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Small Boats on a Big Lake: Underwater Archaeological Investigations of Wisconsin’S Trading Fleet 2007-2009

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Small Boats on a Big Lake: Underwater Archaeological Investigations of Wisconsin’S Trading Fleet 2007-2009 Small Boats on a Big Lake: Underwater Archaeological Investigations of Wisconsin’s Trading Fleet 2007-2009 State Archaeology and Maritime Preservation Technical Report Series #10-001 Keith N. Meverden and Tamara L. Thomsen ii Funded by grants from the University of Wisconsin Sea Grant Institute, National Sea Grant College Program, and the Wisconsin Department of Transportation’s Transportation Economics Assistance program. This report was prepared by the Wisconsin Historical Society. The statements, findings, conclusions, and recommendations are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the University of Wisconsin Sea Grant Institute, the National Sea Grant College Program, or the Wisconsin Department of Transportation. The Big Bay Sloop was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on 14 January 2009. The Schooner Byron was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on 20 May 2009. The Green Bay Sloop was listed on the National Register of Historic Places On 18 November 2009. Nominations for the Schooners Gallinipper, Home, and Northerner are pending listing on the National Register of Historic Places. Cover photo: Wisconsin Historical Society archaeologists survey the wreck of the schooner Northerner off Port Washington, Wisconsin. Copyright © 2010 by Wisconsin Historical Society All rights reserved iii CONTENTS ILLUSTRATIONS…………………..………………………….. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS…………………………………….. vii Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION………………………………………. ….. 1 Research Design and Methodology……………………… 3 2. LAKESHORING, TRADING, AND LAKE MICHIGAN MERCHANT SAIL………………………………………….. 5 Sloops…………………………………………………… 7 Schooners……………………………………………….. 8 Merchant Sail on Lake Michigan………………………. 12 3. THE BIG BAY SLOOP……………………………………... 14 The Mackinaw Boat……………………………………. 14 Site Description………………………………………… 16 4. THE GREEN BAY SLOOP………………………………… 26 Site Description………………………………………… 27 5. THE SCHOONER GALLINIPPER ………………………… 35 Site Description………………………………………… 44 6. THE SCHOONER HOME ………………………………….. 56 Site Description………………………………………… 71 7. THE SCHOONER BYRON…………………………………. 84 Site Description………………………………………… 91 8. THE SCHOONER NORTHERNER………………………….. 101 Site Description………………………………………… 104 9. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS……………. 116 10. REFERENCES……………………………………………….. 120 iv ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1. Location of the Big Bay Sloop………………………………….. 16 2. Big Bay Sloop site plan. …………………................................... 18 3. Big Bay Sloop photomosaic.……………………………………. 19 4. Starboard bow viewed from outboard. Stem, outer hull planks, bowsprit ring, frames, and samson post are visible. Log crib is visible forward of the stem…………………. 20 5. Collapsed deck with fife rail in forward half of vessel………… 20 6. The rudder, rudder post, sternpost, and outer hull planks viewed from the starboard quarter. Transom timber is removed to show detail. ………………………………………. 21 7. Centerboard trunk and centerboard. Looking forward on the starboard side. ……………………………………………… 23 8. Port chainplate attached to frame, looking aft…………………. 23 9. Location of the Green Bay Sloop………………………………. 28 10. The Green Bay Sloop site plan………………………………… 29 11. Location of the Gallinipper wreck site………………………… 44 12. Photomosaic of the schooner Gallinipper……………………… 45 13. View of the ornate bow from the port side. Note the empty ledge where the fiddle- or billethead once stood. ……………… 46 14. Windlass, bowsprit, and jibboom viewed from aft. The yard is visible lying across the windlass and the forecastle companionway. ………………………………………………… 48 15. Stern deck arrangement with below-deck cabin. Note missing wheel…………………………………………………… 51 16. Stern davits, viewed from port side. Note single bitts at either quarter. ………………………………………………… 52 v 17. The mainmast has toppled forward with trestle trees and tops intact. Looking aft from above the bowsprit. Note tangle of fish net on either side of the hull………………. 53 18. Topmast lying off starboard side, looking forward. Masthead is at the bottom of the photograph with the trestle trees and tops. A mastcap is extant on the topmast at the top of the image. ……………………………………………… 54 19. Many of the vessel’s spars lie off the starboard side. The fore yard lies across the windlass, and a boom lies across the starboard rail. A topmast lies underneath the boom, with a gaff lying nearer the hull. A smaller yard is visible lying off the starboard bow. Most of the spars are tangled in fish net………. 55 20. Location of the Home wreck site………………………………. 72 21. The Home site plan……………………………………………... 73 22. The Home photomosaic…………………………………………. 74 23. Damage on starboard side bow. Bowsprit and anchor fluke are visible on the lakebed near the stem…………………………….. 