A Synopsis of the Mosquitoes of Illinois(Diptera,Culicidae)

Home , Aedes canadensis, Aedes sollicitans, Anopheles barberi, Anopheles crucians, Culex territans, Orthopodomyia

STATE OF ILLINOIS DEPARTMENTOF REGISTRATIONAND EDUCATION NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY DIVISION

A SYNOPSIS OF THE MOSQUITOES OF ILLINOIS (Diptera,Culicidae)

Herbert H. Ross Willbm R. Horsf•,11

IllinoisNatural History Survey BiologicalNotes No. 52 Urbana,Illinois March, 1965 CONTENTS

DIAGNOSISOF MOSQUITOES...... 4 KEYS TO CULICIDAE LARVAE ...... 25 KEY TO CULICIDAE AND CHAOBORIDAE...... 4 Key to Generaof Culicidae(Larvae) ...... 26 Adults (Both Sexes) ...... 4 Key to Speciesof Aedes(Larvae) ...... 29 Larvae ...... 5 Key to Speciesof Anopheles(Larvae) ...... 37

LIST OF INCLUDED SPECIES ...... 5 Key to Speciesof Culex (Larvae)...... 39

KEY TO SEXES OF CULICIDAE ADULTS ...... 5 Key to Speciesof Cullseta(Larvae) ...... 40 Key to Speciesof Orthopodomyia(Larvae) ..... 43 KEYS TO CULICIDAE FEMALES ...... 5 Key to Speciesof Psorophora(Larvae) ...... 43 Key to Generaof Culicidae(Females) ...... 6 KEYS TO CULICIDAE EGGS...... 44 Key to Speciesof aledes(Females) ...... 8 Key to Generaof Culicidae(Eggs) ...... 44 Key to Speciesof alnopheles(Females) ...... 12 Key to Speciesof Aedes(Eggs) ...... 45 Key to Speciesof Culex(Females) ...... 13 Key to Speciesof Psorophora(Eggs) ...... 47 Key to Speciesof Cullseta(Females) ...... 14 Key to Speciesof Orthopodomyia(Females) .... 14 MOSQUITOESAND DISEASE...... 48 Key to Speciesof Psorophora(Females) ...... 14 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS...... 49 KEYS TO CULICIDAEMALES ...... 14 SELECTEDREFERENCES ...... 49 Key to Generaof Culicidae(Males) ...... 15 LITERATURECITED IN THE ILLUSTRATIONS...... 49 Key to Speciesof Aedes(Males) ...... 16 INDEX ...... 50 Key to Speciesof Anopheles(Males) ...... 22 Key to Speciesof Culex(Males) ...... 22 COVERDRAWING.--One of the largest Illinois mosquitoesis the "gallinipper,"Psorophora ciliata, which may attain a wing- Key to Speciesof Culiseta(Males) ...... 24 spreadof 15 mm (overhalf an inch). It is a viciousbiter and Key to Speciesof Orthopodomyia(Males) ...... 24 is widelydistributed over Illinois. The larvaeor wrigglersof this speciesbreed in rainpools and have the habit of feedingon larvae Key to Speciesof Psorophora(Males) ...... 24 of other mosquitospecies. A SYNOPSISOF "' THE MOSQUITOES '; OFILLINOIS (Diptera,Culicidae) / Herberr H. Ross William R. Horsfall ...... ß...... •----•.•-• •.•.

FIG. 1.--Adult of Aedesaegypti. (From photograph,lent by the U.S. Public Health Service, of model in the American Museum of Natural History.)

TO ALL OF US WHO LIVE IN ILLINOIS, mos- of their life histories. All of them,however, have many quitoesare familiaras pests that attackpersons and live- characters and habits in common. The immature form stockout of doorsfrom springto fall. or larva (known as a wriggler) is aquatic,that is, it They may be of greater consequencethan simply livesin water. This form requiresseveral to manydays as biting pests. Somekinds are solelyresponsible for to becomea full-grownlarva. At this time, it transforms transmittingcertain parasites to man and domesticani- into the next life historystage, the pupal (as pupae, mals. Blood parasitessuch as thosethat causemalaria, mosquitoesare called tumblers), and this stage also is yellowfever, dengue, and filariasis must have mosquitoes aquatic. The pupal stage,which lastsonly a few days, to take them from sickto well persons. Severalof the is a transformationstage; within the pupathe tissuesof encephalitis-producingultramicroscopic viruses that at- the larva are transformed into those of the adult mos- tackthe brainand spinalcord are carriedsolely by mosquito. When the transformationis complete,the pupa quitoesfrom wild animalsto man or from man to man. floats at the surface of the water, its shell cracks and Past control efforts againstmosquitoes have reduced breaksthe surfacefilm, and the wingedadult emerges. someof thesediseases to insignificance.Other diseases Adult mosquitoes(Fig. 1) are entirelyaerial and carriedby mosquitoesstill riseat timesto plagueus. neverenter the water. After a period of feedingand To date,mosquitoes of 55 differentspecies have been mating, the femaleslay eggseither on the surfaceof taken in Illinois. Seven additional species,known in the water or in soil that will be flooded at a later date. neighboringstates from situationssimilar to those in Eggslaid on the waterhatch in a few days;each small this state,may alsooccur in Illinois and are includedin larva emergesdirectly into the water from the end of this synopsis.These 62 species,along with severalhun- the eggthat sticksinto it. Eggslaid in soil hatchwhen dred more in other parts of the world, constitutethe thesoil is floodedand the eggsare covered by the right family Culicidae. This family and a hundredor more kind of water. additionalfamilies of two-wingedflies together comprise This synopsisprovides means for identifyingthe the orderDiptera. mosquitoeslikely to be found in Illinois. It contains The Illinois speciesof mosquitoesdiffer from each keysto eggs,larvae, and adults,because the sanitarian, other in the habitatsthey frequentand in manydetails ecologist,and collectorworking with mosquitoeswill find all stagesof the insectsand may not havethe time This paper is printed by authority of the State of Illinois, or meansto rear the insectsto other stages. It is an IRS Ch. 127, Par. 58.22. It is a contribution from the Section of raunistic Surveys and Insect Identification of the Illinois extensionof the originalreport, The MosquitoesoJ Illi- Natural History Survey. Dr. Ross is head of that section. Dr. YIorsfall is a Professor of Entomology, Department of Ento- nois (Ross1947) in that it includesmore speciesand mology, University of Illinois. The authors wish to express special thanks to James S. presentsa key to eggsof floodwatermosquitoes. Most Ayars, the Survey's Technical Editor, for the creative way in which he has contributed to the production of this Synopsis. of thekeys in thissynopsis have been enlarged from the YIis unstinting and understanding help in simplifying terminol- original report; someof the illustrationsare from the ogy, rephrasing couplets, and clarifying concepts has made this publication useful to a much wider circle. originalreport and some are new. For convenience,the keysto generaand specieshave gateproboscis many times as long as the head, (2) an- beenarranged according to the life historystages of the tennaewhich are much longer than the head and are insects.A personwishing to identifya femalemosquito composedof manysmall, well-separated segments, many will find all the keys for the identificationof females, segmentseach with a ring of hairs, and (3) wings with both to generaand to specieswithin the variousgenera, an arrangementof veins depictedin Fig. 6. A pupa groupedtogether in the samesection. Keys for the is characterizedby being active in water, by having a identificationof males,larvae, and eggsare groupedin curledposture, and by havinga pair of respiratorytubes similar fashion. At the head of each section there is on the dorsumof the thorax (Fig. 2). The pupaeare includeda diagramof the stageconcerned. The dia- gramsare labeledto show the diagnosticareas or parts mentionedin the keys. If only one speciesof a genus occursin Illinois, it is indicatedand treatedin the keys to genera. Eachof the other speciesis treatedin one of the keysto genera;these keys are arrangedalphabeti- callyby genera. Names of certaingenera and speciesmay appearin more than one placei n a key. This practiceallows the useof a large numberof charactersfor recognizingcer- tain distinctivegroups of specieswithin a genusor certain distinctivevariations within a species. The cardinaldirections used for orientingparts of the mosquitobody or appendagesare as follows: apex---Theportion away from the point of attachment; concerningthe abdomenor its segments,the part F•G. 2.--Pupa of mosquito. The two respiratorytubes are more distant from the head. visible in the upper left part of drawing. (After King, Bradley, apical--On or pertainingto the apex. & McNeel 1939.) base--Theportion at the point of attachment;in rela- tion to the abdomenor its segments,the part nearer not diagnosedin this report. A larva of the Culicidae the head. canbe differentiatedfrom other aquatic,free-swimming basal--Onor pertainingto the base. insect larvae by the following combinationof charac- anterior--Forward, toward the head, or in front of. ters: (1) legsabsent; (2) head large and possessinga posterior--Backward,toward the rear, or backof. hard covering; (3) thorax large and wider than the dorsum--Theupper part or back. abdomen;(4) the respiratorysystem opening dorsally dorsal--Onor pertainingto the dorsum. on the next-to-lastsegment of the abdomen;(5) four dorsally--In the directionof the dorsum. blade-like"gills" extendingposteriorly from end of last lateral--Onor pertainingto thesides. abdominalsegment (Fig. 125, 126). In many species, laterally--In the directionof the sides. the larva hasa long or stout,usually hard and dark, air meson--Themidline down the lengthof the animal. tube (Fig. 125). Eggsof mosquitoesare blackor gray mesal--Onor pertainingto the meson. in color,sausage-like or spindle-likein shape,and each renter--The underpart or belly. not morethan 1 mm long. ventral--On or pertainingto the venter. Membersof the family Culicidaeare frequentlycon- In the keys,the singularrather than the plural form fusedwith midgesof the closelyrelated family Chao- is ordinarilyused to designatethe diagnosticparts of boridae. In the Chaoboridae,no adult has a proboscis which the mosquitohas only one on a side, as, for ex- and neither male nor female bites. In the Culicidae, ample,hind femur, eye, antenna, costa. the adult has a proboscis;the male doesnot bite but Information concerningdistribution and habitat is sucksup nectarand free water; the femalesucks either includedin the keys. A summaryof the distributionof juicesof plantsor bloodof vertebratesthrough a group eachspecies is givenin the keysto females;information of fine,slender stylets housed within the proboscis.The concerningthe habitatsof the larvaeis givenin the keys adultsand larvae of thesetwo familiescan be recognized to larvae;and the placeof depositionof the eggsis by useof the followingkeys. given in the keysto eggs. If the nameof a species appearsin morethan oneplace in a key,summary infor- KEY TO CULICIDAE AND CHAOBORIDAE mationis includedin the placewhere the largestnum- bersof the specieswill fit. Adults (Both Sexes) Head having an elongateproboscis (Fig. 1, 6) many DIACoNOSIS OF MOSQUITOES times as long as diameter of head...... Culicidae An adult of the family Culicidae(Fig. 1), to which Headwith no proboscis,mouthparts forming only short the mosquitoesbelong, can be differentiatedfrom other fleshylobes that areno longerthan depth of head... two-wingedflies by the followingcharacters: (1) an elon- ...... Chaoboridae Larvae spenceri(Theobald) 1. Antennaearising close together on a mesalraised sticticus(Meigen) areaor protuberanceof the head (Fig. 3) ...... stimulans(Walker) ...... Chaoboridae thibaultiDyar & Knab Antennaearising far apartat sidesof head (Fig. tormentorDyar & Knab 125, 126) ...... 2 trichurus (Dyar) triseriatus(Say) trivittatus(Coquillett) vexans (Meigen) Anophelesbarberi Coquillett crucians Wiedemann earlei (Vargas) punctipennis(Say) quadrimaculatusSay walkeri Theobald Culexerraticus (Dyar & Knab) FIG. 3.--Head of larva of Corethrella. peccatorDyar & Knab FIG. 4.--Larva of Mochlonyx cinctipes. (Redrawn from Mathe- piplensLinnaeus son 1944.) quinquefasciatusSay FIG. 5.--Larva of Chaoboruspunctipennis. (Redrawn from restuans Theobald Matheson 1944.) salinariusCoquillett tarsalisCoquillett 2. Last segmentof abdomenwith sclerotizedring or territans Walker plateat leastdorsally (Fig. 126, 127); apicalor Cullsetainornata (Williston) subapicalhairs of antennaslender and lessthan melanura (Coquillet) half lengthof antenna...... Culicidae minnesotae Barr Lastsegment of abdomenwithout a sclerotizedring morsitans(Theobald) or plate;apical and subapicalhairs of antenna Mansoniaperturbans (Walker) very stout and at least half length of antenna Orthopodomyiaalba Baker (Fig. 4, 5) ...... Chaobaridae signifera(Coquillett) Psorophoraciliata (Fabricius) LIST OF INCLUDED SPECIES confinnis(Arribalzaga) Specieshaving names below in boldfacetype are cyanescens(Coquillett) known to occur in Illinois; specieshaving names in discolor(Coquillett) italic type are known from neighboringstates but not ferox (Humboldt) yet from Illinois. horrida(Dyar & Knab) Aedesabserratus (Felt & Young) howardi(Coquillett) aegypti(Linnaeus) longipalpisRoth atlanticusDyar & Knab* varipes(Coquillett) atropalpus( Coquillett) Toxorhynchitesrutilus septentrionalis Dyar & Knab aurifer (Coquillett) Uranotaeniasapphirina (Osten Sacken) campestrisDyar & Knab Wyeomyiasmithi (Coquillett) canadensis(Theobald) cinereusMeigen KEY TO SEXES OF CULIClDAE ADULTS communis (De Geer) dorsalis(Meigen) Tip of abdomenblunt or pointedand having only un- dupreei(Coquillett) segmentedlobes (the cerci) projectingfrom it (Fig. excrucians(Walker) 6) ...... females fitchi (Felt & Young) Tip of abdomenhaving a complexset of genitalparts, flavescens(Mueller) of whichthe mostconspicuous is a pair of claspers, fulvuspallens E. S. Ross eachclasper divided into two segments,the basistyle grossbeckiDyar & Knab and the dististyle(Fig. 65, 68-72) ...... males hendersoni Cockerell KEYS TO CULIClDAE FEMALES infirmatusDyar & Knab mitchellae (Dyar) The chief parts named in thesekeys are illustrated nigromaculis(Ludlow) in Fig. 6; detailedcharacters are includedin diagnostic punctor(Kirby) drawingsillustrating the couplets. Although this set sollicitans(Walker) of keys(especially the key to genera)will servefor the identificationof most males,many collectedand reared * The Illinois record for this species has not been verified •y larval or male specimens. maleshave parts so shriveled,distorted, or rubbedthat 3. Mesoscutellumwith posteriormargin evenly round- proboscis ed, the setaeor hairs arrangedevenly along it x'x'X•FRONT (Fig. 9); palp aslong asproboscis (Fig. 21) .... LEG ...... Anopheles HEAD Mesoscutellumwith posterior margin incised to form a mesal lobe and 2 lateral lobes, with the

