese depending on the availability of increase in biogenic VOC Management, Vol. 85 (2007) ban on diesel had any impact suitable planting areas, for emissions which leads to ozone pp44-58. on child health. Health impacts on children less than 17 years old were GENETICS studied, including admissions for respiratory complaints, Prague air leads to DNA damage asthma, bronchitis, pneumonia and upper DNA damage in Prague police- PM2.5 and PAHs were higher levels of PAH contained respiratory tract disorders for men may be caused by poor air. monitored. in PM2.5. the period before and after Inhalation exposure was Those working outside were Impact of air pollution and the ban. measured using fixed site and found to have far more DNA genotype variability on DNA Researchers found: “A personal monitors and damage than those working damage in Prague policemen significant drop in admissions compared to blood samples inside. Damage was Bozena Novotna et al, for respiratory symptoms and taken from 54 outdoor traffic considerably more in January Toxicology Letters. 2007 Jul upper respiratory tract policemen and indoor controls. than in September, reflecting 30; Vol. 172(1-2): pp37-47 infection from one year pre- ban to one year post-ban was recorded.” Conclusions were VEHICLE EMISSIONS hampered by the lack of air quality monitoring data in Lebanon. But researchers Real world bus tests reveal biodiesel impacts concluded: “The study offers ‘Real world’ tests on school blend. on real world fuels.” rare evidence that a ban on buses using 20% mix biodiesel Particulate was found to Aside from particles, cold diesel powered vehicles in an showed a significant emission increase by up to 80% after the start carbon monoxide urban area may be associated worsening. switch prompting researchers to emissions and hot stabilised with significant reductions in US researchers intentionally scrutinise the fuel supplied. It hydrocarbon emissions were emergency admissions for used in service buses with was found to have high also higher, with other asthma and upper respiratory locally-sold 20% biodiesel. glycerine and a low flash point emissions not significantly tract disorder.” Lidar and other remote due to errors in production. different. Did a ban on diesel fuel emission sensing equipment “The results of our study A case study of real world reduce emergency were used to estimate emissions underline the importance of the tailpipe emission for school respiratory admissions for from the buses. programme since the potential buses using a 20% biodiesel children? Abbas El-Zein et ‘Before’ tests were carried emission benefits from blend, Claudio Mazzoleni et al, Science of the Total out on 200 school buses using biodiesel may be reduced or al, Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 384 standard diesel, after tests were even reversed without Environment, Vol. 385, (2007), (2007), pp134-140. then carried out with the 20% appropriate fuel quality control pp146-159.
10 AIR QUALITY BULLETIN November 2007 AIR QUALITY RESEARCH
SCIENCE SHORTS CHILD HEALTH Chinese PM costs Chinese researchers have totted up the costs of pollution Particles prompt increased in the country – renowned for poor air quality. Based on ambient PM10 asthma risk for mums-to-be concentrations in 111 cities in China – the most Exposure to active and inert exposure. Offspring were ‘inert’ TiO2 and DEP, caused comprehensive study to date – particles during pregnancy can subsequently tested for hyper increased asthma susceptibility the researchers costed the provoke reactions in pregnant responsiveness and allergic in offspring. impacts at £15bn a year. mothers that lead to increased inflammation. “We found that pregnancy Researchers say: likelihood of their babies Researchers concluded: enhances lung inflammatory “Government should make developing asthma in later life. “Non-pregnant females had the responses to otherwise public the economic costs The reactions during expected minimal response to relatively innocuous inert incurred by air pollution in pregnancy are more acute than ‘inert’ TiO2. In contrast, particles; and exposures of non- each administrative district if not pregnant. This may be pregnant mice showed robust allergic pregnant females to and assess air pollution costs due to increased concentrations and persistent acute inert or toxic environmental air as an important negative index of pregnancy hormones which inflammation after both TiO2 particles can cause increased in the government impacts on the