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The Mosquitoes of Minnesota

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The Mosquitoes of Minnesota Technical Bulletin 228 April 1958 The Mosquitoes of Minnesota (Diptera : Culicidae : Culicinae) A. RALPH BARR University of Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station ~2 Technirnl Rull!'lin :z2g 1-,he Mosquitoes of J\ilinnesota (Diptera: Culicidae: Culicinae) A. llALPII R\lm University of Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station CONTENTS I. Introduction JI. Historical Ill. Biology of mosquitoes ................................ Zoogeography Oviposition ......................................... Breeding places of larvae ................................... I) Larrnl p;rowth ....................................... Ill ,\atural factors in the control of larvae .................. JI The pupal stage ............................................... 12 .\lating .................................... _ ..... 12 Feeding of adults ......................................... 12 Hibernation 11 Seasonal distribution II I\ . Techniques Equipment Eggs ............................... · .... · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · Larvae Pupae Adults Colonization and rearing . IB \. Systematic treatment Keys to genera Adult females . l'J \fale terminalia . 19 Pupae ······················································· .... ········ 2.'i Larvae ····················································· ..... ········ 2S :-n Anopheles ········································· ··························· Anopheles (Anopheles) barberi .................... · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · earlei ...•......................... · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · punctipennis ...................... · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · quadrimaculatus ··································· wallceri ···························. Wyeomyia Wyeomyia smithii ··········································· ... ·········· C ranotaenia Uranotaenia sapphirina ....................... · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · 16 Culiseta •............................ a • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 46 Culiseta ( Culiseta) inornata . 4; (Climacura) melanura . 51 ( Culicella) minnesotae . 52 mortisans . 52 Orthopodomyia Orthopodomyia signifera . 53 Mansonia Mansonia perturbans . 5-l Psorophora . Si Psorophora (Psorophora) ciliata . 5; (Janthinosoma) horrida . 60 Aedes Key to females . • . • . • • • • . • • • • . • • • . • • . • • • • . • • . • . 60 Males • • • . • • . • • . • . • • . • • . • • . • • . • . • • . • • . • . • • • • . • . • . • • • . 61 Pupae • . • • . • • . • . • . • • • . • • • • . • • • • • . • • • . • . • . • . • • . • . 71 Larvae • • • . • • • • . • • • . • • • • • . • • • • • . • • • . • • . • • • • . • . • . 71 Aedes (Aedes) cinereus . 87 (Aedimorphus) vexans . 88 (Finlaya) atropalpus . 93 triseriatus . 9j ( Ochlerotatus) Group taeniorhynchus nigromaculis . • . • . 97 Group stimulans ( or annulipes) . 98 excrucians . 100 barri ..................................................... 101 fiavescens ................................................ 101 stimulans . 102 fitchii . 102 riparius . lOj Group dorsalis canadensis . 106 dorsalis . 10; campestris . 108 Group scapularis trivittatus . 109 Group communis . ll0 sticticus ·················································· lll spencerii ················································· ll3 implicatus ················································ ll3 communis ················································ ll5 pionips . ll 7 abserratus . ll 7 punctor ·················································· ll8 trichurus 120 auri/er . 121 intrudens . 122 dianteus . 123 Culex ········································································ 124 Culex (Melanoconion) erraticus ............................................ 128 (Culex) pipiens 131 restuans 132 Culex ( Culex) salinarius 133 tarsalis 134 ( N eoculex) territans . 134 Mosquitoes of neighboring regions . 135 VI. References . 137 The Mosquitoes of Minnesota (Diptera : Culicidae · Culiciiuw) A. Ralph Barr 1 Part I. Introduction MOSQUITOES are extremely important to biologi('al, wlii<"li n·111,1i11 !11 lw .---,d\t·d in tlii-­ the economy of the state of l\Iinncsota. area. Tlwir primary importance at the present time d,w, not concern their ability to carry dis­ ACKNOWI.ED(;:HENTS '.,.,., but rather lies in their nuisance value. Thank.-, an! due tlw <:hanilwr of (:111111111·1(·,· I I.mil,· a community in the state, from tlH: of the City of Virginia and 1111· S1al11 Ento­ 1•!.1in:--- of the southwest to the forested region mologist's Oflicc for ('ocqwration i11 fi,·l1hvork in the spring of ]<J~:l, and tlw llnivc·r,ilv of i,! tlw northeast, does not have a pest n10sr1uito .