Whatever your business... C ONTENTS

! Aggregates 1 Contents ! Ports & harbours ! Tunnels & bridges 2 Editorial ! Cables & pipelines 3 View from the Chair David Jennings ! Statutory protection 4 From the Finds Tray ! Offshore renewables page 19 ! Heritage management 6 Archaeological pay and conditions: IFA AGM 27 September 2004 8 IFA and pay and conditions Peter Hinton Whatever you want to do... 11 A new contract for archaeological work Peter Hinton 12 Sitting on a goldmine: issues of client/contractor relationships in Europe Kenneth Aitchison 14 British Archaeological Awards 2004 Alison Taylor 17 No re-enactors please: we’re archaeologists! Kim Biddulph 19 Local authorities and maritime archaeology Robin Daniels 20 Managing the Marine Cultural Heritage: MAG Conference 2004 Julie Satchell 22 The noblest shipp of sayle: Mary Rose 2004 Douglas McElvogue ! Diving ! Consultancy 25 For the record: cataloguing maritime artefacts in North East England Gary Green ! Coastal survey page 22 26 Celtic boats and ships Seán McGrail ! Strategic research ! Geophysical survey 28 Applying PPG16 at sea Gill Andrews ! Excavation & recovery 30 Marine aggregates and the historic environment Mark Russell ! Assessment & characterisation 31 Surrounding seas: maritime archaeology around the Isle of Man Allison Fox Whatever you want to know... 32 England’s submerged prehistory Jesse Ransley 34 Assessing archaeology on the seabed of the Thames Hanna Steyne, Jens Neuberger, Deanna Groom page 30 35 Underwater survey and Portsmouth Regeneration Project Hanna Steyn 37 Hidden heritage of the Solent Julie Satchell page 31 38 Waking the (almost) dead: assessing excavation archives from the past David Parham 39 Using the Aggregates Levy Sustainability Fund Mark Dunkley ! Ships 40 Reviews ! Aircraft 44 New Members: Members News ! Prehistory ! Waterfronts 45 Members News: Obituary John Samuels ! Landscapes 46 Members News: Martin Dean ! Littoral industries Members News: Roger Mercer ! Inland waterways 47 48 Members News: George Lambrick

Wessex Archaeology Coastal & Marine tel: 01722 326867 www.wessexarch.co.uk Autumn 2004 Number 54 1 View from the Chair David Jennings

The Archaeologist has pursued a number of Back on land, IFA has been renewing its efforts to ‘By 2010, we aim to be a Chartered Institute, in checking abuses but in today’s competitive world important themes over the years, but this is the first achieve better pay and conditions for all recognised as the leading professional body for we need more clout than this. This autumn we time one of our special interest groups has taken up archaeologists, and in particular to gain recognition archaeologists. We will have achieved greater reviewed and adjusted our procedures for dealing the challenge of filling a whole issue. Maritime for those who form the backbone of our profession, recognition and respect in society, and the financial, with complaints against RAOs and, with the archaeology at first seemed too specialised a topic, the digging teams. Our AGM (p 6–7) was devoted social and intellectual rewards of being an increased flexibility this review gave us, we are but it was soon evident that the scale of work in to moving the debate forward, Peter Hinton’s archaeologist will be considerably enhanced.’ actively investigating potential disciplinary matters. progress was competing with archaeology article on pp 8–10 reports on potential This is not a pleasant thing to do, but is the only elsewhere, and that the range of responsibilities improvements to minimum pay recommendations, This paragraph encapsulates core objectives of our way self-regulation will work. It should also inspire (surveys, resource management, excavation, and we are delighted to report there was a Strategic Plan. It was drawn up in 2000 and confidence in IFA with national and other curatorial conservation, use of technology, inclusion of successful launch of a Diggers’ Forum on 16 established a programme that set our agenda until bodies, with whom we are discussing a more amateurs, maintaining archives, publication and October. We are confident that, if ever we did 2010. Taking stock in 2004, we can report that on a unified approach to accreditation. research) closely parallels what is happening on forget the interests of this group, there will be wide range of fronts we are on-track to achieve our land (and is developing much faster). powerful reminders. aspirations: membership levels continue to rise; the Diggers’ Forum number of RAOs is growing; our advocacy role for Pay and conditions for all archaeologists but So, thanks to IFA’s Maritime Affairs Group, and in Other important reminders – the IFA website, the sector has increased; and we have developed a especially those in junior positions are another particular to its Chair, Dave Parham, we get a updated but out of action for technical reasons better understanding of the ‘corridors of power’ cause where I want to direct attention this year. The glimpse into the problems and exciting potentials of throughout the summer, is back, and is being used and are better understood within them. success of this year’s AGM debate (see pp 6, 7) archaeology under water. We see how planning to post more news, conference papers, online shows we are going in the right direction, and guidance is being adapted for this environment, a publications and background information than ever Campaigning mode formation of a new Diggers’ Forum on 16 October, publication backlog is being brought up to speed, before. Do look at it regularly, and send material The journey to achieve our aspirations for 2010 is thanks to Council members Chris Clarke and Jez research frameworks and environmental you think would interest other members to arduous, but we should not be charmed into the Taylor, will keep us on the right path. Peter assessments are being designed afresh, and the roles [email protected]. And finally, don’t forget negative view, too frequently expressed in our Hinton’s report on minimum pay recommendations of different organisations are contributing to a to put the IFA conference (Winchester 22–24 March sector, that there is no progress. Rather we need to (pp 9-10) helps inform the debate. whole. These organisations include amateur diving 2005) in your diaries. It’s a full and exciting openly acknowledge and understand the stage of groups, national heritage organisations, MoD, the programme, and we look forward to seeing many development we occupy. Unlike long-established And to attain our objectives we Port of London, local authorities, the aggregates of you there. professions, we are at an incipient stage. IFA is still need support from an increasing industry, universities and contracting archaeological in campaigning mode, where fundamental goals number of members. Our new organisations. We are also reminded of the wealth of need to be reached. Unlike the Institution of Council plus members of staff are data the seas protect. From times when Britain was Mechanical Engineers, we are not a Brunel designed gearing up for a continuing physically joined to the rest of Europe to the steamship, rather more like an Athenian trireme – in recruitment drive, but imagine if battlefields of the twentieth century there is Alison Taylor order to cut through the waters, everybody needs to every member could recruit one information we can gain from no other source. [email protected] pull on the oars. more person to the Institute – how very much closer we would be to Making accreditation count achieving our targets. So no excuses And we have to do more to demonstrate that we – recruit a new member today! provide real benefits for our members and the profession. Core to this is maintenance of standards: Notes to contributors we already have a valuable behind-the-scenes role David Jennings

Themes and deadlines Contributions and letter/emails are always welcome. Short EDITED by Alison Taylor, IFA, articles (c. 1000 words) are preferred. They should be sent as an SHES, University of Reading, Winter: The Archaeology of Buildings email attachment, which must include captions and credits for Whitenights, PO Box 227 deadline: 15 December illustrations. The editor will edit and shorten if necessary. READING RG6 6AB Illustrations are very important. These are best supplied as Spring: Prehistoric Britain

originals or on CD, as TIFFs or EPS, not JPGs, scanned at a DESIGNED and TYPESET by deadline: 1 March 2005 minimum of 300dpi at the size they are expected to appear. Sue Cawood

Summer: Working in historic towns More detailed Notes for contributors for each issue are available deadline: 1 June 2005 from the editor. PRINTED by Charlesworth Editorial

2 The Archaeologist Autumn 2004 Number 54 3 FROM THE FINDS TRAY

A plea from Georgia (ex-USSR) Like so many around the world, the museum at Nokalakevi, Georgia, home to artefacts excavated locally and dating back to the sixth century BC, was robbed and vandalised during a decade of war. Museum Cultural Landscapes in the 21st Century staff remain on duty, but can only The Byzantine City Walls into the city of Nokalakevi. Photograph: David Connolly New Boss at Historic Scotland The University of Newcastle will hold the take visitors around what survives if they bring Having been criticised in their recent Quinquennial Review for Forum UNESCO 10th International Seminar their own torch! David Connolly visited the their lack of openness and transparency, some people were in April 2005. The conference will cover town this year this year and was appalled by surprised that the successor to Graham Munro as Chief aspects of the cultural landscapes, including what he found but heartened by how little it Executive of Historic Scotland was announced without the post Museums and Heritage (Tangible and would take to restore a living museum, together The Digger complains being advertised. Being part of the Scottish Executive rather Intangible), Visual Culture, Identities and with pride and possible tourism, to a hard-hit A recent article in The Digger published anonymous complaints than an NDPB like English Heritage, it appears that the Nolan Communities, Tourism and Economics, region. £1000 would buy a generator, pay for a about an unnamed archaeological organisation, one of IFA’s rules didn’t need to apply... Architecture, Education, and Management year’s worth of fuel, pay for the rewiring of the Registered Archaeological organisations, which it said carried and Protection. The deadline for papers and electrics, allow the windows and broken display our very poor archaeological work and endangered its staff by However, word is that the new man, John Graham, is a catch. posters is tight, so if you are interested, go to cases to be replaced, open up rooms for bad health and safety practices, and what was IFA going to do Arriving from the post of Head of SEERAD, the agriculture and www.ncl.ac.uk/unescolandscapes. community education and pay two staff wages rural affairs department of the Scottish Executive, Graham is a about it? Needless to say we want to act, starting with for a year. Any extra money would enable the big fish in the Scottish civil service. In his long career he has discussions with the curatorial organisations, but this is not tourist rest house and bombed out dig house held several important positions including Head of the much to go on. We are trying to encourage the complainant to (including a research lab) to be restored. A Planning Division and Head of Finance – both of which will come forward with specific problems that can be substantiated special website has been set up with come in handy in his new post. or at least inquired into further, but unless we can make contact photographs, sound clips, links, information Iraq’s Cultural Heritage – Challenges and and a formal complaint is made we feel helpless to act. We may and appeal news. Please visit the website where The HS Quinquennial Review was critical of the agency, and Opportunities have more to report in next TA, but in the meantime could all you can make your donation via we can anticipate vigorous sweeping from the new broom. 2 December, 6.30pm, the Gallery, 77 members bear in mind that it is an important part of our remit PayPal.http://www.bajr.org/Appeal/01_main. Hopefully, it won’t take him long to realise that chronic long- Cowcross Street, London EC1M 6EJ to follow complaints, but the normal laws of evidence and html. Bright ideas about possible grant-aid term underfunding is at the root of Historic Scotland’s Lamia al-Gailani Werr, an Iraqi born natural justice apply. Moans in a pub reported third-hand and would also be useful. problems, and those of the historic environment in general. archaeologist, will talk on her recent without evidence don’t take us far! Reasonable and significant Coming from a strong financial background, Graham is reputed experiences working for the Iraqi complaints related to IFA’s Code of conduct, with names, dates to be a tough negotiator. Armed with the growing evidence- Reconstruction and Development Council and description, and ideally with photographs, will be taken base published on the Built Environment Forum Scotland in Baghdad. This will be an opportunity to very seriously indeed, especially now RAO Committee have website (www.befs.org.uk), he has enough ammunition to understand the difficulties the Iraq State agreed more responsive procedures to cope with today’s make a strong case. One of his first challenges will be to fund Board of Antiquities have faced during the complex volatile archaeological world. ten extra posts within HS to provide advice on Strategic last few years, with suggestions for the way Environmental Assessment - as well as extra resources to forward for the protection and enable NGO stakeholders to play their part. management of Iraq’s cultural heritage.

