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2 22 37 55 68 90 W Numerze 11 26 42 58 78 Dwumiesięcznik W NUMERZE Vol. XVIII, Nr 5/2011 (109) ISSN-1231-014X, Indeks 386138 Redaktor naczelny Jarosław Malinowski Juliusz Tomczak Pancernik wielkich nadziei – historia CSS 2 Kolegium redakcyjne Rafał Ciechanowski, Michał Jarczyk, „Virginia”, część II Maciej S. Sobański Współpracownicy w kraju Andrzej S. Bartelski, Jan Bartelski, Alejandro A. Anca, Nikołaj W. Mitiuckow Stanisław Biela, Jarosław Cichy, 11 Krążowniki Portugalii Andrzej Danilewicz, Józef Wiesław Dyskant, Maciej K. Franz, Przemysław Federowicz, Michał Glock, Tadeusz Górski, Jarosław Jastrzębski, Rafał Mariusz Kaczmarek, Jerzy Lewandowski, Oskar Myszor, Andrzej Nitka, Piotr Nykiel, Michał Jarczyk, Krzysztof Krzeszowiak Grzegorz Ochmiński, Jarosław Palasek, Jednostka torpedowa „Zieten” 22 Jan Radziemski, Marek Supłat, Cesarskiej marynarki wojennej Niemiec Tomasz Walczyk, Kazimierz Zygadło Współpracownicy zagraniczni BELGIA Leo van Ginderen Aleksandr Aleksandrow, Siergiej Bałakin CZECHY 26 „Asama” i kuzyni, częć IV Ota Janeček FRANCJA Gérard Garier, Jean Guiglini, Pierre Hervieux HISZPANIA Alejandro Anca Alamillo LITWA Jarosław Jastrzębski Aleksandr Mitrofanov O potrzebie wyodrębnienia w nomenklaturze 37 NIEMCY okrętowej klasy „hydroplanowca” Richard Dybko, Hartmut Ehlers, Jürgen Eichardt, Christoph Fatz, Zvonimir Freivogel, Reinhard Kramer ROSJA Siergiej W. Patjanin Siergiej A. Bałakin, Nikołaj W. Mitiuckow, 42 Od Sallum do Syrty. Flota w Kampanii Konstantin B. Strelbickij Północnoafrykańskiej lat 1940-1941 STANY ZJEDNOCZONE. A.P. Arthur D. Baker III UKRAINA Anatolij N. Odajnik, Władimir P. Zabłockij WŁOCHY Rafał Mariusz Karczmarek Maurizio Brescia, Achille Rastelli „Lancastery” nad Sassnitz 55 Adres redakcji Wydawnictwo „Okręty Wojenne” Krzywoustego 16, 42-605 Tarnowskie Góry Polska/Poland tel: +48 32 384-48-61 www.okretywojenne.pl Andrij Kharuk e-mail: [email protected] 58 Niszczyciele typu „Battle”, część II Skład, druk i oprawa: DRUKPOL sp. j. Kochanowskiego 27, 42-600 Tarnowskie Góry tel. 032 285 40 35, www.drukpoltg.pl © by Wydawnictwo „Okręty Wojenne” 2011 Wojciech Mazurek Wszelkie prawa zastrzeżone. All rights reserved. Przedruk i kopiowanie jedynie za zgodą Siły desantowo-amfibijne ZSRR po II wojnie 68 wydawnictwa. Redakcja zastrzega sobie prawo światowej, część III skracania i adjustacji tekstów. Materiałów nie zamówionych nie zwracamy. Redakcja nie ponosi odpowiedzialności za treść publikowanych artykułów, które prezentują wyłącznie opinie i punkt widzenia ich autorów. Ireneusz Bieniecki 78 Nakład: 1500 egz. Charakterystyka jednostek pływających MBOP w latach 1966-1991,część II I i II strona okładki: Aleksandr Mitrofanov Brytyjski niszczyciel Armada w czasie wizyty Lodołamacze Rosji, część V 90 w Tulonie, 10 listopada 1958 r. Fot. zbiory Hartmut Ehlers Obraz Juliana O. Davidsona, przedstawiający końcową fazę boju z 9 marca 1862 TekstJuliusz Tomczak roku. Przy pracy nad malowidłem autor zasięgnął informacji od konstruktorów obu okrętów (Johna L. Portera i Johna Ericssona) oraz członków załogi Monitora. Fot. Public Domain część II Pierwszy bój pancerników Historia zaprojektowania i zbudowania bości 8 cali (203 mm); pancerz