ELECTRIC MARINE VESSELS AND AQUANAUT CRAFTS.

[3044] The invention is related to Electro motive and electric generating clean and green, Zero Emission and sustainable marine vessels, , and the like. Applicable for Submersible and semisubmersible vessels as well as Hydrofoils and air-cushioned craft, speeding on the body of water and submerged in the body of water. The Inventions provides a Steam propelled by the kinetic force of steam or by the generated electric current provided by the steam turbine generator to a magnet motor and generator. Wind turbine provided on the above deck generating electric current by wind and hydroelectric turbines made below the hull mounted under the hull. Mounted in the duct of the hull or in the hull made partial longitudinal holes. Magnet motor driven the rotor in the omnidirectional nacelle while electricity is generating in the machine stator while the turbine rotor or screw propeller is operating. The turbine rotor for propulsion is a capturing device in contrary to a wind, steam turbine or hydro turbine rotor blades.

[3045] The steam electric ship generates electricity and desalinates sea water when applicable.

[3046] Existing propulsion engines for ships are driven by diesel and gas engines and hybrid engines, with at least one angle adjustable screw propeller mounted on the propeller shaft with a surrounding tubular shroud mounted around the screw propeller with a fluid gap or mounted without a shroud mounted below the hull at the aft. The duct comprises: a first portion of which horizontal width is varied from one side to the other side; and a second portion connected to one side of the first portion and having the uniform horizontal width. The invention is also applicable for water going vessels with wind, hydraulic and steam turbine generators mountable below the hull on deck on the wheel house as well as the sides submerges and/or not submerged. Turbines are made in the body of the ship for hydro turbines or wind turbines or both for the generation of electricity for power supply and for propulsion of the ship and disalinating sea water.

DISCRIPTION OF PRIOR ART.

[3047] The Super structure of the marine going vessels is built in A ship dock. Dock are made of sections wherein the ship is made in sections. The ship is made in sections and assembled in the drydock starting from the hull and the sections below the super structure or below deck lower sections are transported to the drydock and hoisted by the crane riding on tracks along the dock sides on arranged tracks for hoisting and lowering the section in place where welded and merged with the substructure sections of the hull, welded and merge. The inner components and machinery and the ships engine and motors are hoisted and placed and mounted, where after the upper deck section are lower on deck and merged welded such as the wheel house or helm. Accommodation for crew, passengers, machinery cargo, etc. The steam engine is arranged in the machine room with the drive shaft or propeller shaft extend from the hull in waterproof and operable bearing.

[3048] A vessel comprise a plurality of hermetically sealed floating tubular structures of rectangle cross section widely separated and connected constituting the hull including the Superstructure above the hull of less wide then the hull. The ship’s hull is composed of two tubular section or three with partial third hull for housing the propulsion system. Construction of the superstructure can be molded from supper allows where ships are made of thick steel plates bend by large hydraulic compressors and bending machines and rollers etc. The structure is Composed of lightweight aluminum composed steel alloys, and modern solid-state material such as carbon fibers and composites. of ties and struts grinders arches and supper alloy beams. The hull of a ship can be provided with at least one or more ducts for propulsion by axial turbine rotors and generators arranged in the ducted hull and electrically connected with the vessel operating and navigating system. May comprise a ruder attached to the keel on the rear tubular section of the hull.

SUPERSTRUCTURE WITH INDESTRUCTIBLE HULL.

[3049] According to Nature and Physics the substructure or the ship’s hull requires a molded double hull which is pneumatically compressed between the layers of the hull which makes the hull indestructible and unbreakable with the inner load and superstructure properly balanced therein for transferring the load equally along the entire hull.

[3050] The hull is designed with a double hull wherein between the hull a reinforcing structure is provided of horizontal and vertical strips connecting the two layer of the hull providing squire figure between the two- layer forming the inner and outer hull of the vessel. Which indicates that all the internal and external hull connected, and mounted component is airtight connected. The strips forming the reinforcing structure are perforated with holes that serve for air-passages through the strips along the internal hull.

[3051] Where logic dictates that even when molding the ship’s hull out of solid state plastic and compressing the hull with wherein the lower hull the compressor connections is molded in form of a flange pipe whereon bolted air tight with rubber gasket or nylon packing the air valve connected to the compressor. A certain amount of air or gas pressure in bar or PSI, the inner and outer hull solidify in extreme solid state, state. Logic also indicates that by firing a cannon ball on the hull the cannon ball will bounce back when pressurized at the Propper PSI. This is applicable for all types of ships boats and the like. For aircrafts, automobiles, cars and the like.

[3052] Hull and bow designs are of different embodiments for different types of ships such as a roll on roll of ship hull divided in numbers of deck levels interconnected by ramps and elevators of the cargo unit vessel with uninterrupted rectangular box shaped vessel hull. Multi hull ship with “S” shape section. Including mono hulls and Catamaran. For improving the characteristics of an ice breaker hull or the bow by compressing the bow with the lower bow section that presses on the ice surface. The hull can be compressed from the aft till the bow upper top and even the upper structure walls. A hard chine hull having joint chine frame components. The ballast water lines are between 49% and 80% of cargo ships.

[3053] The steam turbine structure is arranged in the machine room in longitudinal direction like the engine block. The steam turbine is lowered in the hull in the machine chamber and mounted with the machine frame electrically connected and hydraulically with the water pipes and gas cooling system. Starting from the boiler room and subsequently connected by a steel wall two compression chambers besides separated by a steel alloy wall in longitude with the outer wall connected to the turbine chamber. The turbine chamber comprises double arranged turbines. The first large turbine and the second smaller turbine with the same axial length of turbine rotor and coupled intake to exhaust, coupled with the first exhaust to the second steam turbine intake.

[3054] The steam turbine water supply is pumped in tank above the boiler chamber that maintains the water level in the boiler chamber. The discharge tank below the turbine chamber is clean water that can be pumped to a tank and applied in the vessel. The machine room comprises a transformer coupled to the turbine generators supplying serval voltages that is regulated coupled by switchgears and conducted to levels of the ship and power regulators and power supplies.

[3055] A perpendicular rotor that interact linear with fluid pushes a large volume of fluid whereby pushing the ship with that large force forward unlike a propeller that screws itself and the vessel forward with reduced surface and force slicing through fluid. The invention provides a broad choice of propulsion systems. By applying a dual rotor with the plurality of blades mashing in a casing wherein mounted on an axis in operable bearings an electric motor in the rotor hub. The casing comprising a center intake of the two-rotor halves at the center. And a conic exhaust from large to increased exhaust nozzle. The horizontal casing is mounted with the lower rear hull in operable bearing wherein the bearing mount rotary electric connectors are providing electric connections.

[3056] The magnet motor operates the main screw propeller by a current applied to the magnet where around the stator armature is fixed and insulated mounted from the casing and in the machine casing. The cylindrical iron armature comprises slots machined out in certain matrix wherein the thick wrapped wires are woven by a machine which compresses an insulating layer and the coils with needles type rods in the slots. The external leads are screwed insulated on the connectors on the connecting panel. The rotor and stator is mounted in a solid aluminum casing the magnet is fixed mounted on the drive shaft extending horizontal or vertical from the hull in the body of water mounted with a screw propeller.

[3057] The generator is coupled to the power supply generating and providing constant electricity while the vessel is propelled by the electric generator and motor. The generated current can be supplied to the second motor that operates and generates current and a third motor and so on.

[3058] The inventions relate to a Steam Ship. The vessel comprises a steam boiler and compression chambers in the machine chamber wherein the diesel engine or combustion engine is omitted, and the steam turbine machine is arranged. The steam turbine generator is water cooled or cryogenic cooled streaming cryogenic medium through the machine body by compressor. The steam turbine generates megawatts of electric current applied for the entire vessel and the propulsion system.

[3059] The Turbine electric generators and motors. Are premade in the hull of large marine vessels with the intake extending form the bow and expending in longitude through the hull and terminate at the exhaust nozzle at the stern. With wind turbine generators and turbine motors for electric propulsion turbines made in the duct. The hydroelectric generators can also be installed in the hollow double hull vessel. The hydro turbine are also installed in the extending stabilizers of the ship. The hydroelectric turbine machine can be installed in the types of bows of ships.

[3060] The turbine machines have coreless rotors like the sonic engine made in a cowl or made in tubular and conic supports nacelle wherein operable mounted with a minimum spatial gap for rotation therein the fuselage. The rear hull can be arranged with at least on tubular electric motor and generator made partially in the hull and partially extending from the rear section of the ship’s hull. The wheel house also comprises the transplant windows with the digital screens and interior applied digital video screens of the digital wheel house and the electronic rotary disc and rings for navigating the vessel.

[3061] The vessel may comprise at least one unidirectional turbine motor with the nacelle mounted in operable bearing on the lower hull. The hull mounted turbine nacelle is actuated electrically with braking caliper and yaw bearing. Rotatable by hydraulic actuator and servo. rotary cowl or casing for propulsion and navigation with the electric driven turbine motor made on the lower rear hull. With rotation of the turbine in both rotating direction of the rotor for reverse trust. The cowl is rotated in 360 degrees in the horizontal plane for propulsion in all directions. The turbine machine cowl is mounted in bearings with the hull and actuator connected and mounted in the hull with electrical connection in ducts through the center bearing mount. Or drive shaft connection trough the bearing mount for IC driven turbines.

[3062] Marine vessels and crafts, boats etc. can be provided with the omnidirectional turbine motor with opening and closing intake and exhaust vanes. The Bow Thruster Bulbous bow can also be provided with hydroelectric turbine generators where water flows through the bulbous for generating electric current. Wind turbines are made on the higher structures of the vessels.

[3063] The turbine generator can be hybrid using wind and water to generate electric energy. Such devices are made on the bow for generating electric current by water and is airborne by the waves generating current by head-on wind. Combined with sailing vessels and solar power connected to a power supply and battery banks. The combinations of turbine machines are too many to refer to and the enclosed casing that provide navigation. The possibilities with dual contra rotating rotors as explain in the chapter of rotors. Applied for, autonomous for oceanographic monitoring. hybrid by means of, solar light with wind turbine generator. a hybrid energy power generation apparatus based on wind energy and solar energy, combined energy supply system of wind, photovoltaic, solar thermal power and medium-based heat storage.