palp -- setaegrouped on these3 lobes (Fig. 10); palp muchshorter than proboscis(Fig. 20) ...... 4 eye 4. Mesonotum with a mesal line of short setae and

anterior pronatal scalesbordered by a glossy bare area along wing eachside of the mesalline (Fig. 11); apex of THORAX hind femur with a tuft of projectinghairs (Fig. 13) ...... Psorophora Mesonotumwithout glossy bare areas; apex of hind

haltere femur with only a few or no projectinghairs (Fig. 14) ...... 5 5. Hind tarsuswith 1 preapicalor 2 apicalsegments

ABDOMEN entirelywhite, the remainderentirely blue or MIDDLE black ...... Psorophora Hind tarsuseither with somesegments ringed with ibi/•LEG white (Fig. 14), or all segmentsnearly the same color ...... 6 HINDLEG / 6. Hind tarsuswith wideor conspicuousbands of white on mostsegments (Fig. 14) ...... 7 Hind tarsuswith no bands,or bandsonly faintly c s,c R.s R•.,S and indistinctlyindicated ...... 13 7. Second,third, and fourthtarsal segments of hind legeach with a narrowwhite band at eachend

tarsal (Fig. 14) ...... 8 claws Second,third, andfourth tarsal segments of hind • % •• •w2 I ^ \ UU la A •Ulb legeach with a whiteband at baseonly (Fig. 31- 33) ...... 10 FIG. 6.--giagram of adult femalemosquito and the names 8. Proboscisblack, with a definitewhite band in mid- givento variousparts used in thekeys. (Modified from Pratt & dle,as in Fig.19 ...... Culextarsalis Barnes 1959.) Proboscisnot banded;either all black,mottled, or the minutecharacters on which the keysto femalesare blackexcept for rowsof whitescales along its basedcan be seen only with difficulty.In mostinstances, entirelength (Fig. 20)...... 9 therefore,males are more dependably identified by means 9. Mesonotumnearly black, but with a seriesof sharp- ly contrastingwhite lines, as in Fig.12 ...... of that set of keysdevoted to them...... Orthopodomyia Keyfo Generaof CULICIDAE(Females) Mesonotumeither withoutwhite lines,with only l. Vein R.... branchingclose to apicalmargin of wing, sothat cell R 2 is onlyhalf the length of itsstalk, 10. Post-spiracularpalelines,orga;enaer•)l?t•goP•xCO•71•;rdely bare R.... (Fig. 7) ...... 2 22);dorsum ofthorax with many long, abundant, Vein R2,•branching much farther from apicalmar- anderect hairs. Sole Illinois representative, wide- ginof wing,so that cell R.., is at leastas long as spreadinstate ...... Mansoniaperturbans itsstalk, R=.., (Fig. 8) ...... 3 Post-spiracularareaof thoraxwith bristles or a 2. Winglength 6.5 mm or more;thorax with stripes patchof scales (Fig. 23); dorsum of thorax with ofbluish-green scales; proboscis curved downward all hairsmuch more appressed...... 11 abruptlyjust beyond midpoint into a quartercir- 11. Outerface of hind femurin generaldark but with cle,palp very long and massive (Fig. 17). Sole a transverseband of white scalesjust beforeapex Illinoisrepresentative, occurring in southernpart (Fig.16) ...... Psorophoraconfinnis of state.... Toxorhynchitesrutilus septentrionalis Outerface of hind femurwithout such band ..... 12 12. Winghaving either costa banded with white-scaled Winglength under 3.5 mm; sides of thoraxwith areasand black-scaledareas, or anal vein white- manysmall, highly iridescent blue scales; probos- scaledfor basal two-thirdsand apical portion cisonly slightly curved, palp short and abortive black-scaled...... Psorophora (Fig. 18). SoleIllinois representative, common throughoutthe state ..... Uranotaeniasapphirina Wingeither almost uniformly white- or dark-scaled, or the two typesof scalesmingled in a salt-and- tendingabove scales; postnotum without a tuft pepper,patternless mixture ...... Aedes of hairs ...... 14 13. Mesonotum covered with a close mat of blue-black 14. Mesonotumeither having broad lateral or mesal scales,having bristles only around periphery; bands or areas of white or cream-colored scales postnotumwith a tuft of smallhairs. SoleIllinois (Fig. 44-58), or being almost entirely covered representative,found in northernbogs ...... with cream-coloredscales (Fig. 42) ...... 15 ...... Wyeomyiasmithi Mesonotummostly dark-scaled, at mostwith a scat- Mesonotum either having scalesother than blue- tering of light-coloredscales, or with narrow black or having severalseries of erectbristles ex- weak lines of such scales ...... 16

cellR 2

cell R2_'

18 P

12'

FIG. 7.--Uranotaenia sapphirina,wing. F•G. 15.--Psorophoravarip ½s,portion of hind leg. FIG. 8.--Aedes vexaris,wing. FIG. 16.--Psorophora confinnis,hind femur. FIG. 9.--Anophelesquadrimaculatus, mesonotum, including its F•G. 17.--Toxorhynchites rutilus septentrionalis,female head. posteriorsclerite, the mesoscutellum. Abbreviations:p, palp; pr, proboscis. FIG. 10.--Aedes vexans,mesonotum, including its posterior F•G. 18.--Uranotaenia sapphirina, male head. Abbreviations: sclerite, the mesoscutellum. p, palp; pr, proboscis. FIG. 11.--Psorophoraciliata, mesonotum,including its pos- FIG. 19.--Aedes sollicitans,female head. Abbreviations:p, terior sclerite, the mesoscutellum. palp; pr, proboscis. FIG. 12.--Orthopodomyiasigni/era, mesonotum, including its F•G. 20.--Orthopodomyia signi/era, female head. Abbrevia- posterior sclerite,the mesoscutellum. tions: p, palp; pr, proboscis. FIG. 13.--Psorophoraciliata, hind leg. FIG. 21.--Anopheles quadrimaculatus,female head. Abbrevia- FIG. 14.--Aedes canadensis,hind leg. tions: p, palp; pr, proboscis. Adult thorax, lateral aspect.Abbreviations: era, mesepimeron;pn, pronotalbristles; ps, post-spiraculararea; s, spiracle;sh, spiracular bristles. FIG. 22.--Mansonia perturbans. FIG. 23.--Aedes stimulans. FIG. 24.--Psorophoraconfinnis. FIG. 25.--Culiseta inornata;25A showsenlarged view of pronotaland spiracularbristles.

15. Hind tibia enlargedand shaggytoward apex,with treme base of costa; mesonotum brown or red- setaeor hairs not longer than width of tibia at dish ...... 4 apex (Fig. 15); spiracularbristles present (Fig. Most wing scaleswhite, with a smallmixture of black 24) or absent...... Psorophora scales;mesonotum and abdomenpredominantly Hind tibia slenderto apex, not shaggy,often with creamcolor (Fig. 42) ...... 5 a scatteringof setaelonger than width of tibia 4. Costawith black scalesextending to extremebase; at apex (Fig. 14); spiracularbristles absent (Fig. outerside of hind femurwith somepale areasat 23) ...... Aedes base,grading to all dark at apex,the extremetip 16. Post-spiraculararea of thorax bare and spiracular with a few white scales. A widespreadspecies bristleslacking, as in Fig. 22 ...... Culex commonin woodsthroughout Illinois, especially Thorax eitherwith post-spiraculararea having bris- in May; seldomcollected at light ..... canadensis tles or scales(Fig. 23), or with spiracularbristles Costawith white scalesalong extremebase, beyond present(Fig. 25), or with both ...... 17 this with black scales(Fig. 35); outer side of 17. Spiracularbristles present; post-spiracular area of hind femur very dark exceptfor a conspicuous thorax sometimes with scales but never with hairs bandof whitescales at apex. A woodlandspecies (Fig. 25) ...... Culiseta widespreadin easternand south-centralstates; Without spiracularbristles; post-spiracular area of known from Missouri and Wisconsin, but not thorax with hairsor hairsand scales(Fig. 23)... yet recordedfrom Illinois ...... atropalpus ...... Aedes 5. Apical portionsof veinsR4, M•, and M., with numerous black scales and few white scales. A Key to Speciesof AEDES(Femeles) Holarcticprairie specieslocal in severalareas in l. Hind tarsuswith white ring at baseor apexof some Illinois; associatedwith industrial wastes...... or all segments(Fig. 14, 26) ...... 2 ...... dorsalis Hind tarsuswithout white ring at baseor apex of Apicalportions of veinsR4, M,, andM,, with white any segment(Fig. 27, 28) ...... 17 scalespredominating. Known from prairiesof 2. Hind tarsuswith white rings at both endsof some Michigan, Iowa, and westward;not yet recorded segments(Fig. 34) ...... 3 from Illinois ...... campestris Hind tarsuswith white rings only at basalends of 6. Proboscisdark but with a definitewhite band (Fig. segments(Fig. 26) ...... 6 ...... 7 3. All wing scalesdark, except sometimesat the ex- Proboscisnearly uniformly coloredthroughout...9 7. All wing scalesdark; first segmentof hind tarsus blackbut with a singlebasal white band (Fig. 33). A woodlandspecies of the southernstates, twice found in Illinois in the Chicagoarea... rnitchellae Somewing scalesblack, some white, giving the wing a spottedappearance; first segmentof hind tarsus frequentlywith a middle light band in addition to basalwhite band (Fig. 32) ...... 8 8. Abdomen with extensive dorsal areas of cream or tawnyscales and smalllateral areas of white scales, the two colorsdefinitely contrasting; first segment of hind tarsuswith a yellow middle band. An easternspecies locally abundant in Illinois,associ- ated with sulfureted wastes ...... sollicitans Abdomen with extensive dorsal areas as well as smalllateral areas of white scales;first segmentof hind tarsus with a white middle band or no middle band. A westernprairie-savanna species recorded from Savanna,Illinois ...... nigromaculis 9. Mesonotumblack but with lyre-shapedsilver lines (Fig. 43). A nonresident,domestic, tropical ad- yenrive that is found occasionallyin southern Illinois ...... aegypti Mesonotum (Fig. 44-58) not as in Fig. 43, never Hind legs and tars/of Aedes females,anterior view. with lyre-shapedsilver lines but oftenwith wider FIG. 26.--A. grossbecki,hind leg. light stripes ...... 10 FiG. 27.--A. sticticus,hind leg (posterior view of femur shown beneath) 10. White tarsal rings narrow (Fig. 29). A Holarctic FIG. 28.--A. triseriatus,hind leg. speciescommon throughout Illinois ...... vexans FIG. 29.-•A. •'exans,hind leg. White tarsal rings (Fig. 26) wider than in Fig. FIG. 30.--A. aegypti, middle leg. 29 ...... 1I FIG. 31.--A. aegypti, hind leg. FIG. 32.--A. sollicitans,hind leg. 11. All veins of wings with rows of very wide scales FIG. 33.--A. mitchel/ae, hind tarsus. (Fig. 40); mesonotum(Fig. 44) with a large FIG. 34.--A. dorsalis,hind tibia and tarsus. centralblack spot enlarged posteriorly. An eastern and south-centralwoodland specieslocal in the southernhalf of Illinois...... grossbecki Someveins with rows of only long narrow scales (Fig. 41); mesonotummarked other than as shown in Fig. 44 ...... 12 12. Abdomen entirely covered with yellowish scales, without banding;most of scalesof costawhite; mesonotumentirely yellowishgolden brown. A Holarctic speciesthat is rare in open areasof extreme northern Illinois ...... flarescerts Abdomen either with decided banding or with patchesof darkscales; majorit,y of scalesof costa dark;mesonotum with a patternof gray,purplish, or reddish brown ...... 13 13. Abdomenwith a centralstripe of pale scales,as in Fig. 48. Variantsof ...... nigrornaculis Abdomenwithout a centralstripe of pale scales..14 14. Tarsal claws of front and middle legs with each innertooth long and each outer tooth bent abrupt- FIG. 35.--Aeries atropalpas,base of wing. Abbreviation: C, ly over it (Fig. 36). A Holarctic speciesthat is costa or costal vein. commonlocally in northern Illinois. Typical FIG. 36.--Aeries excrucia,s,tarsal claw of female. (After Barr form of ...... excrucians 1958.) FIG. 37.--Aeriesfitchi, tarsal claw of female. (After Barr 1958.) Tarsal claws of front and middle legs with each FIG.38.-•Aedes triseriatus, scales on pronotallobe, lateral aspect. inner tooth shorterthan that in Fig. 36 and each FIG.39.--Aeries thibau/ti, scales on pronotallobe, lateral aspect. outertooth less abruptly bent (Fig. 37) ...... 15 15. Lower part of mesepimeron(Fig. 23) with 3 or tiffcation charactershave not yet been found) more fine long bristles;mesonotum frequently of ...... excrudans patternedwith light gray-brown,but occasionally fitchi with reddish brown. A northern transcontinental stimulans woodlandspecies that is locallyabundant in the 17. Integumentand scaling bright golden yellow, except woods of the northern half of Illinois; rare in for a few small black-scaled areas. A southern light traps. Typical form of ...... stimulans speciesthat is found locallyin extremesouthern Lower part of mesepimeronwith none to 2 fine Illinois ...... fulvuspallens long bristles ...... 16 Integumentgray, dark brown, or black,with few or 16. Mesonotumwith a fairly narrow reddish brown no yellow scales...... 18 stripe,flanked with white or cream(Fig. 54). A 18. Mesonotumwith a definitewide mesalsilvery stripe northern transcontinentalspecies that is locally flankedby darkareas (Fig. 45-47) ...... 19 abundantin the vicinityof savannapools in the Mesonotumeither without a mesalsilvery stripe, or northernfifth of Illinois. Typicalform of ...... with a narrowone separating 2 dark stripes, these ...... fitchi in turnflanked by lightareas (Fig. 55) ...... 21 Mesonotum with reddish brown central area wider 19. Silverystripe extending posteriorly only two-thirds than the stripeshown in Fig. 54 or areanot well of the total lengthof the mesonotum(Fig. 45). defined. Variant forms (for which reliableiden- A southernwoods-edge species; the only Illinois recordis from MassacCounty ...... infirmams Silverystripe extending full lengthof mesonotum, includingscutellum (Fig. 46) ...... 20 20. Silverystripe of mesonotumwider than dark flank- ing areas(Fig. 46). A shy woodlandspecies commonbut rarely seenin centraland southern Illinois ...... dupreei Silverystripe of mesonotumno wider, often narrower,than dark flankingareas (Fig. 47). Two southernand easternwoodland species whose eggsand females are indistinguishable;one egg of tormentorand one female belonging to oneof thesespecies have beencollected at Urbana,and one female at Unionville ...... atlanticus tormentor 21. Abdomenwith palescales forming a mesalstripe alongthe entiredorsum (Fig. 48); mostof ab- dominalscales pale. A westernprairie species; the only Illinois recordis from Savanna...... FIG. 40.--Aedes grossbecki,portion of wing. (The scaleson ...... spenceri the veinsare wider than thosein Fig. 41.) Abdomen at most with transversebands or lateral trianglesof pale scales...... 22 22. Mesonotumwith one or a pairof blackor verydark mesalareas flanked by grayor silveryareas (Fig. 49-58) ...... 23 Mesonotumfairly uniform in color,brown or taw- ny, sometimes with mesal area reddish brown andlateral areas light goldenbrown ...... 31 23. Mesonotumwith a mesalpair of darkstripes sepa- ratedby a mesalstripe of silveryor lightgolden scales(Fig. 55, 56) ...... 24 Mesonotum with an undivided dark mesal area.. 26 24. Dark stripesnot extendingon to anteriorthird of mesonotum(Fig. 53). A westernspecies known locally from centraland northernIllinois ...... hendersoni Dark stripesextending full lengthof mesonotum...