function of lung and DEP. Genomic profiling allergic susceptibility in achievements. It could prohibit macrophages (which clear identified genes differentially offspring.” the local governments from particles from the lung wall). expressed in pregnant lungs Pulmonary exposure to fanatically and unilaterally Harvard researchers instilled exposed to TiO2. Neonates of particles during pregnancy pursuing rapid economic pregnant mice with particle mothers exposed to TiO2 (and causes increased neonatal development. Second, China’s suspensions with lung DEP, but not PBS) developed asthma susceptibility,Alexey standard emission charge, inflammatory responses AHR and AI, indicating that V. Fedulov Am J Respir Cell which is still much lower than measured 48 hours after pregnancy exposure to both Mol Biol. 2007 Jul 26; [Epub] the marginal cost of pollution treatment, should be increased. This will encourage MONITORING factories and enterprises to invest in highly effective and advanced pollution control Large errors for particle monitors technologies.” Minsi Zhang, Journal of Side by side comparisons of Researchers found that daily ambient monitoring it is Environmental particle monitors in the US concentrations of PM2.5 and the reasonable to expect Management,. 2007 Jun 14th suggests that errors are larger main species were significantly uncertainties of at least 20% for (epublication). than thought. different between 5% and 100% PM2.5 sulphate and ammonium. Standard network PM2.5 of the time. They concluded: Further evaluation for these Fat emissions monitors were located side by “The uncertainty estimates used sampling systems is Cooking smells contribute side with more specialised by either the speciation trends recommended through side by significant organic compounds monitors at a suburban site in network or the Desert Research side measurements at more to the atmosphere, Taiwan Maryland. Two were from the Institute are likely to be too low locations and for longer periods researchers claim. US EPA speciation trends to account for the potential of time.” Measurements were made network (a Met One Speciation variability in the PM2.5 A side by side comparison of of gaseous and particle Air Sampling System) and measurements and to some filter based PM2.5 emissions from different types Thermo Scientific Reference extent this will impact on the measurements at a suburban of restaurants including Ambient Air Sampler), two conclusions of trend analysis site: A closure study, J Hains Chinese, western and Desert Research Institute and receptor modelling based et al, Atmospheric barbecue. The relative sequential filter samplers and a on these data. Environment Vol. 41 (2007) emissions were barbecue Teom 1400a. “With the current state of pp6167-6184) (1990), Chinese (570) and Western (64). Researchers focussed on TRAFFIC EMISSIONS one particular compound which is toxic – trans,trans- 2,4-decadienal. 83% of this is Trace elements tracked near motorways carried in the particulate California researchers say that ((129ng/m3), Iron (89ng/m3) in in the nanoparticle size range, phase. trace element concentrations the ultrafine mode. Researchers but these can and should be Removal efficiencies of near a busy motorway are small added: “The results of the study characterised due to the extraction systems were but could be significant. showed that he freeway toxicological impacts of some assessed – efficiencies of Monitoring near a motorway significantly contributes to the of the metals studied, despite electrostatic precipitators, with a high concentration of mission of antimony, their small concentration.” activated carbon and wet diesel truck traffic was carried molybdenum, copper, Fine, ultrafine and scrubbers were 64%, 86% out and compared to a phosphorus, barium, calcium nanoparticle trace element and 71% respectively. background monitor one and iron in the PM0.18 size mode compositions near a major Emission of trans,trans-2,4- kilometre away. Concentrated and antimony, copper, barium freeway with a high heavy decadienal from restaurant samples were collected to allow andiron in the PM0.18-2.5 range.. duty diesel fraction, Leonidas exhausts to the atmosphere, analysis over a period of hours. The results of this study show Ntziachristos et al, His-Hsien Yang et al, Sulphur was the most that trace elements constitute a Atmospheric Environment, Atmospheric Environment abundant (138 ng/m3), sodium small fraction of particle mass Vol. 41 (2007) pp5684-5696. Vol. 41 (2007) pp5327-5333.
