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Testing Effects of Aerial Spray Technologies on Biting Flies

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Testing Effects of Aerial Spray Technologies on Biting Flies TESTING EFFECTS OF AERIAL SPRAY TECHNOLOGIES ON BITING FLIES AND NONTARGET INSECTS AT THE PARRIS ISLAND MARINE CORPS RECRUIT DEPOT, SOUTH CAROLINA, USA. A dissertation submitted to Kent State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Mark S. Breidenbaugh December 2008 Dissertation written by Mark S. Breidenbaugh B.S., California State Polytechnic University, Pomona 1994 M.S., University of California, Riverside, 1997 Ph.D., Kent State University, 2008 Approved by _____________________________, Chair, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Ferenc A. de Szalay _____________________________, Members, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Benjamin A. Foote _____________________________ Mark W. Kershner _____________________________ Scott C. Sheridan Accepted by ______________________________, Chair, Department of Biological Sciences James L. Blank ______________________________, Dean, College of Arts and Sciences John R.D. Stalvey ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………………………………viii LIST OF TABLES………………………………………………………………………xii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………………….…………………………………………xiv CHAPTER I. An introduction to the biting flies of Parris Island and the use of aerial spray technologies in their control……………………………………………..1 Biology of biting midges .....……..……………………………………………..1 Culicoides as nuisance pests and vectors……………………………3 Biology of mosquitoes…………………………………………………………..5 Mosquitoes as nuisance pests and vectors…………………………..6 Integrated pest management…………………………………………………..7 Physical barriers…………………………………………………………8 Cultural control of midges and mosquitoes…………………………..8 Biological control………………………………………………………...9 Chemical control……………………………………………………….10 Biting fly adulticides applied by aircraft……………………...11 Content and scope of dissertation…………………………………………...13 References cited……………………………………………………………….14 iii Page CHAPTER II. Seasonal and diel patterns of biting midges (Ceratopogonidae) and mosquitoes (Culicidae) on the Marine Corps Recruit Depot, Parris Island, SC……………………………………………………………………….22 Abstract………………………………………………………………………....22 Introduction……………………………………………………………………..23 Methods…………………………………………………………………………26 Research site description……………………………………………..26 Seasonal biting fly abundance……………………………………….26 Diel activity of biting flies……………………………………………...28 Results………………………………………………………………………….29 Seasonal patterns of biting fly abundance………………………….29 Diel activity of biting flies……………………………………………...33 Discussion……………………………………………………………………...34 Management implications…………………………………………….37 Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………39 References cited…………………………………………………………….…39 CHAPTER III. Characterization of a new ultra-low volume fuselage spray configuration on Air Force C-130H aircraft used for adult mosquito control…….63 Abstract………………………………………………………………...............63 iv Page Introduction……………………………………………………………………..64 Methods…………………………………………………………………………67 Study site description………………………………………………….67 Field characterization of droplet size………………………….…..…67 AGDISP computer model…………………………………………..…70 Results……………………………………………………………………….…71 AGDISP computer model predictions and field-trial results…….…72 Discussion………………………………………………………………………74 References cited……………………………………………………………….79 CHAPTER IV. Efficacy of aerial spray applications with fuselage booms on Air Force C-130 aircraft against mosquitoes ( Culicidae) and biting midges (Ceratopogonidae)…………………………………………………………………….96 Abstract………………………………………………………………...............96 Introduction……………………………………………………………………..97 Methods…………………………………………………………………………99 Study site descriptions………………………………………………...99 Bioassays…………………………………………………….............100 Aircraft applications…………………………………………..………101 Craney Island trials…………………………………………….…….101 Parris Island trials………………………………………………….…103 Dibrom applications………………………………………….103 v Page Anvil applications……………………………………………………..103 Statistical analyses…………………………………………………..104 Results………………………………………………………………………...105 Craney Island trials………………………………………………..…105 Parris Island trials…………………………………………………….106 Dibrom applications………………………………………….106 Anvil applications……………………………………………..107 Discussion…..………………………………………………………………...108 Craney Island trials…………………………………………………..108 Parris Island trials…………………………………………………….110 References……………………………………………………………………113 CHAPTER V. Effects of Aerial Applications of Naled on Nontarget Insects at Parris Island, South Carolina………………………………………………………..131 Abstract……………………………………………………………….............131 Introduction……………………………………………………………………132 Methods…………………………………………………………………….