25. Dark stripesof mesonotumseparated by a wide FIG.41.--Aedes stimulans, portion of wing. mesalstripe of pale scales(Fig. 55). A Holarctic

l0 44

47'

57'

Dorsal colorpatterns of Aedesfemales. FIG. 42.--A. dorsalis,thorax and abdomen. FIG. 48.--A. spenceri,dorsum of abdomen. FIG. 53.--A. hendersoni,thorax. FIG. 43.--A. aegypti,thorax and abdomen. FIG. 49.-•A. thibaulti, dorsumof thorax. FIG. 54.--A. fitchi, thoraxand abdomen. FIG. 44.--A. grossbecki,thorax and abdomen.(After King, Bradley, & McNeel 1939.) FIG. 55.•A. communis,thorax and abdomen. FIG. 45.--A. infirmatus,head and body. FIG. 50.--A. auri/er, thorax. FIG. 56.--A. sticticus,thorax and abdomen,light phase. FIG. 46.--A. dupreei,head and body. FIG. 51.-•A. triseriatus,thorax, dark phase. FIG. 57.--A. sticticus,thorax and abdomen,dark phase. FIG. 47.--A. atlanticus,head and body. FIG. 52.--A. triseriatus,thorax, light phase. FIG. 58.--A. trivittatus,thorax and abdomen. northernspecies not yet foundbut to be expected in Fig.35. A northernspecies occurring in open in northern Illinois ...... communis woods;not yet found but to beexpected in north- Dark stripesof mesonotumseparated by a very ern Illinois ...... trichurus narrowmesal stripe of pale scales(Fig. 56). A Baseof costaat mostwith a few scatteredpale Holarcticwoodland floodplain species abundant scales ...... 32 along rivers throughoutIllinois. Typical form 32. Mesepimeronwith lower third bare,upper two- of ...... sticticus thirdscovered with a patchof whitescales; coxa 26. Central stripe of mesonotumtapering posteriorly (basalsegment) of frontleg with a patchof dark to a narrow point, well defined (Fig. 58). A scales;membrane posterior to this coxawithout central and easternwoodland species abundant scales;wing at most4.3 mm long. A Holarctic over most of Illinois ...... trivittatus northernspecies common in marshand bog areas CentSralstripe of mesonotumeither wider posteri- in northern Illinois; local in densewoods of cen- orly (Fig. 50, 51) than in Fig. 58 or parallelsided tral Illinois ...... cinereus (Fig. 57) ...... 27 Mesepimeronwith white scalesextending to its 27. Central stripe of mesonotumparallel sided,some- lower edge;coxa of front leg with only pale timeswith a pairof detachedshort dark stripes scales;membrane posterior to this coxa with along posteriorhalf (Fig. 57); dorsumof each numerouspale scales; wing usually4.8 mm long abdominal segmentwith completebasal white or longer. Two extremelysimilar northern spe- band. Slightlyrubbed specimens of ..... sticticus cies,eastern abserratus and Holarctic punctor, both Central stripe of mesonotumnarrower in anterior foundin northernIllinois bogs ...... abserratus than in posteriorpart, usuallywidened posteri- punctor orly to almostthe full width of the mesonotum (Fig. 49-52); dorsumof eachabdominal segment Keyto Speciesof ANOPHELES(Females} mostly blue-black,perhaps with lateral white 1. Wing with spotsor barsof whiteor yellowishwhite spots,but withoutwhite band ...... 28 scalesalong anterior margin and anal vein (Fig. 28. Scalesof lateral area of pronotal lobe white and 59, 60) ...... 2 wide, markedlyoverlapping to form a solidshin- Wing withoutany pale patches, all scalesdark (Fig. gled area (Fig. 38) ...... 29 61) exceptsometimes those on apicalfringe .... 3 Scalesof lateral areaof pronotallobe long and nar- 2. Analvein with 3 shortdark bars separated by white row, tawnyor yellowishin color and not solidly bars,costa with a whitespot only at apexof wing; .,, shingled(Fig. 39) ...... 30 palpdark except for whitebands (Fig. 60). An 29. Dark mark of mesonotumwide (Fig. 51), with a easternand southern species local in Illinois..... definite shoulderwhere wider posteriorportion ...... crucians beginsto narrow to narrower anterior portion. Anal vein with apicalhalf and extremebase black, An easternspecies sometimes common in wooded and with a singlewhite areabetween; costa with areasof Illinois, particularlyin southerncounties an apicalwhite spot and usually also a preapical ...... triseriatus spotor bar; palp black,unbanded (Fig. 59). A Dark mark of mesonotumas narrow as in Fig. 52, transcontinentalspecies widespread in Illinois, the anterior portion tapering uniformly from commonbefore July ...... punctipennis wider to narrower portion...... 3. Tip of wingwith a patchof silveryor goldenfringe ...... light specimensof triseriatus scales;dark wing spots very pronounced.A darkspecimens of hendersoni northernspecies not yet found, but to beexpected, 30. Mesal dark mark of mesonotumwith anterior por- in Illinois ...... earlei tion narrow, suddenlywidened beyond middle Tip of wing with fringe not differentfrom remain- to includenearly full width of mesonotum(Fig. der; dark wing spotseither pronouncedor ob- 49); anterior lateral areasbright grayish. An scure ...... 4 easternand southern woodland species; in Illinois, 4. Palp blackexcept for ringsof white scalesat joints restrictedto floodplainsin the southernhalf of (Fig. 62). An easternspecies widespread in Illi- the statewhere tupelo gum treesare present.... nois but not common south of the northern fifth ...... thibaulti of the state ...... walkeri Mesal dark mark of mesonotumwith anterior part Palp entirely black, without rings of white scales wider than in Fig. 49, wideninggradually or by (Fig. 61) ...... 5 small stepsto posteriormargin (Fig. 50); an- 5. Wing without a trace of spotting; wing length terior lateral areasgrayish, shading to a golden about 3.5 mm. An eastern and southern wood- tint where they mergewith mesaldark area. A land specieswidespread but rarelyseen in Illinois northeasternand north-centralwoodland species ...... barberi knownin Illinois only from Karnak...... aurifer Wing with definitedarker areas,giving a spotted 31. Baseof costawith a shortpatch of pale scales,as appearance(Fig. 61); wing lengthabout 5.0 mm.

12 microscopeis bestmethod for seeingthis char- acter) (subgenusCulex) ...... 4 Scalesof veinsR.., and Ra shortand wide (Fig. 64B) contrastingwith long, slenderscales on stemof R, (subgenusMelanoconion ) ...... 5 4. Dorsal abdominalsegments with dingy and often inconspicuousbasal bands of yellowishor brown- ish scales,the bandsusually irregular and narrow. An easternand centralspecies widespread and annoyingin Illinois but seldomtrapped at light ...... salinarius Dorsal abdominalsegments with bright and con- spicuousbasal bands of white scales,the bandsof the middle segmentswide (Fig. 63B, C). Three widespread,frequently trapped species of the sub- genus Culex, each common in Illinois, femalesof whichcannot be identifiedwith accuracy..piplens quinquefasciatus restuans 5. Top of headwith a largemesal triangle of narrow scales,the area between this triangle and eyes

Partsof Anophelesadults. Abbreviations:C, costa;a, anal vein; p, palp;pt, proboscis.(After Ross& Roberts1943.) FIG. 59.•A. punctipennis,wing and mouthparts. FIG. 60.-•A. crucians,wing and mouthparts. FIG. 61.---A. quadrimaculatus,wing and mouthparts. FIG. 62.--A. walkeri, mouthparts.