[3064] Propulsion combined with wind turbines, hydro turbine, solar energy and wind propulsion by sails hoisted on at least one . In generally consists of sails hoisted by winches on and erect masts, supported by stays, and controlled by lines made of rope. Sails were the dominant form of commercial propulsion until the late nineteenth century and continued to be used well into the twentieth century on routes where wind was assured, and coal was not available, such as in the South American nitrate trade. Sails are now generally used for recreation and racing, although innovative applications of kites/royals, turbo-sails, rotor sails, wing sails, windmills and Skysails’ own kite buoy-system have been used on larger modern vessels for fuel savings.

[3065] AT LEAST ONE; Marine vessel and craft, Electric and hybrid operating Vessels and vehicles wherein propulsion systems and generating means are combined. For augmented maneuverability, stability, and speed by stabilizers Fins that prevent rolling. Heavy machinery like diesel engines, Fuel, water storage, Ballast tanks are in the lower levels at the vessels center of gravity to avoid top heavy. GPS and modern navigation system maintain the marine vessel on course and avoids obstacles. The upper deck comprising cabins, bridge and working facilities. wherein hydrofoils can be additional stabilizers. Integrated hydro generator and propulsion turbine system is made to be deployed after reaching certain velocity. other combinations of turbine machines.

[3066] Generating thrust and propulsion. Propulsion system equipped with electric turbine generator and additional electric battery system and electric water jet. Pump jet and small type water crafts, water caterpillar. Double vertical screw propeller on a rotatable vertical axis for navigation. having at least one at the Centre of the back hull, or two balanced tubular engines or a plurality of tubular turbines combined generator and water jets. Applicable for all objects speeding on a body of water or submerged in a body of water having ballast tanks and hydro turbines. Screw type rotor wherein provided.

[3067] The H/V screw propeller axial adjustable and tilt able turbine rotor. The Rotary and linear electric machines, the electric engines from two strokes for small vessels up to as twenty-four piston electric engine or more stokes engine producible for large ship engines. The electric coaxial aligned machines are also ideal machines required to propel all category of marine vessels and water crafts, recreation and sports crafts and vessels. For all category, vehicle, Submersibles and hydrofoil vessels and Marine vehicles, motorized or nonmotorized object speeding on the body of water or submerged in the body of water. Autonomous electric vessels. Hybrid or amphibian.

[3068] Combined propulsion and power sources by solar energy, wind energy by means of sails, Diesel or Petrol internal combustion engine, combined with LNG, fuel cells, Pre-mechanization, reciprocating steam turbine engines, Steam turbines, LNG carriers, Nuclear-powered steam turbines, Reciprocating diesel engines, Gas turbines, Stirling engines external combustion engine. Screws, wheels, Sailing, Water caterpillar, Buoyancy. Applicable for all category. Electric Outboard motor with extended vertical or inclined drive shaft and screw propeller. Solar ship and combined wind. Conveyed rotor for marine propulsion system. Hydro turbine with Conveyed turbine rotor. Plates, like rudders, attached to the nozzle in order to redirect the water flow port and starboard. Axial flow, mixed flow, centrifugal Flow water jet.

[3069] AT LEAST ONE, Autonomous electric marine vessel. Hybrid or amphibian. Combined propulsion and power sources by solar energy, wind energy by means of sails, Diesel or Petrol internal combustion engine, combined with LNG, fuel cells, PR mechanization, reciprocating steam turbine engines, Steam turbines, LNG carriers, Nuclear powered steam turbines, Reciprocating diesel engines, Gas turbines, Stirling engines, Screws, Paddle wheels, Sailing, Water caterpillar, Buoyancy. Applicable for all category Cruise Ships. Ocean . Luxury Cruise Ship. Small Cruise Ship. Adventure Cruise Ship. Expedition Cruise Ship. River Cruise Ship. River restaurant / cruise ships. Passenger , Ro-Pax vessels, Train ferries, Hotel ships. DRY CARGO VESSELS; Container vessels. Paper carriers. General cargo vessels. Reefer vessels. Ro-Ro vessels. TANKERS; Chemical , LPG/LNG carriers. Crude oil tankers. Asphalt tankers. DRY BULK CARRIERS; Mini bulk carriers. Ordinary bulk carriers. Cement carriers. Medium and large size cargo carrier and crude carrier. Large Range 2. Tankers or Very Large Crude Carrier. Ultra Large Crude Carrier. , bulk freighter, or bulker . Paddle steamer is a steamship or . propellers or paddlewheels steamer. Screw steamer. Amphibious vehicle. Floatplanes. Seaplanes. Flying boats. Hovercraft. MROVs. Perpetual electric Submarine. Hybrid Sub. Personal submersible. Hydrofoils Ships, vessel, craft or and vehicles.

[3070] AT LEAST ONE: SPECIAL PURPOSE VESSELS; Special Purpose. Cable laying vessels, Turbine installation vessels, Pipe laying vessels, vessel. Oceanographic research vessels, Merchant marine training vessels, Floating cranes, Floating docks, Floating sewage plants, Dredgers, Buoy handling vessels, SERVICE VESSELS; Yachts. Tugs. Pilot boats. systems. Patrol boats. Firefighting vessels. inspection vessels. . Coast guard vessels. Naval vessels. VESSELS; Fish factory vessels. Stern trawlers. Shrimp trawlers. OFF-SHORE VESSELS; Off-shore supply vessels. Anchor handling tugs. Diving support vessels. FPSO vessels. Jack-up drilling rigs. Semi-submersibles. YACHTS; Super yachts; Presidential yachts. Royal yachts. OTHERS; Passenger terminals. Harbor-ship interface. Harbor lay-out and design. Shipyard lay-out and design. Types of boats. A boat is a smaller water going vessel. Pump-jet, airboat, Banana boat. Barge. , Biota. bow rider, Bracera. Cabin cruiser. Cable terry. , , Captains gig. Car-boat. . Catamaran. Centre console. . . Cornish pilot gig. Crash rescue boat. cruise ship. cuddy boat. cutter. dhow. singly. . . Dragon. . . Dugout. Durham boat. Electric boat. . . Fishing. Fishing boat. float tube. Flyak. flying boat. folding boat. . full rigged pinnace. Garage scow. Go-fast boat. Gondola. Gundalow. freighter. , Hovercraft. Hydrofoil. Hydroplane. Ice boat. Inflatable boat. Jet boat. Jet ski. Jon boat. . Junk. and . Keelboat. Ketch.

[3071] Kettuvallam. launch. Landing craft. Lifeboat, Lighter. LNG carrier, Log Boat. Lang Schiff. Longboat. Long ship. Long tail. . Luxury Yacht. . Masula Boat. Missile boat. Monitor. Motorboat. Motor Launch (navel). . . Norfolk wherry. . Optimist. canoe. Padded V-hull. Paddle steamer. Patrol boat. Pedalo. Personal water craft. Pinnace. . Pleasure Barge. Pleasure craft. Police watercraft. Pontoon. Powerboat. Pram (boot/ship). Proa. . Punt. Q ship. Raft. Reaction ferry. Recreational. trawler. . Rigid-hulled inflatable. Riverboat. Rodney boat. Rollon/rolloff. Rowboat. Runabout. Sailboat. . . Scow. Sea kayak. . Shallop. Sharple. Shikara. Ship. Ships tender. Ski boat. Skiff. . Steam boat. Slipper Launch. Sloop. Speed boat, Submarine. Supertanker. Surf boat. Swift boat. Tarai Bune. Tjotter. Torpedo boat. Towboat. Trailer sailor. . Trimaran. Fishing/naval Trawler. Recreational Trawler. . U-boat. . . Wakeboard boat. walkaround. Water Ambulance. Water Taxi. Welding. Whaleboat. Yacht. Zille. Outrigger canoe, Sailing outrigger canoe, Double outrigger canoe. Channel boats, channels cruise ships or pleasure boats, and tug boats. Mega Cruise Ship. Ocean Cruise Ship. Luxury Cruise Ship. Small Cruise Ship. Adventure Cruise Ship. Expedition Cruise Ship. River Cruise Ship. Cruise ships. River restaurant cruise ships. Passenger ferries. Ro-Pax vessels. Train ferries. Hotel ships.

[3072] Electric Marine vessel and craft are Electric and hybrid operating Vessels and vehicles wherein electric propulsion systems and generating means are combined with navigational controllers for augmented maneuverability, stability, and speed by stabilizers Fins that prevent rolling. Heavy machinery like diesel engines, Fuel, water storage, Ballast tanks are in the lower levels at the vessels center of gravity to avoid top heavy. GPS and modern navigation system maintain the marine vessel on course and avoids obstacles. The upper deck comprising cabins, bridge and working facilities. wherein hydrofoils can be additional stabilizers. Integrated hydro generator and propulsion turbine system is made to be deployed after reaching certain velocity. other combinations of turbine machines. Generating thrust and propulsion. Propulsion system equipped with electric turbine generator and additional electric battery system and electric water jet. Pump jet and small type water crafts, water caterpillar. Double vertical screw propeller on a rotatable vertical axis for navigation. having at least one at the Centre of the back hull, or two balanced tubular engines or a plurality of tubular turbines combined generator and water jets.

[3073] The propulsion systems, electric generating systems and navigational devices are applicable for all objects speeding on a body of water or submerged in a body of water having ballast tanks and hydro turbines. Screw type rotor wherein provided. The H/V screw propeller axial adjustable and tilt able turbine rotor. A vessel equipped with the adjustable screw propeller or propeller rotor is mounted on the back of the hull or below the aft is mounted operable with the hull by means of hydraulic actuator rotating the entire motor casing 360 degrees vertically for steering and adjusting the degree of the propeller direction. A vessel can be equipped with one propeller rotor at the center of the hull or two or more aligned besides or in formation which may include a front engine and propeller rotor for a hundred percent accurate maneuvering of the vessel. The navigational controllers can be combined with the Gyroscopic controllers, Including One or more spherical controller, rings, discs and joystick with the engine throttle which can also vary from a lever a ring, a linear regulative device. A wireless controller unit can be added. The wireless unit comprising the throttle for forward and reverse thrust and the motor angle control, This for docking the ship or maneuvering in crowded or narrow passages whereby the Pilot or captain can displace it self with the remote for a better observation on deck or at the windows while navigating the vessel. The vessel is adjustable in 360degree and can roll around its center axis and navigate in straight sideways direction. The generating systems consists of fluid turbines which are waterproof, and corrosion coated.

