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In Situ Archaeological Evaluation of the Css Georgia Savannah Harbor, Georgia

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In Situ Archaeological Evaluation of the Css Georgia Savannah Harbor, Georgia IN SITU ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF THE CSS GEORGIA SAVANNAH HARBOR, GEORGIA Final Report PREPARED FOR: UNDER SUBCONTRACT TO: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Gulf South Research Corporation Savannah District Baton Rouge, Louisiana Savannah, Georgia PREPARED BY: Panamerican Consultants, Inc. Tidewater Atlantic Research Memphis, Tennessee Washington, North Carolina February 2007 Final Report In Situ Archaeological Evaluation of the CSS Georgia Savannah Harbor, Georgia Contract No. DACW21-98-D-0019 Delivery Order No. 0059 Navy Archaeological Research Permit No. PCI-2003-002 PREPARED FOR: UNDER SUBCONTRACT TO: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Gulf South Research Corporation Savannah District P.O. Box 83564 100 West Oglethorpe Avenue Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70884-3564 Savannah, Georgia 31402-0889 PREPARED BY: Panamerican Consultants, Inc. Tidewater Atlantic Research 91 Tillman Street P.O. Box 2494 Memphis, Tennessee 38111 Washington, North Carolina 27889 SUBMITTED BY: Gordon P. Watts and Stephen R. James, Jr. Co-Principal Investigators and Authors February 2007 ABSTRACT The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Savannah District, operates and maintains the Savannah Harbor Navigation Project and, in partnership with the Georgia Ports Authority, is examining the feasibility of deepening the Savannah Harbor navigation channel. To ensure compliance with various federal and state statutes, the Savannah District has re-initiated studies of the CSS Georgia shipwreck, a National Register of Historic Places listed site. Locally built in 1862 and originally designed as an ironclad gunboat, Georgia was moored in the Savannah River opposite Fort Jackson approximately five miles down river from the City of Savannah. Designated a “Floating Battery,” the vessel served as an integral element of Confederate defenses that protected Savannah until General W. T. Sherman’s Union Army captured the city. After a 20- month operational life, Georgia was scuttled in December 1864 to prevent capture by advancing Union troops. Performed under subcontract to Gulf South Research Corporation of Baton Rouge, Louisiana the current investigation of the wreck site was conducted by the joint team of Panamerican Consultants, Inc. of Memphis, Tennessee and Tidewater Atlantic Research, Inc. of Washington, North Carolina. Conducted under Contract No. DACW21-98-D-0019, Delivery Order No. 0059, and under Department of the Navy Archaeological Research Permit No. PCI-2003-002, the focus of the contract was to determine the effects of past, present, and future activities associated with the existing navigation project on the remains. Perhaps the most critical issue was assessing the potential effect of future channel deepening on the surviving remains of the CSS Georgia. The current investigation clearly established that the surviving remains of the Civil War ironclad are limited, and that the lower hull of the vessel no longer exists. Two large sections of iron casemate and a third smaller section are present along with the vessel’s propulsion machinery including steam cylinders and at least one propeller and shaft, three cannon, a possible boiler, and miscellaneous, small, as of yet unidentified components and artifacts. The absence of lower hull and the impacts to the existing components are a direct result of historic salvage and to a much greater degree operation and maintenance dredging operations associated with the Savannah Harbor Navigation Project. With respect to dredging impacts, the previous dredging activities, especially the 1983 box cutting of side slopes and excavation of 4 vertical feet of channel bottom for advance maintenance dredging at the wreck site, have had an extreme and ongoing adverse effect on the property. Besides cutting or “chewing” into the wreck, dredging impacts have destabilized the site by removing protective sediments and have resulted in the continuous and ongoing degradation of the wreck through exposure (i.e. teredo damage, erosion, etc.). Furthermore, the proposed channel deepening as planned will most certainly have a further adverse effect on this National Register property and will result in its destruction. Owing to a dearth of information about this ironclad’s design and construction, every surviving element of the structure must be considered historically significant. Therefore, because of past adverse project effects from maintenance dredging, and prior to any future project activities that will also impact the site, mitigation of these adverse effects in the form of a comprehensive investigation and recovery of remains is necessary and is recommended. Because of the limited amount of structural remains and the level of disturbance to the archaeological record, it is recommended that data and material recovery be designed as a systematic archaeological salvage i including systematic site testing, and partial and full excavation and data recovery that builds cumulatively on the results of the current project. It should be stated that the employment of a cofferdam is not recommended for any future work. Rather, the site environment is such that it is both feasible and cost effective to conduct the data and material recovery operation with archaeological divers working from a fixed platform (i.e. barge). ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS As with all projects of this magnitude, the successful completion is the result of the input and hard work of numerous individuals. First, the authors would like to extend their sincere appreciation to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Savannah District, and specifically Ms. Judy Wood, Savannah District Archaeologist and Project Manager, as well as Ms. Suna Knaus, President of Gulf South Research Corporation, for allowing us the opportunity to conduct this investigation, the type of which only comes along a few times in life. Dr. Gordon Watts of Tidewater Atlantic Research, and Mr. Stephen James of Panamerican Consultants, acted as Co-Principal Investigators and on-site Project Directors. While both co- authored the report, Dr. Watts was responsible for the AutoCAD drawings and Structural Analysis chapter. His knowledge of ironclads and naval architecture are second to none. The archaeological diving crew was composed of Dr. Gordon Watts and Cmdr. David Whall (USN Ret.) of Tidewater, as well as Mr. Stephen James, Mr. Michael Krivor, Mr. Matt Elliot, Mr. James Duff, and Mr. John Rawls of Panamerican. Cmdr. Whall also performed on-site computer operations and data input (i.e. GIS, Sector Scan Sonar). A seasoned group of professional maritime archaeologists, they persevered through the sweltering summer days of Coastal Georgia and the swift dark waters of the Savannah River. All are thanked for their hard work, endurance, and especially for keeping it safe. Also associated with diving aspects of the project, a Savannah District Diving Safety Officer was present at all times to both observe and ensure safe dive operations. Diving Safety Officers Gary Sego, Donnie Boswick, William Lane, and Glenn Bacon are thanked for keeping the crew on their toes. The crew of the project vessel is also thanked. The RV Nautilus was crewed by Captains Keith Plaskett and Mike Lavender, who were assisted by mates Jason Raupp and Paul Shortle. Hypack® Representative John Lindberg, Corps Surveyors Ned Durden and Mike Ainsley, and survey vessel Captains Donny Bostwick and Eddie Culp are also thanked for their help with the survey that preceded diving operations. Finally, the good people of Savannah, Georgia and the surrounding Low Country area are thanked for the southern hospitality shown to the field crew during our stay. We hope to return in the future to sample that hospitality once again. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ..........................................................................................................................................................................i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS..............................................................................................................................................iii LIST OF FIGURES ...........................................................................................................................................................vi LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................................................................vii 1. INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................................................................1 SIGNIFICANCE OF CSS GEORGIA......................................................................................................................................1 PREVIOUS ON-SITE ACTIVITY..........................................................................................................................................3 CURRENT INVESTIGATIONS ..............................................................................................................................................3 2. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND .................................................................................................................................7 NATURAL SETTING ...........................................................................................................................................................7 HISTORY OF CSS GEORGIA ..............................................................................................................................................8 Construction
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