Washington, DC 1995
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UNDERWATER ARCHAEOLOGY PfiOCEEDINGS FROM THE SOCIETY FOR HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY CONFERENCE .~. PAUL FORSYTHE JOHNSTON, Editor , Washington, D. C. 1995 Published by THE SOCIETY FOR HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY RONALD L. MICHAEL, Editor ISSN: 1074-3421 Composition by TransVisions Uniontown, Pennsylvania ©1995 by the Society for Historical Archaeology Printed in the United States of America CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS FOREWORD PAUL FORSYTHE JOHNSTON, EDITOR SYMPOSIA UNDERWATER ARCHAEOLOGY IN NORTH CAROLINA RICHARD W, LAWRENCE, MODERATOR 3 Introductory Comments RICHARD W. LAWRENCE 3 The MacKnight Shipyard Wreck: An Interim Report SHERIDAN R. JONES 4 The Cape Fear River Comprehensive Survey: Historical and Cartographic Research in Southeastern North Carolina CLAUDEV. JACKSON 9 Cape Fear Comprehensive Survey: Methodology and Results of the Field Investigation GLENN OVERTON 15 CSS Raleigh: the History and Archaeology of a Confederate Ironclad in the Cape Fear River MARTIN DEBERNIERE PEEBLES 20 Investigations of the CSS Curlew: A Victim of the Battle of Roanoke Island, North Carolina CHRISTOPHER OLSON 28 A Preliminary Report on the Scuppemong: A Mid-Nineteenth Century, North Carolina-Built Centerboard Schooner C. ALEXANDER TURNER III 34 THE EMANUEL POINT SHIP: A FLORIDA EXPERIMENT IN RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, AND MANAGEMENT ROGER C. SMITH, MODERATOR 40 Introduction ROGER C. SMITH 40 Pinned to the Bottom: Emanuel Point Hill Remains JAMES SPIREK 43 Olive Pits, Rat Bones, and Leather Shoe Soles: A Preliminary Report on the Organic Remains from the Emanuel Point Shipwreck, Pensacola, Florida JOHN R. BRATTEN 49 Examples of Ceramics from the Emanuel Point Shipwreck DEBRAJ. WELLS 55 Unique Artifacts from the Emanuel Point Shipwreck DELLA A. SCOTT 60 FROM MARmME ANTIQUARIANISM TO UNDERWATER ARCHAEOLOGY ALONG THE POTOMAC CORRIDOR, 1825-1994 DoNALD G. SHOMETIE. MODERATOR 64 From Maritime Antiquarianism to Underwater Archaeology Along the Potomac Corridor, 1825-1994 DONALDG. SHOMETIE 64 The Final Anchorage: The WWl Emergency Fleet Wrecks at Mallow's Bay FRED HOPKINS 72 CONTRIBUTED PAPERS FROMVARIOUS SYMPOSIA Treasure Trove, Wreck, and Salvage: Issues in the Reporting and Management of Discoveries Underwater in Britain BARRIE L. ANDRIAN 77 USS Hatteras: Site Monitoring and Mapping J. BARTO ARNOLD III AND RICHARD J. ANUSKIEWICZ 82 Childsbury and Ashley Ferry Town: Elements of Control in the Economic Landscape of Colonial South Carolina WILLIAM B. BARR 88 Archaeology, History, and Public Policy: The Results of the Submerged Cultural Resource Project at Lake Champlain's Fort Ticonderoga and Mount Independence, 1992-1993 ARTHUR B. COHN 94 The Reader's Point Project: The Excavation of an Eighteenth-Century Sloop in St. Ann's Bay, Jamaica GREGORY D. COOK AND AMY L. RUBENSTEIN 101 Recent Developments on the MaryRoseProject CHRISTOPHER T. C. DOBBS 106 Submerged Cultural Resources in Peril: A Naval Perspective WILLIAM S. DUDLEY 111 Ethical Issues in Archaeological Conservation: A Second Look GEORGIA L. Fox 115 Archaeological Investigations of the Steamboat Columbus (18ST625) in Chesapeake Bay, Maryland: Its History, Architecture, and Crosshead Steam Engine JACK B. IRION AND RICHARD K. ANDERSON, JR. 119 The Comparative Analysis of 18th-Century Vessel Remains in the Archaeological Record: A Synthesized Theory of Framing Evolution JOHN W. MORRIS III, GORDON P. WATTS JR.. AND MARIANNE FRANKLIN 125 Continuity and Change in Dutch Boat Building ROBERT S. NEYLAND 134 Teaming Up to Teach Archaeology CONNIE H. NOBLES, LAURI T. EDDY. AND MARCO MENIKETTI 140 Preliminary Report on the 1993-1994 Submerged Cultural Resource Survey at Old Fort Niagara, New York SHANNON K. RICHARDSON 144 Archaeology of Beached Shipwrecks: Investigations of Two Channel Islands National Park Shipwreck Scatters MAITHEW RUSSELL 147 Excavation of a Late 17th-Century Dutch Freighter BIRGIT SCHR6DER. ROBERT NEYLAND. AND MASON McDANIEL 154 Dependent Colonies: the Importation of Material Culture into the Australian Colonies (1788-1850) MARK STANIFORTH 159 The National Park Service Archeological Assistance Program and Submerged Cultural Resources Protection DAVID TARLER. MARA R. GREENGRASS. AND RICHARD C. WALDBAUER 165 Impacts on Underwater Cultural Resources: Diagnosing Change and Prescribing Solutions KENNETH J. VRANA AND EDWARD M. MAHONEY 176 The 1758 LandTortoise Radeau Shipwreck-s-Creating a Seamless Photomosaic Using Off-the-Shelf Technology JOSEPH W. ZARZYNSKI. KENDRICK B. McMAHAN. BOB BENWAY. AND VINCENT J. CAPONE 181 THE SOCIETY FOR HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY AND THE ADVISORY COUNCIL ON UNDERWATER ARCHAEOLOGY EXTEND THEIR ApPRECIATION To THE FOLLOWING FOR THEIR FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE IN THE PUBLICATION