[3074] The Rotary and linear electric machines, the electric engines reciprocating linear piston engine producible for large ship engines. The electric coaxial aligned machines are also ideal machines required to propel all category of marine vessels and water crafts, recreation and sports crafts and vessels. For all category, vehicle, Submersibles and hydrofoil vessels and Marine vehicles, motorized or non-motorized object speeding on the body of water or submerged in the body of water. The magnet motor and generator is applied for electric outboard motors producing current by the motor, wind and hydroelectric. Steam propulsion and electricity production. Driven by the extended turbine shaft connected to a rotor.

[3075] For Autonomous electric vessels. Hybrid or amphibian. Combined propulsion and power sources by solar energy, wind energy by means of sails, wind and solar energy. Diesel or Petrol internal combustion engine, combined with LNG, fuel cells, Pre-mechanization, reciprocating steam turbine engines, Steam turbines, LNG carriers, Nuclear-powered steam turbines, Reciprocating diesel engines, Gas turbines, Stirling engines external combustion engine. Screws, Paddle wheels, Sailing, Water caterpillar, Buoyancy. Water jet. Applicable for all category. Electric Outboard motor with extended vertical or inclined drive shaft and screw propeller. Solar ship and combined wind. Conveyed rotor for marine propulsion system. Hydro turbine with Conveyed turbine rotor. Plates, like rudders, attached to the nozzle to redirect the water flow port and starboard. Axial flow, mixed flow, centrifugal Flow water jet.

FISH , TRAWLER.

[3076] The inventions applied for marine vessels referenced to as fishing trawlers and fish factory. A is a commercial designed to operate fishing trawls. is a method of fishing that involves actively dragging or pulling a trawl through the water behind one or more trawlers. Trawls are fishing nets that are pulled along the bottom of the sea or in midwater at a specified depth. A trawler may also operate two or more trawl nets simultaneously (double-rig and multi-rig). There are many variants of trawling gear. They vary according to local traditions, bottom conditions, and how large and powerful the trawling boats are. A trawling boat can be a small open boat with only 30 horsepower or a large factory ship with 10,000 horse power. Trawl variants include beam trawls, large-opening mid water trawls, and large bottom trawls, such as "rock hoppers" that are rigged with heavy rubber wheels that let the net crawl over rocky bottom. These vessels, boats and crafts are also applicable for the inventions.

[3077] AT LEAST ONE: factory ship, also known as a vessel. Large ocean-going vessel with extensive on-board facilities for processing and freezing caught fish, shrimp and whales. Modern factory ships are automated and enlarged vessels. Fish processing ships consist of various types, including freezer trawlers, longline factory vessels, purse seine freezer vessels, stern trawlers and squid jiggers. A freezer trawler fully processes the catch on board to customers’ specifications, into frozen-at-sea fillet, block or head and gutted form. Factory freezer trawlers can run to 60 to 70 meters in length and go to sea for six weeks at a time with a crew of over 35 people. Fishing is also done by small traditional boats by which the layout a net that remains afloat by the buoys attached with the net edges and is pulled up assembly storing the fish in the compartments in the boats. Factory stern trawler. Freezer trawler, tows a fishing trawl net and hauls the catch up a stern ramp.

[3078] Some barges are floating fish processing factories. factory ship. Factory bottom long liner is automated bottom long liners, fish using hooks strung on long lines. Purse seiner. uses a traditional method of catching tuna and other school fish species. A large net is set in a circle around a school of fish while on the surface. The net is then pursed, closing the bottom of the net, then pulling up the net until the fish are caught alongside the vessel. Factory squid jigger. A factory squid jigger is a specialized ship that uses powerful lights to attract squid and then "jigs" many thousands of hooked lures from hundreds of separate winches. Factory barges. Some barges are floating fish processing factories, which can be towed across navigable waters to receive catches from vessels. The barges often contain living quarters for the factory workers. Whaler factory. Contemporary factory ships have their origins in the early . These vessels sailed into remote waters and processed the whale oil on board, discarding the carcass.

[3079] Navigational instruments, such as an autopilot and GPS, are used for maneuvering the vessel in harbor and at sea. Radar can be used, for example, when pair trawling to keep the correct distance between the two vessels. Communication instruments range from basic radio devices to maritime distress systems and EPIRBs, as well as devices for communicating with the crew. Fish detection devices, such as echo sounders and sonar, are used to locate fish. During trawling operations, a range of trawl sensors may be used to assist with controlling and monitoring gear. These are often referred to as "trawl monitoring systems" or "net mensuration systems". Net sounders (trawl eyes) give information about the concentration of fish around the opening to the trawl, as well as the clearances around the opening and the bottom of the trawl, catch sensors give information about the rate at which the cod end is filling. symmetry sensors give information about the optimal geometry of the trawls. Tension sensors give information about how much tension is in the warps and sweeps.

[3080] Factory stern trawler. Freezer trawler tows a fishing trawl net and hauls the catch up a stern ramp. Some barges are floating fish processing factories. whaler factory ship. Factory bottom long liner is automated bottom long liners, fish using hooks strung on long lines. Purse seiner. uses a traditional method of catching tuna and other school fish species. A large net is set in a circle around a school of fish while on the surface. The net is then pursed, closing the bottom of the net, then pulling up the net until the fish are caught alongside the vessel. Factory squid jigger. A factory squid jigger is a specialized ship that uses powerful lights to attract squid and then "jigs" many thousands of hooked lures from hundreds of separate winches. Factory barges. Some barges are floating fish processing factories, which can be towed across navigable waters to receive catches from commercial fishing vessels. The fishing nets are equipped with sensor units. The barges often contain living quarters for the factory workers. Whaler factory. Contemporary factory ships have their origins in the early whalers. These vessels sailed into remote waters and processed the whale oil on board, discarding the carcass.

[3081] At least, the fish will be stored in boxes covered with ice or stored with ice in the fish hold. In general, the fish are kept fresh by chilling them with ice or refrigerated sea water or freezing them in blocks. Also, many trawlers carry out some measure of onboard fish processing, and the larger the vessel, the more likely it is to include fish processing facilities. For example, the catch can undergo some preliminary processing by being passed through sorting and washing devices. At a further stage, the fish might be mechanically gutted and filleted. Factory trawlers may process fish oil and fish meal and may include canning plants. Crew quarters are usually below the wheelhouse and may include bunks, with cot sides to stop the occupant from rolling out in heavy weather. The need for drying sea clothes is shown by a notice in at least one steam trawler's boiler room.

[3082] Trawler types are: Outrigger trawlers, use , or booms, to tow the trawl. These outriggers are usually fastened to, or at the foot of the mast and extend out over the sides of the vessel during fishing operations. Each side can deploy a twin trawl or a single otter trawl. Outrigger trawlers may have the super structure forward or aft. Warp winches with capstans are installed on the deck to haul the catch. Beam trawlers are a type of outrigger trawler (above), with the superstructure aft and the working deck amidships.

[3083] Otter trawlers deploy one or more parallel trawls kept apart horizontally using otter boards. These trawls can be towed in mid water or along the bottom. Otter trawlers range in size from sailing to super trawlers.

[3084] Pair trawlers are trawlers which operate together towing a single trawl. They keep the trawl open horizontally by keeping their distance when towing. Otter boards are not used. Pair trawlers operate both midwater and bottom trawls. The superstructure is forward or mid-ships and the working deck aft. Pelagic trawlers can have fish pumps to empty the coded.

[3085] Side trawlers have the trawl deployed over the side with the trawl warps passing through blocks suspended from some forward gallows and another aft gallows. Usually the superstructure is towards the stern, the fish hold amidships, and the transversal trawl winch forward of the superstructure. A derrick may be a boom rigged to the foremast to help shoot the codend from the side.

[3086] Stern trawlers have trawls which are deployed and retrieved from the stern. Larger stern trawlers often have a ramp, though pelagic and small stern trawlers are often designed without a ramp. Stern trawlers are designed to operate in most weather conditions. The superstructure is forward with an aft working deck. At the stern are gallows or a gantry for operating otter boards.

[3087] Freezer trawlers: Most trawlers operating on the high seas are freezer trawlers. They have facilities for preserving fish by freezing, allowing them to remain at sea for extended periods of time. They are medium to large size trawlers, with the same general arrangement as stern or side trawlers.

[3088] Wet fish trawlers are trawlers where the fish is kept in the hold in a fresh/wet condition, in boxes covered with ice or with ice in the fish hold. They must operate in areas close to their landing place, and the time such a vessel can spend fishing is limited.

[3089] Trawler/purse seiners are designed so the deck equipment, including an appropriate combination winch, can be rearranged and used for both methods. Blocks, purse davits, trawl gallows and rollers need to be arranged so they control the pursing lines and warp leads and in such a way as to reduce the time required to convert from one arrangement to the other. These vessels are usually classified as trawlers, since the power requirement for trawling is higher.

[3090] Naval trawlers, during both World Wars some countries created small warships by converting and arming existing trawlers or building new vessels to standard trawler designs.

[3091] Other types of fishing boats are, Drifter (fishing boat). Fishing Tug. Trawling. Net cutter ( patrol). Pair trawling. Recreational trawler. (fishing).

Ice breaker trawler.

[3092] Combined Ice breaker hull and fishing trawler including shrimp processing factory. Automated processing and freezing compartments in the ship’s hall and stores for 220 tons of processed and packed prawns. Said ship is applicable for the inventions generating power and electric machines for propelling said vessel. Ship wind turbines comprising a fuselage and one or two extending tail fins serving as yaw drive for positioning the wind turbine into upwind direction. The nose may comprise a propeller rotor driving the electric machines in the fuselage. The nose of the fuselage opened providing an intake as wind ramp and intake comprising a plurality of ring turbine generators as arranged in a sonic machine from large to smaller wind turbine devices which imping with incoming air and rotate simultaneously generating electric current by the internal arranged magnets and coils and maintains upwind positioning. The fuselage is mounted in bearings on its mast on bearing mounted sleeve.