Robin Turner Admission (including wine and mince pies) £12.50 for members of ICOMOS-UK and of the British School if Archaeology in Iraq, £15 for non-members, £8 for students. Contact: Rikke Osterlund, ICOMOS UK, 70 Cowcross Street, London EC1M 6EJ Tel 020 7566 0031 The museum at Nokalakevi(rear building) and the potential guest house (a traditional Mingrellian House). Photograph: David Connolly

4 The Archaeologist Autumn 2004 Number 54 5 ARCHAEOLOGICAL pay & conditions

IFA AGM 27 SEPTEMBER 2004

Deborah with bouquet (and whisky), after three years as IFA Chair

Last year the AGM looked at the ten Phil Carpenter, to work on scheduled monuments should either be an RAO or should satisfy an accreditation scheme key recommendations of the APPAG report Negotiations Officer for Prospect, described how with similar criteria. Other curators would also be on the state of British archaeology, and our Prospect was currently discussing with SCAUM an encouraged to demand these standards be met. This speakers examined what progress had been industry-wide pay agreement. Constructive enforcement of standards would provide one of the made on each. Not surprisingly, Phil meetings had been held, and its AGM had agreed crucial legs of the three-legged stool. Carpenter’s report on archaeological pay that SCAUM should become involved in and conditions (and the lack of progress discussions with Prospect about such an agreement, Peter Hinton, on measures to do something about these) as a way of improving pay and conditions in archaeology. Phil had drawn up a draft proposal Director of IFA, spoke on IFA’s role in linking raised considerable discussions and one and SCAUM are now working on suggested standards and pay, a matter of concern for IFA from bright idea from the floor: if a pay amendments. its earliest days. His text is reproduced in the bargaining structure was necessary, why starting a career in archaeology today. ‘They are the following pages. not get Prospect (for employees) and Outlining his general aspirations, Phil emphasised foundations that any excavation is built upon, and SCAUM (Standing Conference of Unit that there was not an immediate solution: ‘it is a they are the ones who do the hardest physical Full texts for Phil Carpenter’s, Chris Clarke’s and Managers) for the managers, with IFA as tool to be used by people of good will to achieve a labour. Archaeology is a hard business, but diggers Peter Hinton’s presentations are on the IFA website common objective, and we don’t see it as producing often suffer greater hardships than most due to at www.archaeologists.net. steward, to set up an effective mechanism other than incremental change. We can’t move at their career position and inexperience’. Poor pay is that could work for all commercial the pace our members would like. Agreements have the most critical issue, but uncertainties of the The AGM itself, chaired in style by our departing archaeological organisations? to reflect the achievable, and not the idealistic, employment market and minimal holiday Chair, Deborah Porter, was over in a record seven options.’ He also emphasised the importance of allowance, sick pay, redundancy contributions, minutes without contention. The following Council benchmarking, allowing comparison of jobs across company pension schemes, support for childcare was voted in: What we realised we needed was a 3-legged stool, participating organisations. The agreement could and, most critically, training, add to the woes. David Jennings (Hon Chair), Hester Cooper-Reade that could support us all firmly if each leg was in then move pay, terms and conditions forward in a ‘Through all this the continual physical exertion (Hon Secretary), Jack Stevenson (Hon Treasurer), place, but would collapse if one failed. consistent and progressive, but incremental, way. takes its toll on the human body, resulting in few Kayt Brown (Hon VC Personnel & archaeologists escaping with arthritis, bad backs or Membership/Equal Opportunities Officer), David • we need agreed and enforceable high standards Mike Dawson, dodgy knees’. Gaimster (Hon VC Outreach), Roland Smith (Hon • we need to have those standards insisted upon VC Standards), Joanna Bacon, Beverley Ballin- by curators and national bodies if organisations giving the employers’ view on behalf of SCAUM, Chris’s conclusion was that ‘Diggers should be Smith, Stephen Briggs, Catherine Cavanagh, Chris are to continue to win contracts (‘quality-based emphasised how much the employers represented allowed to enter into an industry where there are Clarke, Patrick Clay, Mike Dawson, Veronica barriers to entry’) on SCAUM supported the principle of industry- prospects of decent pay, a valid career path, job Fiorato, Clare King, Philip Mills, Geoff Morley, • we need a formal process for negotiating pay wide pay bargaining, none would support an security, and suitable training’, and he urged Dave Parham, Roy Stephenson, Jez Taylor and and conditions to make sure we have the right initiative that threatened their commercial viability. support for the IFA Diggers Forum, and for more David Thackray. happy and well qualified workforce. Employers were keen to see the benefits for career diggers to become involved with the industry development, staff retention and improved pay and within which they work. The usual convivial party followed, at which If any of this fails, and if undercutting and under- conditions but are cautious in the face of predatory speeches and presentations were made to members paying continue, the whole thing collapsed. We pricing and intense competition. Practicalities David Miles, of Council who had each served with distinction for therefore need the backing of curators, national therefore had to be carefully worked out. the maximum six years: Deborah Porter (Chair for bodies, managers and our Union, as well as the Negotiations were in progress, and some Chief Archaeologist for English Heritage, fully three years and previously Hon Treasurer), Evelyn commitment of IFA itself. announcement should be possible this winter. endorsing all the efforts being made towards Baker, Bob Zeepvat and Jonathan Parkhouse. They progress on pay and conditions, outlined some have agreed they will still help on committees Talks at the AGM reported back on what had Chris Clarke, initiatives English Heritage were considering as a (especially Validation and RAO) where their happened so far and gave a snapshot of work in result of the Valletta Convention and its experience is invaluable, and we don’t really expect progress. Impassioned contributions from the floor IFA Council member and founder member of the requirements for maintaining standards. It would to lose sight of any of them. demonstrated the need for real progress in the Diggers’ Forum, excited lively debate with a become possible for example to insist that any coming year on this crucial aspect of IFA’s function. dramatic picture of the tough life offered anyone organisation applying for English Heritage funds or Alison Taylor

6 The Archaeologist Autumn 2004 Number 54 7 IFA pay & conditions Peter Hinton

Pay and conditions have been a matter of concern interest in employment matters and career 2 Where local authorities or public sector bodies chosen: Prospect has already begun and will for the IFA from its earliest days. Various working structures, introduced Principle 5 (‘the archaeologist are engaged in competitively won fieldwork, complete this work if an agreement on industry- parties reported to Council in the 1980s and 1990s, shall recognise the aspirations of employees, their finance and budgeting systems work in wide bargaining can be reached with SCAUM. colleagues and helpers with regard to all matters importantly different ways (sometime Secondly, see if there is an practical alternative resulting, amongst other things, in the demise of relating to employment…’) and accompanying advantageously, often not) from independent to the local government scale (see the fourth the system of making ‘subsistence’ payments to rules, and proposed a set of minimum salary organisations. They normally have grading solution) many excavators rather than employing them. recommendations. systems, and correlations of required skill sets across an authority’s workforce may be the 3 We need to take account of other benefits as well In 1996 Council adopted the report of the The recommended minima were defined for primary determinant of pay, market forces being as salary. A very simple model would be to Archaeological employment in Britain working party responsibilities appropriate to the three grades of a secondary argument. The senior archaeologist assume that the minimum salaries included (see Laura Schaaf’s article in TFA 26). The report corporate membership, and expressed in terms of in such an authority may have limited say in recommended that the IFA continue to take an local authority pay scales setting pay. This has been one of the arguments • at least a 6% employer contribution towards for linking the recommendations to local pensions government pay settlement; the other being that • no more than an average 37.5 hour week, local authority scale SCP base level 1994/5 base level 2004/5 there is a recognised system of inflationary including lunch break increases. Some archaeologists have read this to • annual leave of at least 20 days plus Practitioner-level (PIFA) responsibilities 2–3 11–17 £9,906 £13,071 mean that the IFA recommends the local statutory holidays Associate-level (AIFA) responsibilities 4–5 18–25 £11,538 £15,225 authority pay system (and that there should • a sick leave allowance regime similar to that therefore be separate settlements for different offered by local government Member-level (MIFA) responsibilities 6+ 26+ £14,943 £19,713 parts of the UK), but this misconception seems to confuse minimum with optimum: employers Any shortfall would increase the minimum are allowed to pay more than the minimum. But salary requirement: for example an employer’s Pay and conditions have stayed high on the agenda those roles, and defining the appropriate levels of there are no good reasons not to move away superannuation contribution of 5% would mean ever since, as is most notably seen from the joint reward for packages of those roles (aka jobs). There from the local government grades if a better a 1% increase in pay, or 20 days of annual leave IFA/IPMS (now Prospect) session at 2000 are clearly opportunities to benchmark common system can be found including the eight bank holidays would mean conference, lengthy discussion at the IFA Standards packages of NOSs against similar jobs in other an increase of 8/260 in pay – but any betterment team meeting in April 2003, Council meetings in sectors and, with employers that take account of 3 The recommendations only cover pay, and of these terms would not mean a reduction in June 2003 and March 2004, the AGM debates in such things when deciding on salaries, make ignore other important benefits such as pensions basic pay was permissible. September 2003 and September 2004, and the arguments for regarding. and leave: these are major pluses to employees response to the 2002 Petition for change organised by and significant costs to employers 4 The IFA will consult on such revisions to its the Digger, which was never sent to the IFA but The minimum pay recommendations have had minimum pay recommendations, and if there is which we would still value receiving. some good effects since 1996. As the JIS annual 4 The recommendations have always been much sufficient support would give plenty of notice of survey shows, few jobs are now advertised below lower than they should be, but from inception the introduction of any version of it to allow The IFA’s evolving strategy has kept in line with its the appropriate rate (and the IFA investigates when the IFA has known the risks of having our bluff employers to plan well ahead. But we have to be Memorandum of Association, which makes clear that it suspects that they are), and the Profiling the called as no employer wants to be the first to realistic. If we raise our recommended minima the IFA has a role in recommending and promoting profession research of 1998 and 2003 shows that increase pay without some other significant change good practice including matters of employment. An overall archaeological salaries have increased ahead archaeological landscape, we put our members alteration of the Memorandum of Association in 2002 of inflation – but average wages have done even These four problems call for (at least) four solutions and RAOs in a difficult and very risky position. ensured that the Institute really can lean on better against inflation in the same period. The RAOs, for example, would have a much members and RAOs that do not comply with the 1 Use the NOSs to define a more sophisticated increased costs and risk losing work to IFA’s expectations under Principle 5, including the On the other hand, there are recognised problems gradation of responsibilities – though this is not unregistered competitors, making their staff salary recommendations. In parallel, the with the recommendations (several were recognised the most important priority redundant (presumably to work for unregulated development of National Occupational Standards at the time, but wisely disregarded in the interests organisations at below the recommended (NOS) was the first step in a process of defining the of pragmatism). 2 Undertake benchmarking of key posts with minima) – or they pull out of the RAO scheme skills required for various roles in archaeology, equivalents in other sectors, to see that leaving the IFA powerless to influence their pay identifying the qualifications and professional 1 With just three levels they do not reflect the arguments can be made for regradings where practices. But there are two scenarios where all – membership grades that show an archaeologist has range of skills and responsibilities, and are a the skills of archaeologists have not been or at least many – employers could move those skills and is competent to undertake one of rather blunt instrument recognised and the wrong pay comparators forward together.

8 The Archaeologist Winter 2002 Number 43 9 IFA pay & conditions A NEW CONTRACT for ARCHAEOLOGICAL The first opportunity is an industry-wide pay towards compliance with Article 3 of the Valletta bargaining scheme. Prospect and the IFA have been Convention. Non-IFA members signing up to the WORK exploring such a scheme for a few years now, and statement of principles will not be bound by them since last September have evolved with SCAUM a and there is no obvious mechanism for Peter Hinton potential structure whereby SCAUM represents the enforcement. For this reason there is a good employers, and Prospect represents the employees argument for requiring something stronger for together with any other trade union with commercial work (while ensuring that addressing archaeologist members – that wants to be part of the problems of the profession places no additional theses arrangements. The IFA could act as an honest obstacles in the way of voluntary sector fieldwork, broker and facilitator in the negotiations, and would which should be encouraged), and so English An invaluable new tool is now available for ensure that its minimum salary recommendations Heritage is taking forward internally proposals for archaeological contractors and their clients. On 30 matched the negotiated agreement, thus binding its requiring appropriate accreditation (based on the September the Institution of Civil Engineering (ICE) members and RAOs to the deal (providing meeting principles of registration or IFA membership) for and the IFA launched the Conditions of contract for the minimum pay requirements becomes projects that it commissions or for which it advises archaeological investigation. This document forms mandatory on RAOs, rather than a forceful on scheduled monument consent. We hope that part of the family of contracts produced by ICE’s recommendation that appends a health warning to guidance to planning authorities will extend this publishing arm, and moves us on from the valuable those not complying). This is an important practice into the majority of commercial work. but now dated Technical Paper by Tim Darvill and safeguard in the case of any SCAUM or other Only if there are clear commercial disadvantages Meryl Atkins. Based on conditions of contract for employer not recognising Prospect. Prospect has in not being registered can RAOs cope with the ground investigations it was produced by a drafted a proposed pay bargaining structure based kinds of cost increases that the profession needs, working party of the Conditions of Contract Joint on tested formulae used in other industries: and the IFA must require. Steering Committee (CCJSC – made up of discussions continue within SCAUM about it and representatives of ICE, the Civil Engineering we look forward to progress, as this brings the Industry-wide pay bargaining and accreditation Contractors Association, the Association of promise of a coordinated, commercially viable schemes are used in other industries and are lawful. Consulting Engineers and legal advisors) and IFA programme of significant pay awards to bring And there may be help from the Office for representatives Mike Heaton, Dan Johnston and archaeology in line with equivalent professions. Government Commerce, which has recently Taryn Nixon, with input from Peter Barker, Mike published the Gershon Efficiency Review. Dawson and Peter Hinton. The ICE has generously The second opportunity is to use benchmarks of Government has accepted the need to reform the covered all the legal, secretarial and publishing quality to impose some barriers to entry to the way it commissions work from the voluntary and costs of a two-year programme of drafting, and in profession. As reported by Christopher Young at community sector, and it may be that some of the return receives the revenues from sales. The ICE the 2003 AGM, English Heritage is also Eganism of the report’s recommendations can be and IFA see this as the starting point of an considering ways of improving standards of work exported to the archaeological world. None of the important and valued working relationship. directly under its control, for example by approaches set out here is perfect, and none of it is stipulating that EH would only approve or fund easy. If there are better ideas, we want to know. But The conditions of contract represented recognise the work carried out by a MIFA, an RAO or by bodies the status quo is clearly unsatisfactory and cannot need for an updated standard form of contract in a or individuals who could demonstrate equivalent continue. It’s not just archaeologist that say so – sizeable market (we know that there was £67m of levels of skills and experience. Since then English look at the recommendations on pay and conditions privately funded archaeology in England alone in Heritage, working on behalf of DCMS with made by the All-Party Parliamentary Archaeology 2000), and consolidate archaeologists’ position as a Historic Scotland, Cadw and the Northern Ireland Group for the politicians’ view. core part of the construction process. They indicate Environment and Heritage Service, has been fine- to the construction sector that archaeologists play tuning the voluntary ‘statement of principles’ Peter Hinton by the same rules as everyone else, and show that (based on the IFA Code of conduct) to move the UK Director of IFA the profession (and its Institute) is growing up, establishing the professional status of archaeology and archaeologists in the eyes of other construction professionals.

