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Arthropods of Public Health Significance in California

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Arthropods of Public Health Significance in California ARTHROPODS OF PUBLIC HEALTH SIGNIFICANCE IN CALIFORNIA California Department of Public Health Vector Control Technician Certification Training Manual Category C ARTHROPODS OF PUBLIC HEALTH SIGNIFICANCE IN CALIFORNIA Category C: Arthropods A Training Manual for Vector Control Technician’s Certification Examination Administered by the California Department of Health Services Edited by Richard P. Meyer, Ph.D. and Minoo B. Madon M V C A s s o c i a t i o n of C a l i f o r n i a MOSQUITO and VECTOR CONTROL ASSOCIATION of CALIFORNIA 660 J Street, Suite 480, Sacramento, CA 95814 Date of Publication - 2002 This is a publication of the MOSQUITO and VECTOR CONTROL ASSOCIATION of CALIFORNIA For other MVCAC publications or further informaiton, contact: MVCAC 660 J Street, Suite 480 Sacramento, CA 95814 Telephone: (916) 440-0826 Fax: (916) 442-4182 E-Mail: [email protected] Web Site: http://www.mvcac.org Copyright © MVCAC 2002. All rights reserved. ii Arthropods of Public Health Significance CONTENTS PREFACE ........................................................................................................................................ v DIRECTORY OF CONTRIBUTORS.............................................................................................. vii 1 EPIDEMIOLOGY OF VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES ..................................... Bruce F. Eldridge 1 2 FUNDAMENTALS OF ENTOMOLOGY.......................................................... Richard P. Meyer 11 3 COCKROACHES ............................................................................................ Donald A. Reierson 27 4 BITING AND SUCKING LICE.......................................................................... Lance A. Durden 37 5 TRUE BUGS..................................................................... William W. Pitcher and B. Fred Beams 45 OVERVIEW OF CHAPTERS 6-8 FLIES ........................................................... Richard P. Meyer 51 6 PRIMITIVE FLIES (Midges and Gnats) ............................................................. Richard P. Meyer 53 7 BRACHYCERAL FLIES (Horse Flies, Snipe Flies, and Relatives) .................. Richard P. Meyer 65 8 HIGHER FLIES (House Flies, Blow Flies, and Relatives) ................................ Richard P. Meyer 71 9 FLEAS ..................................................................................................................... James D. Lang 89 10 YELLOWJACKETS, HORNETS, AND WASPS .............. Franklin Ennik and Minoo B. Madon 95 11 COMMON PEST ANTS ....................................................................................... Roy R. Snelling 103 12 HONEY BEES ........................................................................................................ Eric C. Mussen 117 13 INSECTS OF MINOR PUBLIC HEALTH SIGNIFICANCE . Lal S. Mian and Major S. Dhillon 121 14 SCORPIONS....................................................................... Franklin Ennik and Minoo B. Madon 135 15 SPIDERS ............................................................................. Franklin Ennik and Minoo B. Madon 139 16 CENTIPEDES AND RELATED ARTHROPODS .......... Richard P. Meyer and Minoo B. Madon 149 17 MITES ......................................................................... James P. Webb, Jr. and Stephen G. Bennett 155 18 TICKS ................................................................................... Robert S. Lane and James R. Clover 171 19 FIELD SAFETY .................................................................................................. Richard P. Meyer 183 INDEX ............................................................................................................................................. 189 Arthropods of Public Health Significance iii iv Arthropods of Public Health Significance PREFACE Ongoing changes in Integrated Pest Management This new manual on arthropod vectors entitled, (IPM) technology as applied to vector surveillance and Arthropods of Public Health Significance in California suppression has evolved into many changes affecting reflects that consensus and contains a total of 19 chapters vector management strategies coupled with increased that include information on epidemiology, arthropod environmental protection legislation. Current views on vector biologies, diseases vectored in California, control paradigms have necessitated the revision of the arthropod vector management, and safety protocols. The much outdated first edition of the technical manual information contained in this publication is by no means entitled Community Pest and Related Vector Control complete. The editors encourage regular users of