An easternand southernspecies widespread in Illinois, abundant near lakes in summer...... quadrimaculatus B C

Key to Speciesof CULEX (Females) l. Proboscis and hind tarsus with white bands; mesono- FIG. 63.--Culex females, dorsal aspect:A, Co turn with white longitudinal lines (Fig. 63A). tarsalis,thorax and abdomen;B, typical C. pipiens, A transcontinentalspecies of open habitats,wide- abdomen; C, typical C. quinque/asciatus,abdomen. spreadbut rarelycollected in Illinois..... tarsalis Proboscisand hind tarsusentirely dark; mesonotum with pale dots but without white longitudinal lines ...... 2 2. Dorsum of abdomenwith apical white bandsor FIG. 64.--A, Culex restuans, apicallateral spotson someof the segments,and scaleson wing vein R_o;B, C. erraticus, scales on wing veins withoutbasal bands. A Holarcticinnocuous spe- and cieswidespread and often trapped in Illinois...... territans Dorsumof abdomenwithout apicalbands, with (Fig. 63/3, (7) or withoutdefinite basal bands .... 3 3. Scalesof veinsR., and R a very long and slender (Fig. 64A), similarto scaleson stemof R.• in Fig. 64B (examinationof wing mountunder a compound

13 coveredwith wide overlappingscales. A small sometimeslocally abundanton floodplainsin annoyingspecies widespread and often abundant Illinois ...... howardi in Illinois ...... erraticus 3. Hind tarsusentirely purple ...... 4 Topof headentirely covered with wide overlapping Hind tarsuspartly white, often with all segments scalesexcept occasionally for a narrowmesal line banded with white or some all white ...... 5 of narrowscales. An easternand southernspecies 4. Dorsum of abdomenwith apical yellowishbands foundrarely in southernIllinois ...... peccator that are slightlybroken on the meson.A southern and tropical woodlandand pasturespecies Keyto Speciesof CULlSETA(Females) found locally in the southernhalf of Illinois... 1. Dorsumof abdomenwith only very dark,purplish ...... cyanescens scales;wing lessthan 4 mm long. An eastern Dorsum of abdomenwith only small lateral white and centralwoodland species not yet found,but spots,as in Fig. 58. Variant specimensof ..... to beexpected, in Illinois...... melanura ...... varipes Dorsumof abdomenwith scatteredtawny or paler 5. Most of the tarsalsegments each with apex dark scalesor bandsof suchscales; wing more than and basewith a white band,as in Fig. 13; wing 5 mm long ...... 2 having a mixture of dark scalesand white scales 2. Wing with a mixtureof lightscales and dark scales; ...... tarsuswithout pale bands but with a sprinklingof Most of the tarsal segmentseach entirely dark or pale scales.A widespreadmarsh species common entirely light; a leg may be bandedbut with an throughoutIllinois in April andMay .... inornata alternationof entirely dark and entirely light Wing with dark scalesonly; first 1 or 2 tarsalseg- segments;rarely one segmentmay be banded; mentswith slightbut distinctpale bands at each wing having all dark scales...... 7 end ...... 3 6. Wing mostlydark scaled but with a fairly evenspeck- 3. Middle dorsalsegments of abdomeneach with a ling of white scales;basal segment of hind tarsus wideand conspicuous basal band of whitescales. nearlyblack, but with two brightwhite bands, a nar- A Holarcticspecies local in northernIllinois .... row one at extreme base and a wider one at middle ...... morsitans of segment. A widespreadAmerican species of Mii'•ldledorsal segments of abdomen each with an temperateand tropical open habitats, locally abun- apicaland a basalpale band, the bandsincon- dant throughoutIllinois ...... confinnis spicuousand composed of light brownscales. A Wing with white scalesgrouped into definitelines rarelycollected species known only from Minne- or patcheson someveins; basal segment of hind sota and northern Illinois ...... minnesotae tarsusmostly white scaledbut with dark scales intermingleduniformly along its entire length. Keyto Speciesof ORTHOPODOMYIA(Females} A southernand Mexican species of openhabitats, Two speciesof thisgenus, alba and signifera, have been locallyabundant throughout Illinois ..... discolor found in Illinois,but the two speciescan be identifiedto 7. Mesonotumgolden scaled over its entire area. An dateonly in the larvalstage. They are rarely collected in easternand tropical woodland species widespread lighttraps. Neitherbites man. alongfloodplains in Illinois...... ferox Mesonotum with mesal half black scaled, lateral Keyto Speciesof PSOROPHORA(Females) portionswhite scaled,scales of the two colors 1. Wing length over 6.5 mm, usually7 to 8 mm; forminglongitudinal bands ...... 8 mesonotumhaving a narrowmesal band of scales 8. Hind tarsushaving next to last segmentcompletely flankedby a linear barepolished band on each or partly white, the last one black. A southern side (Fig. 11); hind femur with a prominent and tropicalwoodland species widespread along tuft of hairsat apex (Fig. 13) ...... 2 floodplainsin the southernhalf of Illinois..... Wing lengthunder 5 mm, usually3.5 to 4.5 mm; ...... varipes mesonotum with entire area scaled; hind femur Hind tarsushaving the last2 or 2« segmentswhite, (Fig. 15) without a well-markedtuft of hairs the remainder black ...... 9 at apex ...... : ...... 3 9. Apex of femur, or "knee,"with a narrowwhite 2. Mesonotumwith mesalband of scalesyellow, hind band. An easternand southernwoodland species tibia and tarsusvery bushy(as shownin drawing widespreadalong floodplains in Illinois..horrida on coverof this publication). An easternand Apexof femurdark, without a band. A midwestern tropicalspecies widespread and sometimescom- speciesnot yet known,but to be expected,in monin bothopen and wooded habitats in Illinois woodlandsof Illinois...... 1ongipalpis ...... ciliata Mesonotum with mesal band of scalesblack, hind KEYS TO CULICIDAE MALES tibia and tarsus pubescentbut not unusually Someof the partsnamed in thesekeys are illustrated bushy. A southernand tropical woodland species in Fig.65; others are included in thediagnostic drawings

14 Apicalspine of dististylesingle, as in Fig. 72..... 6 6. Apical spine of dististylecone shaped,wide and • terminolspine truncateat apex,and with what appearsto be a minutefringe along the edge (Fig. 70) ...... Orthapodomyia Apical spineof dististyleeither parallel sided or .• DISTISTYLEtaperingto apex,as in Fig. 68, 72...... 7 7. Apex of basistylecontinuing as a pointedlobe be- yondinsertion of dististyle(Fig. 75) ...... Aedes Dististylesituated at apexof basistyle,as in Fig. 72, or truncate (Fig. 120) ...... 8 8. A subcylindricalprojection (claspette) arising from near baseof eachbasistyle and tipped with 1 or • '• •'••filament "1 morespines or processes(Fig. 76-100, 117-123)

Claspettenot present(Fig. 74) ...... 11 9. Apex of claspettebearing a singlesclerous process that is filamentousor bladelike (Fig. 76-100, 124) ...... 10 Apex of claspettebearing a clusterof spines,one .11.ii...s,ou,,,ne of which may appearto be a process(Fig. 117- •(:;. d5.--Diagram o• the style (basisty]eand dististyle)and 123) ...... Psorophora claspetteof the male genitalia,indicating the terminologyused 10. Claspettebranched, with a long basalas well as for the parts. apicalbranch (Fig. 124)...... Psorophora illustratingthe couplets.Although some males can be Claspettenot branched or, at most,with basalbranch identifiedby the setof keysdesigned for females(espe- short (Fig. 76-100) ...... Aeries cially the key to genera), thosemales having minute 11. Dististylebearing a long hook and a large mesal partsdifficult to seecan be more easilyand reliably membranouslobe (Fig. 118) ...... Psorophora identifiedby the set of keyspresented in the following Dististylewithout an accessorymesal membranous lobe ...... 12 pages. 12. Basistylewith a shoulderor mesallobe (c in Fig. Key to Generaof CULICIDAE(Males) 103A) nearapex, this lobe bearinga clusterof 1. Fork of vein R,o+3close to apical margin of wing, specializedbladelike or spatularespines, which are cell R2 only half the lengthof its stalk,R,•+3 (Fig. frequentlycomplex in structure(Fig. 103A, 7) ...... 2 111A) ...... Culex Fork of vein Rs+,,much farther from apical margin of wing, so that cell R2 is at least as long as its stalk (Fig. 8) ...... 3 2. Palp short and inconspicuous(Fig. 18); wing less than 3.5 mm long; genitalia as in Fig. 69 ...... Uranotaeniasapphirina Palp long and massive(Fig. 66); wing more than 6 mm long; gertitaliaas in Fig. 72...... 66 '• ...... Toxorhynchitesrutilus septentrionalis 3. Mesoscutellumwith apicalmargin evenly rounded, the hairsarranged evenly along it (Fig. 9); palp clavate (Fig. 67) ...... Anopheles Mesoscutellumwith apicalmargin incisedto form a mesal lobe and 2 lateral lobes, with the hairs groupedon these3 lobes (Fig. 10); palp not clavate ...... 4 4. Dististylewith manyirregular lobes (Fig. 71) ...... Wyeomyiasmithi Dististyleeither unbranched,as in Fig. 72, or with only 1 or 2 simplelobes (Fig. 118) ...... 5 FIG. 66.--Toxorhynchites rutilus septentrionalis, male head. 5. Apical spine of dististyledouble, each ray short Abbreviations:p, palp; pt, proboscis. andstout (Fig. 114A); phallosomewithout lateral FIG. 67.--Anopheles quadrimaculatus,male head. Abbrevia- teeth at apex (Fig. 114/3) ...... Cullseta tions: p, palp; pt, proboscis.

15 Basi•styleeither without a shouldernear apex, or Dististylearising at extremeapex oœ basistyle (Fig. the shoulder,if present,bearing only narrow 73) ...... 2 spines ...... 15 2. Dististylewide near apex,terminating in a sharp 15. Basistylewith a stout rodlike structureon mesal projectionthat is nearly as long as terminal spine; facenear middle;dististyle with apicalhalf very claspettea smallbushy lobe (Fig. 73) .... vexans wide, its terminalspine stout and spurlike(Fig. Dististylenarrow at apex,tipped by terminalspine 68) ...... Mansoniaperturbans (Fig. 74) ...... 3 Basistylefrequently with one or more stouthairs 3. Claspetteabsent (Fig. 74)...... aegypti on mesal face near middle or base, but never with Claspettepresent (Fig. 76-100) ...... 4 a rodlike structure (Fig. 74); dististylenot as 4. Stemof claspettebranched near tip, one branch end- in Fig. 68...... Aedes ing in a hair,the otherbearing the filament(Fig. 79C); filamentmassive and contorted, thin andpale Key to Speciesof AEDES(Males) ...... thibaulti 1. Dististylearising beœore apex oœ basistyle, the por- Stemof claspettewith an unbranchedapex bearing tion oœthe basistylewhich extendsbeyond the the filament(Fig. 78C,84F); filamentof various dististyleforming an apicalcone (Fig. 75) ..... sizesand shapes, but neverboth massive and con- ...... cinereus torted ...... 5

• 70 Male genitalia. FIG.68.--Mansonia perturbans, ventral aspect, and lateral as- FIG.70.--Orthopodomyia signi/era, ventral aspect. pectof dististyle. FIG.71.--Wyeomyia smithi:A, ventral aspect; B,lateral aspect. FIG.69.--Uranotaenia sapphirina: A, ventral aspect, and lateral Theapical contorted structure is the dististyle. aspectofdististyle; B,mesal aspect ofclasper, withphallosome and FIG.72.--Toxorhynchites rutilusseptentrionalis, ventralaspect. othermesal structures removed. The internalphallosome is not shown.

16 73

VEXANS 74 AEGYPTI

, C , .db

75 CINEREUS '- ..... " '.

, , C "' "-=-' 78 ,' brush.FIG.(Fig. 73-80.--Aedes, 73 and74 aftermaleMatheson genitalia, 1944.)ventral aspect: A,mesal aspect ofbasistyle; C,claspette, lateralaspect. Abbreviation: db,dorsal

17 ß . • INTRUDENS

ATLANTICUS

FIG.81'-86.--Aedes, malegenitalia, ventral aspect: A, basistyle,mesal aspect; B,enlarged detail of basal lobe, ventral aspect; C,claspette, lateral aspect;F, claspette,dorsal aspect.

18 INFIRMATUS / • '_ff•...... •.• '9'""'" '• TRIVITTATUS

/ FLAVESCENS / D andFIG.in Fi•. 87-93.•e•e•,88 and 89 a detailm•]e•enkalia,o• its apex; ventralD, basal a•pect:lobe, •,Posterior basis•le, aspect.mesal aspect; B,basal lobe, ventral aspect;C, claspe•e, lateral

19 FIG.94-100.--Aedes, malegenitalia, ventralaspect: A,basistyle, mesalaspect; C,claspette, lateralaspect; D,basal lobe, posterior aspect;F, claspette,dorsal aspect.