There are many advantages to archaeologists in using this contact. Clients and their professional

© MoLAS teams will recognise the format and will be assured

10 The Archaeologist Autumn 2004 Number 54 11 In north-west Europe we are familiar with the process of commercial archaeology on behalf of private clients. Realities of globalisation and the urgent needs of development and renewal across Europe mean that challenges of managing this impact on archaeological remains now have to be tackled across the Continent. Most of the current member states of the EU (including many pre-2004 members) are still coping with the impact of development through state heritage agencies which are poorly placed to Roman goldmine at Rosia5  cope with these new challenges. Montana. © Alburnus Maior Sitting on a issues of client/contactor GOLD MINE: relationships in Europe Kenneth Aitchison that it has been drafted by construction mountains, is the spectacular archaeological site on the EAA website regarding archaeological professionals, reducing the amount of Roman gold in Rumania of Alburnus Maior, a Roman gold mine with involvement and road development near Tara in negotiation and obviating the need for The issue surfaced in a fiercely confrontational way remarkable preservation within the galleries of Ireland. alterations to drafts. It is a tried and tested at the European Association of Archaeologists the ancient mines. The mineral resource still format that is safe and easy to use, and is meeting held in Lyon, 8 – 11 September, when a has significant economic value, and a mining Mediation for sustainability based on 150 years of contract writing  proposal was made for EAA to support a formal consortium, led by a Canadian company, seeks Rosia5 Montana is a landmark issue which signifies experience. It balances the risk between client statement of concern regarding the impact of mining to exploit this. that, across the twenty-five EU member states and and archaeologist (indeed it is relatively  development at the site of Rosia5 Montana in beyond, commercial archaeology as the means to generous to archaeologists), and formalises  Romania. Rosia5 Montana, high in the Apuseni Commercial archaeology, no conflict mediate a sustainable outcome to development’s the circumstances in which damages and Most EAA members are academics, working mainly impact on archaeology is a reality in the present penalties would be applicable, thus making with prehistory. Few have significant experience of and will become the norm in the near future. them more predictable. It is flexible, and does commercial archaeology, and the concept of working Roman mausoleum at Rosia not prescribe how the archaeological work 5 ethically for clients seems alien. But this was exactly  Montana. © Alburnus Maior should be done or costed, and should what we were seeing at Lyon – Romanian therefore be usable in all circumstances. It archaeologists responding appropriately on behalf also demonstrates the professionalism of the of their clients, for whom they are managing the contractor or consultant proposing the potential impact of development on archaeological contract. Finally, it is accompanied by remains. guidance notes that not only provide advice on how the clauses should be interpreted, but Heated discussion came about as the relatively also provide the client with information about mildly-worded statement proposed to the meeting the various roles and responsibilities in was met with vigorous rebuffal from Romanian archaeology – and their own responsibilities. archaeologists working at the site, who felt that EAA was looking to criticise the archaeological work Copies can be obtained for £15 from that was being undertaken there. Thomas Telford Publishing, 1 Heron Quay, London, E14 4JD, Earlier mistake 020 7987 6999, fax 020 7538 5746 EAA has made an embarrassing mistake relating to www.t-telford.co.uk commercial archaeology and best practice before 

Roman mine gallery, Rosia5 Montana. © Alburnus Maior when, early in 2004, an inaccurate story was posted

12 The Archaeologist Autumn 2004 Number 54 13 British Archaeological Awards 2004

The biennial BAA was Mick Aston Presentation Award). The overall covering work in England, Northern winner was the Caithness Archaeological Trust, Ireland, Scotland and Wales: The Earl held this year in Belfast, which acts as a bridge in bringing voluntary and of Abergavenny – Historical Record and professional groups together and contributes to Wreck Excavation, by Edward M and for the second time making archaeological heritage important relevant Cumming (an interactive CD-ROM), to the modern world. The involvement of The Barland’s Farm Romano-Celtic included an Award community with professional archaeologists to Boat, by Nigel Nayling and Seán study the historic environment is well recognised McGrail (CBA Research Report 138, sponsored by IFA. as the best way forward, and the panel of judges see Reviews, this volume) and two regarded this project as an important development papers in the International Journal IFA members and RAOs in Scottish archaeology and one that may be used of Nautical Archaeology relating to as a model throughout the UK. the protected wreck site at were well represented Kinlochbervie, one by Philip An Award that is of great interest for maritime Robertson, discussing the wreck in many categories too. archaeologists is the Keith Muckelroy Award, itself and the other by Duncan sponsored by the IFA Maritime Affairs Group and Brown and Celia Curnow on the There is only space to the Keith Muckelroy Trust. It is given for the best ceramic assemblage for the site. The Strangford Lough, winner of Awards in Belfast: BAA published work on British maritime, nautical or overall winner was Strangford Lough: An the Keith Muckelroy Award 2004 was held in mention a few highlights underwater archaeology that reflects the pioneering Archaeological Survey of the Maritime Cultural for Maritime Archaeology Elmwood Hall, Belfast ideas and scholarly standards of the late Keith Landscape, by Thomas McErlean, Rosemary here, but there are full Muckelroy. Shortlisted entries coincidently McConkey and Wes Forsythe, forming Northern details on CBA’s website represented the geographical scope of the award, Ireland Archaeological Monograph No 5. at www.britarch.ac.uk. Keith Muckelroy Award: Representatives of Nigel Nayling receives his Caithness certificate for Barlands Archaeological Trust, Farm, co-authored with worthy winners of the Sean McGrail IFA Award. Andy Heald The IFA Award goes to the best holds the trophy. archaeological project undertaken by a Photograph: Mike professional team or mixed Brooks professional/voluntary partnership demonstrating a commitment to recognised professional standards and ethics. This year, there were special commendations for The Marine Aggregate Dredging and the Historic Environment: Guidance Note and also the Myer’s Wood Project, a collaboration between the Huddersfield and District Archaeological Society and the Department of Archaeological Science at the University of Bradford to investigate a medieval iron industrial site (this project also ended up as overall winner of the

14 The Archaeologist Autumn 2004 Number 54 15 The Current Archaeology Award for Developer- Albion Archaeology, along with Bedford Borough No re-enactors please, Funded Archaeology, for the project which best Council, the Bedford Design Group and DSD demonstrates the value of developer-funded Contracting distinguished itself in the Heritage in archaeology, naturally had an excellent crop of Britain Award, sponsored by English Heritage, we’re archaeologists! RAOs as highly commended entries. At the Harts Historic Scotland and Cadw, for the best project Kim Biddulph Hill Quarry in Berkshire, Cotswold Archaeology securing long-term preservation of a site or excavated an extensive Middle Bronze Age monument. The royal castle at Bedford was settlement, in the middle of which they found deliberately wrecked to prevent its ever being used evidence for iron working, which gave radiocarbon again after a siege in 1224. By 2001 it was reduced to What does live interpretation mean? Bearded men dates of around 1000 BC – somewhat earlier than ‘an ugly blemish ….. in an urban wasteland.’ in ill-fitting Saxon outfits bashing each other with the beginning of the Iron Age. Two excellent entries Imaginative regeneration has opened up the area, from Pre-Construct Archaeology looked at Roman linked it to the nearby museum and galleries, and axes? Buxom wenches in velvet declaiming in faux- sites in London. At the Tabard Square, Southwark, created an attractive park close to the river Shakespearean? Or a worthy but dull tour guide they found one of the most extensive Roman temple embankment. The castle mound has re-emerged as a talking in minute detail about Georgian bricks? precincts yet found in London, and at Shadwell in recognisable historic feature within as an amenity Kim Biddulph, archaeologist and Company the East End, they found the second largest set of area, and presents to the people of Bedford a lost Secretary of History Talking, a company that baths from Roman London. part of their history. provides historical interpreters and training in

At Gayhurst, Buckinghamshire, Northamptonshire interpretative techniques, draws on experiences in Archaeology excavated a barrow where the original providing professional interpretation at Historic ceremonies appear to have been accompanied by a Royal Palaces and training guides for the Royal feast which involved the slaughter of some 600 Collection. cows. And in Leominster, Archenfield Archaeology (not yet an RAO but we will give some Following the session on interpretation at the 2004 encouragement) has excavated an extensive area of IFA conference, and given that I worked as a the medieval town in advance of a new store for the costumed interpreter for four years, I began to think Focus DIY Group. The worthy winner was Wessex about how to improve the quality of live Archaeology, for the Amesbury Archer, where interpretation on archaeological sites. Tracy Borman scientific analysis has shown that the person buried of English Heritage mentioned the advantages of was almost certainly an immigrant, who according professional costumed interpretation briefly in TA to the chemical composition of his teeth, was 45 but only as an adjunct to re-enactment. The probably brought up in central Europe. recently published Opening Doors report for the Attingham Trust noted that ‘Living History’ or re- enactment can form the backbone of the learning The ‘tower’ with new green oak shelter and rebuilt revetment wall experience at heritage sites but that the most interesting work is outside this ‘Living History’ Artist's impression of the framework. design proposals. Artwork by Cecily Marshall I was a costumed interpreter, not a re-enactor. I did not re-enact events, I interpreted them. Sometimes An interpreter in this may have involved dancing or dressing in Edwardian costume public but it was always interpreted, not just leads an education shown, and this was alongside guided tours, session at presentations and education sessions. These were Monaughty Hall in not your average lectures but were delivered in an Wales. © History interpretative way, using architectural features and Talking Ltd, 2004 furnishings to explore social history.

What I did was not acting. Acting involves This contrast was brought out in a recent experience dramatising the past, not interpreting it. If the truth of a colleague at History Talking who had a meeting is not exciting enough, actors will embellish it. with an actor working regularly at an historic site in What interpretation does is to make connections London. The actor was explaining how she had between people now and in the past, so facts do not written a script for a tour. My colleague mentioned have to be embellished. And interpretation does not a job she had done in Cambridge. ‘We didn’t put on have to be in character. Many visitors can be put off a show, we just did interpretative conversation. We by an actor speaking Tudor-ese at them. chatted.’ The actor was surprise at the thought of

16 The Archaeologist Autumn 2004 Number 54 17 • ‘interpretation is an art… Any art is in some way teachable’ (9). LOCAL AUTHORITIES

The last rule is fundamental as it implies that MARITIME ARCHAEOLOGY anyone can learn to interpret well. So even if you can’t afford professional interpreters at your events, Robin Daniels & whether in costume or not, get trained to do it Tees Archaeology yourself instead. There’s a live interpreter in all of staff monitoring the us! Local authorities don’t have to do maritime Designated Historic archaeology. They have no powers beyond Low Wreck at Seaton Kim Biddulph Water and no resources for the work, and as we do Carew, near History Talking not fulfil a planning role in the marine environment Hartlepool © Tees www.historytalking.co.uk. we have no input into what actually happens. Archaeology Nevertheless, local authority archaeologists with Bevan, B, Barnatt, J, Dymond, M, Edmonds, M & coastlines still feel that they have a professional McElearney, G, 2004. Public prehistories: engaging Three interpreters in such close contact with visitors. Public archaeology responsibility for their offshore areas. archaeology on Gardom’s Edge, Derbyshire. In Henson, D, Edwardian costume projects have, however, used actors to great effect, Stone, P & Corbishley, M (eds), Education and the Historic talk to alumni at for instance at Gardom’s Edge in Derbyshire. Actors There are three good reasons why local authority Environment. Routledge. 195-211 Trinity Hall, took roles in prehistory to explore certain themes archaeologists are a key part of the jigsaw in Cambridge. © and emphasised the difficult nature of interpreting creating a system to look after the maritime heritage Borman, T, 2002 English Heritage: bringing monuments to History Talking Ltd, archaeology. In my view, the actors at Gardom’s of the UK. life. The Archaeologist 45 22-3 2004 Edge were actually interpreters. Firstly, there is our professional responsibility and Interpretation should capitalise on studies such as Silverman, L, 1997 Personalising the past: a review of interest. A large element of the offshore area Lois Silverman’s. She identified five ways in which literature with implications for historical interpretation. comprises drowned landscapes, a continuation of people might learn about the past Journal of interpretation research 2 (1) early prehistoric landscapes on land. Without • first hand experience. Interpreters get visitors considering these landscapes we only achieve a involved where a piece of theatre cannot Tilden, F, 1957 Interpreting our heritage. Chapel Hill: limited picture of life in early prehistory. The seas • using a life story. A costumed interpreter can University of North Carolina Press. also contain the remains of seacraft, a key part in represent a specific person and use their life to the social, technological and commercial Waterfield, G, 2004 Opening Doors: Learning in the Historic development of the UK. It is inconceivable that illustrate themes The provision of the appropriate powers and Environment. The Attingham Trust. those with a responsibility to ensure the recording • using a trusted individual as a source. Interpreters resources to local authority archaeologists will ‘Partnership’ – a and conservation of archaeological sites should strive to be amiable and welcoming and are create a local element for the recording and curation successful joint ignore these elements of our past. never sarcastic about visitors as a way of making of the marine historic environment which is missing Tees Archaeology/ an historical point at present. But it is of course a matter for national Nautical Local authority archaeologists are of course • understanding artefacts as symbols in people’s lives. government to specify these powers. Archaeology Archaeologists are best placed to interpret custodians of SMR/HERs, the principal records of Society North-East archaeological sites in a given locality. There is huge material culture, and can be excellent interpreters Robin Daniel project to record a scope for these records to plug into the local • using professional historical skills. The interpreter Chair ALGAO Maritime Committee foreshore wreck at always tries to lay bare the mechanics of knowledge of divers, fishermen and maritime Hartlepool © Tees interpretation, mentioning, for example, sources researchers in a way that national records would Archaeology and their reliability. find impossible. Of course we will need resources to do this but the gains would be substantial. But what is interpretation? Anybody setting out as an educational or community archaeologist should The third reason is the experience and expertise read Freeman Tilden’s Interpreting our heritage. which local authority archaeologists possess in According to Tilden historical interpretation follows dealing with planning related issues and casework certain principles. Amongst these are: on a day by day basis. The pace of marine • interpretation is ‘An educational activity which development is increasing and sensitivity to that aims to reveal meanings and relationships development is also increasing. National agencies through the use of original objects, by first hand are already hard pressed to deal with this and local experience, and by illustrative media, rather than communities are becoming increasingly concerned simply to communicate factual information’ about substantial offshore developments, such as • ‘any interpretation that does not somehow relate Children play with an windfarms, which can have a major impact on what is being displayed or described to interpreter’s Elizabethan dress adjacent areas but over which there is little local something within the personality or experience at Monaughty Hall in Wales. control. of the visitor will be sterile’ © History Talking Ltd, 2004

