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Blow Fly (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in Thailand: Distribution, Morphological Identification and Medical Importance Appraisals

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Blow Fly (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in Thailand: Distribution, Morphological Identification and Medical Importance Appraisals International Journal of Parasitology Research ISSN: 0975-3702 & E-ISSN: 0975-9182, Volume 4, Issue 1, 2012, pp.-57-64. Available online at http://www.bioinfo.in/contents.php?id=28. BLOW FLY (DIPTERA: CALLIPHORIDAE) IN THAILAND: DISTRIBUTION, MORPHOLOGICAL IDENTIFICATION AND MEDICAL IMPORTANCE APPRAISALS NOPHAWAN BUNCHU Department of Microbiology and Parasitology and Centre of Excellence in Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Science, Naresuan University, Muang, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand. *Corresponding Author: Email- [email protected] Received: April 03, 2012; Accepted: April 12, 2012 Abstract- The blow fly is considered to be a medically-important insect worldwide. This review is a compilation of the currently known occur- rence of blow fly species in Thailand, the fly’s medical importance and its morphological identification in all stages. So far, the 93 blow fly species identified belong to 9 subfamilies, including Subfamily Ameniinae, Calliphoridae, Luciliinae, Phumosiinae, Polleniinae, Bengaliinae, Auchmeromyiinae, Chrysomyinae and Rhiniinae. There are nine species including Chrysomya megacephala, Chrysomya chani, Chrysomya pinguis, Chrysomya bezziana, Achoetandrus rufifacies, Achoetandrus villeneuvi, Ceylonomyia nigripes, Hemipyrellia ligurriens and Lucilia cuprina, which have been documented already as medically important species in Thailand. According to all cited reports, C. megacephala is the most abundant species. Documents related to morphological identification of all stages of important blow fly species and their medical importance also are summarized, based upon reports from only Thailand. Keywords- Blow fly, Distribution, Identification, Medical Importance, Thailand Citation: Nophawan Bunchu (2012) Blow fly (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in Thailand: Distribution, Morphological Identification and Medical Im- portance Appraisals. International Journal of Parasitology Research, ISSN: 0975-3702 & E-ISSN: 0975-9182, Volume 4, Issue 1, pp.-57-64. Copyright: Copyright©2012 Nophawan Bunchu. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attrib- ution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Introduction ed over all continents in the world, except Antarctica [1]. Based on Thailand is a country located at the centre of the Indochina penin- citation in this review, the first document related blow fly was re- sula in Southeast Asia. It comprises 77 provinces that cover 6 portedly found in 1976 [4] and the first taxonomic key for blow flies regions by location and its hot and humid climate supports a vari- (subfamily Calliphoridae) in Thailand was documented by Tum- ety of tropical ecosystems. Unlike the temperate zone, tropical rasvin et al, [5]. The first text book relating to medically-important ecosystems provide wider niches for the survival of organisms, blow fly species of Thailand was written in the Thai language in which are thus able to support a much larger variety of plant, ani- 2010 by Associate Professor Dr. Kom Sukontason and Associate mal and microbe species. Blow flies form one of many insect Professor Dr. Kabkaew Sukontason [6]. Over the past 36 years, groups that are commonly found in the country and their families there have been many scientific articles that demonstrate blow fly are classified as follows: Kingdom Metazoa, Phylum Arthropoda, occurrence in several parts of Thailand as well as the fly’s biologi- Class Hexapoda, Order Diptera, Suborder Brachycera and Family cal aspects and medical importance. Although this information Calliphoridae. They are characterized typically as being metallic has increased gradually, it is still scattered. Therefore, the objec- blue, green, purple, or non metallic in color and they vary in size tives of this review were to gather and update all information on [1]. Blow fly larvae serve as carrion feeders that play an important blow flies, based upon scientific reports from only Thailand and role in recycling organic materials in the ecosystem. Furthermore, the experience of this author. This review emphasized on mainly 3 adults have been reported as pollinators of mango flowers in Aus- aspects, including (i) the occurrence of blow fly species, (ii) mor- tralia [2] and Taiwan [3]. Over 1,450 blow fly species are distribut- phological identification of all stages and (iii) their medical im- International Journal of Parasitology Research ISSN: 0975-3702 & E-ISSN: 0975-9182, Volume 4, Issue 1, 2012 Bioinfo Publications 57 Blow fly (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in