20 5. Basistylewithout apical lobe (Fig. 76-78) ...... 6 14. Apical lobe with a large densepatch of spatulare Basistylewith apicallobe definitely developed (Fig. hairs (Fig. 80) ...... canadensis 80, 85) or representedby a massof long hairs Apical lobe with hairs taperingevenly (Fig. 85) (Fig. 81, 82) ...... 9 6. Basistylewith a thick brushof hairs,db, on dorsal 15. Basallobe with 2 stoutspines and manysmall hairs side (Fig. 77); basallobe with a large area of (Fig. 85B); hairs near the 2 stout spinesshorter hairs ...... triseriatus than hairson basallobe in Fig. 86B...... dorsalis hendersoni Basal lobe at most with only 1 stout spine, some- Basistylewithout a brushof hairson dorsalside, but times with someof the hairs on basallobe very with a definitebrush forming the basallobe (Fig. long (Fig. 86B) ...... 16 76, 78) ...... 7 16. Basallobe appearingdetached, joined to basistyle 7. Filamentof claspetteonly abouthalf aslong asstem by only a narrow sclerotizedstrip (Fig. 87, 88B, of claspette,similar to that in Fig. 9•C ...... 89/1) ...... 17 ...... atropalpus Basallobe forming a solidpart of the basistyle(Fig. Filamentof claspetteapproximately as long as stem 90-98 ) ...... 19 of claspette(Fig. 76C) ...... 8 17. Apicallobe small (Fig. 87) ...... dupreei $. Basal lobe a distinct,raised prominence;basistyle Apical lobe large (Fig. 88) ...... 18 considerablywidened at basallobe (Fig. 76) .... 18. Filamentof claspettewide, its lower basalcorner ...... mitchellae producedinto a definiteangle, Fig. 89C; mesal Basallobe represented by only a slightlyraised disc- aspectof apicallobe long and narrow (Fig. 89A) like area; basistyleonly imperceptiblywidened ...... spenceri at this point (Fig. 78) ...... nigromaculis Filamentof claspettenarrower than that in Fig. 89C, sollicitans its lower margin almost continuousin outline 9. Basistylewith a densebrush of long posteriorly with the stemof the claspette;mesal aspect of directedhairs at apex(Fig. 81); basallobe form- apicallobe shorter than that in Fig. 89A, decidedly ing a fiat scleriteon mesalface of basistyle,the ovate (Fig. 88A) ...... sticticus lobe bearinga singlelong spineat its apex (Fig. 19. Basallobe withouta stoutspine, having only abun- 81,4) ...... aurifer dant short hairs (Fig. 95) ...... excrucians Basistylewithout a denseapical brush of longspines, Basallobe with a conspicuousstout spine or a group but with a well-developedapical lobe (Fig. 83); of long hairs (Fig. 90) ...... 20 basal lobe not as in Fig. 81A, either projecting 20. Filamentof claspettehaving an upperpoint which from basistyle,or with a large spine at its base, is producedbackward into a sharp basal barb or 2 spinesat its apex (Fig. 82A), or withouta (Fig. 90C) ...... 21 spine,sometimes with a clusterof longhairs... 10 Filament of claspettewithout a barb (Fig. 92C), 10. Integumentof almostentire body yellow; stout spine at most with a sharp upper corner (Fig. 93C) arising from base of basal lobe flattenedand widenedat tip (Fig. 83B)...... fulvuspallens 21. Stoutdorsal spine of basallobe havingan angulate Integumentchiefly dark brownor black;if a stout thickeningnear its base(Fig. 90) ..... infirmatu$ spinearises from basal lobe, it tapersto a pointed Stout dorsal spine of basal lobe evenly sinuate tip (Fig. 84, 85A, B) ...... 11 throughoutits length (Fig. 91) ...... trivittatus 11. Basallobe having 2 unusuallylong and fairly stout 22. Basallobe composedprimarily of an area of short hairsarising from apicalmargin (Fig. 100); fila- hairsforming the basalportion of the mesalface mentof claspetteirregular and appearing twisted of the basistyle(Fig. 92, 93) ...... 23 ...... trichurus Basallobe represented by a distinctlobe projecting Basallobe without such a pairof longand stout hairs roesallyfrom the basistyle(Fig. 96-98) ...... 24 arisingfrom apicalmargin; filament of claspette 23. Area comprisingthe basallobe long and triangular either contorted (Fig. 84F), or not (Fig. 85C) (Fig. 92); filamentof claspettefairly short (Fig...... 12 92C); no area of membranepresent within the 12. Largestout spine of basallobe situated on a sepa- basal lobe (Fig. 92A) ...... fiavescens rate elevatedfinger-like process (Fig. 84) ..... 13 Area comprisingbasal lobe shorterthan that in Fig. Large stout spine of basallobe either not on an 92, its lower portion somewhatprojecting (Fig. elevatedfinger-like process (Fig. 85) or absent 93); filamentof claspettelong and slender(Fig...... 14 93C); an oval area of membranepresent above 13. Claspetteforming a sinuateprocess without a dis- the stout spine (Fig. 93A) ...... stimulans tinct divisioninto a basalstalk and an apicalfila- 24. Filamentof claspettewith an elongatenarrow neck- ment (Fig. 84F) ...... atlanticus like base(Fig. 97C) ...... grossbecki Claspettedistinctly divided into a basalstalk and Filament of claspettewithout a well-differentiated a sharplydelineated curved apical filament, much basalneck (Fig. 98C), or with a short one (Fig. as in Fig. 96C ...... tormentor 94C) ...... 25

21 25. Basal lobe with membranoushair-bearing portion bars;costa with a white bar only at apexof wing; that, from the ventral aspect,is hiddenbehind a palp dark but with white bands(Fig. 60) ...... projectingventral shoulder (Fig. 98) and that ...... cruzians projectsventromesad (Fig. 98A) ...... abserratus Anal vein with extremebase and mostof apicalhalf Basal lobe with membranoushair-bearing portion blackand with a singlewhite areabetween; costa that is well exposedfrom the ventral aspectand with an apicalwhite bar and usuallyalso a pre- is without a projectingventral shoulder(Fig. apicalbar; palp black,unbanded (Fig. 59) ..... 94, 96) ...... 26 ...... punctipennis 26. Apical lobe of basistylemoderately narrow and 3. Tip of wing with a patchof silveryor goldenfringe forming a somewhatangulate mesal flange (Fig. scales;dark wing spotsvery pronounced...earlei 86) ...... campestris Tip of wing with fringe not differentfrom remain- Apical lobe of basistylelarge and ovate (Fig. 94, der;dark wing spots either pronounced or obscure 96) ...... 27

[•$"

x.•. • /l,

,:,-,x'r-• .•>?..',i:!/ 102• ,,.,z•......

- BARBERI QUADRI ATUS

FIG. 101-102.--Anopheles, male genitalia: A, phallosome;B, claspettes;C, ventral aspectof entire structure.Abbreviations; D-L, dorsallobe of claspette;V-L, ventral lobe of claspette;Bs, basistyle;CL, claspette;DS, dististyle;IXT, ninth tergite;PB-S, parabasal spine; PH, phallosome;P-IXT, processof ninth tergite;PR, proctiger. (After Ross& Roberts1943.)

27. Claspettewith baseof filamentsharply bent so that 4. Palp blackbut with rings of white scalesat joints most of the filament forms a right angle with (Fig. 62) ...... walkeri the stem(Fig. 99C) ...... communis Palp entirelyblack and without white rings (Fig. Claspettewith base of filamentnot bent, the filament 61) ...... 5 forming an obtuseangle with the stem (Fig. 94C, 5. Phallosomewithout leafletsat apex (Fig. 101A); 96C) ...... 28 wing length under 3.5 mm...... barberi 28. Basallobe with abundantlong hairs which form a Phallosomewith a clusterof leafletsat apex (Fig. thickbrush (Fig. 94D); apicallobe with a few long 102A); wing length over 3.5 mm...... hairson mesalface (Fig. 94) ...... fitchi ...... quadrimaculatus Basallobe with sparseand moderatelyshort hairs; apicallobe with abundanthairs on mesalface Key fo Speciesof CULEX(Males} (Fig. 96) ...... punctor 1. Basistyleglobular and short;subapical lobe, c, divided into two or threeindividual long stalks (Fig. 110A, Key fo Speciesof ANOPHELES(Males} iliA) ...... 2 l. Wing with 1 or more bars of white or yellowish Basistyleelongate, tapering at apex;subapical lobe, c, white scalesalong anterior margin and anal vein onlyslightly, if at all, subdivided(Fig. 103A, 105A, (Fig. 59, 60) ...... 2 109A ) ...... 3 Wing withoutany pale patches, all scalesdark (Fig. 2. Dististylenarrow and only slightlycurved; subapical 61) exceptsometimes apical fringe scales...... 3 lobe,'c, with upperstalk slender,leaflet regular in 2. Anal vein with 3 shortdark barsseparated by white shapeand of moderatesize (Fig. 111A)..erraticus

22 FIG.103-111.--Culex, male genitalia: A, claspers,lateral aspect; B, phallosomalstructures, dorsal ast•ect; C. ventralview of capsule. Abbreviations:a and b, asin key;c, subapicallobe; m. middle and, ;•. inner pEal!osomal plates: •,.b2•al arm of tenthsternire; s,apex of tenth sternire.

23 Dististylewider and fairly sharplycurved; subapical bladelike,apex curved laterad and paralleledby a lobe, c, with upper stalk stout, leaflet very large ventralblade of middleplate, m; middleplate with and with irregularoutline (Fig. 110A) ...... basalprojection, a, projectingonly laterad(Fig...... peccator 109B) ...... tarsalis 3. Middle phallosomalplate, m, armed with a cluster 5. Innerand middle phallosomal plates not separatefrom of stoutsclerotized teeth (Fig. 108B, 109B) ..... 4 eachother, together represented by a singlestructure, Middle phallosomalplate, m, not toothed(Fig. 103B- m (Fig. 103B, 107B) ...... 6 107B) ...... 5 Inner phallosomalpla:e, n, forminga V- or U-shaped 4. Lateralarm of inner phallosomalplate, n, with apical structure;middle phallosomal plate, m, well devel- half expanded;middle plate, m, with basalprojec- oped,each arm terminating in a sickle-shapedproc- tion, a, curvedback and up underteeth (Fig. 108B) ess,b (Fig. 105B, 106B) ...... 7 and without a ventral blade parallelinginner plate 6. Middle phallosomalplate, m, with apexesforming a ...... salinarius pairof stoutrods curved laterally at theirtips (Fig. Lateralarm of inner phallosomalplate, n, narrowand 107B); brushof tenthsternire, s, bushy...restuans Middle phallosomalplate, m, with apexesforming a pair of roundserrate lobes, the two forminga sclero- tizedoval; brush of tenthsternire, s, comblike(Fig. 103B) ...... territans* 7. Rodsof innerphallosomal plate, n, divergent,together forminga V-shapedstructure (Fig. 105B)...... 112C ...... piplens I M PATI EN S Rodsof innerphallosomal plate, n, convergent,together forminga U-shapedstructure (Fig. 106B)...... quinquefasciatus

Key fo Speciesof CULlSETA(Males} 1. Phallosomeconsisting of a pair of long slenderblack rodstipped with a smallmembranous piece (Fig. ! 14B) ...... inornata Phallosomewide and bulbousand only lightly sclero- tized (Fig. 113B, 116B) ...... 2 2. Phallosomesomewhat quadrate, its lateral margins angulatenear apex (Fig. 115B)..... minnesotae Phallosomeovate, its lateralmargins sinuate or rounded (Fig. 113B, 116B) ...... 3 3. Phallosomerather 8-shaped, the basalswelling at least as broadas the apical one (Fig. 113B); large individuals ...... morsitans Phallosomebroadly oval, broadestjust before apex (Fig. 116); small individuals ...... melanura

Key to Speciesof ORTHOPODOMYIA(Males} Two speciesof thisgenus, alba and signifera, have been foundin Illinois, but the two speciescan be identified to dateonly in the larval stage. They are rarelycollected in light traps. Neither bitesman.

Key to Speciesof PSOROPHORA(Males} 1. Dististylewith a large mesallobe and a long mesat spurlikeprojection (Fig. 118)...... howardi Dististylewithout mesalprocesses ...... 2 2. Dististylewith tip truncate;apical spur situated before apex (Fig. 120)...... varipes 115B MINNESOTAE 116B MELANURA Dististylewith tip roundor taperedand small; apical spursituated at end (Fig. 119)...... 3 FIG. l l2-ll6.--Culiseta, male genitalia: A, genital capsule, * Formerly listed as Culex apicalis Adams, a western species ventral aspect;B, phallosome,dorsal aspect; C, lobe of tenth in which the arms of the phallosome are not joined by an api('al sternite, lateral aspect. bridge (Fig. 104B), as is the case in Culex territans (Fig. 10,qB).

24 o

o o ß FIG. 117 (upper).--Psorophora ciliata, male genitalia. (After Matkeson 1944.)

FIG. 118 (1ower).--?sorophora howardi, male genitalia. (After Matheson 1944.)

3. Dististyle narrow and sinuate,with a mesal row of tionswhite scaled,the two colorsforming longi- bristles(Fig. 117)...... ciliata tudinal bands ...... horrida Dististyleexpanded near or beyondmiddle, without 7. Apex of claspettewith a denseseries of hairs and mesalrow of bristles(Fig. 119)...... 4 scales(Fig. 119) ...... cyanescens 4. Apicalportion of claspettehaving two long slender Apexof claspettewith a seriesof only4 to 8 long filaments,each tipped with a longcurved spine thickenedhairs (Fig. 121, 122) ...... 8 (Fig. 124) ...... longipalpis 8. Apexof claspettewith 5 to 8 thickenedhairs (Fig. Apicalportion of claspettewithout such filaments 121) ...... confinnis (Fig. 121, 122) ...... 5 Apexof claspettewith 4 or 5 thickenedhairs (Fig. 5. Apexof claspettewith a seriesof simplesetae or 122) ...... discalor hairs and two flattened contorted leaflets at lateral corner (Fig. 123) ...... 6 KEYS TO CULICIDAE LARVAE Apex of claspettewithout contorted leaflets, at most The chiefparts named in thesekeys are illustratedin with scalesand thickened hairs (Fig. 119, 121) Fig. 125 and 126;other parts are includedin the diaonostic drawingsillustrating the couplets.The mouthbrushes are 6. Mesonotumgolden scaledover its entire area..... omittedfrom headdrawings except Fig. 129B. In draw- ...... ferox ingsof the air tube,except Fig. 165A, 169A, and 172A, Mesonotumwith mesal half black scaled, lateral por- ventraltufts are shown for onlyone side.

