DOCSLIB.ORG

Biological and Molecular Studies of a Cypovirus from the Black Fly

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Biological and Molecular Studies of a Cypovirus from the Black Fly Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 95 (2007) 26–32 www.elsevier.com/locate/yjipa Biological and molecular studies of a cypovirus from the black Xy Simulium ubiquitum (Diptera: Simuliidae) Terry B. Green a, Susan White a, Shujing Rao b, Peter P.C. Mertens b, Peter H. Adler c, James J. Becnel a,¤ a ARS, CMAVE, 1600-1700 S.W. 23rd Drive, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA b Pirbright Laboratory, Institute for Animal Health, Ash Road Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK c Division of Entomology, Clemson University, 114 Long Hall, Clemson, SC 29634-0315, USA Received 20 July 2006; accepted 24 October 2006 Available online 16 January 2007 Abstract A cypovirus from the black Xy Simulium ubiquitum (SuCPV) was isolated and examined using biological and molecular techniques. SuCPV produces small (typically 0.25 m), polyhedral shaped inclusion bodies (polyhedra), in which the virus particles become multiply embedded. SuCPV is the third cypovirus isolated from Diptera, but the Wrst from Simuliidae that has been characterized using molecular analyses. SuCPV has a genome composed of 10 segments of dsRNA, with an electrophoretic migration pattern that is diVerent from those of recent UsCPV-17 and CrCPV-17 isolates from the mosquitoes Uranotaenia sapphirina and Culex restuans, respectively. The SuCPV electropherotype appears to show signiWcant diVerences from those of the previously characterized lepidopteran cypoviruses. Sequence analysis of SuCPV segment 10 shows that it is unrelated to either of the two CPV isolates from Diptera or to the CPV species for which Seg-10 has been previously characterized from Lepidoptera. A comparison of the terminal regions of SuCPV genome segments to those of CPV-1, 2, 4, 5 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, and 19 also revealed only low levels of conservation. We therefore, propose that SuCPV is classiWed within a new Cypovirus species, which we have tentatively identiWed as Cypovirus-20. We have therefore referred to this virus isolate as S. ubiquitum CPV-20 (SuCPV-20). © 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Keywords: Simulium ubiquitum Cypovirus; Black Xy; Transmission; Reoviridae; Morphology; Electropherotype; Diptera 1. Introduction within which the virus particles can become either singly or (more usually) multiply embedded. Cypoviruses usually Cypoviruses have been isolated mainly from insects in infect the midgut cells, particularly of the insect larval the orders Lepidoptera, Diptera, and Hymenoptera. The stages and can produce chronic rather than fatal disease. cypovirus genome usually consists of 10 double-stranded Sixteen diVerent virus species (Cypovirus-1 to Cypovirus-16) RNA (dsRNA) segments (Mertens et al., 2004; Hukuhara have already been formally recognized within the genus and Bonami, 1991; Payne and Rivers, 1976), packaged as Cypovirus, family Reoviridae (Mertens et al., 2004). These exactly one copy of each segment, within each single- diVerent species can be distinguished by diVerences in the shelled, icosahedral and turreted virus particle. The cypovi- migration patterns of their dsRNAs during electrophoresis, ruses replicate within the cytoplasm of infected insect cells variations in RNA sequences (both in the coding regions and typically produce inclusion bodies (polyhedra) that are and conserved terminal regions) and by antigenic variation composed primarily of a single viral protein (polyhedrin), in the viral proteins (Mertens et al., 2004, 1999; Payne and Rivers, 1976). Further Cypovirus species (CPV-17, 18, and 19) have been proposed, based on isolates from mosquitoes * Corresponding author. Fax: +1 352 374 5966. (CPV-17—Green et al., 2006; Shapiro et al., 2005) and from E-mail address: [email protected] (J.J. Becnel). the winter moth Operophtera brumata (CPV-18 and 19— 0022-2011/$ - see front matter © 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.jip.2006.10.006 T.B. Green et al. / Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 95 (2007) 26–32 27 Graham et al., 2006) that have been characterized and com- were exposed to 5 LE (larval equivalent) of S. ubiquitum pared to the existing species by electropherotype analysis infected with CPV in 100 ml of 0 or 10 mM MgCl2 at room and sequencing of the viral genome. temperature and then transferred to 15 °C for two days. Historically, hundreds of CPV isolates have been identi- Larvae were examined two and Wve days post inoculum Wed from diVerent species of Lepidoptera, based on the