this (encouraged and promoted by Mr. Richard F. Peters, manual to refer to the many other sources of information Chief, Bureau of Vector Control, California Department provided by the contributing authors at the end of each of Public Health), first published in 1969, edited by Joe chapter, plus other new publications as they appear. E. Brooks and Thomas D. Peck. Revision of the second Vector control professionals are continuously urged to edition, 1975, Donald J. Womeldorf and Thomas D. Peck, seek additional information to enhance their experience Editors, had been “in-the-works” for the past several and expertise. years. Both these publications included, in addition to The credits due to those that have assisted the editors information on the biology and control of invertebrate with the final realization of producing and finally vectors of public health concern (other than mosquitoes), publishing Arthropods of Public Health Significance in a comprehensive section on vertebrate vectors that also California cannot be simply noted, instead a wholehearted impact human health and welfare. thank you is truly deserved. To all of the contributing With the publishing of Pesticide Application and authors, we both want to extend our appreciation and Safety Training for Applicators of Public Health thanks for bearing with us through the sometimes tedious Pesticides, by Michael W. Stimmann and Bruce F. editing process and midcourse changes that were Eldridge (1996), and The Biology and Control of necessary to place this publication in its proper Mosquitoes in California, edited by Stephen L. Durso, perspective. Special recognition must be given to Minoo 1996 (this publication was preceded by Manual for B. Madon for his singular efforts in initially contacting Mosquito Control Personnel, 1973, Thomas D. Mulhern, all of the contributing authors and tactfully conveying Editor; Revised Edition 1975, entitled A Training Manual editorial recommendations and changes to preliminary for California Mosquito Control Agencies, Thomas D. drafts. Special recognition is also to be given to Justine Mulhern, Editor; second printing 1976), it became Keller for her exceptional “journalistic” skill and obvious that the need for a further revision and producing the final edited galley for publication. James “realigning” of the Community Pest and Related Vector P. Webb, Jr. is to be given special recognition for providing Control was warranted. The decision was made to publish his editorial services in proofing the final edited galley. two separate reference/training manuals. This manual Credit should be extended to the Publications Committee focuses on arthropod vectors, placing more emphasis on of the Mosquito and Vector Control Association of biology, public health significance, and integrated and California (MVCAC) currently chaired by Jack E. innovative approaches to management technology. Hazelrigg (previously chaired by Gilbert L. Challet, Sections on pesticide application and safety have been Charles H. Dill, and Stephen L. Durso, respectively). published separately as mentioned above. Information Continuing, Vicki L. Kramer, Chief, Vector-Borne on vertebrate vectors would be deferred to a separate Disease Section, California Department of Health publication that will be titled Vertebrates of Public Health Services, is to be commended for her continued patience Significance in California, editorship has been assigned and persistence with encouraging the editors to meet to Curtis L. Fritz. production schedules during the final two years of editing, Arthropods of Public Health Significance v producing, and finally publishing this manual. Mac Womeldorf, Keith F. Murray, William G. Waldron, Thompson, Continuing Education Coordinator for the Minoo B. Madon, and Millard R. Coale. Vector-Borne Disease Section, California Department of The 1975 publication, edited by Donald J. Womeldorf Health Services is to be commended for his assistance in and Thomas D. Peck, and the following authors: C. F. the preparation of the final draft of this manual. A noted Homer, W. D. Jones, D. J. Womeldorf, Alice Ottoboni, I. thank you is to be extended to Dennis Loughner for his West, Minoo B. Madon, Ernest E. Lusk, Kenneth H. cover illustration and artwork presented in Chapter 2 and Hansgen, J. Ruddock, J. W. Tilden, A. M. Barnes, G. T. Jon Miller for his artwork in Chapter 11. Thanks are due Okumura, R. J. Pence, C. F. Homer, R. E. Smith, B. Keh, to Donald Eliason, former Executive Director, MVCAC, John H. Poorbaugh, W. G. Waldron, J. E. Brooks, and K. for guiding us through this project. Finally, a very special F. Murray are also recognized. thank you for the most difficult task of formatting and In closing, we once again wish to remind our readers styling the text must be acknowledged and given to Linda that this manual is to be used as a basic training manual
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