25 FIG. 119 (upper left).--Psorophora cyanes- certs.male genitalia. (After Matheson1944.) FIG. 120 (upper right) .--Psorophoravaripes, malegenitalia. (After Matheson1944.) FIG. 121 (lower left).--Psorophora confi,- his, male genitalia. (After Matheson 1944.) FIG. 122 (lower right).--Psorophora color, male genitalia. (After Matheson 1944.)

/ /

M xs FIG. 123 (left).--Psorophora horrida. male genitalia. (After Roth 1945.) FIG. 124 (right).--Psorophora longipalpis, male 6,1p genitalia. (After Roth 1945.) Abbreviations:C, dististyle;Clp, claspette;M, mesosome;S, basistyle;IXT, ninth tergite; IXT-L, lateral lobe of ninth tergite; IXS, ninth sternite; XS. tenth sternite.

$,'

IXT--

Key to C:3oneraof CULICIDAE(Larvae) Eighthsegment with an air tube (Fig. 125) ...... 2 1. Eighthsegment with a flat spiracularplate, but no air 2. Air tube short,with someof its scleritesat the apex tube (Fig. 126) ...... Anopheles forminglong stoutspurlike processes (Fig. 128A.

26 132). Found attachedby its air tube to rootsof succulentvegetation in marsheswith soft bottom; seldomseen at surface...... Mansoniaperturbans Air tube without apical stout spurlikeprocesses, its apical scleritesflat or conical (Fig. 127.4, 129.4)

3. Ventral brush of anal segmentrepresented by only a singlepair of double(Fig. 130.4) or triple hairs. Found only in the liquid inside the bladder-like leavesof pitcherplants ...... Wyeomyiasmithi Ventral brushof anal segmentconsisting of several tufts of hairs (Fig. 127.4, 129.4) ...... 4 •. Anal segmentwith sclerotizedplate not meetingon ventralsurface (Fig. 140.4, 141.4)...... Aedes Anal segmentcompletely ringed by sclerotizedplate (Fig. 127.4) ...... 5 ). Air tube cylindricaland without a pecten(Fig. 127.4, 129.4) ...... 6 Air tube eithergreatly swollen (Fig. 176) or with a pecten(Fig. 145A, 165A) ...... 7 6. Abdominalsegments 3-7 each with 3 spine-bearing sclerousplates on each side (as on segment7, Fig. 129A); head quadrate,with most of dorsalhairs FIG. 125--Larval diagram, Culicinae. (After King, Bradley, single,and with hairsof mouthbrushes coarse (Fig. & McNeel 1939.) 129B• Occurringin tree holes; predaciouson

PRO.

ß )4•'SO.

FIG. 126.--Anopheles larva. Left figure, dorsal view of entire larva; upper right figure, details of thorax; lower right figure, apex of abdomen, lateral aspect. (After Ross& Roberts 1943.)

-. POSTRPIRACULAR

RPIRACL[ ß F•CT•N /'/ ß i / ß

ß ANAL

POSTgRIOR T[RGAL

I'C)ST[NIORfflATE

ANAL R[GM LI'4T / LATERALHAIR ' ' VœNTRALRRUSI"•.

•ANAL GI/.J.S

27 127A

127B

129•

129B

130A

Larval parts: A, apex of abdomen; B, dorsum of head. FIG. 127.--Orthopodomyiasign#era. FIG. 129.--Toxorhynchitesrutilus septentrionalis. FIG. 128.--Mansonia perturbans(the air tube only). (After FIG. 130.--IVyeomyia smithi. (Ventral brushreduced to only King, Bradley, & McNeel 1939.) 4 long hairs.)

28 side of the eighth segment(Fig. 131A); head with 4 stoutblack spines situated dorsally (Fig. 13lB). Livesamong emergent plants in permanent shallowwater ...... Uranotaeniasapphirina Teethof lateralcomb either on a smallpoorly defined plate (Fig. 173A), or not on a plate; headwith slenderhairs situated dorsally (Fig. 173B)...... 8 8. Head with anteriorportion squareand with short antennanot reachingbeyond front marginof head (Fig. 175B) ...... Psorc•phora Head either with anteriorportion rounded(Fig. 174B), or antennaextending far beyondfront margin of head (Fig. 177) ...... 9 9. Air tube having a branchedhair on each side at its base(Fig. 170A-172A)...... Cullseta Air tubehaving no branchedhair at its base(Fig. 135A, 163A) ...... 10 10. Air tubewith severalsingle or branchedhairs on each side (Fig. 163A-168A)...... Culex Air tubewith onlyone single or branchedhair on each FIG. 131.--Uranotaeniasapphirina, larva. A, apex of abdo- side (Fig. 143A, 173A), or with none...... 11 men, lateral aspect;B, dotsum of head. 11. Ventral brushof anal segmenthaving several tufts that arise out of the ventral midline of the sclerous other mosquito larvae...... •...... ring (Fig. 173A-174A)...... Psorophora ...... Toxorhynchitesrutilus septentrionalis Ventralbrush of analsegment with all tuftsposterior Abdominalsegments 3-7 withoutlateral spine-bear- to sclerousring (Fig. 143A) ...... Aedes ing sclerousplates (Fig. 127A), sometimesseg- ments6 and7 eachwith dorsalsaddle; head oval, withmost of thedorsal hairs multiple (Fig. 127B) Key to Speciesof AEDES(Larvae} and with hairsof mouth brushesfine ...... 1. Anal segmentcompletely ringed by sclerousplate ...... Orthopodomyia (Fig. 133A) ...... 2 7. Teethof lateralcomb situated on the posterior margin Anal segmentwith sclerousplate not meetingbelow, of a largesclerous plate that coversmost of each frequentlyforming only a dorsalsaddle (Fig. 136A) ...... 2 2. Pectenextending beyond ventral tuft on air tube (Fig. 133A) ...... 3 Ventral tuft situatedbeyond end of pectenon air tube (Fig. 135A) ...... 4 3. Lateralcomb consisting of an irregularsingle row of 9 to 14 scales,each scale having a longapical point, as in Fig. 138A; all teeth of pectenforming an even,closely spaced row (not as in Fig. 138A). Occursduring summerin temporarywoodland pools ...... tormentor Lateralcomb consisting of a triangularpatch of 25 or morescales, each scale fairly evenly leathered around apex;apical tooth of pectensituated some distance from the remainderof the row (Fig. 133A). Oc- cursduring summer in temporarypools ...... fulvuspallens 4. Gillsbudlike, much shorter than anal segment (Fig. 135A). Occursin summerin poolscontaining sulfurcompounds ...... sollicitans Gills at leastas long as analsegment (Fig. 136A), F•6. 132.--Mansonia perturbans, larva. frequentlyvery long and each pointed at tip (Fig. (After Matheson 1944.) 138A) ...... 5 5. Gills with prominenttracheae and extremelylong, about10 times length of analsegment (Fig. 148A); lateralcomb with onlya few scales.Occurs during

29 summer in temporaryheavily shadedwoodland in domestic containers around habitations; rare pools;larvae seldom come to surface..... dupreei in Illinois ...... aegypti Gills without tracheaeand much shorterthan gills in Dorsal head hair 7 divided into a 4- to 15-branched Fig. 148A, at most3 or 4 timesleng,h of anal seg- tuft (Fig. 150B); anal segmentwith upperhair of ment (Fig. 138A); lateral combwith few to many dorsal tuft 5- to 15-branched and much shorter than scales ...... 6 lower singlehair (Fig. 150A) ...... 13 6. Dorsal tuft at apex of anal segmentrepresented by 13. Pectenwith one or more apicalteeth spacedfairly far two pairsof long stronghairs (Fig. 143A). Occurs from the nearest,appearing detached from row (Fig. in springin woodlandand bog pools... abserratu• 138A) ...... 14 Dorsaltuft at apex of anal segmentwith upper pair Pectenwith all teeth closetogether and forming an of hairsmany-branched and fanlike,lower pair sin- evenrow (Fig. 136A) ...... 22 gle, long, and strong (Fig. 144A) ...... 7 14. Air tube with pectenextending beyond ventral tuft 7. Pectenwith severalwidely detachedteeth, exem. t)lified (Fig. 153) ...... 15 in Fig. 138A, and extendingalong two thirds the Air tubewith ven'raltuft situatedbcy•,rd pe"ten (Fig. lengthof the air tube; ventral tuft situatedclose to 138A) ...... 16 apex of air tube, more than three-quartersof the 15. Air tube with about 8 hair tufts on each side ab•we distancefrom the baseof air tube. Occursduring levelof pecten(Fig. 153); lateralcomb consisting summerin unshadedand usuallyalkaline ponds... of 14 to 16 scales,each scale having a long apical ...... nigromaculis spine,as in Fig. 139A. Occursduring spring in Pectenwithout detachedteeth and not extendingso grassyswales in light shade...... t:Schurus far alongair tube (Fig. 145A); ventraltuft situated Air tube with no hair tufts other than ventral tuft; either midway along air tube or only two-thirds lateralcomb consisting of 20 to 60 scales,each scale distance from its base ...... 8 fairly evenly leathered,as in Fig. 141A. Occurs 8. Lateralcomb having only 4 to 6 scales;gills 3 or 4 during kummerin rain-filledrock holes...... timeslength of anal segment. Occursduring sum- ...... a':•palpus mer in temporarywoodland ,?ools ...... atlanticus •6. Headhair 6 considerablyto theside of, andonly slight- Lateral comb having 10 scalesor more; gills ranging ly anteriorto, headhair 5 (Fig. 137B5 ...... 17 from 1 to 4 timeslength of anal segment...... 9 Head hair 6 only slightlyto the sideof, bw consider- 9. Gills 3 to 4 times as long as anal segment'air tube ablyanterior to, headhair 5 (Fig. 139B) ...... 18 thick, its lengthabout 2.5 timesits depth near mid- 17. Antenna fairly thick at bas• and long, tuft beyond dle (Fig. 145A). Occursduring late st•ring and middle (Fig. 137B); head hairs 5 and 6 double, summer,especially in temporarywoodland pools occasionally1 of the 4 head hairs triple; elypeal ...... trivittatus bristlesmoderately far apart. Occursduring spring Gills only 1 to 1.5 times as long as anal segment:air in woodlandpools and bogs...... aurifer tube slightlymore slenderthan that in Fig. 145A, Antennanot enlargedat base,tuft belowmiddle (Fig. its lengthequal to or exceeding2.5 timesits depth 138B); head hairs 5 and 6 triple to multiple,at near middle ...... 10 least 2 of the 4 head hairs with 4 to 6 branches; 10. Ventral tuft of air tube situatedmidway along length clypealbristles much closer together than in of tube and composedof only 3 to 5 hairs (Fig. Occursduring spring in woodlandp:•ols, bogs, and 151). Occursduring spring in cold forest pools marshes ...... cinereus and bogs ...... punctor 18. Air tube 5 timesas long as its depth at middleof Ventral tuft of air tube situatedbeyond middle of pecten,its ventraltuft verylong (Fig. 140A). Oc- tubeand composedof 6 or morehairs (Fig. 152) cursduring spring in temporarywoodland pools ...... 11 and bogs ...... excrucians 11. Ventral tuft of air tube situatednearly as closeto Air tubenot morethan 4 timesas long as its depthat the last tooth of pectenas that tooth is to the middleof pecten,its ventraltuft frequentlyshort precedingtooth; air tube at most 2.5 timesas (Fig. 139A) ...... 19 long asits depthnear middle (Fig. 154•. Occurs 19. Head hairs5 and 6 single;anal segmentwith only l in temporaryground pools ...... infirmatus or 2 tufts anterior to ventral barred area at apex Ventral tuft of air tube situated be7ond the last (Fig. 147B). Occursduring spring in temporary tooth of pectenas far as shownin Fi', •52; air pools ...... oop•nceri tube 3 or more timesas long as its depth near Head hairs5 or 6, or both, doubleto quadruple;anal middle. Occurs during summer in temporary segmentwith 3 or moretufts anteriorto barred ground pools ...... mitchellae area (Fig. 139A) ...... 20 12. Dorsal head hair 7, at base of antenna, deli:ate and 20. Lateralcomb consisting of 10 to 15 scalesin an irregu- single (Fig. 149B); anal segmentwith upper hair lar singleor doublerow (Fig. 139A). Occursfrom of dorsaltuft only 2- or 3-branched,but nearly springto fall in temporarypools ...... vexans as long as bwer single hair (Fig. 149A). An Lateralcomb consistingof more than 20 scalesin a introducedspecies that mayoccur durin, E summer triangularpatch ...... 2

3O ,'

'• • I•B FULVU$

134B THIBAULTI

$OLLIC ITAN $ 133A

654

AURIFER

136A

TRI $ERIATU$

138A /' ,, 138B '

CINEREU$

FIG.133-138.--Aedes larvae: ,4, apexof abdomen,lateral aspect; B, dorsumof head,Details of pectenand comb scales are shown in Fig. 138,4.