simi- (p.i.) for signs of disease. larities in their virion, inclusion bodies and infection of midgut epithelial cells. However, most of these viruses have 2.5. Analysis of SuCPV by electropherotype remained uncharacterized and are consequently unclassiWed by the International Committee for the Taxonomy of Viruses Genomic dsRNAs of SuCPV was extracted from puri- (ICTV), due (in large part) to an inability to recover enough Wed polyhedra, using a QIAampViral Mini Kit from of each virus for molecular studies (such as electropherotyp- Qiagen (Green et al., 2006; Shapiro et al., 2005; Rao et al., ing, serological analysis, or sequencing). We report the isola- 2003; Hagiwara et al., 2002). SuCPV RNA was analyzed on tion of a CPV from the black Xy Simulium ubiquitum and a 1% agarose gel. Ethidium bromide was integrated into the present molecular data to support its classiWcation as a mem- gel at a Wnal concentration of 0.5 mg/ml. Genomic RNA ber of a new Cypovirus species that we have tentatively iden- from UsCPV-17 and CrCPV-17 was also analyzed in the tiWed as Cypovirus-20. The new virus isolate can therefore be same gel to compare the electrophoretic proWle of cypo- named as ‘Simulium ubiquitum CPV-20’ (SuCPV-20). viruses isolated from Diptera. Seg-10 sequences from UsCPV-17 (AY876384) and CrCPV-17 (DQ212785) 2. Materials and methods genomes are accessible in GenBank. 2.1. Field collection and gross pathology 2.6. cDNA synthesis, ampliWcation by PCR, cloning and sequencing Simulium larvae were collected twice in Hatchet Creek at Hwy 24 in Alachua County, Florida (N29.73066 The conditions for cDNA synthesis, ampliWcation by W82.24906), in April and May 2005. The larvae were held PCR, cloning, and sequencing were similar to the proto- in creek water and returned to the laboratory for examina- cols published by Shapiro et al. (2005) and Green et al. tion. Individual larvae were removed from the plant mate- (2006). BrieXy, RNA was isolated from puriWed virions, rial and examined against a dark background, using a using a QIAampViral Mini Kit (Qiagen). An anchor dissecting microscope. Diseased larvae were segregated by primer was ligated to the dsRNAs, using T4 RNA ligase pathogen types, and samples of diseased and healthy larvae (New England Biolab). cDNA synthesis was then per- were placed in 70% ethanol for identiWcation. formed with a primer part that is complementary to the anchor using AMV reverse transcriptase (Promega). PCR 2.2. Ultrastructural studies (electron microscopy) was completed using the Advantage 2 PCR Kit (Clon- tech) with primer 5-15-1. The PCR conditions were 95 °C Dissected midguts of infected black Xy larvae were pro- for 15 s of denaturing and 68 °C for 3 min of annealing/ cessed for electron microscopy as described by Shapiro extension (24 cycles). et al. (2004). BrieXy, dissected midguts were Wxed in 2.5% The PCR products of SuCPV were separated on a 1% gluteraldehyde for 2 h, postWxed in 2% osmium tetroxide agarose gel. The expected size of Seg-10 was »850 bp. The for 1 h, dehydrated in an ethanol series and embedded in Seg-10 DNA band was then excised, puriWed, A-tailed by epon-araldite. Thin sections were stained in uranyl acetate Taq enzyme (10 min at 72 °C with 200 nM dATP in and lead citrate and examined and photographed at 75 kV. 1£ Taq buVer), and cloned into pGEM-T Easy vector. The cloned insert from Seg-10 was ampliWed by PCR, 2.3. PuriWcation of virus using SP6 and T7 primer pairs, and was conWrmed by the lengths of the PCR product and by restriction mapping. Midguts of SuCPV-infected larvae were dissected and Three clones from Seg-10 were completely sequenced homogenized in deionized water (25 from the Wrst collection using SP6 and T7 primers, with a dye terminator cycle and 50 from the second collection). The suspension was placed sequencing ready reaction kit on a Beckman CEQ8000 on a continuous 0.1mM NaOH : HS-40 Ludox® gradient and system. The sequences obtained were then used to design centrifuged at 16,000g for 30min. The resulting band was primers for direct sequencing of the RT-PCR products removed and suspended in 0.1mM NaOH and spun again at from Seg-10, which conWrmed the original sequence data 16,000g for 20min and this washing was repeated three times. from the cloned cDNAs. The Wnal pellet was suspended in 0.1mM NaOH. 2.7. Homology analysis 2.4. Horizontal transmission (Cation Assays) Homology searches of the nucleotide and predicted Four-day old Culex quinquefasciatus (Say), Anopheles amino acid sequence of SuCPV were performed using quadrimaculatus (Say) and Anopheles albimanus (Wied.) BLAST (NCBI). 28 T.B. Green et al. / Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 95 (2007) 26–32 3. Results ous Ludox gradient. The estimated density was 1.200 § 0.001 (n D 2). 