[3093] Ice breaking and fishing trawlers have a ration supply of food which is stored in the ships kitchen storage and cooling and freezers including fuel which drive the engines uninterrupted while on sea for propulsion and driving electric generators providing energy for the entire vessel and factory and the kitchen induction cooking plates, the lightening system throughout the vessel live support systems and heating and circulation systems. Prawns fishing vessel comprises a canteen like all factory ships where the workers are fed and rest in cabins below deck or on floors on deck. The ships large ropes are detached and departs, whereby the vessel bow and mass creates its pad through the sea where ice is floating. the bow comprising pumps for circulating water for alimentation, sanitary and distillation if necessary filling the clear water tanks. The ships fuel is also stored in tanks which provide counter ballast when the vessel is rocking in severe weather. Fuel circulates through the tanks for leveling out the vessel. The vessel can clear its pad through ice patches frozen sea water until a certain thickness according to the hull laid plates of at least 300 mm, which differs from large polar icebreaker vessels.

[3094] The vishing vessels comprises a plurality of fishing nets weighing a ton each comprising weights and buoys attached by chains and cables including a reserve net. Worker maintain the nets by sawing the nets. Engine room in the hull comprises a control room where the mechanical system is maintained and monitored trough gages and monitors also regarding the temperature pressure and engine efficiency and generator. Vessels engines comprises at least 7000 HP, reaching 40 knots. Sonar and echo sounders are applied to find fishing areas. Ice patches and ice are visible on the radar as dots or colored surface. Also indicating shallow waters and deeper waters in different spectrums. At the rear aft, the trawler doors are suspended by large chains and is lowered with the . Breaches or complications in the net are indicated by echoes monitored on the bridge. The trawler doors maintain the net open for the shrimps to flow in the net. Prawn fishing net comprises a gate or filter wherein fish are not able to enter through the grill and can exit the net from above. Hauling and launching the net is operated by the captain on the bridge where the controls are situated, which is communicated with the workers on deck.

[3095] Fishing nets are equipped with eye sensors attached there with and monitoring the number of shrimps entering the mount of the net and monitoring defects of the fishing net. The cables are rolled on massif winches launch the net. The nets are cabled up to the trawl doors and rockhopper are dropped into the sea whereby the ship is cruising on trawling velocity. The sensors mated with the fishing net provide data of the number of shrimps to be hauled or remain submerged. The headlines comprise echo sounders to guide the net along the bottom as well as the bally and the coath end wherein said shrimps are caught have tension sensors which stretch as the net fills up, which is monitored on the bridge and indicators indicate the tension in tones of the net. The automated factory is inspected for started up, wherein water boiler is started for the caught shrimps which are boiled for several minutes before packed and frozen in.

[3096] The gulls and winches motors are engaged from the bridge to haul in the net. The nets are opened whereby tons of shrimps are pored buffer tanks with sea water into the hull and into the factory to be processed. Conveyor belts carry the prawns through the bycatch separator wherein any other fish are flushed back into the sea. Factory workers also remove debris. Separator of large shrimps and smaller size on the conveyor systems which comprises more than a kilometer of conveyers processing tones a day of said shrimps. Said shrimps are dropped in packages wherein it is boxed shut and labelled and conveyed in draws which are stored in press freezers wherein it remains for several hours reaching a certain temperature of minus 18 degrees Celsius where after removed and packed into carton boxes and tapped, strapped and labelled and stored in the cooled storage. The trawler catches more than 400 tons of shrimp processed in its factory, packed, frozen and stored for transportation.

Classic steam vessel

[3097] A Vapor and steam generator, Steam Is applied from the old days for moving large locomotives and trains, marine vessels etc., until this day steam is applied for several purposes which include motive force and purifying or distillation water. LNG carrier as an example which comprises a plurality large spherical tanks along the deck, seated partially in the hull extend upward from the deck expending till the stern where the bridge is made with lower levels for cabins and all required spaces and machine room below deck. Liquid Natural Gas is converted in its liquid form, so a large Quantities can be stored in the isolated tank of cryogenic liquid form of natural gas which is not inflammable. The gas pipes are made of large stainless-steel pipes bolted with their flanges by large bolts and corresponding hex nuts and comprising large rivets which are riveted by molten steel or stainless steel because, metal pipes becomes brittle at cryogenic temperatures and can brake by shock or vibration by adding chromium to steel, stainless steel is produced. All pipes and bends and connecting sleeves and sockets are of stainless steel and remain ductile in cryogenic temperatures. The large vessel is propelled by a steam turbine comprising a turbine rotor with a large Centre mass and a plurality of vanes on its outer circumferential and a massif Centre axis.

[3098] The blade vanes having different angles for high compressed steam. vapor or steam is obtained by vacuum evaporation and vacuum distillation where boiling point is reduced and water boils without burning combustibles contained in double walled vessels to prevent condensation and collapsing of the container. The water vessel is connected by hosts or pipes to valves by sleeves and clamps with a vacuum pump for reducing the atmospheric pressure in the vessel whereby the boiling point of water is also reduced, and water starts boiling according to the vacuum chamber. Vapor is compressed trough valves in to the high compressed chamber and injected through jet nozzles on the turbine vanes rotating the turbine rotor which drives large electric generators for the entire power supply including electric propulsion. The ship is driven by the gas which it transports. Water is also distillate by vacuum distillation. Vessels and vehicles caring large tanks of liquid are dived in smaller compartment in the internal tank. Bulbous bow is a protruding bulb at the bow (or front) of a ship just below the waterline which is an ideal object for generating electric energy with a large opening at its Centre or lower Centre, having a single or dual duct with intake ramps and low-pressure turbine fan and exhaust. the exhausts can be provided at the sides of the hull. The duct is of the size wherein a person can walk through the duct.

[3099 AT LEAST ONE: Vapor and steam generator, Steam Is applied from the old days for moving large locomotives and trains, marine vessels etc., until this day steam is applied for several purposes which include motive force and purifying or distillation water. LNG carrier as an example which comprises a plurality large spherical tanks along the deck, seated partially in the hull extend upward from the deck expending till the stern where the bridge is made with lower levels for cabins and all required spaces and machine room below deck. Liquid Natural Gas is converted in its liquid form, so a large Quantities can be stored in the isolated tank of cryogenic liquid form of natural gas which is not inflammable. The gas pipes are made of large stainless- steel pipes bolted with their flanges by large bolts and corresponding hex nuts and also comprising large rivets which are riveted by molten steel or stainless steel because, metal pipes becomes brittle at cryogenic temperatures and can brake by shock or vibration by adding chromium to steel, stainless steel is produced.

[3100] All pipes and bends, knee, connecting sleeves and sockets are of stainless steel and remain ductile in cryogenic temperatures. The large vessel is propelled by a steam turbine comprising a turbine rotor with a large Centre mass and a plurality of vanes on its outer circumferential and a massif Centre axis. The blade vanes having different angles for high compressed steam. vapor or steam is obtained by vacuum evaporation and vacuum distillation where boiling point is reduced and water boils without burning combustibles contained in double walled vessels to prevent condensation and collapsing of the container. The water vessel is connected by hosts or pipes to valves by sleeves and clamps with a vacuum pump for reducing the atmospheric pressure in the vessel whereby the boiling point of water is also reduced, and water starts boiling according to the vacuum chamber.

[3101] Vapor is compressed trough valves in to the high compressed chamber and injected through jet nozzles on the turbine vanes rotating the turbine rotor which drives large electric generators for the entire power supply including electric propulsion. The ship is driven by the gas which it transports. Water is also distillate by vacuum distillation. Vessels and vehicles caring large tanks of liquid are dived in smaller compartment in the internal tank. Bulbous bow is a protruding bulb at the bow (or front) of a ship just below the waterline which is an ideal object for generating electric energy with a large opening at its Centre or lower Centre, having a single or dual duct with intake ramps and low-pressure turbine fan and exhaust. the exhausts can be provided at the sides of the hull. The duct is of the size wherein a person can walk through the duct.

[3102] The inventions include marine vessels ships. and boats. Cargo ships. . Oil tankers. Cruise ships consists of river cruisers, ocean liners to large mega and cruising vessels. Ocean liners. Superliner. ) Lido. RolI-on/RolI-off ship. Multi-purpose ship. Car & Passenger Ferry. Car ferry carrying passenger. , product tanker. Oil tanker. Custom high-speed picker boat. Wooden launch. Small ship. Wooden tug. Small steel ship. Custom high-speed picker boat. Hydrofoil craft. Hover craft. Ice breaker. Escort vessel. Catcher boat. Fishing vessel. Fishing boat. Catamaran type passenger and auto-car carrier. Nuclear ship. Anchor Handling Tug Supplier.

[3103] The largest cruise ship measures 361.011 meters (1,184.42 ft) in length and has a gross tonnage of 228,081 across 18 decks. She is able to accommodate 5,518 of 6,680 passengers, as well as a 2,200-person crew.

[3104] Cruise ships consists of river cruisers, luxury ocean liners to large mega ship cruising vessels. Cruise ships are organized much like floating hotels including shopping centers and medical services. With a complete hospitality staff in addition to the usual ship's crew. It is not uncommon for the most luxurious ships to have more crew and staff than passengers. A mega cruiser is a luxuries five star or seven-star hotel comprising more luxury and facilities on board the vessel and cabins from one or two persons to large family suites on one or more floors. Traditionally, the ships' restaurants organize two dinner services per day, early dining and late dining including entertainment of artists.

[3105] Cruise ships require electrical power, normally provided by alternators coupled to the electric piston engine which is a large mega engine comprising 22 electric pistons. and large turbine generators and ducts extending throughout the ship’s hull wherein workers can walk freely for maintenance and inspection in the dry dock. When docked ships must run their generators continuously to power on-board facilities, unless they can use onshore power. Diesel powered Polluting emissions from the diesel engines can be equivalent to 700 lorries running their engines and is harmful where ships dock in populated areas. Some cruise ships already support the use of shore power, while others are being adapted to do so. The electric marine vessel is a zero-emission vessel.

[3106] Modern cruise ships typically have some or all the following facilities. Casino — Only open when the ship is at sea to avoid conflict with local laws, Shops — Only open when ship is at sea to avoid merchandising licensing and local taxes, Spa, Fitness center, Library , Theater with Broadway-style shows, Cinema, Indoor and/or outdoor swimming pool with water slides, Hot tub, Buffet restaurant, Lounges, Gym, Clubs, Basketball courts, Tennis courts , Pool tables , Ping pong tables, Infirmary and morgue. Indoor surfing, The cruise Ships may also accommodate a bowling alleys, ice skating rinks, rock climbing walls, sky-diving simulators, miniature golf courses, video arcades, ziplines, surfing simulators, basketball courts, tennis courts, chain restaurants and/or ropes obstacle courses. Gym facilities. Luxuries family cabins, royal cabins.