burtowy Kiedy wieczorem 8 marca 1862 roku USS Monitor zasługuje z pewnością na od- miał grubość 4,5 cala (114 mm), pokładu zmęczeni bojem marynarze z CSS Virginia dzielny artykuł, dlatego też przedstawimy – 2 cale (51 mm), a stanowiska dowodze- układali się do snu, dowodzący garnizonem tutaj tylko podstawowe informacje tech- nia – 9 cali (229 mm). Płyty pancerza miały Unii w Fort Monroe generał John E. Wool niczne tej niezwykle oryginalnej konstruk- grubość 1 cala (25 mm). Bardzo niska wol- wysłał do sekretarza wojny, Edwina Stanto- cji. Wpływ na ostateczny kształt projektu na burta sprawiała, że okręt stanowił trud- na, alarmujący telegram: „Dzisiaj z Norfolk Monitora wywarły w dużym stopniu do- ny cel – na trafienia narażona była przede przypłynął Merrimack i około godziny dru- niesienia o konwersji Merrimacka i zwią- wszystkim wieża oraz stanowisko dowodze- giej po południu zaatakował Cumberland zany z tym pośpiech. Stępkę położono 25 nia. Zaprojektowana również przez Erics- i Congress. Zatopił Cumberland, a Congress października 1861 roku. Brak czasu zde- sona maszyna parowa o mocy 320 koni skapitulował. (…) Z pomocą przybył wła- terminował niewielkie rozmiary (179 stóp mechanicznych, napędzająca pojedynczą śnie St. Lawrence. Minnesota jest na mieliź- długości i 41,6 stóp szerokości) oraz wy- śrubę, umożliwiała teoretycznie rozwinię- nie. Prawdopodobnie oba te okręty zostaną porność (776 ton; z pełnym obciążeniem – cie prędkości 9 węzłów. Co ważne, Monitor zdobyte. Taka jest opinia kapitana Marsto- 987 ton). Płytkie wody przybrzeżne stanów był znacznie zwrotniejszy od konfederac- na i jego oficerów. Roanoke znajduje się pod Konfederacji wymusiły z kolei zapewnienie kiego pancernika. Wodowany 30 stycznia osłoną naszych dział. Uważa się, że Merri- jednostce niewielkiego zanurzenia, wyno- 1862 roku, okręt wszedł do służby zaledwie mack, Jamestown i Yorktown przejdą dziś szącego zaledwie 11 stóp. Najbardziej rewo- trzy dni przed swoim chrztem bojowym – w nocy obok fortu”. Sytuacja zmieniła się lucyjnym elementem konstrukcji federalne- 1. Official records of the Union and Confederate Navies jednak radykalnie o godzinie 22:00, kiedy go pancernika była jednak obrotowa wieża, in the War of the Rebellion, Series I, Vol. 7: North Atlan- to na wody Hampton Roads przybył USS w której umieszczono całe uzbrojenie arty- tic Blockading Squadron (March 8, 1862 – September 4, Monitor. Pancernik Unii natychmiast zajął leryjskie okrętu – dwa 11-calowe (279 mm), 1862), raport gen. mjr Woola, ss. 4-5 (odtąd: ORN, Wool, ss. 4-5. wszystkie użyte w tekście fragmenty pochodzą pozycję umożliwiającą mu osłonę spoczy- gładkolufowe działa Dahlgrena. Wieża ta z 7 tomu I serii, dlatego podany będzie tylko autor rapor- wającej na mieliźnie Minnesoty1. opancerzona była płytami żelaznymi o gru- tu lub korespondencji); ORN, Fox, s. 6. 