3.1. Field collection and gross pathology 3.3. Ultrastructural studies Hatchet Creek drains a woodland swamp area in North- ern Alachua County, Florida, USA. At the collection site, Inclusion bodies of this virus were localized in the cyto- however, the creek crosses under the highway and is not plasm of epithelial cells in the gastric caeca and posterior shaded by tree canopy, allowing grasses and other aquatic midgut of larval black Xies (Fig. 1a and b). Non-occluded vegetation to grow. The average conductivity of the stream and occluded viral particles were distributed throughout was 65 § 5 S/cm, with total dissolved solids of 43 § 4 ppm the cytoplasm, but not observed within nuclei (Fig.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Mosquito Species Identification Using Convolutional Neural Networks With
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Mosquito species identifcation using convolutional neural networks with a multitiered ensemble model for novel species detection Adam Goodwin1,2*, Sanket Padmanabhan1,2, Sanchit Hira2,3, Margaret Glancey1,2, Monet Slinowsky2, Rakhil Immidisetti2,3, Laura Scavo2, Jewell Brey2, Bala Murali Manoghar Sai Sudhakar1, Tristan Ford1,2, Collyn Heier2, Yvonne‑Marie Linton4,5,6, David B. Pecor4,5,6, Laura Caicedo‑Quiroga4,5,6 & Soumyadipta Acharya2* With over 3500 mosquito species described, accurate species identifcation of the few implicated in disease transmission is critical to mosquito borne disease mitigation. Yet this task is hindered by limited global taxonomic expertise and specimen damage consistent across common capture methods. Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are promising with limited sets of species, but image database requirements restrict practical implementation. Using an image database of 2696 specimens from 67 mosquito species, we address the practical open‑set problem with a detection algorithm for novel species. Closed‑set classifcation of 16 known species achieved 97.04 ± 0.87% accuracy independently, and 89.07 ± 5.58% when cascaded with novelty detection. Closed‑set classifcation of 39 species produces a macro F1‑score of 86.07 ± 1.81%. This demonstrates an accurate, scalable, and practical computer vision solution to identify wild‑caught mosquitoes for implementation in biosurveillance and targeted vector control programs, without the need for extensive image database development for each new target region. Mosquitoes are one of the deadliest animals in the world, infecting between 250–500 million people every year with a wide range of fatal or debilitating diseases, including malaria, dengue, chikungunya, Zika and West Nile Virus1.
    [Show full text]
  • Data-Driven Identification of Potential Zika Virus Vectors Michelle V Evans1,2*, Tad a Dallas1,3, Barbara a Han4, Courtney C Murdock1,2,5,6,7,8, John M Drake1,2,8
    RESEARCH ARTICLE Data-driven identification of potential Zika virus vectors Michelle V Evans1,2*, Tad A Dallas1,3, Barbara A Han4, Courtney C Murdock1,2,5,6,7,8, John M Drake1,2,8 1Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, United States; 2Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, United States; 3Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California-Davis, Davis, United States; 4Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, United States; 5Department of Infectious Disease, University of Georgia, Athens, United States; 6Center for Tropical Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, United States; 7Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, United States; 8River Basin Center, University of Georgia, Athens, United States Abstract Zika is an emerging virus whose rapid spread is of great public health concern. Knowledge about transmission remains incomplete, especially concerning potential transmission in geographic areas in which it has not yet been introduced. To identify unknown vectors of Zika, we developed a data-driven model linking vector species and the Zika virus via vector-virus trait combinations that confer a propensity toward associations in an ecological network connecting flaviviruses and their mosquito vectors. Our model predicts that thirty-five species may be able to transmit the virus, seven of which are found in the continental United States, including Culex quinquefasciatus and Cx. pipiens. We suggest that empirical studies prioritize these species to confirm predictions of vector competence, enabling the correct identification of populations at risk for transmission within the United States. *For correspondence: mvevans@ DOI: 10.7554/eLife.22053.001 uga.edu Competing interests: The authors declare that no competing interests exist.