[3107] Modern cruise ships are tall but remain stable due to their relatively low center of mass. This is due to large open spaces and the extensive use of aluminum, high-strength steel and other lightweight materials in the upper parts, and the fact that the heaviest component is the engines, propellers, fuel tanks and such are located at the bottom of the hull. Thus, even though modern cruise ships may appear tall, proper weight distribution ensures that they are not top-heavy.] Furthermore, large cruise ships also tend to be very wide, which considerably increases their initial stability by increasing the meta centric height. Although most passenger ships utilize stabilizers to reduce rolling in heavy weather, they are only used for crew and passenger comfort and do not contribute to the overall intact stability of the vessel. The ships must fulfill all stability requirements even with the stabilizer fins retracted.

[3108] Furthermore category of cruise ship consists of, Cruise line. Cruise ships. Ocean liners. Superliner (passenger ship) Cruise ferry. River cruise, cruising (maritime) Lido.

[3109 The largest cruise ship is the Symphony of the Seas. Symphony of the Seas measures 361.011 meters (1,184.42 ft) in length and has a gross tonnage of 228,081 across 18 decks. Able to accommodate 5,518 passengers at double occupancy up to a maximum capacity of 6,680 passengers, as well as a 2,200-person crew. Facilities include a children's water park, a full-size basketball court, ice-skating rink, and two 43-foot rock-climbing walls. There is also a 'central park' which contains over 20,000 tropical plants.

[3110] The second largest cruiser is the Harmony of the Seas has 2,747 staterooms, of various sizes, to accommodate (at double occupancy) 5,479 guests. The ship is divided into seven neighborhoods, including Central Park and Boardwalk, like her Oasis class sisters. Harmony of the Seas has several water-based attractions including a large dry slide complex, two surf simulators and 23 swimming pools. It also has the first water slides on a Royal Caribbean ship. Also including 20 dining venues, a 1,400-seat theatre and 11,252 works of art. The Mitsubishi Air Lubrication System (MALS)[1] is a system that reduces the viscous resistance component of the hull of ship by creating a layer of air bubbles below the hull of the ship. This reduces frictional resistance between the hull and the seawater. The system has been designed for grain carriers and passenger ships. The blower uses a motor to generate the bubbles and is mainly designed for use on flat hulls. LED and fluorescent lamps replace incandescent light bulbs, reducing power consumption and need for air conditioning. The engine system uses a waste heat recovery system and drives three Azipod propellers. At least one helicopter platform.

[3111] The inventions also include cargo ship or freighter ship is a merchant ship that carries cargo, goods, and materials from one port to another. Thousands of cargo carriers ply the world's seas and oceans each year, handling the bulk of international trade. Cargo ships are usually specially designed for the task, often being equipped with cranes and other mechanisms to load and unload and come in all sizes. Today, they are almost always built by welded steel, and with some exceptions generally have a life expectancy of 25 to 30 years before being scrapped. Container ships are cargo ships that carry all their load in truck-size intermodal containers, in a technique called . They are a common means of commercial intermodal and now carry most seagoing non-bulk cargo. Container ship capacity is measured in twenty-foot equivalent units (TEU). Typical loads are a mix of 20-foot and 40-foot (2-TEU) ISO-standard containers, with the latter predominant. Today, about 90% of non-bulk cargo worldwide is transported by container ships, and the largest modern container ships can carry over 21,000 TEU (e.g., OOCL Hong Kong). Container ships now rival crude oil tankers and bulk carriers as the largest commercial seaborne vessels.

[3112] The hull, like bulk carriers and general cargo ships, is built around a strong keel. Into this frame is set one or more below-deck cargo holds, numerous tanks, and the engine room. The holds are topped by hatch covers, onto which more containers can be stacked. Many container ships have cargo cranes installed on them, and some have specialized systems for securing containers on board.

[3113] The hull of a modern cargo ship is a complex arrangement of steel plates and strengthening beams. The hull is built around the keel. Resembling ribs and fastened at right-angles to the keel are the ship's frames. The ship's main deck, the metal plate work that covers the top of the hull framework, is supported by beams that are attached to the tops of the frames and run the full breadth of the ship. The beams not only support the deck, but along with the deck, frames, and transverse bulkheads, strengthen and reinforce the shell. Another feature of recent hulls is a set of double-bottom tanks, which provide a second watertight shell that runs most of the length of a ship. The double-bottoms generally hold liquids such as fuel oil, ballast water or fresh water. A ship's engine room houses its main engines and auxiliary machinery such as the fresh water and sewage systems, electrical generators, fire pumps, and air conditioners. In most new ships, the engine room is located in the aft portion.

[3114] Container ships are distinguished into 7 major size categories: small feeder, feeder, feeder-max, Panamax, Post-Panamax, New Panamax and ultra-large. The New Panamax category is based on the maximum vessel-size that is able to transit a new third set of locks. The third set of locks were built to accommodate a container ship with a length overall of 366 meters (1,201 ft), a maximum width of 49 meters (161 ft), and tropical fresh-water draft of 15.2 meters (50 ft). Such a vessel, called New Panamax class, is wide enough to carry 19 rows of containers, can have a total capacity of approximately 12,000 TEU and is comparable in size to a capsize bulk carrier or a Suez-max tanker. Container ships under 3,000 TEU are generally called feeders.

[3115] Feeders are small ships that typically operate between smaller container ports. The largest ULCV With a length of 400 m, a width of 59 m, draft of 14.5 m, and a capacity of 18,270 TEU, ships of the Triple E class. Cargo ships are geared including a crane or gearless. container ship specialization is the design of the hatches, the openings from the main deck to the cargo holds. The hatch openings stretch the entire breadth of the cargo holds and are surrounded by a raised steel structure known as the hatch coaming. On top of the hatch coamings are the hatch covers. Cell guides are strong vertical structures constructed of metal installed into a ship's cargo holds. These structures guide containers into well-defined rows during the loading process and provide some support for containers against the ship's rolling at sea.

[3116] A system of three dimensions is used in cargo plans to describe the position of a container aboard the ship. The first coordinate is the BAY, which starts at the front of the ship and increases aft. The second coordinate is "TIER", with the first tier at the bottom of the cargo holds, the second tier on top of that, and so forth. The third coordinate is the ROW. Rows on the starboard side are given odd numbers and those on the port side are given even numbers. The rows nearest the center line are given low numbers, and the numbers increase for slots further from the center line. Container ships only take 20 foot, 40 foot, and 45 foot containers. 45 footers only fit above deck. 40 foot containers are the primary container size, making up about 90% of all container shipping and since container shipping moves 90% of the world's freight, over 80% of the world's freight moves via 40 foot containers.

[3117] Numerous systems are used to secure containers aboard ships, depending on factors such as the type of ship, the type of container, and the location of the container. Stowage inside the holds of fully cellular (FC) ships is simplest, typically using simple metal forms called container guides, locating cones, and anti-rack spacers to the containers together. Abovedecks, without the extra support of the cell guides, more complicated equipment is used. Three types of systems are currently in wide use: lashing systems, locking systems, and buttress systems. Lashing systems secure containers to the ship using devices made from wire rope, rigid rods, or chains and devices to tension the lashings, such as turnbuckles. The effectiveness of lashings is increased by securing containers to each other, either by simple metal forms (such as stacking cones) or more complicated devices such as twist-lock stackers. A typical twist-lock is inserted into the casting hole of one container and rotated to hold it in place, then another container is lowered on top of it. The two containers are locked together by twisting the device's handle. A typical twist-lock is constructed of forged steel and ductile iron and has a shear strength of 48 metric tons. The buttress system, used on some large container ships, uses a system of large towers attached to the ship at both ends of each cargo hold. As the ship is loaded, a rigid, removable stacking frame is added, structurally securing each tier of containers together.

[3118] Container ships have typically had a single bridge and accommodation unit towards the rear, but to reconcile demand for larger container capacity with SOLAS visibility requirements, several new designs have been developed. As of 2015, some large container ships are being developed with the bridge further forward, separate from the exhaust stack. Some smaller container ships working in European ports and rivers have liftable wheelhouses, which can be lowered to pass under low bridges. Containers are also shipped on container barges.

[3119] Cargo ships are categorized partly by cargo capacity, partly by weight (dead weight tonnage DWT), and partly by dimensions. Maximum dimensions such as length and width (beam) limit the locks a ship can fit in, water depth (draft) is a limitation for , shallow straights or harbors and height is a limitation in order to pass under bridges. Common categories include:

[3120] Dry Cargo, small Handy size, carriers of 0,000–28,000 DWT. Seaway-max, 28,000 DWT the largest vessel that can traverse the St Lawrence Seaway These are vessels less than 740 feet (225.6 m) in length, 78 feet (23.8 m) wide, and have a draft less than 26.51 feet (8.08 m) and a height above the waterline no more than 35.5 meters (116 ft). Handy size, carriers of 28,000– 40,000 DWT. Handy-max, carriers of 40,000– 50,000 DWT. Panamax, the largest size that can traverse the original locks of the Panama Canal, a 294.13 m (965.0 ft) length, a 32.2 m (106 ft) width, and a 12.04 m (39.5 ft) draft as well as a height limit of 57.91 m (190.0 ft). Limited to 52,000 DWT loaded, 80,000 DWT empty. Neopana-max, upgraded Panama locks with 366 m (1,201 ft) length, 55 m (180 ft) beam, 18 m (59 ft) depth, 120,000 DWT. Cape-size, vessels larger than Suez-max and Neopana-max, and must traverse the Cape of Good Hope and Cape Horn to travel between oceans China-max, carriers of 380,000–400,000 DWT up to 24 m (79 ft) draft, 65 m (213 ft) beam and 360 m (1,180 ft) length; these dimensions are limited by port infrastructure in China.

