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MOSQUITOES of the SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES L f ^-l R A R > ^l^ ■'■mx^ • DEC2 2 59SO , A Handbook of tnV MOSQUITOES of the SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES W. V. King G. H. Bradley Carroll N. Smith and W. C. MeDuffle Agriculture Handbook No. 173 Agricultural Research Service UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE \ I PRECAUTIONS WITH INSECTICIDES All insecticides are potentially hazardous to fish or other aqpiatic organisms, wildlife, domestic ani- mals, and man. The dosages needed for mosquito control are generally lower than for most other insect control, but caution should be exercised in their application. Do not apply amounts in excess of the dosage recommended for each specific use. In applying even small amounts of oil-insecticide sprays to water, consider that wind and wave action may shift the film with consequent damage to aquatic life at another location. Heavy applications of insec- ticides to ground areas such as in pretreatment situa- tions, may cause harm to fish and wildlife in streams, ponds, and lakes during runoff due to heavy rains. Avoid contamination of pastures and livestock with insecticides in order to prevent residues in meat and milk. Operators should avoid repeated or prolonged contact of insecticides with the skin. Insecticide con- centrates may be particularly hazardous. Wash off any insecticide spilled on the skin using soap and water. If any is spilled on clothing, change imme- diately. Store insecticides in a safe place out of reach of children or animals. Dispose of empty insecticide containers. Always read and observe instructions and precautions given on the label of the product. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Agriculture Handbook No. 773 A Handbook of the MOSQUITOES of the SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES By W. V. King G. H. Bradley Carroll N. Smith and W. C. McDuffie This Handbook replaces Miscellaneous Publication No. 336, The Mosquitoes of the Southeastern States, but contains information that originated in that publication. Washington, D. C. Issued November 1960 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C. Price 75 cents 4/^^^b^v^rt^wvv^iru^ffinArtf^^i¿Hffi^^^iJVVV^^'vv^ PRECAUTIONS WITH INSECTICIDES All insecticides are potentially hazardous to fish or other aquatic organisms, wildlife, domestic ani- nmls, and man. The dosages needed for mosquito control are generally lower than for most other insect control, but caution should be exercised in their application. Do not apply amounts in excess of the dosage reconunended for each specific use* In applying even small amounts of oil-insecticide sprays to water, consider that wind and wave action may shift the film with consequent damage to aquatic life at another location. Heavy applications of insec- ticides to ground areas such as in pretreatment situa- tions, may cause harm to fish and wildlife in streams, ponds, and lakes during runoff due to heavy rains. Avoid contamination of pastures and livestock with insecticides in order to prevent residues in meat and milk. Operators should avoid repeated or prolonged contact of insecticides with the skin. Insecticide con- centrates may be particularly hazardous. Wash off any insecticide spilled on the skin using soap and water. If any is spilled on clothing, change inune- diately. Store insecticides in a safe place out of reach of children or animals. Dispose of empty insecticide containers. Always read and observe instructions and precautions given on the label of the product. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Agriculture Handbook No. 773 '!•» A Handbook of the MOSQUITOES of the SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES By W. V. King G. H. Bradley Carroll N. Smith and W. C. McDuffie This Handbook replaces Miscellaneous Publication No. 336, The Mosquitoes of the Southeastern States, but contains information that originated in that publication. Washington, D. C. Issued November 1960 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C. Price 75 cents CONTENTS page Genera and species found in the Southeastern States Literature on mosquitoes General characteristics and habits of mosquitoes ° Collection and preservation of material -'■-*■ Mosquitoes and disease ■*■ ' Mosquito control ^^ Mosquito surveys ^^ Engineering surveys ^ * Control of mosquito larvae 28 Control of adult mosquitoes 33 Insecticide dispersal equipment 36 Mosquito repellents 37 Specific problems 39 Mosquito identification and notes on the genera and species . 48 Key to subfamilies and genera 55 Genus Aedes Meigen 59 Genus Anopheles Meigen 85 Genus Cidex Linnaeus 103 Genus Culisefa Felt 124 Genus Deinocerites Theobald 126 Genus Mansonia Blanchard 127 Genus Orthopodomijia Theobald 134 Genus Psorophora Robineau-Desvoidy 137 Genus Toxorhynchites Theobald 149 Genus Uranotaenia Lynch-Arribalzaga 151 Genus Wyeomyia Theobald 153 Literature cited I57 Index 185 Grateful acknowledgment is made of the assistance of the following people in preparing this publication : A. W. Lindquist, J. A. Fluno, Alan Stone, A. D. Cushman, Lola J. Roos, Delia Sims, and Lucy Ford. A HANDBOOK OF THE MOSQUITOES OF THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES By W. V. King, G. H. Bradley,i Carroll N. Smith, and W. C. McDuffie, entomologists, Entomology Research Division, Agricultural Research Service This publication deals with the mosquitoes recorded from the nine States east of Texas and Oklahoma and south of the latitude of the Virginia-North Carolina border, bringing together informa- tion that is widely scattered through the literature, and providing a convenient means of identification. It constitutes an extensive revision of a previous publication (193), the third and last edition of which was issued in 1944. As in that publication, it contains notes, brought up to date, on the habits of the species, their dis- tribution, economic importance, and methods of collection and control, with brief descriptions of the species and keys for the identification of adults and larvae. Considerable material has been added, particularly on methods of control and on bionomics. Because fewer species are considered than in the more general reference works, an effort has been made to simplify the identifi- cation of adults by using for generic separation principally those characters that can most readily be seen. GENERA AND SPECIES FOUND IN THE SOUTHEASTERN STATES The mosquitoes found in the Southeastern States comprise a fairly natural group as most of the species in this country are either restricted to the South, or reach their greatest abun- dance there. The general distribution and status as to prevalence and economic importance are shown in table 1. The information has been compiled from records in the literature and from col- lections of the present writers. The following species are listed as being of economic im- portance : Anopheles quadrimaculatus, the common malaria mosquito, transmits malaria and is an annoying pest as well. Aedes aegyptiy the yellow-fever mosquito, is a vector of yellow fever and dengue fever, as well as a troublesome house pest. Culex pipiens quinquéfasciatus, the southern house mosquito, is a serious house pest. It transmits bird malaria and is an inter- mediate host of some of the filariae. 1 Now vsrith the United States Public Health Service. AGR. HANDBOOK 173, U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE > o^ o o oj c ö ac ^-t^Tt'-t^CI-t^-^^'^-^^'-t^^^'-t^Cl'I^Cl ^ a; cd c cd Cd i:f o ++++++ ;++ :++ ;++ '■+ •++ ■+++ :++ ^c3 -2 ++++ '■-{- •++ '■++ '■-{--\- •+ :++ '■+++ •++ "Z cd O + ■++ :+ ;+++++ ::+:::+. .+++ . .+ c O) -f +++ ' + :+-f++4- '++ :+ : + + ;+++ • •> "co ■ ■ Ö cd o C CO cd *55 ++ •■+ :+++++++ •++ '■+ •++ :-f4-+ ■++ 'Bo Ç2 CU •++++ '+-\- '■-{- :+ :-f+ •<s> ++ •+ :++- cd B cd ++ ;+++ ;++ ;++ ■++ :+ :++ :+ :+ :++ cd CO o cd 'So(-< o :++ :-f+ ;++ ;+ :++ :+++ :++ a> O cd CO o ++ :+++ •++ :++ + + + + ':+ +++ T3 tí - í ío w S-i¿ ~ c ^ :=: Cd ^ ~ ^ í£ ce w Çk.^ ^ co^ g ^'^ ^ O 'íi^ 5;■^ ?: ce . 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