18 The Archaeologist Autumn 2004 Number 54 19 way from having adequate marine archaeological our profession. We hope that MAG will continue MANAGING THE MARINE data to enable decisions to be made. Debate to act as forum for this important undertaking. continued over how significance is determined, CULTURAL HERITAGE: especially when dealing with shipwrecks that may For further information see have affected the history of nations across the globe. www.magconference.org.uk MAG Conference 2004 These pertinent issues require the attention of the Julie Satchell whole maritime archaeological community and will [email protected] provide a challenge for the future development of MAG committee member Julie Satchell

Views

Ian Oxley addresses the MAG conference. Photograph: Douglas McElvogue David Miles, Chief Archaeologist, English Jeremy Weirich, Maritime Archaeological Heritage Programme Officer, NOAA, USA ‘The raising of the Mary Rose was the most ‘Despite the fact that this was the first year watched event in British archaeology. of this event, I anticipated that it would be a Nevertheless, in England maritime success, and I was not disappointed. archaeology remained a castaway. Two years Attended by a well-represented, ago English Heritage, at last took on international crowd from varying responsibility for this vital part of our island disciplines, this conference hosted a diversity history. And never have the pressures been of maritime heritage experts. However, what greater from transport, energy, mineral really separated this from other conferences developments, fishing and coastal erosion. was the event origination. Sessions were Portsmouth’s Delegates and speakers from around the Taking to the Water sets out our approach. We designed around specific, focused topics, dockyard. world gathered at Portsmouth Historic want to see maritime archaeology integrated speakers were given ample time to deliver Photograph: Dockyard for this conference on 29-30 into the mainstream and this conference, their points, and group discussions were E A Firth September 2004. This event was providing valuable lessons from Australian, unrushed and well facilitated. Even the American and European colleagues, was a ancillary events outside of the conference instigated and organised by the IFA valuable step towards teaching us all to walk were well organised, and like many of the Maritime Affairs Group (MAG), with on water.’ other delegates, I left with a new batch of sponsorship from English Heritage and contacts, reaffirmed old partnerships, and gained a better understanding of the the British Academy. The aim was to The conference sessions boasted speakers from challenges and opportunities we face, bring together experts to present around the globe who presented details of their globally, in helping to preserve and protect Photograph: Allison Fox, Curator of Archaeology, Manx examples of maritime archaeological experiences of managing maritime cultural heritage our maritime heritage.’ Douglas (see www.magconference.org.uk for a full list of National Heritage McElvogue management practice and to stimulate speakers). The final discussion session brought out ‘This area is a vast resource and the debate on current issues. the main issues of the sessions, including urgent practicalities and possibilities of working needs for with it became much clearer during these In addition to conference sessions, delegates • a maritime archaeological research framework two days. All the speakers were interesting enjoyed the attractions of the Historic Dockyard for the UK and their particular subjects relevant, the using their free All Ships Ticket. Other delights • a disposal policy for maritime finds venue was great and the organisation is to be included browsing stands and stalls at the • more specialist maritime training commended. The opportunity to visit the conference venue and the conference dinner on the • a campaign for ratification of the UNESCO Mary Rose, HMS Victory and HMS Warrior gun deck of HMS Warrior. We were treated to a pre- convention on underwater cultural heritage. was not only exciting, but being given the dinner guided tour of this historic vessel before chance to join in parties of visitors and to see taking advantage of the bar. The barrel-bottom stew The first two issues are inexorably linked to issues their reactions, confirmed the power and menu was accompanied by sea shanty music to of archaeological significance. It soon became clear potential of our marine cultural heritage.’ create an atmospheric evening. that, compared to some nations, the UK is a long

20 The Archaeologist Autumn 2004 Number 54 21 In 2003 the Ministry of Defence The noblest shipp of sayle: announced a £200 million regeneration Mary Rose 2004 plan to prepare Portsmouth harbour for larger aircraft carriers, enabling the Douglas McElvogue Mary Rose Trust, sponsored by and

working in close co-operation with the lying port side up, proved it to be a composite piece MOD, to revisit the site. Proposed made from two timbers joined together by a stop dredging to realign the entrance splayed scarf fastened with treenails. A fillet lies over this scarf on the inboard face helps to channel would have a direct impact on strengthen this joint. Apart from ship structure parts the site, so extensive diving and of internal partitioning, external decorative panelling, wooden pulleys, bronze sheaves, an surveying operations were undertaken anchor and artefacts representing the ship’s for the first time since 1982. armament were uncovered.

Revealing the bows Sonar tracking the divers Diving operations conducted from MV Terschelling The latest in underwater ultra-short base line included excavation of original spoil heaps by a (USBL) positioning system, supplied by Sonardyne remotely operated vehicle (ROV) which uncovered International, was used to track the divers and over 300 finds. The most significant discovery was position timbers and artefacts. This created a ‘live’ the stem-post and parts of frames from the port real time site plan in the diving control room, side. In 2004 the objective was to assess the extent of A specialist starts to check the timbers in the bow area and to investigate the latest finds. Photograph: unknown targets highlighted in geophysical Douglas McElvogue surveys the previous year. Unfortunately we identified no new sites from these targets, but assessment of the bow area uncovered larger sections of the forward part of the ship that went beyond all expectations.

Divers from the Terschelling were lowered to the seabed via a diving bell which also offered a safe and comfortable place for the mandatory decompression stop. Divers worked within a 16x4m grid to the north of the old excavation hole in an area where bow timbers were expected. To uncover the extent of the stem timber they excavated a trench to the north of the grid, and cut another to determine the full length of an anchor. They used a parametric sub-bottom profiler on loan from Tritech to survey the sub-seabed sediments prior to excavation of the grid. This revealed layers of sediment and dense material interpreted as surviving wood structure.

The structure and artefacts The excavation revealed an articulated structure including 16 frames, part of a stringer, a lodging knee, outer hull planking and the stem post itself. The hull planking included hood ends (that part of the plank that lies within a rebate cut into the stem post), the inner face of which were in remarkable condition, revealing the shape of the adze that cut it and its signature marks. The remains of the stem,

22 Autumn 2004 Number 54 23 For the Record: Graceful lines cataloguing maritime artefacts in North East England We excavated the full 16x4m area to between two and four metres below the seabed during a total of Gary Green 21 days spent on-site. This included in-water time of 336 hours, the equivalent of 14 days underwater. Three hundred tons of sediment were excavated from which 140 artefacts, 52 timbers and 65 samples were registered. Unfortunately the main structural With increasing offshore development it is important timbers, including the stem, had to be left in situ and the site has been reburied. It is hoped that further that the marine historic environment is suitably funds will be forthcoming to fully excavate the assessed, identified and recorded. The newly formed forward part of the Mary Rose in the future. That North-East of England branch of the Nautical said, what has already been learnt has extended our Archaeology Society (NAS NE), is therefore about to knowledge of the construction and shape of the undertake a pilot project, ‘For the Record’, grant- missing bow of the Mary Rose, confirming the aided by the English Heritage Regional Capacity graceful lines of a ship that was truly as Admiral A ship’s head from an unidentified wreck. Howard said, c. 1513 “... the noblest shipp of sayle ... Building Scheme, to gather information in order to Photograph: Dave Coston, NAS NE in Christendom”. develop strategies to preserve it for future generations. The Mary Rose and its collection can now be viewed Recording the Mary enabling both the project surveyor and the diving all year round at Portsmouth Historic Dockyard. For Modern technology allows the positions of wreck Rose. Photograph: supervisor to watch the divers as they moved further details, see our website www.maryrose.org sites to be accurately plotted, but the identity of Chris Dobbs around the site. In bad visibility (often the case), this vessels has proved more problematic. However, the became an invaluable tool to direct the divers and Douglas McElvogue surviving structural remains of more modern make informed decisions. For precision surveying Senior Research Fellow, Mary Rose Trust wrecks can often lead to a precise identification of Sonardyne’s Fusion positioning system was 1/10 College Road the vessel, for example, through the type and size combined with a surveying staff with the detail of HM Naval Base, Portsmouth PO1 3LX of boilers, engines, anchors, and even the thickness the timbers being recorded 1:1 by divers. In this way Tel 02392750521 and riveting pattern of the hull plating. Features they could rapidly develop an accurate site plan. [email protected] such as winches and windlasses also provide good diagnostic evidence. Wreck’s recent Amnesty, it may be that a few items have been overlooked or new material may not be Our boat, the It is fair to say that the walls of most Branch reported yet, but we would like to make it clear that Terschelling. Clubhouses will be ‘decorated’ with material we are not looking to catch Clubs out. We also Photograph: Douglas recovered from shipwreck sites. One key objective, appreciate that Clubs need to guard certain wreck McElvogue therefore, is to catalogue this material, in order to sites from unscrupulous wreck divers. However, build up typologies which will lead to the from an archaeological point of view, knowing the identification of wrecks in UK waters and around names and positions of sites allows greater the world. Examples of possible typologies include understanding of the development of the UK’s portholes, navigational equipment such as maritime history and goes some way towards long- telegraphs and compass binnacles, and term protection – for the benefit of everyone. diagnostically valuable valves and gauges. Material held by BSAC 985 Branch, ‘Hartlepool Covering an area from the Tweed to the Humber, Divers’, has already been recorded, and a further the structure of this pilot project is simplicity itself. invitation received from SAA Scarborough Branch. Having been invited by the Diving Club, one or The success of this project should provide the two fully-qualified NAS Tutors and maritime impetus to extend the scheme to the rest of the UK. archaeologists will visit the Branch clubhouse to record their archaeological material, taking digital Gary Green, NAS NE Regional Co-ordinator images and compiling a brief written record. Tees Archaeology Information will be fed into the relevant SMR and Sir William Gray House also the NMR. Clarence Road Hartlepool TS24 8BT The success of this project relies on the co-operation 01429 523457 and trust of diving clubs. Despite the Receiver of [email protected]