[3121] Wet Cargo, Afra-max, oil tankers between 75,000 and 115,000 DWT. This is the largest size defined by the average freight rate assessment (AFRA) scheme. Q-Max, liquefied natural for Qatar exports. A ship of Q-Max size is 345 m (1,132 ft) long and measures 53.8 m (177 ft) wide and 34.7 m (114 ft) high, with a shallow draft of approximately 12 m (39 ft). Suezmax, typically ships of about 160,000 DWT, maximum dimensions are a beam of 77.5 m (254 ft), a draft of 20.1 m (66 ft) as well as a height limit of 68 m (223 ft) can traverse the Suez Canal. VLCC (Very Large Crude Carrier), supertankers between 150,000 and 320,000 DWT. Malaccamax, ships with a draft less than 20.5 m (67.3 ft) that can traverse the Strait of Malacca, typically 300,000 DWT. ULCC (Ultra Large Crude Carrier), enormous supertankers between 320,000 and 550,000 DWT.

[3122] The TI class of supertankers are currently the four largest ships in the world (by displacement, deadweight tonnage (˜ cargo mass), and gross tonnage (a formula value based on internal volume, not mass). The "TI" refers to the VLCC Tanker Pool Operator Tankers International L.L.C. The class were the first ULCCs (ultra-large crude carriers). The class, each ship powered by a single HSD-Sulzer 9RTA84T-D delivering 50,220 brake horsepower (37,450 kW) at 76 rpm, possesses a relatively high service speed (16.5 knots, 30.6 km/h laden, 17.5 knots, 32.4 km/h in ballast), which increases their earning capacity. The steel scantlings are greater than the class minimum. These ships are wider than the new Panama Canal locks. They also cannot travel through the Suez Canal unless on a ballast voyage.

[3123] The coatings in the ballast tanks are protected by two features, a full-time double-scrubbing system supplying drier inert gas to the ballast tanks, and also by the white painted upper hull reflecting the sun’s energy. The inert gas system also increases safety. Keeping down the cargo temperatures also minimizes hydrocarbon emissions.

[3124] The inventions are also applicable for ice breaker vessels. An icebreaker is a special-purpose ship or boat designed to move and navigate through ice-covered waters and provide safe waterways for other boats and ships. Although the term usually refers to ice-breaking ships, it may also refer to smaller vessels, such as the ice breaking boats that were once used on the canals of the United Kingdom. For a ship to be considered an icebreaker, it requires three traits most normal ships lack: a strengthened hull, an ice-clearing shape, and the power to push through sea ice. The bow of the ship the cuts through water would collide or push the ice whiteout breaking through the thick layer of ice. The ice breaker vessel comprises a high or low chin spoon bow that is slides on the ice sheet with the ships mass that breaks the ice layer with the ships mass pushing the ice layer downward causing the ice sheet to break.

[3125] Icebreakers clear paths by pushing straight into frozen-over water or pack ice. The bending strength of sea ice is low enough that the ice breaks usually without noticeable change in the vessel's trim. In cases of very thick ice, an icebreaker can drive its bow onto the ice to break it under the weight of the ship. A buildup of broken ice in front of a ship can slow it down much more than the breaking of the ice itself, so icebreakers have a specially designed hull to direct the broken ice around or under the vessel. The external components of the ship's propulsion system (propellers, propeller shafts, etc.) are at greater risk of damage than the vessel's hull, so the ability of an icebreaker to propel itself onto the ice, break it, and clear the debris from its path successfully is essential for its safety. Diesel-powered icebreakers are common including LNG, Hydrogen powered and chemical fuel cell powered ships. Ships may comprise electric combined generated electric power for propulsion which is generated by the combustion engine driving the electric generator. A Double acting ship is a type of icebreaker ship designed to break heavy ice while going astern. Ice class is a notation assigned by a classification society or a national authority to denote the additional level of strengthening and other arrangements that enable a ship to navigate through sea ice. Polar Class – The ice class assigned to a ship by a classification society based on the Unified Requirements for Polar Class Ships River icebreaker – An icebreaker designed to operate in shallow waters such as rivers and estuaries.

[3126] Marine vessels and navy vessels are also nuclear powered for the reason of hazardous operating geographical areas or for remaining at sea such as submarines, icebreaker and aircraft carriers. Nuclear marine propulsion is propulsion of a ship or submarine with heat provided by a nuclear power plant. The power plant heats water to reduce steam for a turbine used to turn the ship's propeller through a gearbox or through an electric generator and motor. Naval nuclear propulsion is used specifically within naval warships such as super carrier. A small number of experimental civil nuclear ships have been built. The nuclear reactor is isolated at the center of the vessel which is closed by special hatches and compartment and is a small nuclear power plant where workers have protective wearable and are decontaminated when retreating from said compartment wherein nuclear enriched bundles of uranium oxide are provided in the shape of rods. Said nuclear compartment can be destroyed or even explode whereby the vessel will remain intact and operational by a diesel engine. The bridge of the vessel comprises gauges and computers for monitoring the nuclear reactor and reactor cooling and pumping system which pump seawater to cool the reactor and maintain proper reactor temperature. Electric generator cooling and live supporting systems are monitored and adjusted. Communication is obtained by internal phone lines. The ships large deck sometimes serves to store barrels of oil.

[3127] Shipbuilding of Eco-friendly ships. A ship is built in a dock connected to the sea. Giant ships are made from assembled blocks. This efficient method is called block assembling developed in Japan. Comprising a manufacturing line for steel plates of several centimeters thick which are cut by gas torches for the ship’s hull. Made is thousands of steel plates parts. Ship bows and hull comprises curved steel plates which is a skill of craftsman that heat the steel plates with a gas burner which expand water is sprayed on causes the plates to contract and brought to shape equaling the frame or bending templex serving as mold. The plates are than brought together and welded. The bridge is assembled and outfitted with wiring and equipment after completing lifted by a crane and welded on the deck of the ship. Ones the bridge is attached the ship is almost complete. The block building makes building ships easier for the workers which do not have to clime and stretch upward whereby the blocks are turned and pipes and ceiling components are mounted easily. Large vessels are built of high tensional steel whereas ordinary steel, alloy and magnesium and more for the ship where ordinary steel plates will sink the ship. High tensional steel is welded with molten metal at the proper temperature. A welding agent is made of at least ten different minerals. The ships drive shafts which may comprise a center shaft that runs along the center of the hull or three shafts whit two smaller screw propellers which also contribute for navigating the vessel by altering the speed of the side propeller shafts. The shaft is connected to the engine crankshaft and runs through support bearings protruding to the hull and connecting to a propeller of eight meter in diameter. The ship also comprising a dual screw propeller rotor whereby the main rotor is diesel driven and the second is electric driven.

[3128] Ships of all categories are built in a dry dock which are premade parts of framework and enclosing outer steel plated body work. The parts are hoisted by gross tonnage crane of the dock suspended on steel cables and chains and lowered precise connecting with the previous part were workers connect the parts with temporary fastener where after the parts are welded married permanently together. Starting from the lower hull or the keel is laid whereon the upper parts and decks mounted. The ships engine, generators, compressors and pumps are hoisted in the machine rooms. where after the deck thereupon is laid and arranged with inner parts followed by the main deck and upper deck. The welds are checked and sanded equal with the body where after the entire hull and outer body is sanded and painted with several layers consisting of a primer layer, corrosion protective layer and the final layer and color.

[3129] The propeller rotor is rotated in opposite direction to optimize propulsion and stability. whereby the second propeller which is mounted opposing the first propeller. Ship that require extra stability are built on two submarines like hulls providing buoyancy whereon the super structure is welded such as passenger ferries and special application and utility vessels. Japans invention for balancing a ship by pneumatic means. The ship bottom comprises at least two rows of open compartments like holes in the bottom of the vessel wherein air is pumped in or out to balance the ship. This technique reduces material and overall weight plus reducing fuel and costs. Large car carrier vessels are also made to transport vehicles which can carry up to 8000 cars in its 12-deck designed hull for efficient loading of vehicles and are attached to the deck. The ship’s hull is made like a large parking garage wherein the levels can be adjusted and altered for transporting vans and trucks and other large vehicles by adjusting the height of the decks. These Eco-friendly ships can be made sustainable and zero emission ships that contribute to a cleaner and better world. Large oil tankers of 330 meters long and 60 meters wide comprising a hull which is usually divided length wise into two or more chambers which able them to carry different types of oil in the same voyage.

{3130] Type of Ships bows; Straight bow (Direct angle close to 90*.) Ram Bow. High-chin spoon bow. Low- chin spoon bow. Inverted bow. Plumb bow. Curved bow. Raked bow. Clipper bow. Bulbous bow. Conventional clipper bow, Reverse sheer. High Cain spool bow. Bulbous.

[3131] Sailing ships in the polar waters. A 17th-century Russian koch in a museum. Ice-strengthened ships were used in the earliest days of polar exploration. These were originally wooden and based on existing designs, but reinforced, particularly around the waterline with double planking to the hull and strengthening cross members inside the ship. Bands of iron were wrapped around the outside. Sometimes metal sheeting was placed at the bows, at the stern, and along the keel. Such strengthening was designed to help the ship push through ice and also to protect the ship in case it was "nipped" by the ice. Nipping occurs when ice floes around a ship are pushed against the ship, trapping it as if in a vise and causing damage. This viselike action is caused by the force of winds and tides on ice formations. The first boats to be used in the polar waters were those of the indigenous Arctic people. Their are small human-powered boats with a covered deck, and one or more cockpits, each seating one paddler who strokes a single or double-bladed paddle. Such boats, of course, have no icebreaking capabilities, but they are light and well fit to carry over the ice.

[3132] Steam-powered icebreakers. City Ice Boat No. 1 at the Delaware River. An early ship designed to operate in icy conditions was a 51-metre (167 ft) wooden paddle steamer, City Ice Boat No. 1, that was built for the city of Philadelphia by Vandusen & Birelyn in 1837. The ship was powered by two 250-horsepower (190 kW) steam engines and its wooden were reinforced with iron coverings. With its rounded shape and strong metal hull, the Russian Pilot of 1864 was an important predecessor of modern icebreakers with propellers.

[3133] Nuclear-powered icebreaker. Russian nuclear icebreaker Arktika, the first surface ship to reach the North Pole. Russia currently operates all existing and functioning nuclear-powered icebreakers. The first one, NS Lenin, was launched in 1957 and entered operation in 1959, before being officially decommissioned in 1989. It was both the world's first nuclear-powered surface ship and the first nuclear-powered civilian vessel. In May 2007, sea trials were completed for the nuclear-powered Russian icebreaker NS 50 Let Pobedy. The vessel was put into service by Murmansk Shipping Company, which manages all eight Russian state-owned nuclear icebreakers. The keel was originally laid in 1989 by Baltic Works of Leningrad, and the ship was launched in 1993 as NS Ural. This icebreaker was intended to be the sixth and last of the Arktika class, and currently is the world's largest icebreaker. Today, most icebreakers are needed to keep trade routes open where there are either seasonal or permanent ice conditions.