    [Show full text]
  • The Mosquitoes of Minnesota
    Technical Bulletin 228 April 1958 The Mosquitoes of Minnesota (Diptera : Culicidae : Culicinae) A. RALPH BARR University of Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station ~2 Technirnl Rull!'lin :z2g 1-,he Mosquitoes of J\ilinnesota (Diptera: Culicidae: Culicinae) A. llALPII R\lm University of Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station CONTENTS I. Introduction JI. Historical Ill. Biology of mosquitoes ................................ Zoogeography Oviposition ......................................... Breeding places of larvae ................................... I) Larrnl p;rowth ....................................... Ill ,\atural factors in the control of larvae .................. JI The pupal stage ............................................... 12 .\lating .................................... _ ..... 12 Feeding of adults ......................................... 12 Hibernation 11 Seasonal distribution II I\ . Techniques Equipment Eggs ............................... · .... · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · Larvae Pupae Adults Colonization and rearing . IB \. Systematic treatment Keys to genera Adult females . l'J \fale terminalia . 19 Pupae ······················································· .... ········ 2.'i Larvae ····················································· ..... ········ 2S :-n Anopheles ········································· ··························· Anopheles (Anopheles) barberi .................... · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · earlei ...•......................... · · · · ·
    [Show full text]
  • Diptera: Culicidae) in RELATION to EPIZOOTIC TRANSMISSION of EASTERN EQUINE ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS in CENTRAL FLORIDA
    SEASONAL CHANGES IN HOST USE AND VECTORIAL CAPACITY OF Culiseta melanura (Diptera: Culicidae) IN RELATION TO EPIZOOTIC TRANSMISSION OF EASTERN EQUINE ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS IN CENTRAL FLORIDA By RICHARD G. WEST A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2019 © 2019 Richard G. West 2 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my advisor Nathan Burkett-Cadena for his invaluable guidance and instruction and Derrick Mathias and Jonathan Day for serving on my committee and sharing their expertise and helpful input. I would like to thank the following for their assistance with mosquito sampling: Carl Boohene, Jackson Mosley, Hugo Ortiz Saavedra, and Roger Johnson at Polk County Mosquito Control District; Kelly Deutsch, Rafael Melendez, and others at Orange County Mosquito Control District; and Sue Bartlett, Miranda Tressler, Hong Chen, Drake Falcon, Tia Vasconcellos, and Brandi Anderson at Volusia County Mosquito Control District. This study could not have been done without their cooperation and hard work. I would also like to thank Carolina Acevedo for help with bloodmeal analysis, Erik Blosser for help with mosquito identifications, Diana Rojas and Annsley West for helping with field collections, and to all the faculty, staff, and students at FMEL for their support and encouragement. Finally, I thank my wife Annsley for her faithful encouragement and love and for my Lord Jesus and family for their support. This research is supported by the CDC Southeast Gateway Center of Excellence and the University of Florida. 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • P2699 Identification Guide to Adult Mosquitoes in Mississippi
    Identification Guide to Adult Mosquitoes in Mississippi es Identification Guide to Adult Mosquitoes in Mississippi By Wendy C. Varnado, Jerome Goddard, and Bruce Harrison Cover photo by Dr. Blake Layton, Mississippi State University Extension Service. Preface Entomology, and Plant Pathology at Mississippi State University, provided helpful comments and Mosquitoes and the diseases they transmit are in- other supportIdentification for publication and ofGeographical this book. Most Distri- creasing in frequency and geographic distribution. butionfigures of used the inMosquitoes this book of are North from America, Darsie, R. North F. and As many as 1,000 people were exposed recently ofWard, Mexico R. A., to dengue fever during an outbreak in the Florida Mos- Keys. “New” mosquito-borne diseases such as quitoes of, NorthUniversity America Press of Florida, Gainesville, West Nile and Chikungunya have increased pub- FL, 2005, and Carpenter, S. and LaCasse, W., lic awareness about disease potential from these , University of California notorious pests. Press, Berkeley, CA, 1955. None of these figures are This book was written to provide citizens, protected under current copyrights. public health workers, school teachers, and other Introduction interested parties with a hands-on, user-friendly guide to Mississippi mosquitoes. The book’s util- and Background ity may vary with each user group, and that’s OK; some will want or need more detail than others. Nonetheless, the information provided will allow There has never been a systematic, statewide you to identify mosquitoes found in Mississippi study of mosquitoes in Mississippi. Various au- with a fair degree of accuracy. For more informa- thors have reported mosquito collection records tion about mosquito species occurring in the state as a result of surveys of military installations in and diseases they may transmit, contact the ento- the state and/or public health malaria inspec- mology staff at the Mississippi State Department of tions.