24 The Archaeologist Autumn 2004 Number 54 25 and the northern shores of the Severn Estuary contemporary Baltic and Mediterranean traditions Celtic boats and ships (Barland’s Farm of c. AD300, excavated 1993). in which vessels were built plank-first: that is, the planking was fastened together to form the hull- Seán McGrail Barland’s Farm shape, and the framing subsequently added. Barland’s Farm boat was excavated by the Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust, under the The Celts appear to have been the first to use the In 56BC Julius Caesar had to quell a revolt by the direction of Nigel Nayling, near Magor in Gwent, frame-first building sequence, possibly derived Veneti, a Celtic seafaring people of southwest South Wales. The boat was lying close to a tidal from a similar sequence used when building Brittany. In his account (De bello Gallico), Caesar stream which, in the Roman period, flowed south hide/skin boats. This innovative technique was noted that the Veneti ships were very different, in into the estuary. The remains consisted of the lower subsequently used a thousand years later to build both build and rig, from his own Mediterranean- stempost and some bow planking, the plank-keel the ships of the fifteenth- and early sixteenth- style vessels. These Celtic ships were built entirely and much of the bottom planking, and about two- century explorers such as Dias, Vasco de Gama, of oak: stout planking was fastened to hefty frames thirds of the port and elements of the starboard Columbus and Magellan. Whether there was a link by iron nails an inch in diameter. These solidly-built planking. A mast-step timber was fastened on the between the Romano-Celtic technique and late- ships could withstand any amount of rough usage, centreline to a floor timber and a pair of half- medieval shipbuilding in Atlantic Europe is the and could not be damaged even when rammed. frames. subject of continuing research. It is possible that the Unlike Roman ships Veneti ships had flat bottoms, early medieval river and coastal vessel Port Berteau which allowed them to venture inshore through The dismantled remains of the Barland’s boat have 2, excavated by Eric Rieth in 1997 from the River shoal waters and to be beached safely. Furthermore, been conserved by York Archaeological Trust and Charente near Saintes in western France, may be an their exceptionally high bow and stern fitted them now await re-assembly in Newport Museum. Using element in such a linkage. admirably for the heavy seas and violent gales of a one-tenth-scale model of the remains, a ‘first the Atlantic. They had sails of rawhide or thin approximation’ reconstruction model has been McGrail, S & Roberts, O 1999 Romano-Celtic boat from the leather; in this, and in other respects, they were built. The overall measurements of such a shores of the Severn Estuary. Mariner’s Mirror, 85: 133-146 A Romano-Celtic barge during better adapted to operations in these waters than reconstruction would have been 11.4x3.16x0.9m, excavation at Zwammerdam Roman ships. and she could have carried a load of 4.6 tonnes with Nayling, N & McGrail, S 2004 Barland’s Farm Romano-Celtic near the mouth of the Rhine. a draft of only 0.45m. Under sail she would have Boat. York. CBA Research Report. 138. Photograph: S McGrail New discoveries been capable of passages in the Severn Estuary as That was all that was known about Celtic planked far west as Cardiff and Bridgewater, as well as in Seán McGrail boats and ships until the late twentieth century, the tidal rivers that flow into it. Centre for Maritime Archaeology when twenty or so vessels, dated to the first to Thames and the Severn, and on to Guernsey. These University of Southampton fourth centuries, were excavated from sites in an arc craft are clearly different from those of the Celtic innovation stretching from the Swiss lakes, along the Rhine, the contemporary Baltic and Mediterranean. As a group A characteristic of these three seagoing Romano- they have many features in common, and some Celtic vessels is that they were built ‘frame-first’; characteristics echo Caesar’s description of Veneti that is, the required shape of the hull was visualised ships. There are considerable difficulties in linking in terms of the framing. The plank-keel, posts and 1:10 reconstruction of the documentary with excavated evidence, nevertheless framing were designed and set up to give the hull Barland’s boat. © G-GAT it seems likely that the vessels Caesar described shape; after that the planking was fashioned and were forerunners of the recently excavated first to fastened to this framing. This building sequence is fourth-century AD vessels. fundamentally different from that used in the

Most of these vessels are of elongated box shape and come from the Rhine region: these were probably used as barges on river and canal. Seagoing vessels of this tradition have been excavated from the Thames in London (Blackfriars 1 of c. AD150, by Peter Marsden, 1962); the main harbour of Guernsey (St Peter Port 1 of c. AD275, by Margaret Rule, 1985);

The distribution of Romano-Celtic vessels. Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust. 1. Barland’s Farm 2. Blackfriars 3. New Guy’s House Celtic boats and ships 4. St Peter Port 5. Abbeville 6. Pommeroeul 7. Bruges 8. Zwammerdam 9. Woerden 10. Kapel Avezaath 11. Druten 12. Xanten The Barland’s Farm boat 13. Mainz 14. Bevaix 15. Yverdon during excavation, looking 16. Avenches towards the bow. © G-GAT

26 The Archaeologist Autumn 2004 Number 54 27 Interpreting fragmentary data Investigating maritime sites Developers in a maritime environment have similar The case is clearest with wreck sites, which may Applying needs, but in practice there are difficulties in demand some kind of protection and therefore need following the PPG16 model. With hindsight the sufficient data to clarify their character. It is investment in terrestrial archaeology in 1970s and reasonable for curators to request site-specific PPG16 ’80s made the implementation of PPG16 possible. geophysical data, the results of inspection by diving Huge investment in archaeology had led to a or ROV and possibly intrusive investigation. significant growth in understanding and provided Gill Andrews at sea the background for interpreting fragmentary data For sites and maritime landscapes whose character from evaluations. is unclear after low resolution survey, the case for demanding enhanced data-collection is difficult to Maritime archaeology has not benefited from the make. The acquisition of higher resolution data does English Heritage in England’s Coastal same levels of investment. Like the rescue not automatically imply greater understanding of Heritage states that the principles of archaeology of the 1960s, it has been largely ad hoc the resource. With imperfect frameworks of and reactive, with a tendency to focus on individual understanding, there is danger that further data English planning guidance PPG16 should wrecks. Archaeological curators are therefore not in acquisition will deliver just that – further data but in future be applied to management of the a strong position when applying PPG16 principles. no increase in knowledge. And it is unlikely to be maritime cultural heritage. The concept of either rapid or inexpensive. This does not seem to Lack of academic and formation deposit models comply with any notions of reasonableness for the ‘value’ in terms of remains and return on There is growing acceptance that it is reasonable to developer. expenditure underpins both PPG16 and expect provision of baseline information through a desk top study followed by low resolution Post-decision mitigation strategies the EIA Regulations and is critical to their geophysical and bathymetric survey. Where definite A consequent inability to determine value means successful implementation. Therefore the wreck sites are indicated, the need for further that it is not possible for the curator to indicate to a challenges of determining value in the investigative work may be accepted, but in reality it developer the likely extent of their obligation. If is likely that initial data will indicate anomalies there is no scope for avoidance of remains whose context of maritime development urgently whose character is not immediately recognisable. character and importance cannot be determined exposed to risk. How is the curator to persuade a Off shore windfarms are need to be addressed. This is where the lack of academic and formation there may have to be acceptance that an developer to accept conditions which reflect this? major developments that deposit models which frame understanding is really appropriately designed programme of mitigation These issues need to be addressed urgently and need archaeological Reasonable, rapid and inexpensive felt. will be implemented post-decision. honestly. Until there are adequate frameworks for assessment. © English On land, developers now accept they have a assessing value in maritime contexts it may be Heritage responsibility to mitigate the damage they cause to The need to interpret survey data raises a number This is not in line with PPG16 and leaves the necessary to accept that, with the exception of wreck archaeological remains. This acceptance is based on of issues. Once detailed investigation is required, developer with an open ended liability. Both the sites, a different model from that used on land will reasonableness: developers expect clarity on the including archaeological inspection by diving or archaeological remains and the developer are be needed. importance of remains and precise definition of excavation, costs rise substantially. When should their obligations. This is reflected in the IFA this work take place? How much data must a Benefits of private sector funding Standards for desk-based assessment and evaluation developer acquire in advance of getting permission? High resolution geophysical One thing is clear. Terrestrial archaeology has where the need to assess ‘worth in a local, regional, We need to be realistic about what the data can tell survey can help to resolve demonstrated the contribution that private sector national or international context as appropriate’ is us and what it is therefore justified to demand, ambiguities in desk-based funding can make to the development of the emphasised. PPG16 also states that such assessment always remembering that any decision must be sources and previous surveys. discipline, and maritime archaeology is now in a should be rapid and inexpensive. defensible at a public inquiry. © Wessex Archaeology position to benefit similarly. Developers are prepared to honour a commitment to the heritage as Considerable efforts have been made to ensure that long as this is justified and clearly defined. What is PPG16 can be effectively implemented. English now needed is public investment in the Heritage instigated research frameworks to help development of robust frameworks leading to a measure value and, with IFA and ALGAO, broader understanding of the marine historic promoted professional standards and best practice. environment. Only then can curators take informed Various initiatives focused on improving decisions on value, for developers to control risk approaches to site evaluation and understanding and for the maritime resource to receive the formation process and factors which affect protection it deserves. archaeological survival. Fulford, M Champion, T and Long A (eds) 1997 England’s Coastal Heritage: A Survey for English Heritage and the Searching for a context for fragmentary data: RCHME. English Heritage and RCHME maritime archaeology is having to address unfamiliar landscapes that are surprisingly Gill Andrews close to home. © Wessex Archaeology [email protected]

28 The Archaeologist Autumn 2004 Number 54 29 MV ‘Sand Falcon’, a 4000m3 capacity trailer suction Marine aggregates & Surrounding Seas – hopper dredger operated by the historic environment RMC Marine, an example of Maritime archaeology around the Isle of Man the type of vessel commonly Mark Russell Allison Fox employed in the waters of the UK continental shelf by Terrestrial sand and gravel quarrying has had a huge the British marine aggregate impact on our understanding of the historic environment. On 28 December 1852, a cargo of industry. Photograph: BMAPA Now the marine aggregate industry is targeting similar rum, fire-arms and 50 tons of deposits with similar potential for archaeological gunpowder caught fire and the brig significance, including submerged landscapes and artefacts Lily exploded spectacularly off the as well as the more obvious wrecks. The main difference is Isle of Man. Twenty-nine men lost that the sites are under water, bringing unique challenges their lives and tales of wreckage to industry, regulators and curators. The industry landing up to seven miles away recognises this potential and has endeavoured to overcome have been passed down through the licence is located 10km off the East Sussex coast, issues by being part of the solution. succeeding 150 years. Although one and is dredged by three companies, producing over of the most dramatic shipwreck 1.5 million tonnes of sand and gravel each year. Sidescan sonar image from Marine Aggregate Dredging and the Historic stories, this is by no means the only Interpretation of detailed site survey data (part of the Hastings Shingle Bank Environment: Guidance Note (which has just been tale of loss and misfortune in the the environmental assessment process) revealed production licence area, specially commended for an IFA Award by British territorial waters around the Isle of features of potential archaeological interest that led located off the coast of East Archaeological Awards) was produced by the Man. Since the mid-1600s, over 1200 to exclusion zones being introduced before Sussex, showing hatch industry in partnership with English Heritage in vessels are known to have been lost permission to dredge was awarded – a good covers (from a modern order to guide developers, regulators and other within Manx waters and no doubt example of the precautionary approach in practice. wreck). The image is overlain stakeholders through every stage of development, many more lie undiscovered. In this case, the operators opted to examine one by a diver track from the from assessment of new licence areas to mitigating area in more detail. additional archaeological and monitoring sensitive sites and reporting and The Isle of Man is an internally self-governing In November 2003 Manx National Heritage opened Finds from HMS investigation. Clarification evaluating finds. This approach is a blueprint for dependent territory of the Crown. It therefore has a temporary exhibition on Manx maritime Racehorse. © Manx Collection of very high resolution sidescan sonar provided by this site other industries operating offshore, for the its own wreck law and Receiver of Wreck. The archaeology. Around 7500 people attended to see National Heritage data was followed by a diving survey by investigation allowed the aggregate industry is by no means unique in its principles of Manx wreck law are largely the same artefacts from the national collections and on loan archaeologists to confirm that the objects were not archaeological exclusion impact upon marine archaeological features. as those of the UK, in that items from a wreck with from private individuals. Keys to successful of archaeological value (they turned out to be zones introduced with the no owner will be reported to the Receiver and after recording and protection are communication modern hatch covers). The archaeological exclusion original licence consent to The Hastings Shingle Bank production licence is a one year may be returned to the finder. Such finds between divers, the Receiver of Wreck and the zones could then be removed from the planning be withdrawn. © Wessex good case history of these guidelines in action. The are often donated to Manx National Heritage – the national heritage agency; and explanation to the consent, and the operators are now seeking to Archaeology national heritage agency. The Island embarked on public. In a place where the sea has provided a remove the debris from the area, releasing a million its own successful Wreck Amnesty in 2001 and there lifeline to the land but has also taken many lives, tonnes of sand and gravel resource. are now descriptive records with current the value of Manx maritime cultural history cannot whereabouts of declared maritime finds. be underestimated. So the emphasis is pragmatic; accept the exclusion zones and associated monitoring or carry out Underwater visibility in the seas surrounding Man Contacts: further studies to reassess the site’s significance. is among the best in the British Isles, and the Island Manx National Heritage has a thriving leisure diving industry. One club Kingswood Grove The marine aggregate industry believes that the even owns the only legally protected wreck site in Douglas, Isle of Man IM1 3LY approach adopted in partnership with English Manx waters. HMS Racehorse sank in 1822 after Tel: 01624 648000 Heritage represents a good example of sustainable hitting rocks while heading to the Island to pick up [email protected] www.gov.im/mnh development in practice, resulting in effective crew from a separate shipwreck. Excavations have protection of our heritage. This process has not lead to vulnerable finds being lifted and deposited Receiver of Wreck stopped yet, and will continue to evolve. in the national collections, including a rare example Harbours Office of a Royal Marines belt plate. Today, there is a Department of Transport, Sea Terminal Building Mark Russell protection area of 350m around the Racehorse. Douglas, Isle of Man Development Manager, British Marine Aggregate Tel: 01624 686626 Producers Association (BMAPA) Wrecks are not limited to ships. The importance of [email protected] [email protected] www.bmapa.org the Irish Sea in the second world war has been www.gov.im/harbours emphasised by the presence of U-boat wrecks, and Marine Aggregate Dredging and the Historic the role of the Island in training is evidenced by the Allison Fox Environment: Guidance Note can be downloaded wrecks of planes, some under the sea. [email protected] from www.bmapa.org/media.htm

30 The Archaeologist Autumn 2004 Number 54 31 1-3: Sea level change ENGLAND’S SUBMERGED modelled using sea-level curves highlighting the extensive areas of newly PREHISTORY exposed land (Dix, Westley & Quinn 2004, Jesse Ransley from an ALSF project)