31 140A 139B EXCRUCIAN$

159A VEXAN$

142A

CANADEN$1$

141A

' STIMULAN$

FIG.139-142.--Aedes larvae: A, apexof abdomen,lateral aspect; B,dorsum of head.Details of pectenand comb scales are shown in Fig. 139A, 141A, and 142A.

32 144A $TICTICU$

• 145A TRIVITTATU$

146A

FITGHI

areaFIG. at base143-147.--Aede• of gills. larvae: A, apexof abdomen, la:eral aspect; B.ventral aspect, showing anal hair tufts anterior tothe barred 148A 1488

DUPREEI

149B

AEOYPTI

150B FIG.148-150.--Aedes larvae: A, apexof abdomen,lateral aspect; B, dotsumof head.Details of pectenand comb scales are shown in Fig. 149A. (Fig. 148 redrawnfrom Dyar 1928.)

34 151

PUNCTOR

152

MITCHELLAE

153

TRICHURUS

155

HENDERSONI

INFIRMATUS

' •.

fromFIG. Breland151-155•--Aedes 1960.) larvae:lateral aspect ofabdomen. (Fig.151-154 redrawn fromCarpenter &LaCasse 1955;Fig. 155 redrawn

35 21. Ventraltuft situatednear middle of air tube,as in Fig. (Fig. 136) ...... 24 141/I. Occursduring spring in grassytemporary 24. Head hair 5 with at least 5 branches and about the pools ...... flavescens samesize as head hair 7 (Fig. 142B); the 2 head Ventraltuft situatedtwo-thirds distance along air tube, hairs5 closertogether than the 2 headhairs 6 .... 25 as in Fig. 139/I. Occursduring spring in tempo- Head hair 5 with 4 branchesor less;or the 2 head rarypools, especially those with fairly highalkalinity hairs5 no closertogether than the 2 headhairs 6 ...... campestris ...... 26 22. Anal gills long (Fig. 136/I), dorsalpair muchlonger 25. Head hair 5 somedistance posterior to headhairs 4 than ventral pair. Occursthroughout the year in and6 (Fig. 142B); clypealhairs only as far apart tree holes and shaded containers ...... triseriatus as the length of 1 hair. Occursduring spring Anal gills eitheras short as in Fig. 135/1 or all 4 gills chieflyin woodlandpools ...... canadensis aboutthe samelength (Fig. 142/I) ...... 23 Head hair 5 only slightlyposterior to headhairs 4 and 23. Acus,a, of air tube detachedfrom tube (Fig. 155). 6 (Fig. 134B); clypealhairs farther apart than the Lives in tree holes ...... hendersoni lengthof 1 hair. Occursduring spring in the hol- Acus,a, of air tube a connectedpart of the air tube low basesof tupelogum trees ...... thibaulti

156

Heads of Anopheles larvae. Hair numeralsused on this plate are thosecurrently employed in the taxonomicliterature on mosquitoes. FIG. 156.--A. barberi. (After Ross& Roberts1943.) FIG. 158.--A. punctipennis.(After Ross& Roberts1943.) FIG. 157.--A. earlei (inner clypealhairs only). FIG. 159.--A. quadrimaculatus.(After Ross& Roberts1943.) FIG. 160.--A. walkeri. (After Ross& Roberts 1943.)

36 26. Air tube5 timesas longas its widthat middleof lateral hairs of thorax and first 3 abdominal seg- pecten,tapering markedly, so that the width of the mentswith longleathering (Fig. 162) ...... 2 apexis abouthalf the widthof the base(Fig. 2. Fourthand fifth abdominaltergites with hairs0 and 2 146A); its apicalspine long and dark. Occurs dur- plumose(Fig. 162) ...... crucians ing springin marshes...... fitchi Fourth and fifth abdominaltergites either with hair Air tubeat most4 timesas long as its widthat middle 0 inconspicuousor with hair 2 only singleor of pecten,tapering less than air tube in Fig.146A, so double(Fig. 161) ...... 3 that the width of the apex is about three-quarters the width of the base(Fig. 144A); its apicalspine shortand inconspicuous...... 27 27. Anal segmenthaving 6 or moreventral tufts anterior to barredarea, the tuftsextending to the baseof the scleroussaddle. Occurs during spring in grassy temporarypools ...... flavescens Analsegment having at most5 tuftsanterior to barred area,the tuftsextending only one-halfto two-thirds the distance to the base of the scleroussaddle, as in Fig. 141A and 150A...... 28 28. Anal gills budlike, much shorter than the sclerous saddle,as in Fig. 135//. Occursin summerin pools containingindustrial wastes ...... dorsalis Anal gills as long as the scleroussaddle, not budlike (Fig. 144A) ...... 29 29. Ventral tuft of air tube only about half as long as tuft posteriorto lateral comb; scleroussaddle of analsegment only slightly longer than deep, extending more than three-quartersdistance down sides of segment(Fig. 144A). Occursduring spring and

earlysummer in woodlandfloodplain pools ...... IV I ...... sticticus Ventral tuft of air tube aboutas long as tuft posterior to lateral comb; scleroussaddle of anal segment muchlonger than deep,extending only one-halfto two-thirdsdistance down sidesof segment (Fig. FIG. 161 (left) .--Anopheles quadrimaculatus,larva, portion of 141A) ...... 30 dorsum. (After Ross& Roberts 1943.) FIG. 162 (right).--Anopheles crucians,larva, portion of dor- 30. Lateralcomb containing more than 40 scales.Occurs sum. (After Ross& Roberts 1943.) in spring in sphagnumpools ...... communis Lateralcomb containing 40 scalesor less...... 31 3. Head hair 3 denselyplumose, fan-shaped from base, 31. Head hair 6 usuallydouble or single,occasionally with onlyan inconspicuousbasal stalk (Fig. 160); triple; ventraltuft of air tube usuallywith 3 or 4 headhair 2 sometimesfeathered at tip; prothoracic hairs (Fig. 141//). Occursduring springin wood- hair 1 sometimes branched ...... walkeri land poolsin the northernhalf of Illinois...... Head hair 3 lessdensely plumose than that in Fig...... stimulans 160, the fan-shapedportion having a long basal Head hair 6 usuallydouble or triple (Fig. 150B), stalk (Fig. 159); headhair 2 neverfeathered at occasionally4-branched; ventral tuft of air tube tip; prothoracichair 1 rarelybranched ...... 4 usually with 5 to 8 hairs (Fig. 150A). Occurs 4. Hair ! of the secondand followingabdominal segments during spring in woodlandpools in the southern havingeach branch flattened, the whole hair ap- fourth of Illinois ...... grossbecki pearinglike a short,spread fan (Fig. 161)...... quadrimaculatus Key to Speciesof ANOPHELES[LarvaeJ Hair ! of secondabdominal segment with eachbranch The larvae of the Illinois speciesof Anopheleslive nearlyhairlike, as in Fig. 162; fanlikehairs begin- amongemergent vegetation and flotagein permanentor ning on third abdominalsegment ...... 5 semipermanentpools, the edgesof lakes,and marshes,ex- 5. Basesof the 2 headhairs 2 wide apart (Fig. 159) .... cept for thoseof barberi,which live in tree holes...... quadrimaculatus 1. Head hairs 5, 6, and 7 short and simple (Fig. 156); Basesof the 2 headhairs 2 close(Fig. 160) ...... 6 lateral body hairs with only short leathering.... 6. Headhair 2 alway••imple (Fig. 158).. punctipennis ...... barberi At least 1 of the 2 head hairs 2 usuallywith a con- Head hairs5, 6, and 7 long and plumose(Fig. 158); spicuousbranch (Fig. 157)...... earlei 163A

RE$'rUAN$

1638

164A

1648

TERRITANS

185A

TARSALIS

FIG.163-165.--Culex larvae: A, apexof abdomen, lateral aspect; B,dotsum ofhead. In Fig.165A, ventral tufts are shown for both sidesof air tube. In mostother illustrations of air tube,ventral tufts of onlyone side are shown.

38 Keyto Speciesof CULEX(Larvae) 1. Antennaltuft near middle (Fig. 163B) .... restuans Larvaeof thesespecies live all seasonamong emergent Antennaltuft considerably pastmiddle (Fig. 164B). 2 plantsin permanent ponds and pools, or in fishponds, bird- 2. Bothof head hairs 5 and 6 longand single (Fig. 164B), baths,and other domesticcontainers. or an occasionalhair double...... territans

166B

167A QU I NQU E FASCIATU S

168A SALINARIUS

168B , IiII

FIG.166-168.--Culex larvae: A,apex of abdomen, lateral aspect; B,dorsum ofhead.

39 A

FIG.169.--Culex erraticus, larva:A, apex of abdomen, lateralaspect; B,dotsum ofhead. Ventral tufts are shown forboth sides of the air tube.

One or bothof headhairs 5 and 6 eithermultiple at endof pecten,somewhat vasiform, definitely (Fig.166B), or very short (Fig. 169B) ...... 3 thickestnear end of pecten;with the penultimate 3. Headhair 6 longand single, head hair 5 shortand tuftdistinctly more dorsal than, and out of linewith, doubleto multiple(Fig. 169B) ...... 4 theothers (Fig. 166.4) ...... 7 Headhair 6 tripleto multiple,similar to headhair 5, 7. Air tube4 to 5 timesas long as its widthat endof bothhairs long (Fig. 166B) ...... 5 pecten;2 central hair tufts with a maximumof 3 4. Lateralcomb scales arranged in a loosecluster (Fig. or 4 branceseach (Fig. 166.4) ...... pipiens 169.4);head hair 5 with4 or morebranches (Fig. Air tubeless than 4 timesas long as its widthat end 169B);body having an almost velvety covering of ofpecten; 2 central hair tufts with 5 to 10branches minutespicules ...... erraticus each(Fig. 167.4) ...... quinquefasciatus Lateralcomb scales more numerous than in Fig.169.4 Specimensintermediate between these two conditions andforming a muchmore crowded cluster; head areprobably hybrids ...... hair 5 doubleor triple;body having only a sparse ...... hybridpipiens x quinquefasciatus coveringof spicules...... peccator 5. Air tubevery long and slender (Fig. 168.4), 6 to 8 Key•'o Species of CULlSETA(Larvae) timesas long as its width at endof pecten;tufts Thelarvae of thisgenus occur chiefly during spring in scatteredand weak...... salinarius marsheshaving permanent water; occasionally theybreed Air tubeeither not morethan 5 timesas long as its in stumpholes and permanent ponds or pools. widthat endof pecten(Fig. 166.4),or withstrong 1. Air tubewith a row of about12 hair tufts alongven- clusteredtufts (Fig. 165.4) ...... 6 tral margin(Fig. 172A) ...... melanura 6. Air tubeusually 6 timesas long as its widthat end Air tubewith onlya singleventral hair tuft on each of pecten,sinuate but of almostuniform thickness sideat or nearbase of tube (Fig. 171.4)...... 2 throughout;with all tufts near ventral margin (Fig. 2. Air tubeshort and stout; pecten consisting of about ! 65.4) ...... tarsalis 10 basalsclerous teeth and, beyond these, a series Air tubeusually 3.5 to 5 timesas long as its width of longfine single hairs (Fig. 170.4) .... inornata

40 170B

170A

INORNATA

l/?

171A

MORSITANS

'' •- MELANURA

...

Fig.FIG.172.4, 170-172.--Culisetaventral tufts are shownlarvae: forA, both apex sidesof abdomen,of the air lateraltube. aspect; B, dorsum of head. (Fig. 172 redrawn fromBarr1958.) In

41 175A

DISCOLOR

173B

174B

174A

C •NIS

cI LIATA 175B

FIG.173-175.--Psorophora larvae:A,apex of abdomen, lateral aspect; B,dotsum ofhead.

42 Air tubelong and slender;pecten consisting of only and 8 usuallywith dorsalsclerotized plates, the plate a few sclerousteeth on basalporLion of tube (Fig. of segment8 frequentlyextending ventrad to the ven- 171A) ...... 3 tral marginof the comb (Fig. 127A); thesesclerotized 3. Head hair 5 usuallywith 7 or more branches;ventral platesmay be entirelyabsent ...... signifera brushusually with 18 or fewer tufts; headhair 7 Head pale yellow to white, body white to straw color; usuallywith 9 or more branches..... minnesotae segments6, 7, and8 withoutsclerotized plates... alba Head hair 5 usuallywith 5 or fewer branches(Fig. 17lB); ventralbrush usually with 20 or more tufts Key to Speciesof PSOROPHORA(Larvae) (Fig. 1717/); headhair 7 usuallywith 8 or fewer Larvaeof all Illinoisspecies of Psorophoralive in flood- branches(Fig. 17lB) ...... morsitans waters,almost invariably in pools which fill after a rain.

Key to Speciesof ORTHOPODOMYIA(Larvae I Larvaeof thesetwo specieslive only in tree holes. Head mediumto dark brown,body pink; segments6, 7,

HE/•

PEGTEN TOOTH

AIR TUBE COMB ;' AIR TUBE GOMB SGALE

GOMB

ANAL SEGMENT ANAL SEGMENT

FiG.176.--Psorophora horrida, larval parts. (After Roth1945.) FIG.177.--Psorophora longipalpis, larval Farts. (After Roth1945.)