    [Show full text]
  • Echoes 2018 Open House
    Mountain Lake Echoes 2018 Open House Produced by the University of Virginia’s Mountain Lake Biological Station mlbs.org In This Issue Fall 2018, Vol. 19 From the Director 2 Meet the Beetlearies! 2 Why Reach Overseas? Student Corner 2 Many of our country’s most important inland biological field stations, as they were once Research Spotlight 3 called, came into being quite intentionally during the middle of the last century. Most News & Notes 4-5 were designed to serve as regional platforms for college courses, collecting forays, or A Look Back at the 2018 Season 6-7 land management efforts. During the 1960s and 70s some took on themed research missions – hydrology, ecosystem dynamics, forest ecology, agriculture, lake processes, prairie dynamics, population biology, animal behavior, etc. Field research is now a globe-trotting industry with graduate students choosing systems and questions independent of local biology, or field stations. Today’s field stations must play host to biologists from around the world, and are learning how to support and retain international scientists who face special challenges, including time zones, travel costs and time, language, culture, academic schedules, funding disparities, rules and regulations in two countries, and immigration and visa complexities. To attract international users, field stations must remove barriers, e.g., program schedules designed to align only with US calendars, or excessive permitting requirements. If stations can do this, they and their host institutions will reap the benefits of bringing together scientists with different training, perspectives, conceptual tools, and ways of thinking. Dr. Adriana Herrera Montes is primarily interested in how human disturbance, specifically human environmental engineering, impacts biodiversity and vertebrate ecosystem services.
    [Show full text]
  • Data-Driven Identification of Potential Zika Virus Vectors Michelle V Evans1,2*, Tad a Dallas1,3, Barbara a Han4, Courtney C Murdock1,2,5,6,7,8, John M Drake1,2,8
    RESEARCH ARTICLE Data-driven identification of potential Zika virus vectors Michelle V Evans1,2*, Tad A Dallas1,3, Barbara A Han4, Courtney C Murdock1,2,5,6,7,8, John M Drake1,2,8 1Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, United States; 2Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, United States; 3Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California-Davis, Davis, United States; 4Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, United States; 5Department of Infectious Disease, University of Georgia, Athens, United States; 6Center for Tropical Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, United States; 7Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, United States; 8River Basin Center, University of Georgia, Athens, United States Abstract Zika is an emerging virus whose rapid spread is of great public health concern. Knowledge about transmission remains incomplete, especially concerning potential transmission in geographic areas in which it has not yet been introduced. To identify unknown vectors of Zika, we developed a data-driven model linking vector species and the Zika virus via vector-virus trait combinations that confer a propensity toward associations in an ecological network connecting flaviviruses and their mosquito vectors. Our model predicts that thirty-five species may be able to transmit the virus, seven of which are found in the continental United States, including Culex quinquefasciatus and Cx. pipiens. We suggest that empirical studies prioritize these species to confirm predictions of vector competence, enabling the correct identification of populations at risk for transmission within the United States. *For correspondence: mvevans@ DOI: 10.7554/eLife.22053.001 uga.edu Competing interests: The authors declare that no competing interests exist.