The periodic peninsularity of the British At the same time, a number of inshore, submerged coastal sites have been identified. English Heritage Isles has been discussed by Quaternary North-west Europe 18,000calBP is supporting work on two sites; an assessment of a geologists for decades and it is submerged Mesolithic site below Bouldnor Cliff in accepted that Britain last became the Western Solent and the Cullercoates submerged Mesolithic landscape project in Tynemouth. separated from mainland Europe about 8500 years ago. The archaeological INCREASING DEVELOPMENT DEMANDS consequences of this have, however, There is, however, a contrast in resolution between the work undertaken on particular projects and our only been fully articulated and large-scale, broad characterisations of a currently explored in the last decade or so. unquantifiable resource. At the same time, our immediate challenge is assessing the archaeological potential of particular areas of seabed as increasing PREHISTORIC LANDSCAPES ON THE SEABED demands are placed upon it from development Throughout early prehistory the cycle of climatic activities, such as dredging or renewable energy warm and cold periods alternately locked up and resources. released large amounts of water, causing changes in North-west Europe 14,000calBP relative sea level. As a consequence, the English NATIONAL RESEARCH FRAMEWORK Channel, the southern North Sea and other areas of Within this context, the development of a national the UK seabed were periodically exposed and then research framework to focus methodological, inundated. This exposed area represented a palaeo-reconstruction and site assessment work is considerable land mass, so much so that the use of paramount. This part of our historic record is no the term ‘land bridge’ has proved inadequate to respecter of boundaries, terrestrial and marine, describe these extensive lowland landscapes which local, regional or international. It is still challenging would have been inhabited by prehistoric groups to investigate and largely an unknown. Yet it has rather than simply traversed en route to the British the potential to provide remarkable insights into ‘highlands’. There is therefore significant potential climate change, floral migration from glacial refugia for underwater prehistoric sites. and early prehistoric populations – into the way our ancestors negotiated a dynamic and changing EXPLORING PALAEO-GEOGRAPHY environment and what the consequences of these Research into the reconstruction of remnant features discoveries are for our interpretations of the of these past landscapes is proving to be ‘terrestrial’ prehistoric record. multifaceted, requiring an increasingly productive inter-disciplinary approach. The complex marine Jesse Ransley transgressive and regressive processes at work have Maritime Archaeologist left us with a 3D jigsaw puzzle of surviving palaeo- English Heritage North-west Europe 10,000calBP. geographic features and relic land surfaces buried Fort Cumberland The yellow area represents the within seabed stratigraphy. Geophysical survey and Fort Cumberland Road difference between the two sea- palaeo-environmental analysis are beginning to Eastney level curves and highlights one reconstruct land surfaces, palaeo-channels and Portsmouth PO4 9LD. of the complexities of modelling habitats and to develop chronologies for these 02392 856768 early prehistoric land surfaces features. [email protected]

32 The Archaeologist Autumn 2004 Number 54 33 PLA Archaeology Strategy, the casualty records have potential of the estuary – little wonder that the Assessing archaeology on the seabed been collated to show the number of casualties in Thames has been called ‘liquid history’. total and by period at each NLO. This project has of the Thames also digitised polygons for the areas to which the Hanna Steyne, Jens Neuberger and Deanna Groom NLOs refer, such as sandbanks and channels, giving Wessex Archaeology Hanna Steyne, Jens Neuberger and Deanna Groom a more accurate spatial representation of the areas where casualties occurred. The polygons can be Geophysical image: PLA’s colour-coded according to attributes such as the Archaeology Strategy gives total number of casualties. NLO points have also a context for hydrographic been retained, so GIS can display numbers of survey and informed casualties by period as individual pie charts. mitigation strategies. © Wessex Archaeology These GIS layers will help show the actual and potential maritime archaeological interest of each area, a valuable asset when the PLA is planning its own operations and advising others.

This work represents assessment of nearly 5% of the wrecks and seabed features in the NMR. Such is the archaeological importance and extraordinary

Timber recovered from the Thames. © Wessex Archaeology Underwater survey and Portsmouth The Port of London Authority (PLA), the statutory anomalies that might be wrecks or downed aircraft, authority for the River Thames, has environmental and documentary references to shipping or aircraft Regeneration Project duties alongside responsibility for safe navigation. losses. The Archaeology Strategy has dealt with It is now carrying out environmental sensitivity documented losses (casualties) and wrecks and Hanna Steyne studies, and has commissioned Wessex Archaeology seabed features independently, so as not to confuse to do a desk-based Archaeology Strategy for wrecks actual with suspected sites. For 655 seabed sites we Portsmouth Regeneration Project will provide undertook marine and coastal archaeological The seabed off and seabed features from Teddington Lock to the have linked information from at least two of the navigation and infrastructure improvements to investigations on behalf of the Defence Estates as Portsmouth – multibeam outer estuary. datasets, and these we have assessed for enable a new class of aircraft carrier (CVF) to be part of the environmental assessment. bathymetry and archaeological interest. A further 430 sites appear in based at Portsmouth. The improvements include magnetometer data. Wrecks database only one dataset and have yet to be assessed. dredging within the harbour and excavation of a Archaeological investigations are following a © Wessex Archaeology The PLA holds a database of ship and aircraft new approach channel. Wessex Archaeology phased approach, similar to that used in land wrecks and other seabed features which it uses as a Assessments use five criteria which recognise that hydrographic charting tool. It is also increasingly the importance of a wreck may arise from one or used in environmental assessments in advance of more phases of its career. These are development, such as dredging or building wind • build farms. Wessex Archaeology’s project uses this • use database alongside data from the maritime section • loss of the National Monument Record (NMR); and the • survival United Kingdom Hydrographic Office (UKHO) • investigation wrecks database, accessed using Seazone. PLA data Information such as statutory protection is included, is primarily survey information, generated by their and the sites are graded by priority (Low; Medium; rolling programme of hydrographic surveys to High; Very High; or Unknown), shown in colour in monitor shipping channels and navigational the GIS. hazards. NMR and UKHO datasets also include survey information, plus information on ships’ Recording casualties histories prior to wrecking. NMR data also included 1799 casualties, documented losses where no wreck has yet been Assessing sites found. As these are not associated with an actual The three datasets, plus historical research, are feature on the seabed, NMR attributes each casualty linked within an MS Access database. Sites include to a nominal ‘Named Location’ (NLO), based on known shipwrecks, aircraft wrecks, seabed documentary references. For the purposes of the

34 The Archaeologist Autumn 2004 Number 54 35 Assistance from the MOD – geophysical surveys off HIDDEN HERITAGE OF THE SOLENT Portsmouth were conducted from a Royal Navy survey Julie Satchell vessel. © Wessex Archaeology During the Hampshire & Wight Trust for inclusion in coastal and marine management. Maritime Archaeology (HWTMA) Eastern HWTMA represents maritime archaeology in many regional groups and fora, and effective links across Solent Marine Archaeology Project in June disciplines and borders has demonstrated the 2004 an unrecorded wreck was located and potential and value of submerged heritage. This surveyed. Lying just off the southern edge of message has been enhanced through close Horse Tail Sands are the remains of communication with local authority archaeologists. significantly sized vessel, with substantial sections revealed on the seabed. The surviving To date HWTMA remains a unique organisation in the UK. The model provides one possible solution structure from the lower hull is fastened with for increasing the profile, investigation and a mixture of wooden treenails, copper and management of maritime archaeology around the brass pins, and iron. Its identity and date are were incorporated into a project GIS for spatial UK. analysis, correlation and archaeological assessment. yet to be confirmed. So, what now for the mystery wreck on Horse Tail In order to assess geophysical anomalies, individual Sands? Our research continues using all the seabed features were grouped to see whether they evidence gathered during fieldwork. The site itself formed part of a larger feature, and compared with This discovery adds to our knowledge of the is in a licensed dredging zone, but thanks to swift archaeological data such as reported wrecks. These maritime heritage of the Solent. The sheltered positive action by United Marine Aggregates it now anomaly groups were then assessed for their stretch of water between the Isle of Wight and has an exclusion zone around it. archaeological potential, based on the combination Hampshire has been used as a haven and anchorage of information about them. for thousands of years. Although a refuge during HWTMA maintains a comprehensive website of bad weather the Solent also contains hazards; the projects and activities: see www.hwtma.org.uk A diver records the Sub-bottom data was processed and analysed using long lists of shipping casualties confirm the density wooden structure of Fledermaus 3D visualisation software. Through of maritime traffic and the risks it can face. Julie Satchell, Archaeological Officer the unidentified wreck comparison with the multibeam bathymetry, several Hampshire & Wight Trust for Maritime Archaeology on Horse Tail Sands. possible and some definite palaeo-channels were Seven of the UK’s 54 Protected Wreck sites (of MAG Committee member © HWTMA identified. These channels were then considered in national cultural importance) are in the Solent. Each [email protected] conjunction with the archaeological assessment of year more evidence of historic ships and shipping is sea-level change in the area. gathered, in addition to data on submerged prehistoric landscapes. However, quantification and Gazetteers of seabed anomalies and charts of buried qualification of our maritime heritage remains palaeo-topography will allow a representative under-developed compared to terrestrial Beneath the seabed – archaeology. So far we have completed a desk-based sample chosen from a mixture of anomalies/sites to archaeology. palaeo-channels and assessment, geophysical survey, and archaeological be selected for ground-truthing. This sampling will infills indicate the interpretation. Further phases will involve ground- enable clarification and characterisation of the Recognition of the potential of maritime potential for prehistoric truthing of anomalies, and mitigation works. anomaly group types identified. The selected archaeology in the Solent led to the formation of remains off Portsmouth. anomalies are being investigated by archaeologists HWTMA in 1991. As an independent charitable © Wessex Archaeology Following desk-based assessment, geophysical in a diving programme in autumn 2004, and this trust our work involves the promotion of interest, survey included a range of techniques including will provide a basis for development of mitigation research and knowledge of the maritime multibeam sonar, sidescan sonar, magnetometer proposals for the Portsmouth Regeneration Project. archaeological resource. HWTMA runs a survey, and two sub-bottom profile surveys, CHIRP programme of research-led fieldwork involving and boomer, with work undertaken in conjunction Hanna Steyne professional archaeologists, volunteers and with the Royal Navy. Anomalies on and within the Wessex Archaeology students. seabed were identified, and sub-seabed horizons that indicate buried palaeo-channels were mapped. Opportunities to gain experience in recording Gazetteers of anomaly positions for each dataset maritime archaeology has enabled individuals to develop their skills, and volunteers have made important contributions. Results are disseminated through publication, outreach and representation, raising the profile of the resource and ensuring its

36 The Archaeologist Autumn 2004 Number 54 37 Using WAKING THE (ALMOST) DEAD: the Aggregates Levy Sustainability Fund assessing excavation archives from the past Mark Dunkley

David Parham The Aggregates Levy Sustainability Fund (ALSF) was introduced as a two-year pilot in 2002 to address the environmental costs of aggregate ne of the many problems maritime Estuary, require further investigation before their extraction. English Heritage, along with English O archaeology in the UK faces is its poor full research potential can be met, while others have Nature and Defra, is a major distributor of the fund publication record. This is sometimes taken to proved to be forgotten gems. and supports projects that promote environmentally indicate that either there has been little work of friendly extraction and transport and reduce local value, or the marine archaeological resource Archives of some extensive fieldwork projects effects of aggregate extraction. contains little archaeological significance. This is of conducted in the 1970s and ‘80s have been updated. course not true. In the early days a considerable Assessments show that these hold a wealth of The scheme coincided with the transfer of amount of investigation was undertaken, and even forgotten data. For example, work on the Bronze responsibilities for England’s maritime archaeology if some records are little more than a collection of Age wreck site at Langdon Bay has much to tell us to English Heritage, so marine projects were Sotheby’s receipts, many cases were important and about the nature of metal working and its trade and targeted to meet both ALSF priorities and strategic agenda for maritime archaeology. During the pilot incredibly useful, although for various reasons, exchange in the Middle Bronze Age, whilst the Radial engine from a scheme, English Heritage was able to support (usually cuts in funding), much of this work has yet Studland Bay wreck allows better understanding of World War II B-17 initiatives, totalling around £1.5m, to provide to reach the light of day. European trade and the development of global Flying Fortress. research into the assessment, evaluation and seafaring and exploration in the early sixteenth (Wessex Archaeology) The National Heritage Bill 2002 put marine century. potential of the marine historic environment archaeology in the mainstream of archaeological through remote survey and field investigation. research. One result was reappraisal of the archives Perhaps after many years in the dark the gains of of several marine sites. In almost all cases sufficient marine archaeological investigation of the 1970s and The High Resolution Sonar for the Archaeological original site archive survives to allow the research 1980s will be allowed to inform us all of its worth. Investigation of Marine Aggregate Deposits process to be re-established. To date, for example, project, for example, examined the potential of the characters of sites such as those at Brighton state-of-the-art, high-resolution, sonar systems. Recording the Studland Marina and South Edinburgh Channel have been Sonar systems have been used for over forty years Bay Wreck. © Poole established. Some, such as those in the Erme to investigate wreck sites and submerged Museum landscapes, where data provide a back-drop to prehistoric studies. These systems can detect wrecks beneath the seabed and be used to reconstruct Finds from Langdon Bay. Holocene landscapes. However, as the aggregates The project arose from requests from the aggregate © British Museum industry generally targets coarser grained materials, industry and sought to develop and test a small buried objects or fine-grained layers may lie structured system for acquiring, annotating, storing unidentified. and referencing multi-beam survey data alongside other methods. Four Designated Historic Wreck Lack of detailed structural information of the Sites (HMS A1, Hazardous, Invincible and the Mary aggregate is a problem for both archaeologists and Rose) were added, so this multi-beam sonar the aggregate industry. The project therefore technology will also relate to sites designated under undertook a detailed archaeological investigation of the Protection of Wrecks Act 1973. coarse-grained aggregate deposits using sonar systems capable of imaging objects and layers However, in April 2004, Defra announced a three- beneath the seabed greater than 0.5m x 0.2 m, down year extension to the ALSF pilot. Maritime projects to 15m. are now separate from terrestrial, and English Heritage expects to disperse around £600k for The Multibeam Sonar on Wrecks project assessed maritime projects in 2004/5. multibeam sonar surveys for archaeological evaluation and recording of wrecks. This Mark Dunkley investigation included assessment of the use of [email protected] sidescan sonar, magnetometer, sub-bottom profiler English Heritage, 2004, and single-beam bathymetry survey techniques. ALSF Annual Report 2002-2003