[3134] An offshore rig is a large structure on or in water with facilities to drill wells, to extract and process oil and natural gas, and to temporarily store product until it can be brought to shore for refining and marketing. In many cases, the platform contains facilities to house the workforce as well. Offshore rigs are similar to land rigs but with several additional features to adapt them to the marine environment. Those features include: Heliport. Living quarters. Cranes. Risers.

[3135] The heliport, also known as the helipad, is a large deck area that is placed high and to the side of offshore rigs. It is an important feature since helicopters are often the primary means of transportation. The living quarters usually comprise bedrooms, a dining hall, a recreation room, office space, and an infirmary. Escape boats are usually located near the living quarters.

[3136] Cranes are used to move equipment and material from work boats onto the rig and to shift the loads around on the rig. Most rigs have more than one crane to ensure that all areas are accessible. A riser is used to extend the wellhead from the mudline to the surface. On platforms and jack-up rigs, the blowout preventers (BOPs) are mounted above sea level. On floaters, the BOPs are mounted on the seafloor.

[3137] The inventions include all types of jack-up installations vessels. The Offshore Jack Up Installation Vessels are specifically built to install offshore wind farms. The vessels are among the largest of its kind in the world. The large cargo deck space, payload and the lifting capacity of our newest unit is more than 3,000 tonnes, enable swift and safe installation of the heaviest foundations and largest wind turbines. This type of vessel is 181 m long and is equipped with legs to lift itself above the sea level for stable working without the impact of the waves. The vessel can install all kinds of foundations, as well as the latest generation of wind turbines, in water depths of approx. 80 m. Although specifically built with the offshore wind industry in mind, these jack-up vessels are also suitable to install other offshore facilities such as tidal current turbines, wave energy generators, met masts and Oil & Gas infrastructure. Furthermore, these vessels can be used for decommissioning of offshore infrastructure.

[3138] Category Jack-up vessel, Heavy Maintenance and Construction Classification Self-elevating Wind Turbine Installation DYNAPOS-AM/AT-R (DP Class 2)Clean Ship ND07Green Passport EU. Length Overall 169.3 m181.78 m (incl. helideck) Breadth 60 m. Maximum Draft 7.5 m. Moulded Depth 14.6 m. DWT max 21,500. CRANE AND JACK-UP SYSTEM Crane Make Huisman Max. Lifting Capacity more than 3,000 t. Aux. Hoist 250 t at 135 m Cargo Deck 7,000 m²Max. Deck Load 20 t/m²Max. Payload 14,000 tJack-up System Rack and pinion Max. Water Depth abt 80 m. Leg Length abt 130 m. Area of Spud Cans 4 x 250 m². MACHINERY - PROPULSION Main Gen. Sets Diesel engines 4x 3535 kW4x 2650 kW3x 6.600 V, 50 Hz. Emergency Gen. Set 600 kW. Emissions ULEv (Ultra Low Emission vessel) IMO. Tier III, Euro stage V Inland Waterway (using DPF). Main Propulsion 4 x azimuth thrusters 3,000 kW Retractable thrusters 2 x2,600 kWBow Thrusters 2 x2,600 kW. Max. Speed 11.5 kn. Accommodation 100 single cabins, Heli Deck D 22.8 m, MTOW 14.6 t, Sikorsky S-61N, S-92, and Agusta-Westland EH-101.

[3139] A jack-up vessel regarding the task which involves salvage of sunken vessels and wreck removal consists of an entire fleet existing of:

[3140] A heavy-lift ship is a vessel designed to move very large loads that cannot be handled by normal ships. They are of two types: Semi-submersible ships that take on water ballast to allow the load—usually another vessel—to be floated over the deck, whereupon the ballast is jettisoned, and the ship's deck and cargo raised above the waterline. Project cargo ships that use at least one heavy-lift crane for handling heavy cargo and sufficient ballast to assure stability and sea-keeping properties. The vessel comprising a deck A which is the wheelhouse, whereunder at the lower level is located deck C, which consists of the captain’s office, ships office and cabin. At a lower level is provided Deck D, with a bar, tv room, Mess room and galley. Below deck is located deck E, with a sauna and gymnasium. Engine room, engine control room. Secondary engine room etc. Helicopter landing platform on deck.

[3141] A Trailing Suction Hopper Dredger (TSHD) is mainly used for dredging loose and soft soils such as sand, gravel, silt or clay. One or two suction tubes, equipped with a drag head, are lowered on the seabed, and the drag head is trailed over the bottom. A pump system sucks up a mixture of sand or soil and water and discharges it in the ‘hopper’ or hold of the vessel. Once fully loaded the vessel sails to the unloading site. The material can be deposited on the seabed through bottom doors or reclaimed by using the ‘rainbowing’ technique. The material can also be discharged through a floating pipeline to shore, and used for reclaiming land. Hopper capacity 46,000 m³. Deadweight 78,500 ton. Length o.a. 223.0 m. Breadth 41.0 m. Draught loaded 15.15 m. Maximum dredging depth 155 m. Suction pipe diameter 1,300 mm. Pump power (trailing) 2 x 6,500 kW Pump power (discharging) 16,000 kW. Propulsion power 2 x 19,200 kW. Total installed diesel power 41,650 kW Speed 18.0 kn. Accommodation 46.

[3142] A Cutter Suction Dredger (CSD) is equipped with a rotating cutter head, for cutting and fragmenting harder soils and rock. The material is sucked up by means of dredge pumps, and discharged through a floating pipeline and pipes on shore, to a deposit area. In some cases, the material is discharged into split hopper barges that are moored alongside the Cutter Suction Dredger. These split hopper barges unload the soil at the deposit area.

[3143] A CSD is a stationary dredger, i.e. it does not ‘sail’ when dredging. During dredging the vessel remains on the same location, secured by a spud lowered in the seabed; by means of winches and anchors, the dredger swings sideways and the cutter head cuts and removes the soil. Larger CSD are self-propelled. This enables the vessel to sail by its own means to a new job location. Dynamically controlled flexible spud carrier: active control of longitudinal movement and force, of the roll angle and moment, of the pitch angle and moment. Flexible suspension of the cutter ladder, absorbing the shock loads and vibrations in the cutter ladder during rock dredging.

[3144] A Backhoe Dredger (BHD) is a pontoon equipped with a hydraulic excavator. To stabilize and secure the pontoon three spuds are installed. The excavator will excavate the material (soft to hard soils and blasted rock) and discharge it into a split that is moored alongside the pontoon. Length o.a. 66.9 m. Breadth 21.6 m. Draught 3.35 m. Dredging depth 18 / 26 / 32 m. Excavator type Backacter 1100Bucket / Grab capacity 15 / 25 / 40 m³Total installed diesel power 4,126 kW. Installed power excavator 3,800 kW. Propulsion power 2 x 500 kW.

[3145] A Split Hopper Barge (SHB) is a vessel with a large open hold, used to load and transport dredged material. The barge is loaded by a Cutter Suction Dredger or by a Backhoe Dredger. The barge is self- propelled, and sails to the deposit area, where it unloads the soil. The vessel consists of two halves, and unloading is done by opening, or ‘splitting’, the two halves, and depositing the soil on the seabed. The split hopper barge unloads the soil at the deposit area. Hopper capacity 3,700 m³. Deadweight 6,310 ton. Length o.a. 99.5 m. Breadth 19.4 m. Draught loaded 5.85 m. Propulsion power 2 x 1,850 kW. Bow thruster power 550 kW Speed 13.0 kn. Accommodation 10.

[3146] Consisting of several types of rock installation vessels: Fall Pipe Vessels, Inclined Fall Pipe Vessels, and Side Stone Installation Vessels such as a Fall Pipe Vessel (FPV) is equipped to install rock on pipelines and other subsea structures in deep sea. Using its fall pipe, that can install rocks with a size up to 400 mm in up to 2,000 m water depth. The fall pipe end is positioned by a powerful remotely operated underwater vehicle (ROV) and allows for accurate rock installation on the seabed. The Inclined Fall Pipe Vessel (IFPV) installs the rock in more shallow areas. A fall pipe along the vessel is used to install filter layers and rock armor along or even underneath offshore structures to protect it against scouring. With the DP system of the vessels, this installation can be done with high accuracy. A Side Stone Installation Vessel (SSIV) pushes rocks over its side to protect offshore structures such as pipelines in shallow areas and to install underwater rock berms.

[3147] Cable and Umbilical Installation Vessel. The DP2 vessels Willem de Vlamingh and Isaac Newton are equipped to execute subsea cable and umbilical installation. With their high transport capacity, these vessels can be used for very large and long cable projects. Additionally, both vessels can be equipped with trenching tools to execute both cable laying and trenching scopes, and thus drastically lowering the costs for mobilization. These vessels have proven to be very effective in several market segments like power cables for the offshore wind farms, power cables and umbilicals for the Oil & Gas market and power interconnectors.

[3148] The Multipurpose Vessels (MPV) are designed to allow a whole range of activities for the Renewables and Oil & Gas market. The vessel’s classification has an SPS annotation and has individual cabins for 60 persons. The vessels have already been used in following configurations: subsea rock installation with a vertical fall pipe, subsea rock installation with an inclined fall pipe, concrete mattress installation, trenching support vessel, ballasting of gravity-based structures, , installation of gravel with conveyor boom and sheet pile installation for landfall cofferdam.

[3149] Heavy lift vessels are crane vessels that are able to lift very heavy loads. They are used to recover wrecks or execute various lifting activities at sea or in ports, such as the lifting of offshore modules, the installation of foundations for wind turbines at sea, the erection of bridges, etc. Classification 100A1, Crane Ship, Ship Right(ACS(B)), LA, IWS, LMC, UMS, DP(AA), CAC 3. Length o.a. 108.0m Breadth Moulded 49 m Depth Moulded 8 m. Operating Draught 4.9 m Net tonnage 4,598 t Gross tonnage 15,327 ton. Lifting capacity of tandem Lift Max. 4,000 ton Portside Crane Main hoist 2 x 1,000 ton Auxiliary hoist 2 x 15 ton Starboard Crane Main hoist 2 x 1,000 ton Auxiliary hoist 2 x 15 ton Max. Lift Height 78.5 m above deck. Machinery propulsion Power 2 x 1,720 kW + 2 x 1,505 kW type of Propulsion 4 x Azimuth Thrusters Transit Speed 7 kn Mooring winches FWD: - 2 x pcs mooring winches 100 t - 1,000 m - Ø58 mm - 2 x pcs mooring winches 50 t - 1,000 m - Ø44 mm AFT: - 2 x pcs mooring winches 100 t - 1,000 m - Ø58 mm - 2 x pcs mooring winches 50 t - 1,000 m - Ø44 mm.