AIR QUALITY BULLETIN November 2007 11 HOT AIR Halloween brings much talk about doom road travelling as fast as possible, of Ooops, Sevenoaks, in its action plan, is and death, so it was fitting to come course would not have liked to seen such asking for a 10% cut in trucks on that bit! across a macabre air quality note from a precedent. Defra’s local air pollution control people. So much for working with local Our research column (p10) highlights AQ Note 19 tells local authorities that authorities to improve air quality. real-world problems that have been regulators should consider a ‘soft touch’ found with biodiesel vehicles. It seems if there is an emergency (eg a flu Our list of what local authorities have that in practice, biodiesel sold at the pandemic) causing mass casualties. In a asked the Highways Agency to do is fun pump may not be quite the quality it is somewhat understated way, it points out to read. supposed to be. that an emergency causing mass As with Bristol, many have proposed Which makes all the more worrying the fatalities “may have implications for the speed limits and flow reductions. Others little-known taxation change made earlier number of trained staff that can be called have asked for junction closures. No this year which makes it entirely legal for upon” – and on spare parts for chance! Those councils proposing new the public to use up to 2,500 litres of crematorium filtration equipment. road building in their action plans can cooking oil in their diesel cars without We think its great that Defra is thinking expect more welcome support. paying any duty. Previously this was an ahead – but we suspect that if there were At the other end of the spectrum, some offence. bodies piling up in the streets, the last include in their action plan the need to With some supermarkets knocking out thing local authority regulators will do is get drivers to keep left unless overtaking. cheap cooking oil at a few pence per reach for AQ note 19 to decide whether Hmmm – this may be common sense but litre, this is an attractive proposition, and to prosecute any crematorium that perhaps such micromanagement wasn’t sure enough home made distillation stills makes too much smoke. Remember the envisaged for action plans. and storage equipment can be bought on foot and mouth pyres? And we trust the Agency will knock Ebay. heads together when council action plans The catch for air quality is obvious – So the Highways Agency has prevented contradict each other. We note that there will be no control whatsoever on Bristol from getting its hands on ‘its’ Dover wants to upgrade the A2 at its end fuel quality. And the cooking oil can only motorway, the M32 that feeds to the to take trucks away from its seafront be used on older style diesels with low centre of the city. AQMA. Further up the A2, Gravesham’s pressure injection (these types of diesels The council had been wanting to put a action plan demands a 14% reduction in have poorer fuel economy and far higher speed limit, enforcement and a priority trucks on top of a 10% overall flow emissions). lane on the motorway in a bid to improve reduction. Perhaps the only good thing to come air quality. The Agency, which sees its Well if you don’t want trucks on the A2, out of this is that particle emissions will role as cramming as much traffic onto its you have to send them down the M20. smell nicer.
AIR QUALITY EVENTS 2007 SUBSCRIPTIONS
1yr sub 2yr sub 3yr sub 2007 £327 £582 £843 7th November Concessions available for charities and ‘non-commercial’ academics IR QUALITY UPDATE SEMINAR Name ...... Position ...... A Organisation ...... EPUK (ex NSCA) Autumn spring update seminar to be held in Address...... Birmingham, Contact Lucy Salter EPUK, 01273 878770 ...... 15th November ...... SHEFFIELD CLEAN AIR PARTNERSHIP Postcode ...... signed ...... Beacon knowledge sharing meeting to be held in Sheffield, further E-mail ...... details www.beacons.idea.gov.uk/idk/core/page.do?pageId=6250584 Please invoice me: order number: ...... 21st November COMMUNITY AIR QUALITY MONITORING Cheque enclosed (payable to Environmental Management Publishing) Beacon knowledge sharing meeting to be held in Sheffield, further BACS payments: a/c no 42070079 sort code 09-06-66 details www.beacons.idea.gov.uk/idk/core/page.do?pageId=6250584 (include your company name in payment reference) VAT no 869 8809 41 27th November: CREDITS ADMS 4 USER GROUP MEETING This year’s ADMS 4 User Group Meeting will be held on Tuesday Editor: Jack Pease 27th November at The Studio in the centre of Birmingham. tel 01737 642283 (fax 0870 135 8189) www.cerc.co.uk/ email jackpease @ empublishing.org.uk 3rd December Marketing: Jackie Luff tel 01737 645348 IAPSC email jackie.luff@ empublishing.org.uk Investigation of Air Pollution Standing Conference meeting to be Website: www.air-quality-bulletin.org.uk held in Austin Court, Birmingham. Sue Powditch 0870 190 6551 Address for correspondence: PO Box 592 Redhill RH1 3WN 13-14th December Copyright 2007 ISSN 1751-150X THE IMPORTANCE OF INDOOR AIR Printed and published Society for Chemical Industry conference to be held in London by Environmental website http://rsc-aamg.org/Pages/Meetings.html Management Publishing Ltd AIR QUALITY BULLETIN 2008 TRY OUR OTHER TITLES 21st February NSCA SW CONFERENCE Watershed, Central Bristol, email [email protected] Why not try our other newsletters on noise and 24th January contaminated land? AIR QUALITY IMPACT ASSESSMENT Send your details for a EMAQ seminar to be held in Birmingham www.emaq.aeat.com no-obligation free three month trial (if you haven’t 3rd-4th April had one already!) AIR QUALITY SPRING WORKSHOP EPUK (ex NSCA) spring workshop, contact Lucy Salter, EPUK Jack Pease 01273 878770 12 AIR QUALITY BULLETIN November 2007