38 The Archaeologist Autumn 2004 Number 54 39 NEW BOOKS ON MARITIME ARCHAEOLOGY where it was found. The volume provides a benchmark for how boat finds of this sort should be studied and presented. It should be of the greatest value to all archaeologists, whether maritime Maritime Archaeology: A technical archaeology’ and ‘explains how to analyse and minded or not interpret the archaeological record’. In the last handbook chapters, Green deals with ‘Cultural Resources David Parham Jeremy Green 2nd ed 2004 Management’, ‘Reports and Publications’ and ‘Legislation’. Elsevier Academic Press 470pp £45

This handbook gives the new generation of students This is a revised version of the edition published in a modus operandi in the field of maritime 1989, which was one of the few books that dealt archaeology from a technical and technological with the practical issues of maritime archaeology at point of view, with a fluent and comprehensive that time. This version is a more complete, detailed style, easily accessible to new readers. and modernised approach and is a ‘must-have’ publication for students and archaeologists without Paola Palma experience in archaeological excavation. It is also an important reference for more experienced ones.

The seventeen chapters start with ‘Introduction to Maritime Archaeology’, ‘Research’ (outlining a method to approach archaeological data and prepare a research design), ‘Search and Survey’ and ‘Conventional Survey’ (detailed descriptions of different techniques, with explanatory illustrations), Sealed by Time: The Loss and ‘Photogrammetric Techniques’, ‘Site Plan and Geographical Information Systems’ and ‘Field Recovery of the Mary Rose Photography’, techniques which are often reserved The Archaeology of the Mary Rose to those with a special interest in these fields. Here Volume 1 Green provides a very comprehensive approach. The following chapters (‘Excavation’, ‘Recording’, Peter Marsden 2003 ‘Artefacts Drawing’ and ‘Artefacts Photography’) The Mary Rose Trust 203pp £19.95 are explained in detail and with simplicity with a full variety of methodologies, including The first volume in the series covers the history of sophisticated methods of excavation and recording. the ship and the project and includes information times, it contains both too much and too little detail. ‘Post-Excavation Research’, as the author explains on the excavation, recovery and display; other Which retired naval officer sat on what committee ‘has been singled out for a special chapter of its volumes cover the ship, its armament, life on board when is excessively well covered, as are the own because is the raison d’être of maritime and conservation of the recovered material. mechanics of the excavation and diving, yet there is insufficient explanation of the archaeological It must have been difficult for someone who has no philosophy employed during the excavation. experience of working underwater or direct Although there is an account of how three- knowledge of the wreck on the seabed to write this dimensional recording of the finds and the ship volume. Fortunately, Peter Marsden has worked developed on the site, there is no indication of how The Barland’s Farm Romano-Celtic hard at extracting information from the available individual contexts were planned. Divers’ sketches that these were the remains of a well-preserved and records and has been sensitive enough to give credit are reproduced, but there is no clear indication that Boat substantial, almost 10m long, boat of the early to the key individuals involved. He recognises that these were supported by more formal Nigel Nayling and Seán McGrail 2004 fourth century. This volume is the result of almost the overall success of the project is a testimony not archaeological drawings. It is unclear whether ten years’ study, and details the excavation, just to Margaret Rule and her team, but also to features were removed in arbitrary spits or whether Council for British Archaeology Research Report recovery, analysis and conservation of this many unnamed individuals who laboured each context was excavated separately, and whether 138 327pp £30 important boat. It presents a comprehensive enthusiastically for no reward other than a chance this was done as an open area excavation or in description of the boat ‘as found’ and considers all to be involved in a major archaeological discrete sectors defined by the ship’s structure The Gwent levels have proved an extraordinary aspect of construction and use, from choice of investigation. within each trench. source of archaeological boat finds, dating from the timber to the navigational environment in which it

Bronze Age to the present day. Amongst these is a operated. The wider context of the find is also The book contains much of interest to both the It is an interesting and well written book, but the

boat found by the Glamorgan Gwent Archaeological discussed, considering its trading network and the specialist and the general reader and is well volume does not cover the methodology sufficiently Trust in November 1993. Subsequent work revealed contemporary Roman settlement and economy illustrated with useful isometric drawings but, at to allow archaeologists to reach an informed

REVIEWS REVIEWS

40 The Archaeologist Autumn 2004 Number 54 41 judgement on how standards were achieved in such Then follows a chronological run through of the difficult environmental conditions. This is a pity as it boat and shipwreck evidence from the prehistoric would have provided a better balanced introductory (7000BC–AD400) to the early modern (1600–1920) volume in this important series of reports on a site period. These chapters are illustrated with examples crucial to the development of archaeology from historical sources and physical evidence to underwater. place boats within their wider context.

Martin Dean The inclusion of a chapter on vernacular boats demonstrates the diversity and tradition of Irish boat building, some of which can still be witnessed today. This highlights the decline in traditional boat construction techniques and the need to record the last surviving examples. The theme of developing maritime archaeology ends with some salutary Future Generations – Conservation of messages for us all; conservation and preservation a Tudor Maritime Collection strategies require development alongside active investigation programmes. The Archaeology of the Mary Rose, Volume 5 Julie Satchell

Mark Jones (ed) 2003 made to assess efficacy of treatment against current The Mary Rose Trust 145pp £24.95 condition of the artefacts. As the majority of artefacts were conserved over twenty years ago, Painstaking work to conserve thousands of artefacts there would be considerable benefit in appraising as well as the vessel itself is the subject of this how our endeavours have withstood the test of say the least. The book starts with a preface volume. It is certainly one that I have awaited with time. Agreed, the text makes reference to out-of- Boats of the World – from the Stone highlighting new sources from the intervening eager anticipation, having been employed as a date techniques, but more emphasis and discussion Age to Medieval Times years from publication of the hard back (2001), then research scientist/conservator for the Trust during is required, especially as I suspect that the book will Seán McGrail 2001 (hb), 2004 (pb) leads into an introduction on ‘Sources and Themes’. the early years of the project. It is one of the few be used as a conservation textbook. The use of This is followed by ten sections on geographically publications concerned solely with conservation, hydrogen reduction for the treatment of iron is an Oxford University Press 480pp £155 hb, £42 pb defined areas. These areas appear to be defined by and the Mary Rose Trust should be applauded for area that should have been expanded. I still the author’s familiarity of source material rather producing it. I particularly welcomed the inclusion remember the controversy and debate that followed Professor McGrail is the best suited British than actual geography, therefore much of Africa and of a chapter on the burial environment and site the decision to adopt the process, but there is scant archaeologist to present a world history of the Russian/Siberia are missing and ‘The Americas’ are formation processes, something usually missing mention of this in the metals chapter. archaeology of boats, a mammoth task even for dealt with as one. To present such a study as this in from terrestrial publications. More detail on how him, and this paper back edition is a tour de force to a single volume necessitates a certain expedience these seabed processes affected the preservation of The publication would have benefited from much with detail and information. Unfortunately this materials other than wood would have been tighter editing, as there are too many instances of creates an imbalance in the text and one can be left welcome. misspelling, incorrect citations, repetition of text. And one final comment – I am surprised that wondering why such boats as those from Pisa are not mentioned, and ethnographic sources are not The conservation-oriented chapters provide useful Howard Murray, who did so much to establish used for the African continent and Russia/Siberia background on decay and corrosion mechanisms, as conservation at the Mary Rose is not mentioned in as they are elsewhere. well as overviews of typical conservation methods. the Acknowledgements. However, there are missed opportunities. Many of That said, this is a book crammed full of the treatments are discussed and presented in a Ian Panter information and should serve as the first reference cookery book format and no real attempt has been English Heritage (and ex-Mary Rose conservator) point for anyone wanting to know about boats of every period.

Douglas McElvogue Senior Research Fellow Boats and Shipwrecks of Ireland review of available evidence, and it does not Mary Rose Trust disappoint. While it is primarily aimed as an Colin Breen and Wes Forsythe 2004 introduction for a broad audience there is also Tempus Publishing 200pp £17.99 information to attract the specialist. The

introduction presents the history and development

This book promises a broad introduction to the of maritime archaeology in Ireland, plus a range of archaeology of vessels in Irish waters through a sources for study, and the character of the coastline.

REVIEWS REVIEWS

42 The Archaeologist Autumn 2004 Number 54 43 New members Members news

ELECTED Member (MIFA) Associate (AIFA) Practitioner (PIFA) Student David Bowler Stephen Bakere Paul Bennett Marcus Comotti Obituary

Catherine Chisham Charlotte Mary Cutland Oliver Chadwick John Samuels BA, PhD, FSA, MIFA (113), MLI Diane Fortenberry Robert De’Athe Nicholas Paul Hanks Marit Gaimster Rachel Salter Mark Landymore John Samuels, who died this summer at the age of combative negotiator and a leader in the new field Jackie Hall Nick Snashall James Looker 51 after a long illness, was one of British of commercial archaeology and competitive Fiona MacDonald Giles MacFarland archaeology’s most colourful members. Born in tendering. Dominic Perring Clare Randall Kent, he began his life-long study of archaeology with visits to the prehistoric and Roman antiquities John was appointed by the Redundant Churches of the Downs, and excavations with Brian Philp and Fund and English Heritage to advise upon the TRANSFERS Hon MIFA Member (MIFA) Associate (AIFA) Practitioner (PIFA) Paul Ashbee. He studied Archaeology at Cardiff, restoration of historic monuments, was chairman of Martin Dean Andrea Parsons Stephen Baker Margaret Broomfield with fieldwork at Dragonby in the holidays. After Newark Castle Trust, and was involved with the Roger Mercer Richard Sermon Charlotte Mary Cutland Philip Richardson his PhD (on Roman pottery, at Nottingham) he local CBA branch. He advised the Environment Robert De’Athe became successively archaeological field officer for Agency on their approach to archaeology and Rachel Salter Humberside Archaeological Committee, research undertook surveys and assessments on their behalf. Nick Snashall assistant processing results of Dragonby excavations at Nottingham University, assistant John joined IFA in 1983 and was involved with the director of Liverpool University Rescue initial testing of the Registered Archaeological Members news Archaeology Unit, lecturer in archaeology and local Organisation scheme. He was also influential in history for the WEA and University of Nottingham building links between IFA and the Landscape and Field Monuments Warden for English Heritage. Institute. Oscar Lopez-Jimenez BA, PhD, MIFA (4503) is a As tutor organiser for the WEA he developed an post-doctoral Research Fellow at the Department of interest in medieval building, especially the peasant Archaeology, University of Reading. He studied at houses of the Nottinghamshire countryside. Southampton and got his PhD at Complutense, Publication of these studies led John to set up the University of Madrid, after research on the Cromwell Press. In 1989 he resigned from his archaeological landscapes of the western Iberian official post, and set up as a consultant peninsula during the Late Bronze Age, Iron Age archaeologist. and early Romanisation. His current responsibilities Over the next few years the success of his Roger Thomas include developing research on landscape archaeology models, based on fieldwork records consultancy, JSAC (John Samuels Archaeological Roger M Thomas (Head of Urban Archaeology at from Spain and Portugal, using cartographic and Consultants), led to a great increase of business and English Heritage, MIFA 255) was ‘called to the Bar’ aerial photography analysis and fieldwork. He has a widening of the scope of his work. In 1996 he (formally admitted as a barrister of one of the Inns also been involved in fieldwork in England, Italy, established his credentials in a complex field by co- of Court) by the Middle Temple on 14 October. Egypt and India. Oscar is director of the Cerro del writing the widely praised Archaeology in Law, and Roger gained a First Class degree in Law from the Berrueco project in Salamaca, where deposits date was increasingly sought as an advisor on a range of Open University in 2002, and completed the Bar from Upper Palaeolithic to modern times. developments, including the Stonehenge project Vocational Course (BVC) at the College of Law in and the Channel tunnel. He acted as an expert London in 2004. The BVC is the professional witness at a number of public inquiries, was training course which leads towards qualification as involved with over thirty major road schemes and a barrister. Roger needs to complete a further stage published over fifty academic articles in learned of training (‘pupillage’) to qualify to practise. He journals and publications as well as site and historic hopes to specialise in planning and heritage law. building surveys. He came to be renowned as a John Samuels Roger says ‘It is a great privilege to be able to see a second profession ‘from the inside’. The legal profession takes professional conduct and

professional standards very seriously indeed’.