OFTHE 1995 UNDERWATER PROCEEDINGS BERMUDA MARITIME MUSEUM NATIONAL PARK SERVICE, ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSISTANCE DIVISION AND SUBMERGED CULTURAL RESOURCES UNIT NAVAL HISTORICAL CENTER SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, NATIONAL MUSEUM OF AMERICAN HISTORY STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF WISCONSIN FOREWORD SHA. We have turned the chair over to Toni Carrell of Ships of Discovery at the Corpus PAULFORSYTHE JOHNSTON, EDITOR Christi Museum in Corpus Christi, Texas. Toni's contributions to the ACUA and hard work in our What is going on in North Dakota? Perhaps field over the years have been outstanding, and the real question should address what is not hap we all look forward to her future leadership with pening there, for it was the only state not rep great anticipation. resented at the 1995 Annual Conference on His On the legislative front, this past year has torical and Underwater Archaeology in Washing been a very active one in our field in both ton, D.C. No fewer than 1,213 registrants from North America and elsewhere. As this goes to 49 states and 19 foreign nations attended what press, divers in Maryland are being prosecuted turned out to be the largest annual meeting in for looting a wreck site, providing the first test the SHA's history. case for that state's recently-enacted shipwreck In the conference's underwater program there legislation. Virginia salvors were convicted and were two workshops, seven round table lun fined for looting the Civil War wrecks of CSS cheons, 13 sessions, and a total of 91 presenta Florida and Cumberland and selling the artifacts, tions. Fully one-third (30) of the papers were and the Confederate Naval Historical Society devoted to foreign sites or issues, with the re received a reward for assisting the FBI in bring mainder on North American subjects. These ing these looters to justice. In addition, the numbers should mitigate the perennial reviews of American government passed the National Mari these Proceedings noting the lack of foreign time Heritage Act of 1994, wherein 25 percent content. Of the 30 papers on international sub of the proceeds from scrapping the nation's jects, 11 were submitted and accepted for the Ready Reserve Fleet (old freighters mothballed 1995 Proceedings. Reviewers, take note, and for use in armed conflicts) will offer matching please help encourage our foreign colleagues to money to maritime heritage projects. The pro submit their presentations! In fact, these figures grams will be administered by the National Trust represent a growing international recognition of for Historic Preservation (educational and pro the worldwide scope of our annual meetings. gram projects) and the National Park Service's Special thanks are due to prior Proceedings' edi National Maritime Initiative (National Register tors Toni Carrell and Robyn Woodward for their and Landmark capital projects). An advisory hard work producing the authors' guidelines and group of maritime preservation professionals will editor's handbook, which made much easier the review proposals. Finally, the Abandoned Ship tasks of writing, editing, and preparing these 33 wreck Act survived another legal challenge to its papers for publication. SHA editor Ronn Michael constitutionality in Illinois, which builds upon also deserves thanks for shepherding these papers the body of case law supporting its application. through the multi-stepped process into printed Overseas, the governments of the Cayman form. Islands (British West Indies) and Bermuda are After six years and two terms as Chair of currently reviewing tough new legislation that the Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeol will severely restrict treasure hunting. Elsewhere, ogy, I stepped down to regular ACUA member the nations of Mozambique and Mauritius in the ship in January 1995. Among the highlights of Indian Ocean have been approached by salvors my tenure were our intense, protracted, and ul seeking permits to treasure hunt in their sover timately successful efforts to convert the Aban eign waters. Rather than issue permits, these doned Shipwreck Act of 1987 from a dream into governments have sought the assistance of the reality, and overseeing the transition of the ACUA in obtaining model legislation to help ACUA into a democratically-elected body of the them draft laws to protect their submerged cul tural resources. 2 These positive developments in the legislative Of equal significance is the decision by the arena are offset somewhat by events in the mu federally-funded National Endowment for the seum field. Contrary to the advice of its Archae Humanities (NEH) in Washington, DC to par ology Sub-Committee, the International Congress tially fund a proposal for a traveling exhibit by of Maritime Museums (ICMM) elected to do the Mel Fisher Maritime Historical Society in nothing about the National Maritime Museum Key West, Florida.