Thailand: Distribution, Morphological Identification and Medical Importance Appraisals portance. This review may be useful for further researches and Table 1 Continue able to fulfill the information of blow fly diversity in the country. Prachuap Khirikhan, Loei, Narathiwat Distribution of Blow flies in Thailand Phitsanulok Lucilia porphyrina Chiang Mai, Kanchana- Briefly, blow flies are classified in the Order Diptera and Family Calliphoridae. They are called “Ma Lang Won Hoa Keaw” (in Thai) (Walker, 1857) buri, Loei Nakhonratchasima, and are characterized typically as being metallic blue, green, pur- Phitsanulok ple, or non metallic (black, grey, brown or yellow) in color and Lucilia sinensis Aubertin, Chiang Mai, Nakhon- varied in size (2.5 - 19.0 mm) [1]. Females are oviparous, some- 1933 ratchasima, Phitsanulok Hypopygiopsis fumipen- times ovoviviparous and some species breed in decaying animal Narathiwat matter, while others breed in human and animal excrement. The nis (Walker, 1857) Hypopygiopsis infumata Chiang Mai, Lampang, life cycle development for this fly is holometabolous (complete (Bigot, 1877) Narathiwat, Phitsanulok metamorphosis) in four stages: egg, larva, pupa and adult. During Hypopygiopsis tumrasvini Chiang Mai, Narathiwat the larval stage, the fly passes through 3 different stages or instars (Walker, 1857) Hypopygiopsis violacea by moulting. Morphologically, the egg is small, creamy and bana- Narathiwat, Ratchaburi na shaped, while the larva is creamy, muscoid shaped and called (Macquart, 1835) Hemipyrellia ligurriens Chiang Mai, Narathiwat, a maggot. The pupa is coarctate and barrel shaped. Over 1,450 (Wiedemann, 1830)* Tak, Lampang, blow fly species belonging to 133 genera are distributed over all Phitsanulok Chiang Mai, Prachuap continents worldwide, except Antarctica [1]. In Thailand, there are Hemipyrellia pulchra Khirikhan, Kanchana- 93 blow fly species belonging to 9 subfamilies including Subfamily (Wiedemann, 1830) Ameniinae, Calliphoridae, Luciliinae, Phumosiinae, Polleniinae, buri Phitsanulok Bengaliinae, Auchmeromyiinae, Chrysomyinae and Rhiniinae [7], PHUMOSI- Phumosia indica Chiang Mai, Sa Kaeo, as shown in Table 1. INAE (Surcouf, 1914) Phitsanulok Phumosia testacea Chiang Mai, Phitsanu- (Senior-White, 1923) lok Phumosia viridis Chomporn Table 1- List of blow fly species (Diptera: Calliphoridae) and their Kuahashi, 1989 distribution in Thailand (by province) from 1975 to 2010 based Dexopollenia bicolor POLLENIINAE Chiang Mai mainly upon reports by Kurahashi and Bunchu [7], Sucharit and Malloch, 1935 Dexopollenia fangensis Tumrasvin [9], and partly upon collections made by the author Chiang Mai Subfamily Tribe Genus and species Locality Kuahashi, 1995 Dexopollenia yuphae Chiang Mai, Kanchana- Silbomyia asiatica Cross- AMENIINAE Ameniini Nakhon Nayok kurahashi, 1995 buri key, 1965 Pollenia chotei Kurahashi Catapicephala kurahashii Nakhonratchasima Catapicephalini Chiang Mai et Tumrasavin, 1979 Tumrasvin et Kano, 1977 Bengalia chiangmaiensis Catapicephala michikoae Chumporn BENGALIINAE Kurahashi et Tumrasavin, Chiang Mai Tumrasvin et Kano, 1977 1979 Catapicephala sinica Bengalia emarginata Chiang Mai, Lampang Chiang Mai, Loei Fan, 1965 Malloch, 1927 CALLIPHORI- Melinda abdominalis Bengalia escheri Bezzi, Calliphorini Chiang Mai, Tak Chiang Mai NAE (Malloch, 1931) 1913 Melinda dubia (Malloch, Bengalia labiata Chiang Mai Chiang Mai, Kanchana- 1931) Robineau-Desvoidy, buri, Phitsanulok Melinda nigripalpis 1830 Kurahashi et Tumrasavin, Chiang Mai Bengalia pseudovaricolor 1979 Kurahashi et Tumrasavin, Chiang Mai Melinda nuortevae Chiang Mai, Kanchana- 1979 Bengalia siamensis Chiang Mai, Nakhon- Kurahashi, 1970 buri Melinda scutellata Senior-White, 1924 ratchasima Chiang Mai Bengalia taksina (Lehrer, (Senior-White, 1923) Chiang Mai Calliphora pattoni 2005) Chiang Mai Bengalia torosa Aubertin, 1931 Chiang Mai, Loei (Wiedemann, 1819) Calliphora vicina Bengalia varicolor Chiang Mai, Chonburi, Robineau-Desvoidy, Chiang Mai 1830 (Fabricius, 1805) Tak, Lampang Bengalia xanthopyga Calliphora vomitoria Chiang Mai Chiang Mai Senior-White, 1924 (Linnaeus, 1758) AUCHMEROM Verticia fasciventris Nakhon Nayok Tainanina YIINAE Malloch, 1927 sarcophagoides (Malloch, Chiang Mai Ayutthaya, Bang- 1931) CHRYSOMYI- Achoetandrus rufifacies kok,Chiang Mai, Chan- NAE (Macquart, 1843)f ,* Lucilia cuprina Bangkok, Chiang Mai, taburi, LUCILIINAE f (Wiedemann 1830) Phitsanulok, Tak Chonburi, Kanchana- (Former name; Lucilia papuensis Chiang Mai, Saraburi, buri, Khonkaen, Lam- Chrysomya rufifacies) Macquart, 1842 Sa Kaeo, Kanchanaburi pang, International Journal of Parasitology Research ISSN: 0975-3702 & E-ISSN: 0975-9182, Volume 4, Issue 1, 2012 Bioinfo Publications 58 Nophawan Bunchu Table 1 Continue Table 1 Continue Nakhonratchasima, Idiella mandarina Chiang Mai Nakhon Pathum, (Wiedemann, 1830) Nakhon Sawan, Non- Idiella tripartite (Bigot, Rhiniini Chiang Mai thaburi,
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