…135 Insect trapping methods……………………………………………..136 Experimental design…………………………………………………137 Statistical analyses…………………………………………………..138 Results………………………………………………………………………..140 vi Page Nontarget species……………………………………………………140 Target species………………………………………………………..141 Discussion…………………………………………………………………….142 Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………..149 References cited……………………………………………………………..149 CHAPTER VI. General Discussion and Conclusions…………………………….169 General discussion and conclusions……………………………………….169 General conclusions…………………………………………………………176 References cited……………………………………………………………..177 vii LIST OF FIGURES Page CHAPTER II. Seasonal and diel patterns of biting midges (Ceratopogonidae) and mosquitoes (Culicidae) on the Marine Corps Recruit Depot, Parris Island, SC Figure 1. The Marine Corps Recruit Depot on Parris Island, South Carolina…..49 Figure 2. Seasonal abundance of Culicoides furens at Parris Island …..………50 Figure 3. Seasonal abundance of Culicoides hollensis at Parris Island………...51 Figure 4. Seasonal abundance of Culicoides melleus at Parris Island…………..52 Figure 5. Seasonal abundance of Aedes taeniorhynchus at Parris Island……..53 Figure 6. Seasonal abundance of Aedes sollicitans at Parris Island……………54 Figure 7. Seasonal abundance of Culex salinarius at Parris Island……………..55 Figure 8. Seasonal abundance of Aedes vexans at Parris Island……………….56 Figure 9. Seasonal abundance of Culex quinquefasciatus at Parris Island…….57 Figure 10. Correlations between Culicoides numbers and meteorological data. A. Culicoides furens vs. air temperature B. C. hollensis vs. air temperature C. C. melleus vs. air temperature D. Culicoides furens vs. rainfall E. C. hollensis vs. rainfall……...……………………………………………………………………58-59 Figure 11. Correlations between Culicidae numbers and meteorological data. A. Aedes taeniorhynchus vs. temperature B. Ae. taeniorhynchus vs. rainfall C. Culex salinarius vs. Palmer's Drought Severity Index (PDSI)………………..60 viii Page Figure 12. Diel activity patterns of Culicoides furens, C. hollensis, and C. melleus…………………………………………………………………………………61 Figure 13. Diel activity patterns of Aedes spp. and Culex spp………………….. 62 CHAPTER III. Characterization of a new ultra-low volume fuselage spray configuration on Air Force C-130H aircraft used for adult mosquito control Fig. 1. View of field trial location at Avon Park Air Force Range, Florida……….84 Fig. 2. Drop size distribution for droplet spectra produced by 8001 and 8005 flat- fan nozzles……………………………………………………………………………..85 Fig. 3. Distribution of drop sizes in spray cloud from A) 8001 nozzles; B) 8005 nozzles……………………………………………………………………...................86 Fig. 4. Average droplet size recovered from USAF C-130 fuselage sprays using 8005 flat-fan nozzles…………………………………………………………………..87 Fig. 5. Predicted deposition from AGDISP model of droplets sprayed with C-130 fuselage booms released at (A) 46 m and (B) 91 m above ground………………88 Fig. 6. AGDISP model predicted trajectory of an A) 22.3 µm droplet (DV10 ); B) 54.3 µm droplet (DV50); and C) 104.7 µm droplet (DV90) from 46 m release height………………………………………………………………………………..89-90 Fig. 7. AGDISP model predicted trajectory of an A) 22.3 µm droplet (DV10 ); B) 54.3 µm droplet (DV50); and C) 104.7 µm droplet (DV90) from 91 m release height………………………………………………………………………………..91-92 ix Page CHAPTER IV. Efficacy of aerial spray applications with fuselage booms on Air Force C-130 aircraft against mosquitoes ( Culicidae) and biting midges (Ceratopogonidae) Fig. 1. Overview of experimental design for USAF C-130 single-pass Dibrom sprays………………………………………………………………………………….119 Fig. 2. Diagrammatic representation of flight path, sampling line, and wind direction on a magnetic grid for A. June 3-trial 1. B. June 3-trial 2. C. October 6 D. October 7, 2004……………………………………………………………..……120 Fig. 3. Relationship between (A) droplet density and mortality (B) droplet size and mortality (B) determined from bioassay cages…………………………124-125 Fig. 4. Relationship between mosquito mortality and distance downwind from pesticide release point following Dibrom applications…………………………….126 Fig 5. Relative numbers of Culicoides spp. before and after Anvil sprays on Parris Island and a no-spray area……………………………………………………..……127 Fig. 6. Flight path of aircraft (black lines) while making an Anvil insecticide application……...…………………………………………………………………128-129 Fig. 7. Daily biting midge density monitored on Parris Island and a no-spray area……………………………………………………………………………………..130 CHAPTER V. Effects of Aerial Applications of Naled on Nontarget Insects at Parris Island, South Carolina x Page Fig. 1. Map of study area showing Malaise, pan, and CDC trap locations on the Parris Island Marine Corps Recruit Depot, South Carolina………………...156-157 Fig. 2. Mean total nontarget insect abundance collected in pan traps before and after a single naled application in 2005……………………………………………166 Fig. 3. Number of target pests 5 days before and 1 day after naled sprays
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