Oscar Lopez-Jimenez (on far right)

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44 The Archaeologist Autumn 2004 Number 54 45 46 MEMBERS can giveclearimages ofsitesandtheir acoustic surveying which,inthemuddiestof water, been matched by advancesinultrahighresolution competencies. This increased professionalism has adding underwater skillstotheirland-based members archaeological research, withmanyIFA archaeology hasnowentered mainstream archaeologists aspirates.Fortunatelymarine conference referring tomaritime at anIFA admitting thisinterest, withoneeminentcolleague terrestrial colleagueswhenhe‘outed’himself by underwater workandthecomments madeby Martin remembers considerableprejudice against his recent retirement. Protection of Wrecks Act. Hedirected thisUnituntil government departmentsresponsible forthe provided expertise inmaritimearchaeology to to setupthe Archaeological DivingUnit,which 1986 MartinmovedtotheUniversityofSt Andrews recognised archaeological trainingprogramme. In Nautical Archaeology Society’snowinternationally- Affairs Group, anddesigningtheframeworkfor IFA’s firstSpecialInterest Group, theMaritime 1981. Amongst hisachievementswere formationof Research Centre astheirDiving Archaeologist in National MaritimeMuseum’s Archaeological Southwark andLambethbefore movingtothe On graduationherejoined formercolleaguesin Wreck byMarkRedknap. publication oftheUWRG’sworkonCattewater organised underwater fieldwork,leadingtothe originally setupbyJoanduPlatTaylor, and reconstituted theUnderwaterResearch Group Archaeology inLondon1973.There he the M25,untilhewasacceptedatInstituteof on aSaxonsitein Aylesbury, andalongtheroute of 1972 hegaveupproperly paidemploymenttodig levelsateveningclasses.In change, hestudiedfor A abroad. At thesametime,withaneyeforacareer in underwaterarchaeological surveysintheUKand excavations intheThamesValley, andwasinvolved life. Hebecamearegular volunteeronlocalsociety fired himwithsomuchenthusiasmitchangedhis weekend courseforrecreational diversin1968.This photographer whoseintroduction tothepastwasa AGM, wasaprofessional this September’s at University ofSt Andrews andvotedaHonMIFA Martin Dean,SeniorResearch Fellowatthe 34 Martin DeanBSc,HonMIFA Members news Martin Dean subject canatlastbefulfilled. exhilarating period,whenthe fullpotentialofthe underwater, fortheywill beenteringatan embark onacareer embracingarchaeology accessible. Martinisenvious of thoseaboutto features andobjectsmeanthesedataare now acoustic technologiesusedfor imagingburied buried undersediments.Recent advancesin that bothlandscapesandearlywrecks tendtobe thinks thesehavenotbeenseriouslyinvestigatedis earlier wrecks mustbeexpected.Thereason he unstudied andaconsiderablenumbersofmuch prehistoric landscapes thathavebeenlargely shipwrecks. The UKissurrounded bysubmerged helped byconcentrationonlatepost-medieval Martin thinkstheimageofsubjecthasnotbeen archaeological evidenceontheseabed. understanding ofthenature anddistributionof with methodologiesdevelopedonlandimproves environment. Combiningthesetechnicaladvances The Archaeologist numerous prehistoric sitesinScotland.Torness, East ready forpublication) were quitefeasiblealongside so twelvelongseasonsatHambledonHill(now strong onmethods andprinciplesonfieldwork, exclusively devotedtoprehistoric archaeology, was Edinburgh, besides beingtheonlydepartment the Departmentof Archaeology. and, in1974hewentbacktoEdinburgh toteachat up andafamilylifewere mutuallyunsustainable Graves. Intheendtravelling,research, writing included acompleteNeolithicmineshaftatGrimes work, then animportantpartofInspector’s would agentleman’sclub’),andhisexcavations, would likeyoutoregard theoffice just asyou Taylor introduced himtotheworldofworkwith‘I Inspectorate are warm(notsurprisingly– Arnold of themeveryyear. Hismemoriesofthe significant siteinthesouth-west,scheduling2-300 of Ancient Monumentshevisitedmore orlessevery of excavatinginCornwall,andthenasanInspector Archaeological Societywasoneofseveralhighlights Carn Brea withmembersoftheCornwall some ofitsmore exposedsites.Fourseasonsat west Englanddespitetheclimaticdrawbacksof hooking himontothesuperbarchaeology ofsouth interesting multi-phasedhutcircle settlement, to digwhatturnedoutbeanextremely sent straightouttoStannonDownonBodminMoor Ministry ofPublicBuildingsandWorks andwas Wanting ajobaftergraduationhewrote tothe Edinburgh andsowaswellinitiatedintoprehistory. September, wastaughtbyStuartPiggottat in this autumnandwasmadeanHonMIFA Roger Mercer, whoretired asheard ofRCAHMS 13 Hon MIFA Scot,FRSE, Roger MercerMA,FSA,FSA Members news Autumn 2004 Number 54 copyright: RCAHMS Roger Mercer. Crown [email protected] ) Lane, Duddingston Edinburgh EH153PX,or who wishtocontact himathome(4OldChurch with archaeological colleaguesandwillwelcome all intend torelax abit.Hewilldefinitelystay intouch about amore ambitiouspublicationbutclaims to Cheviots, andmore teaching.Heisalsothinking excavation andsurveysinCaithness andthe Retirement meanswritinguponeremaining tackling, forthegoodofwhole sector’. That’s somethingIthinkwedo needtostart legacy ofacademicversusprofessional distrust. is thatoriginalobjectionsfrom academelefta CPD andhealthsafetyforexample.Whatissad there isallthe quietworkinthebackground, on individuals wouldhavehadaterribletime.Then guidelines andthe without IFA directors mainly wantedtoactresponsibly, but where wewould bewithoutit?Ofcourse,unit that wasunleashedattime.Canyouimagine some sensetotheunholymessofcommercialisation not beenperfect,butitwasresponsible forbringing emerged from therescue debatesofthe 1970s.‘It’s sinceit Roger hasbeenawarmsupporterofIFA in theUKandbeyond,despiteastaticbudget. is oneoftheleadingheritageinformationproviders RCAHMS programmes anditsoutreach. As such,it with manyorganisations thathaverevolutionised attempted, andtodeveloppositivepartnerships heritage communitiesinawaypreviously not engage withboththeScottishandinternational was possible,forexample,togetRCAHMS change wasbothvitalandcouldbeimplemented.It was againluckytostartatapointwhere rapid technology organisation andRogerreckons thathe ‘The Commission’wasthenalowprofile, low advertised foranewheadin1990. ready foranotherchangewhenRCAHMS and post-excavationwere partofthejob,butwas staff/student ratioof1:7wasnormal,andfieldwork He feelshewasveryluckytobeteachingwhena surveys across Scotlandandsouth-westEngland. given theopportunitytoparticipateinmanyother out totestawholelandscape,andstudentswere Lothian, wasoneoftheearliestevaluations,setting Code ofconduct

47 MEMBERS 48 MEMBERS with fortheCBA. study forDefra, whichhecontinuestobeinvolved last projects withOAUwas anewplough-damage Government at lastmore willing tolisten,oneofhis in1977.Ironically, with sites, published byCBA pilot studyofploughdamage toarchaeological One ofGeorge’s firstprojects withOAUhadbeena with historiclandscapecharacterisation. Channel Tunnel RailLink,andearly involvement of environmental assessment,notablythat forthe led topioneeringworkoncultural heritageaspects development ofOAU’sconsultancy business.This guided byPPG16,hemasterminded the assessments anddeveloperfunded archaeology 1980s, spurred byrequirements forenvironmental now ownsandmanagestheStones.From thelate continues asChairmanoftheRollrightTrust, which bodies andthemanagementofsites,whichGeorge This reinforced interest intheworkof voluntary drawings andlichens)withkey-holeexcavations. techniques (includingstudyingantiquarian integrating awiderangeofnon-intrusive labour, wasasurveyoftheRollrightStones Another ofhisfavouriteprojects, usingvolunteer OAU, where George stayedforthenext25years. it alsobrought atemporaryjobtowriteitupwith human societyinteractswiththeenvironment –and economy. Thesitestartedalong-terminterest inhow based onahighly-specialisedseasonalpastoral under thealluviumofThamesfloodplainwere demonstrating howaseriesofIron Age farmsteads what palaeo-environmental evidencecouldcontribute, at FarmoorReservoirin1974wasaneye-openerfor became President. TheSociety’ssummerexcavation University Archaeological Society, ofwhichhe doing archaeology withtheveryactiveOxford that asanundergraduate mostofhistimewasspent Durham andRomankilnsforChris Young. Headmits Hassall, diggingmedievaltenementsforBrian become Oxford Archaeological Unit)ledbyTom Archaeological ExcavationCommittee(soonto at Oxford hedidagapyearwiththethenOxford medieval plainsong.Before reading ModernHistory find wasafragmentofparchment completewith a garden in Abingdon withDerek Keene,theprize was anotherearlystarter. As aschoolboydiggingin the CouncilforBritish Archaeology thissummer George Lambrick,whosteppeddownasDirector of 469 George LambrickMA,FSA,MIFA Members news experience through more teachingandwriting. He willalsobehandingonsomeofhiswide assessments, whichshouldleadtonewguidelines. review ofcultural heritageinputtoenvironmental former colleaguesatOxford beingaEuropean-funded freelance projects, onealready underway with dark, butfilledwithvariety. Hewillbedoingmore George seeshis ownfuture asabitofleapinthe made towards more co-ordinated action. applications isanotherarea where progress isbeing statutory role inadvisingonlistedbuilding issues.TheCBA’s all ofthemlong-termCBA sites, maritimearchaeology andportableantiquities, and onissuessuchasprotection ofplough-damaged real progress inpromoting archaeology ineducation campaigning andconservationside,there hasbeen revolution inaccesstoarchaeology forall.Onthe information serviceshasunderpinnedaquiet and readable. TheCBA’s championingofdigital publicationsingeneralare nowsoattractive that CBA popular magazinewithoutsacrificingstandards; and that Archaeology Daysare going from strength tostrength; Archaeologists’ Clubisonafirmfooting;thatNational staff. Hefeelsespeciallypleasedthatthe Young the importanceoftheCBA’s smallteam of dedicated Looking backathisfiveyearsasdirector, heemphasises ranging graspofissuesacross thehistoricenvironment. itswide- realised thefullnetworkwhichgivesCBA he becameDirector in1999,buthehadneverquite formanyyearsbefore He hadbeeninvolvedwithCBA British Archaeology has becomeanexcellent The Archaeologist George Lambrick Radiocarbon Dating www.RafterRadiocarbon.co.nz We provide: 30 GracefieldRoad,LowerHutt,NewZealand % HTTPWWWRSPSOCORG Institute ofGeological&NuclearSciences F F F F For moreinformation,visitourwebsite: : +64-4-5704647Fax: +64-4-5704657 Stable isotopecorrection Competitive prices Prompt reportingtimes Additional services Email: [email protected] G NZ$820persample G 8weeksorless G enhancedprecisionmeasurements G 3weekexpressturnarounds G d Rafter RadiocarbonLaboratory 7%"HTTPWWWRSPSOCORG %-!),RSPSOC NOTTINGHAMACUK &!8   4%,   &ORFURTHERINFORMATION "ENElTSTOMEMBERSINCLUDE THESEDISCIPLINES FORTHEEXCHANGEOFKNOWLEDGEANDEXPERTISEIN !KEYFEATUREOFTHE2303OCISTHEFOCUSITPROVIDES 2303OC ISTHEORGANISATIONFORPROFESSIONALSIN 4HE2EMOTE3ENSINGAND0HOTOGRAMMETRY3OCIETY 13 4RAVELBURSARIESANDAWARDSFORSTUDENTS -EMBERSHIPOF3PECIAL)NTEREST'ROUPSs s !CCESSTOANETWORKOFMEMBERSWORLD s 1UARTERLYJOURNALCONTAININGACCREDITED s -ONTHLYNEWSLETTERPROVIDINGINFORMATION s !NNUALCONFERENCEWITHSPEAKERSFROM s !FULLPROGRAMMEOFMEETINGS EXHIBITIONS s !IRBORNEANDLANDBASEDLASERSCANNING !ERIALANDTERRESTRIALPHOTOGRAMMETRY s 3ATELLITEIMAGING s 2EMOTESENSING s s For AMS esrmn e C measurement or contactusat: WIDE ACADEMICANDPROFESSIONALPAPERS ANDREVIEWS BOTHACADEMIAANDCOMMERCE TRENDSINTHEINDUSTRY ANDWORKSHOPSFOLLOWINGTHECURRENT * œÌœ}À>““iÌÀÞÊ-œVˆiÌÞ ,i“œÌiÊ-i˜Ãˆ˜}Ê>˜`Ê tn xr charg at noextra

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