[3150] Floating Auxiliary Equipment. Although trailing suction hopper dredgers and cutter suction dredgers are the core of a dredging fleet; however, assistance from other sources is required to execute dredging works. This assistance comes as a small fleet of floating auxiliary equipment such as , multi-cats, crew vessels, survey vessels, and pontoons. The importance of the auxiliary vessels cannot be underestimated. For instance, in some cases, the anchors of a cutter suction dredger must be placed by means of a multi-cat. A floating pipeline must be anchored using anchors and pontoons. Otherwise, waves and currents may damage and or break the pipeline. The auxiliary vessels help minimize downtime by ferrying crew members, spare parts, fuel, and lubricants quickly and efficiently to the dredger. These auxiliary vessels are not only deployed on dredging projects, but also on civil and environmental projects.

[3151] Small tugboats can be deployed for various activities ranging from the transfer of crew, over the tugging of pontoons, to the execution of survey activities. These vessels are usually standard designs built at specialized shipyards. They have a length up to 15m - 16 m, a propulsion power of up to 2 x 450 kW and reach speeds up to about 10 knots. In some cases, faster tugboats are deployed for crew transfers or for survey activities. These reach speeds up to 20 knots.

[3152] These self-propelled vessels have a length up to 24 m and a width between 8 and 12 m. Multi-cats are equipped with hydraulic cranes that are used for lifting heavy loads and for assembling the floating pipelines. For moving the heavy anchors of cutter suction dredgers the workboats are equipped with winches. They also have a sweep installation to execute sweeping works. Multi-cats can also be deployed for transporting fuel to the dredgers. To meet the most severe standards, the last generation of auxiliary vessels is equipped with double-walled fuel tanks.

[3153] Pontoons are used for various purposes: Pontoons with a capacity between 1,500 and 9,500 tones are deployed for transporting and dumping rocks for the construction of breakwaters, etc. The deck of these pontoons is reinforced with a sandwich deck (steel and concrete) of 20 cm so as to limit the damage when loading rocks. Pontoons are used as work platforms for waterworks. Cranes are placed on deck. Spuds or winches and anchors make sure that the pontoon stays in position. If necessary, a pontoon can be equipped with accommodation. Smaller pontoons with winches are used for anchoring and positioning floating pipelines. The fleet also includes some specific pontoons: dynamically positioned spray pontoons, dismountable pontoons, mooring pontoons, pontoons used as a floating quay, etc.

[3154] Drill ships are special purpose ships which are used for drilling on the ocean beds at deep seas. Such offshore drilling ships, relative to their operational peers have come to be regarded as a safe and sure option for extracting oil and gas at the sea. This is mainly because of the easy transportability that these vessels offer vis-à-vis the semi-subs and other kinds of ships that are used to carry out drilling operations in the high seas. Drill ships are inherently ships designed to provide optimum viability while on water, thus making it easy for the conglomerates to engage their services for better qualitative results in the overall scheme of drilling viability and functionality.

[3155] Drilling vessels can also be used as an analytical vessel to carry out sub-water researching operations in the high seas. The drilling equipment aboard these vessels can penetrate to greater depths (anywhere over 600 meters to over 3,000 meters) and can be relocated in the high seas as the requirement necessitates. Likewise, the drilling equipment aboard the oil drilling vessels can also be employed to shoal areas to carry out the necessarily required maritime operations. To help them stabilize in the water, these vessels utilize equipment like GP systems and exceedingly strong support cables and ground tackles to keep them firmly positioned in the drilling area. The construction of a involves a crane-like framework to hoist and lower the required drilling apparatuses from and into the water from a hatchway specifically constructed to pass through the vessel, into the water’s depths to aid the process. This feature of the offshore drilling ships makes them highly economical and conducive to the high seas drilling, in addition to the aspects.

[3156] Floating workers accommodation.

[3157] A jack-up rig is also a type of oil rig platform. Another term used for a jack-up support system is jack up the platform. These are very common and popular occurrence when it comes to drilling oil from its oceanic reservoir. The jack-up drilling rigs are designed in such a way that there are three poles that enable the oil rig base to either get hoisted up or stay afloat in the water. This is the main USP of a jack-up platform. The oil rig is set up in the form of a barge (a marine vessel that is designed to stay afloat in the water without getting affected by any conditions). Some jack-up drilling rigs are designed to have four platforms but majorly, just three platforms are more adequate to carry out the oil drilling process expertly. The platforms are used so as to find the best possible location in the water for the purpose of oil drilling. So in simple terms, it can be said that the hoisting of the barge above the platform is done until the appropriate location in the water is found. Then the barge is lowered into the water and these platforms act as anchors to keep the barge steady. In order to move the jack-up platform into the required water, it is either towed or in case, the platform is capable – self-propelled into the water. It has to be noted that such a jack-up system is feasible only in water levels up to or less than 120 meters.

[3158] The main reason why such jack-up drilling rigs came into existence was that the oil drilling procedure was often interrupted as a result of wind and water conditions. With the support of jack-up platforms, it was ensured that a firm base was provided to the oil rig so that the procedure of oil drilling could carry on without any interruptions. It needs to be noted that the first jack-up rig was launched in the year 1954. Such jack-up platforms are examples of what is known as the Mobile Offshore Drilling Unit or MODU as it is very popularly called. The material used to create the jack-up platform is made of steel so that there is no threat of erosion when the rigs are placed in the water. When these jack-up drilling rigs are seen from afar, they look like towers that supply electricity.

[3159] The process of oil well drilling at deep sea starts with locating offshore reservoir and using mobile drilling units for the drilling process. Once the job of temporary drilling units is over, permanent offshore gas/oil production structures or platforms are installed for carrying out further processes. Well Drilling is a process of drilling a hole in the ocean floor for extraction of natural resources. It is a challenging part of the exploration and development process that is carried out in several stages. Survey vessels with or without systems are hired for seismic surveys. These maritime vessels are equipped with sophisticated equipment, machinery and laboratories, which are able to scan the sea bed to understand the rock formations and find out natural resources lying underneath.

[3160] Sound waves are sent, received and decoded from the modern-day survey vessel to give Scientists and Geologists sizeable 3D images in order to analyze and discover potential oil and natural gas pockets hidden between the porous rocks underneath the sea. Site acquiring: Once the site is identified and selected, boundaries are surveyed and earmarked by the local governing body for Energy and Resources. Studies for impact on the environmental are carried out. After determining the potential energy sites, oil companies are then called for auctions on unleashed blocks and are asked to submit their bids for a block. Naturally the highest to bid, gets the right to drill.

[3161] Mobile drilling units are classified into several structures, namely:

1. Drilling barges. They are mostly utilized for shallow water drilling in calm water conditions. Drilling equipment is placed on to the barges’ decks and towed to the site by tugs. Anchors hold the barges in position where drilling is to be carried out. The barges are then lifted above water and are more stable than the floating rigs to be able to drill up to 100 meters.

2. Jack-up Rigs. These self-contained drilling structures are as good as the drilling barges only to the exception that these massive structures are positioned onto the site by lowering and rooting their three or four giant legs on the sea floor.

3. Submersible Rigs. These rigs are pontoon based which allow for water ballasting and de-ballasting to position, anchor and re-float the massive structure. All necessary drilling equipment is fitted on the platform’s deck, like the drilling barges and jack-up rigs. The only conspicuous change in these structures is that the drilling and production facilities are rested on stilts that are raised to some height above the pontoons. Their operations are limited to shallow waters due to their submersible design.

4. Semi-Submersible Rigs. A Semi-Submersible rig is a Mobile Offshore Drilling Unit better known as MODU, which is designed for offshore drilling in ultra-deep waters of the oil and gas rich areas across the globe. They are partially submerged in water during drilling operations and are normally moored to the sea bed by anchors. These are technically advanced drilling units which are designed to accommodate platform or decks containing heavy machinery and expensive drilling equipment and are supported by columns for support and stability in the treacherous waters. This design of partial submerging the platform to water is primarily conceptualized for stability reasons and chosen for the very same reason over another highly capable breed of drilling units known as the drill-ships.

5. Drill ships. These vessels are advantageous over the other drilling units such as the semi-submersibles due to their ultradeep-water drilling capability and easy mobility. They are basically maritime vessels modified to drill wells in oil and gas fields. They are adapted to provide complete offshore drilling solutions to the clients across the globe. They are equipped with exhaustive mooring and positioning systems and can propel from one well to another without outside assistance. are fitted with expensive machinery and drilling equipment which are like the ones fitted on any other drilling unit. Since they are required to work in ultra-deep-water areas ranging up to 3000 meters, all supplies and equipment are catered by the offshore work boats. The drill ships have a drilling deck and are equipped with a moon pool and are somewhat similar in design as the other drilling units. The drilling equipment that passes the moon pool is connected to the ‘sub-sea well’ via the ‘riser pipe’ (which is flexible to some extent).

[3162] Types of Jack-up Drilling Rigs platforms can be of two types namely:

1). Open-Truss: This type of platform is advantageous because it offers a lot of stability to the jack-up system. Open-Truss platforms are designed in a pattern that is crisscrossed which ensures the stability aspect of the oil rig mentioned in the previous point.

2). Columnar Platforms: Unlike the previous variety of jack-up platform, the columnar platforms are constructed in a columnar or rectangular form. This reduces the effective weight-bracing facility of these platforms making them a problem in case strong wind conditions affect the water in which the oil rig stands.

[3163] A jack-up system is a highly unique facility. This rarity along with the supreme utility is what has enabled the jack up drilling rigs to be a part of the oil drilling operation for over six decades. It is also this uniqueness that will enable the jack up rig to be a major part of the oil drilling industry in the future, for years and years to come.