    [Show full text]
  • Mosquitopia: the Place of Pests in a Healthy World / Edited by Marcus Hall and Dan Tamir
    MOSQUITOPIA This edited volume brings together natural scientists, social scientists and humanists to assess if (or how) we may begin to coexist harmoniously with the mosquito. The mosquito is humanity’s deadliest animal, killing over a million people each year by transmitting malaria, yellow fever, Zika and several other diseases. Yet of the 3,500 species of mosquito on Earth, only a few dozen of them are really dangerous—so that the question arises as to whether humans and their mosquito foe can learn to live peacefully with one another. Chapters assess polarizing arguments for conserving and preserving mosquitoes, as well as for controlling and killing them, elaborating on possible consequences of both strategies. This book provides informed answers to the dual question: could we eliminate mosquitoes, and should we? Offering insights spanning the technical to the philosophical, this is the “go to” book for exploring humanity’s many relationships with the mosquito—which becomes a journey to finding better ways to inhabit the natural world. Mosquitopia will be of interest to anyone wanting to explore dependencies between human health and natural systems, while offering novel perspectives to health planners, medical experts, environmentalists and animal rights advocates. Marcus Hall is an environmental historian and professor at the University of Zurich. In exploring changing human relationships with the natural world, Hall has turned to such subjects as restoring, rewilding, invasive species, warfare, earth art, chronobi- ology, malaria, and parasites. His books include Earth Repair, Restoration and History, Crossing Mountains, and (with Marco Armiero) Nature and History in Modern Italy. Dan Tamïr is environmental historian and research associate at the University of Zurich.
    [Show full text]
  • The Mosquitoes of Illinois ( Diptera, Culicidae)
    '14 B ULLETIN of the cr) ILLINOIS NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY tit HARLOW B. MILLS, Chief Imam= The Mosquitoes of Illinois (Diptera, Culicidae) HERBERT H. [ItOSS Urbana, Illinois 114 Printed by Authority of ch. STATE OF ILLINOIS DWIGHT H. GREEN, Gal vermor DEPARTMENT OF REGLSTRA.T1ON AND EDUCATION FRANK la TWIN! PSON, Director STATE OF ILLINOIS DWIGHT H. GREEN, Governor DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION FRANK G. THOMPSON, Director NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY DIVISION HARLOW B. MILLS, Chief Volume 24 BULLETIN Article I The Mosquitoes of Illinois ( Diptera, Culicidae) HERBERT H. ROSS Printed by Authority of the State of Illinois URBANA, ILLINOIS flugust 1947 STATE OF ILLINOIS DWIGHT H. GREEN, Governor DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION FRANK G. THOMPSON, Director BOARD OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND CONSERVATION FRANK G. THOMPSON, Chairman CARL G. HARTMAN, Ph.D., Biology GEORGE D. STODDARD, Ph.D., President L. H. TIFFANY, Ph.D., Forestry of the University of Illinois L. R. HowsosT, B.S.C.E., C.E., Engineering WALTER II. NEWHOUSE, Ph.D., Geology ROGER ADAMS, Ph.D., D.Sc., Chemistry NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY DIVISION Urbana, Illinois SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL STAFF HARLOW B. MILLS, Chief BESSIE B. HENDERSON, M.S., .43.fiStant to the Chief Section of Economic Entomology Section of Aquatic Biology Entomologist G. C. DECKER, Ph.D., GEORGE W. BENNETT, Ph.D., Litt/110/0.92St J. H. BIGGER, M.S., Associate Entomologist D. F. HANssN, Ph.D., Assistant Zoologist L. I,. ENGLISH, Ph.D., Research Entomologist PAUL G. BARNICKOL, M.A., Ichthyologist S. C. CHANDLER, B.S., Southern Field Ento- ELIZABETH B. CHASE, Ph.D., Research mologist Assistant JAMES W.