2 Nr 109 (5/2011) • OKRĘTY WOJENNE Pancernik wielkich nadziei – historia CSS „Virginia” 6 marca. Dowódcą okrętu został porucznik pancernika spowodowały pożary na pokła- ny Springfield, do użytku dla każdego, kto John L. Worden2. dzie Minnesoty. Wówczas to jednak Monitor, znalazłby okazję do celnego strzału. Głów- Virginia szykowała się do boju rankiem wykorzystując swoje płytkie zanurzenie, za- ny inżynier Virginii, Henry Ashton Ramsay, 9 marca pod rozkazami porucznika Cates- jął pozycję pomiędzy unieruchomioną fre- tak opisał warunki panujące na pancerniku by ap Roger Jonesa. Poranek był pogodny, gatą a Virginią, osłaniając tym samym okręt podczas bitwy: „Na naszym pokładzie ar- wiała lekka bryza ze wschodu; do godziny kapitana Van Brunta przed dalszymi ciosa- tyleryjskim panuje krzątanina; spowity jest 08:00 ustąpiła lekka mgła. Ranni w starciu mi. Następnie Worden skierował swój pan- on dymem, wypełniony usmolonymi posta- poprzedniego dnia, w tym dowódca okrę- cernik w stronę Virginii, trzymając przez pe- ciami i twardymi komendami, podczas gdy tu, flag officer Buchanan oraz porucznik Mi- wien czas kurs prostopadły do niej, po czym na dole, w maszynowni i kotłowni, z szesna- nor, zostali przewiezieni na brzeg. Zwolniło wykonał zwrot i znalazł się burta w burtę ze stu palenisk bucha ogień i dym, a przed nimi się w ten sposób miejsce w kajucie kapitań- znacznie większym pancernikiem konfede- stoją strażacy, którzy niczym gladiatorzy skiej – jedynym miejscu na ciasnym pokła- ratów. Widząc ten manewr, Jones postanowił szarpią chwytakami i ożogami, zwiększając dzie pancernika, gdzie można było udzielić skupić się na walce z wrogim pancernikiem, swymi wysiłkami temperaturę spalania i go- pomocy rannym. Konfederaccy marynarze rezygnując na razie z ostrzeliwania uszko- rąco. Hałas trzaskającego, ryczącego ognia zjedli śniadanie, pokrzepili się kilkoma ły- dzonej Minnesoty. Drewniane okręty Dywi- i uciekającej pary; głośne i mozolne drgania kami whiskey i około 07:30-08:00 rano po- zjonu Rzeki James, które, podobnie jak po- maszyn, wraz z dobiegającym z góry zgieł- rucznik Jones skierował pancernik w stronę przedniego dnia, wspierały Virginię, wycofały kiem bitwy oraz głuchym dudnieniem i wi- Minnesoty, którą, jak dostrzegł, wspiera- się na bezpieczną odległość, pozostawiając bracjami ogromnych mas żelaza które w nas ła „żelazna bateria” – Monitor. Wygląd no- plac boju okrętom pancernym4. uderzały, stwarzały scenerię i dźwięki dające wego przeciwnika nie był Południowcom Pierwszy pocisk, wystrzelony z Virginii się porównać jedynie z wyobrażeniami po- całkiem obcy. Wiedzieli, że inżynier do przeciwnika pochodził z dziobowego, etów o czeluściach piekielnych”5. szwedzkiego pochodzenia, John Ericsson, gwintowanego działa pościgowego. Moni- zaprojektował dla marynarki wojennej Unii tor otworzył ogień o 08:45 i walka pomię- 2. Ericsson, John: „The Building of the ‘Monitor’” pancernik, który miał niebawem wejść do dzy dwoma pancernikami trwała odtąd (w:) Battles & Leaders of the Civil War (odtąd: B&L), vol. I, ss. 731-732; Silverston, Paul H.: Civil War Navies, służby. Różnymi kanałami do konfederatów przez około trzy i pół godziny. Działa fede- 1855-1883, Routledge, New York 2006, s. 4; Nelson, Ja- docierały też informacje o szczegółach kon- ralnego okrętu nie strzelały zbyt szybko – mes N.: Reign of Iron. The Story of the First Battling Ironc- strukcji nowej jednostki nieprzyjaciela. Nie każde z nich przemawiało co 7-8 minut – lads, the Monitor and the Merrimack, Harper-Collins e- -books 2004, s. 287. stanowiło to większej trudności –
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