76 24. Windlass viewed from starboard aft. Forecastle hatch is visible beneath windlass, and the bilge pump and foremast aft of that…. 78 25. Aft cargo hatch and mainmast. Cargo is visible on port side of hold………………………………………………………. 78 26. Centerboard winch, looking aft. The missing deck plank over the centerboard trunk is visible, as is the loose plank with chain attached……………………………………………… 80 27. Cabin opening, viewed from astern…………………………….. 80 28. The stern viewed from the port quarter………………………… 81 29. Two stoneware jugs that remain on site. The one on the right is marked “J. R. Maxfield, Milwaukee”………………… 83 30. Location of the Byron wreck site……………………………… 92 31. The Byron site plan……………………………………………. 94 32. The Byron photomosaic………………………………………. 95 vi 33. The stern post……………………………………………………. 96 34. Frames and ceiling planks visible through cabin opening………. 97 35. Deck beams and planks …………………………………………. 97 36. Broken bulwark stanchions on the starboard side, looking forward …………………………………………………. 98 37. Centerboard and trunk visible through the cargo hatch…………. 99 38. Cabin roof lying on the lakebed off the starboard quarter……… 100 39. No evidence of a bowsprit, windlass, or collision damage is found on the hull………………………………………………… 100 40. Location of Northerner wreck site………………………………. 105 41. A rare billethead remains intact on the Northerner’s bow knee… 105 42. The Northerner site plan………………………………………… 107 43. The Northerner photomosaic……………………………………. 108 44. The windlass viewed from astern, with forecastle scuttle and deck pipes visible. ……………………………………………… 110 45. The forward cargo hatch, looking aft from the port side. Gaps in the bulwark stanchions are visible on either side of the hatch. The starboard gap on the aft cargo hatch is also visible…………………………………………………… 110 46. Centerboard winch and chain slot through deck, looking aft. The aft bilge pump is visible forward of the cargo hatch, as are the aft bulwark gaps on either side of the cargo hatch……… 112 47. The cabin opening, looking forward. Frames for the cabin bulkheads are extant, and the wood cargo is visible, neatly stacked in the hold……………………………………………… 113 48. The foremast lies at an angle across the starboard rail…………. 115 vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The projects within this report span three years of maritime field work conducted by the Wisconsin Historical Society. The successful completion of these projects relies heavily on the hard work and dedication of many different people and institutions. Major funding for these projects was provided by the University of Wisconsin Sea Grant Institute and the Wisconsin Department of Transportation. John Karl of the University of Wisconsin-Sea Grant Institute deserves special thanks for providing consistently valuable insight and support over the program’s many years. Additionally, University of Wisconsin-Sea Grant has provided invaluable support by allowing us the use their boats and vehicles. Their research vessels RV Dawn Treader and RV Orion have provided superb working platforms in all types of lake conditions. The City of Port Washington deserves special thanks for their support of the 2009 Northerner survey, where they allowed us to take over one of their maintenance buildings as our field headquarters and to stow our boats and equipment. Evan Kovacs and Bill Lange from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution provided cutting-edge technology to create stunning ultra-high resolution photomosaics of the deeper wreck sites. Steve Radovan provided valuable information for many of the vessels included here. Few people maintain such meticulous records of their discoveries and diving, but time and again Steve’s notes have provided information that it not recorded elsewhere. Nearly all of the Home’s operational history included here is the result of several years worth of comprehensive historic research conducted by Steve, who graciously donated all of his work to the Wisconsin Historical Society. Steve also provided valuable information on the discovery and early dives on the Byron, and donated a copy of John Steele’s video from the first dives to the vessel that are now an invaluable record of the wreck site. Likewise, James Brotz has also been an important source of ships’ histories and site information. Actively involved in the local diving and maritime history scene, we have repeatedly turned to Jim for early site descriptions as well as a knowledgeable source of nineteenth-century ship construction techniques. We are indebted to Randy Wallander, without whom we would never have known of the Green Bay Sloop’s existence. Randy was gracious enough to take us to the site that he helped discover in the 1990s, and the site has proven to be one of the most important in all of Wisconsin’s waters. None of these projects would have been successful without the many hours donated each year by our field volunteers. Dedicated
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