    [Show full text]
  • Since Its Introduction in the New York
    DIRECT AND INDIRECT EFFECTS OF NATIVE AND INVASIVE PLANTS ON MOSQUITO ECOLOGY BY ALLISON MAE GARDNER DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Entomology in the Graduate College of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2016 Urbana, Illinois Doctoral Committee: Assistant Professor Brian F. Allan, Chair, Co-Director of Research Dr. Ephantus J. Muturi, Co-Director of Research Professor May R. Berenbaum Professor Lawrence M. Hanks Assistant Professor Allison K. Hansen Abstract Container-breeding mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae), including the vectors of human and wildlife pathogens, interact with terrestrial plants throughout their life cycles. Inputs of leaf detritus into the aquatic habitat provide an energy base for developing larvae, and plants mediate the distribution of adult mosquitoes by influencing microclimate conditions, supplying sugar-feeding sources, and altering communities of wildlife blood-meal hosts. This dissertation examines direct and indirect effects of understory shrubs, including species both native and invasive to North America, on the ecology of Culex pipiens, an important vector of West Nile virus in the northeastern and midwestern United States. Laboratory and field bioassays demonstrated that leaf detritus from different plant species in the aquatic environment alter two key components of mosquito production (i.e., oviposition site selection and adult emergence) via the abundance and composition of bacterial flora that form on different leaf species as they decompose. In particular, an invasive plant (Lonicera maackii, Amur honeysuckle) yielded high oviposition and adult emergence rates, while in contrast, a native plant (Rubus allegheniensis, common blackberry) was identified to function as an ecological trap for Cx.
    [Show full text]
  • Metropolitan Mosquito Control District
    This document is made available electronically by the Minnesota Legislative Reference Library as part of an ongoing digital archiving project. http://www.leg.state.mn.us/lrl/lrl.asp Cover art provided by Kathy Beadle, Field Operations Supervisor, Oakdale Facility Metropolitan Mosquito Control District Mission Technical Advisory Board The Metropolitan Mosquito Control District’s The MMCC formed the TAB in 1981 to provide annual, mission is to promote health and well-being by independent review of the field control programs, to enhance protecting the public from disease and annoyance inter-agency cooperation, and to facilitate compliance with caused by mosquitoes, black flies, and ticks in an Minnesota State Statute 473.716. environmentally sensitive manner. Technical Advisory Board Members Governance 2018-2019 The Metropolitan Mosquito Control District, Christine Wicks, Chair Mn Dept. of Agriculture established in 1958, controls mosquitoes and Donald Baumgartner US EPA gnats and monitors ticks in the metropolitan Stephen Kells University of Minnesota counties of Anoka, Carver, Dakota, Hennepin, Ramsey, Scott, and Washington. The District Phil Monson Mn Pollution Control Agency operates under the eighteen-member Metropolitan Gary Montz Mn Dept. of Natural Resources Mosquito Control Commission (MMCC), John Moriarty Three Rivers Park District composed of county commissioners from the David Neitzel Mn Department of Health participating counties. An executive director is responsible for the operation of the program and Susan Palchick Hennepin
    [Show full text]
  • North American Wetlands and Mosquito Control
    Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2012, 9, 4537-4605; doi:10.3390/ijerph9124537 OPEN ACCESS International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ISSN 1660-4601 www.mdpi.com/journal/ijerph Article North American Wetlands and Mosquito Control Jorge R. Rey 1,*, William E. Walton 2, Roger J. Wolfe 3, C. Roxanne Connelly 1, Sheila M. O’Connell 1, Joe Berg 4, Gabrielle E. Sakolsky-Hoopes 5 and Aimlee D. Laderman 6 1 Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory and Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida-IFAS, Vero Beach, FL 342962, USA; E-Mails: [email protected] (R.C.); [email protected] (S.M.O.C.) 2 Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; E-Mail: [email protected] 3 Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection, Franklin, CT 06254, USA; E-Mail: [email protected] 4 Biohabitats, Inc., 2081 Clipper Park Road, Baltimore, MD 21211, USA; E-Mail: [email protected] 5 Cape Cod Mosquito Control Project, Yarmouth Port, MA 02675, USA; E-Mail: [email protected] 6 Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA; E-Mail: [email protected] * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-772-778-7200 ext 136. Received: 11 September 2012; in revised form: 21 November 2012 / Accepted: 22 November 2012 / Published: 10 December 2012 Abstract: Wetlands are valuable habitats that provide important social, economic, and ecological services such as flood control, water quality improvement, carbon sequestration, pollutant removal, and primary/secondary production export to terrestrial and aquatic food chains. There is disagreement about the need for mosquito control in wetlands and about the techniques utilized for mosquito abatement and their impacts upon wetlands ecosystems.
    [Show full text]