\Iinnesota Forc~try and Biolo;.!,i(·al Statio;1 al 1,mlilt·m at some time during the warmer part Itasca State l'ark for 1h11 11,,. of tlwir Ll<'ili1i,·, 11[ I he year. chning tlw ~prinµ.-.; of l'J.Sl and J1;:;7_ Tlw ~tak Thi· ~pccies causing such problems arc, how­ Entornoloµ:i!--l\ Oflicc al.-..o pn,vid,·d .L quantity n i-r. not always and everywhere the saml'. of light trap matr-rial whi<'h pro\i·d to lw I lillt-n·nt areas have different pest species and valuahl"- Lastly, !hanks an, d111· !Jr. ·\Ian in ,·a"h area control measures must be adapted Stone of the linit,·d S1a11·, ,\aliord \!11,,·11111 I« the peculiarities of the most important pests for many s,·rviccs, llr. IL C. Wallis of 1111· Con­ 1,n·,1·nt. It is for this reason that a manual is necticut Agricultural Ex1wri11li'ntal ~tatio11 ,111d n1·1·,kd to aid in identification of the various Dr. l{_ D. l'ricc of the lJnivn,ity of \linrw,ola -1w,-i1·s and to bring together the salient fea- for valuahlc: mat,·rial, llr. E. I-'. ( :o,,k of 1h11 111r<-, of their biologies. The present publica­ Univer~ity of .\lirnw~ota for \Vfirking dir,·ctly li«n is intended to fulfill that need as well as with the editors and printt·r on mat!f-r-., ,,rl1it'h l<1 ,,·n e as a vehicle for observations gathered distance prevented the author from takin~ care I" the author during the years 1952 to 1%7. of in person, and Syl\"ia Barr who ]Jr<l\id,·d all lt i, hoped that. the present work will also illustrations and pt:rformcd J. largi: part of liu: -:imulate further studies by pointing out a few technical work un ,vhi('h tlii-.. pnhlil'ation i-; ,,f the myriad of problems, both taxonomic and based. Part II. Historical J HE FIRST ACCOUNT of mosquitoes in Washburn in 1902 / 19021,J added ··(,"uf,·x \I innesota was given by Lugger (1896) impiger" to the ]i-;t f.!iVt·n by Lugger and stat1:<l wl,,, mentioned three species found in the that pungens ( = pipiens) was probably the ·late: Cu/ex consobrinus (= Culiseta inornata), most abundant and troublcsonH: species in the !,", J,irngens and Anopheles quadrimaculatus. state. Althoursh pipi<'ns was probably a good '"(."11/ex pungens" is considered to be a synonym deal more abundant in tho,11 days than it i, "f pipiens but the larva fio-ured by Luaaer is now, due to the availability of hrr·c<ling plar:r:, '!,-.1rlv restuans. The identity of "quadri':nacu­ at that time, it hardly srlf:ms likr:ly that it was 'r1t11,' is questionable; it is probably either the n10:-;t ·'troublesome" rno:-;quit<J. P,1.... -.,i!,ly ,-,irlei or walkeri or both. Riley (1940) says other forms such as Aedes vexuns werr, mi,­ tltc,1 Lugger's Grand Rapids record refers to takenly classified as "pungens". The identity 1wl!:eri. Lugger also gave a rather general of "impiger" is questionable; it i-; probably 0 '_T'•unt of the biology, anatomy, and control one of the Aedes with a golden mesonotum ')I m, 1•..:.quitoes. such as intmdens or absermtus. There i, a : /.\.Ralph Barr is a former staff member, Departm<:nt of Entomolo~y ;rnJ Fconomic ZrJrJlu:.:y, nw,,· in :he IJqnnn1e:1t · · :-.rcmology, Ur.iYersity of Kansas. 5 \Try old specimen of Aeries triscriatus in the probably punctor. The adult was said to li.n,· Univer~ity co1lcction identified as "impiger". a broad stripe on the thorax which would indi. The results of a partially successful cam­ cate either p1tnctor or rlianteus; his descri1,1i«11 paign lo control nw:-iquitoes were al.so given of the larva does not agree with either of t IH··i· hy Washburn in 1902 (1902a) and in 1903 he species and V{as probably crroncou~ly a-.,11- added Cufrx sti1111dans, C. restuans, and Wyeu­ ciated with the adult. myia smithii to the state list bringing the total Among tllt' previously recognized ::3pc,·ic-. to st·v,·n. His "sti11111/ans" was probably Aeries Howard gave remarks on Cu/ex pipicns, n·1t1;­ ,.,,_rnf/s; old identifications in the University ans, and tarsal is, Aedes syhestris ( = r,•.r,111,, coll Pct ion bear out this impression. "'Anopheles and canarlensis, l',fansonia perturbans, and qwulri111aculat11s ( = maculif)enllis)" was found Anopheles punctipennis. "Aedes abfitchii'' «i to I)(' abundant at Basswood Lake (practically this work probably corresponds to \Vashl,11ni', 1111 the Canadian border) which indicates that ·"Cu/ex cantans" an<l is Aeries excrucia111. at tlw identification certaiuly did not refer to lea.-;t for the 1nost part. "Aeries impit::er .. 1,t <J 1111dri 111ac1t!at us. this work is probably i11tmdn1s. In 1905 Washburn recorded 16 species of Dyar in 1922 (1922a) added Aedes auritn. mosquitoes and chaoborids from the state. To campestris, flavescens, irnpiger ( = implic11t1111, t lw previous list of seven he added C11!,·x spencerii, and trichurus to the state list and i11 tarsalis, lll'morosus, canrulensis, cantans, tri­ 192:l riparius t 1923c). In 1928 he n·p«r1,·d scriatus, and dyari, Grabhamia curriei,
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