43 1. Antennashort, slender, and without definitetufts (Fig. 6. Egg in rot holesin trees...... 175B); largepredacious larvae ...... 2 ...... Toxorhynchitesrutilus septentrionalis Antenna long, stout, and with definite tufts (Fig. Egg on soil subjectto flooding...... Psorophora 174B); smallto fairly largelarvae which feed on 7. Egg in cavitiesof leavesof pitcherplant (Sarracenia) microorganisms...... 3 ...... Wyeomyia smithi 2. Lateral hair of anal segmentwith 2 to 4 branches, Egg elsewhere...... 8 separatingat baseof hair (Fig. 175A)..... ciliata 8. Egg with pair of longitudinalmembranous flanges Lateralhair of analsegment single, or forkedsome dis- (Fig. 183). Foundin rot holesin trees...... tance from base ...... howardi ...... Orthopodomyiasignifera or alba 3. Antennalarge and swollen(Fig. 173B), air tube small (Fig. 173A); larvaegreenish when alive... discolor Antennanot swollen(Fig. 174B), but air tube large and swollen(Fig. 174B); larvaenot greenishwhen alive ...... 4 4. Head hairs5 and6 multiple (Fig. 174B)... confinnis Head hair 5 singleor double,head hair 6 singleto triple (Fig. 176) ...... 5 5. Head hairs 5 and 6 single...... cyanescens Head hairs5 and6 doubleor triple (Fig. 176) ..... 6 6. Air tube about2 timesas long as greatestdepth ...... varipes Air tube2.5 or moretimes as long as greatestdepth (Fig. 176) ...... 7 7. Head hairs5 and6 only slightlylonger than head hair 7 (Fig. 176) ...... horrida Head hairs5 and 6 nearlytwice as long as headhair 7 (Fig. 177) ...... 8 8. Head hairs 5 and 6 each havingbranches of nearly equal length ...... ferox Head hairs5 and 6 eachhaving branches of markedly differentlengths (Fig. 177) ...... longipalpi• 179 180 181 KEYS TO CULICIDAE EGGS Eggsof mosquitoesmay be recognizableto genusby their grouping,color, size, shape,and surfacemarkings. To date, diagnosticcharacters to identify eggsto species are availableonly for the generaAedes and Psorophora. Eggsto be identifiedshould be submergedin water and viewedat magnificationsof 75 to 100 diametersin reflected white light abovea dull blackbackground.

Key fo Genera of CULICIDAE {Eggs} 1. Eggsglued together in the form of floatingrafts (Fig. 178) ...... 2 Eggsfound singly ...... 5 2. Surfaceof egg with manysmall raised nodules (Fig. ! 79) ...... Mansoniaperturbans Surfaceof eggwithout nodules ...... 3 3. Egg with frothy cap on posteriorend (small end) (Fig. 180) ...... Uranotaeniasapphirina Eggwithout frothy cap on posteriorend ...... 4 182 183 184A IB4B 4. Eggbluntly rounded at anteriorend (Fig. 181) ..... FIG. 178.--Egg raft of Culexsubgenus Culex. (Redrawnfrom ...... Culiseta Mitchell 1907.) Eggcup-shaped at anteriorend (Fig. 182) .... Culex FIG. 179.--Egg of Mansonia.(Redrawn from Mitchell 1907.) 5. Egg stronglybiconvex in dorsoventralprofile; ratio FIG. 180.--Egg of Uranotaenia.(Redrawn from Dvar 1901.) of diameterto length not greaterthan 1:2 (Fig. FIG. 181.--Egg of Culiseta.(Redrawn from Mitchell 1907.) FIG. 182.--Egg of Culex. (From Marshall1938.) 185) ...... 6 FIG. 183.--Egg of Orthopodomyia.(From Marshall1938.) Egg slender;ratio of diameterto lengthgreater than FIG. 184.--Egg of Anopheles:A, lateral aspect;B, dorsalas- 1:2 (Fig. 187) ...... 7 pect. (From Hurlbut 1938.)

44 Egg withoutsuch longitudinal flanges ...... 9 5. Egg small (0.6-0.7 mm); colorshiny black; shell at 9. Egg with lateral"floats" (Fig. 184). Foundlying on widepart of eggwith cellsof reticulationappearing watersurface of groundpools and rot holes...... as fine transversewrinkles (Fig. 192, 211). In ...... An •pheles woodlanddepressions in shadeof low canopy..... Egg without lateral floats...... 10 ...... dupreei Egg larger;color variable; shell at wide part of egg with cellsof reticulationnot appearingas transverse wrinkles ...... 6 6. Egg in the form of a longcone widest at anteriorend (Fig. 193); colorshiny black; reticulations in anterior areaof shellstrongly raised (Fig. 212). In woodlanddepressions under shade of low canopy...... cinereus Egg not conelike;color variable; reticulations of shell absent or not as above ...... 7 7. Eggshe'lhaving cells of reticulationfaint except in anteriorarea; each cell not angularbut with a lateral budlikeexpansion on eachside (Fig. 214) ...... 8 Eggshellhaving cells of reticulationangular and without visiblelateral budlike expansions ...... 11 185 186 187 8. Eggshellhaving lateral buds separated from cell and situatedopposite each other near center of cell; mostconspicuous on anteriorthird of shell'(Fig. Eggs of mosquitoes. (Ventral side is to the right.) 194, 213). In woodlanddepressions frequently FIG. 185.--Psorol•horasubgenus Psorot)hora. flooded ...... trivittatus FIG. 186.--Aedes vexans. FIG. 187.--Aedes communis. Eggshellhaving lateral buds not separatedfrom cell and not oppositeeach other (Fig. 214) ...... 9 10. Dorsalprofile (Fig. 186, 188-207) lessarched than 9. Eggshell having cells of reticulation little longer ventral profile; eggshellwithout spicules. Found thanwide (Fig. 195, 214). In depressionsheavily •. in domesticcontainers and on soil...... Aed_=s pollutedby industrialwastes containing sulfur ..... ?Dorsalprofile (Fig. 224-231) more stronglyarched ...... sollicitans than ventral profile; eggshellwith spiral rows of Eggshellnear anterior end havingcells of reticulation .. stubbyanteriorly directed spicules. On soil subject two or moretimes as long aswide ...... 10 • to transientflooding ...... Psorophora 1.0. Eggshellhaving lateral buds of reticulationirregularly placedalong margin near center of eachcell; shape Key-;foSpecies of AEDES(Ecjcjs) as in Fig. i96 ...... mitchellae This key includesonly species recorded from Illinois;of Eggshellhaving lateral buds of reticulationalong mar- these,eggs are not availablefor abserratusand fulvus gin near eachend of cell...... nigromaculis pallens,which are thereforenot keyed. 11. Reticulationpebbly (Fig. 215) ...... 12 1. Reticulationof eggshellat wide part of egg differing Reticulationlattice-like (Fig. 216) ...... 13 dorsallyand ventrally ...... 2 12. Egg slender(Fig. 197) ...... excrucians Reticulationof eggshellat wide part of egg alilce Egg wider (Fig. 198)...... punctor dorsallyand ventrally...... 3 13. Eggshellhaving margins of cellsof reticulationknife- 2. Cellsof ventralreticulation at wide part of eggelon- like; surfaceof eachcell smooth,or crinklesonly gated transversely(Fig. 188, 208). In domestic atsides (Fig. 216) ...... 'i-•--14 containersof woodor paper...... aegypti Eggshellhaving marginsof cells of reticulado..n* flat-

•lis. of ventralreticulation at wide part of eggnot tened;surface of eachcell marked by subcel!g•..--(Fig. ;elongatedtransversely (Fig. 189, 209). In rot 2]8) ...... •:•..16 :•holes in trees ...... triseriatus 14. Eggshellhaving re•iculations in low relief; surfleeof • hendersoni cells flat (Fig. 199, 216) ...... stimulans 3. D9rsalprofile of eggconspicuously bentnear midpoint Eggshellhaving reticulations in high relief...... 15 '•(:Fig.190) ...... 19 15. Lengthof egg0.6-0.8 mm (Fig.200, 217). ln:':•uck Dorsalprofile of eggfusiform or sausage-shaped(Fig. soilunder canopy of lowvegetation such as citetails 191) ...... 4 ...... fitchi 4. Colorshiny bronze; reticulation of shellhaving ap- Lengthof egg 0.8-1.0 mm (Fig. 201). In firm soil pearanceof longitudinallines (Fig. 191, 210). In in woodlands...... grossbecki depressionssubject to prolongedor frequentflooding 16. Eggshellhaving subcells of reticulationwith angular ...... vexans margins (Fig. 218). From marginsof woodland Colorusually black or gray...... 5 depressions...... 17

45' Eggshellhaving subcellsof reticulaticncircular or on soil overlaidwith fly ash or calcinedmineral nearly so ...... 18 waste ...... d•rsalis 17. Color of eggshelldull bronze;shape and reticulations Shapeand reticulationsas in Fig. 205, 221. From as in Fig. 202, 218 ...... canadensis insidetupelo gum or cypressbutts ..... thibaulti Colorof eggshelldull black;shape and reticulations as 19. Egg long and narrow (Fig. 190). In woodlandde- in Fig. 203, 219...... aurifer pressions,under low canopy...... atlanticus 18. Shapeand reticulationsas in Fig. 204, 220. From tormentor day pits andsimilar ground pools in industrialareas Egg short,plump ...... 20

188 189 190 191 192. 193 194

AEGYPTI TRISERIATUS ATLANTICUS VEXANS DUPREE! CINEREUS TRIVlTTATUS

195 196 197 198 199 200 201

SOLLICITANS MITOHELLAE EX6RUOIANS PUNCTOR STIMULANS FITCHI 6ROSSBEOKI

202 20;5 204 205 206 207 6ANADENSlS AURIFER DORSALIS THIBAULTI STIOTICUS FLAVESOENS

FIG. 188-207. Eggsof Aedes. (Ventral side is to the right.) Eggsto be identifiedshould be submergedin water and viewed at magnificationsof 75 to 100 diametersin reflectedwhite light againsta dull black background.

I 46 20. Venterof egg bentonly slightlynear midpoint; shape Key to Speciesof PSOROPHORA(Eggs) and redculationsas in Fig. 206, 222. From flood- 1. Dorsoventralprofile of egg stronglybiconvex, ratio of plainsand woodland depressions ...... sticticus diameterto lengthless than 1:2 (Fig. 224) ...... 2 Venter of egg bent sharplynear midpoint;shape and Dorsal profile of egg only stronglyconvex; ratio of reticulationsas in Fig. 207, 223. From savanna diameterto lengthmore than 1:2 (Fig. 225 ) ..... 3 depressions...... flavescens 2. Eggshellhaving disc of eachcell of reticulationwith

208 ' 2_.09 .* 2..10

212 21;3 214 215

216 218 219

220 ,•. 221 222 . 22:;5

Fit;. 208-223.wHighlymalgnified portions of eggshellsof Aedes:208, aegypti;209, triseriatus;210, vexans;211, dupreei;212, cinereus;213, trivittatus; 214, sollicitans; 215, excrucians;216, stimulans;217, fitchi;218, canadensis;219, aurifer;220, dorsalis;221, thibaulti; 222, sticticus;223, #avescens.

47 224 225 226 227

CILIATA DISCOLOR HOWARDI CONFINNIS

228 229 25O 251

CYANESCENS FEROX VARIPES HORRIDA

FIG.224-231.'--Eggs of Psovopho•'a. (Ventral side is to theright.)

distinctcircular spot covering posterior third; shape 6. Egg(Fig. 229) havingshell with reticulations pro- of eggas in Fig.224. In savannaand woodland nouncedon anteriorone-fifth. In woodlandde- depressions...... ciliata pressions...... ferox Eggshellhaving disc of eachcell of reticulationwith Egg(Fig. 230, 231) havingshell with reticulations spoton posterior third not circular; shape of eggas notpronounced onanterior one-fifth. In woodland depressions...... varipes in Fig.226. In woodlanddepressions...howardi horrida 3. Eggshellwithout distinct reticulations butstudded with distinctelongate spots; egg elongate (Fig. 225). In savannadepressions ...... discolor MOSQUITOESAND DISEASE Eggshellwith distinct reticulations, especially notice- In additionto their role as biters,certain mosquitoes ableat ends...... 4 havebeen indicted as carriers of pathogensthat produce 4. Eggshellhaving margins of cellsof reticulationform- diseasesin other organisms. Below is a listof mosquitoes ingsharp ridges with branches radiating onto discs thathave been incriminated as potential or possiblevectors of cells;egg banana-shaped (Fig. 227). In sa- of disease-producingorganisms affecting man and d•mestic vannadepressions ...... confinnisanimals in Illinois. Eggshellhaving margins of cellsof reticulationnot Thesemosquitoes differ widely in effectivenessasvec- sharplyridged, the reticulations sometimes indistinct tors.Anopheles quadrimaculatus isknown to be an effec- in midsectionof egg ...... 5 tive fieldvector of malaria. For manyother species only 5. Eggshellhaving margins of cellsof reticulationclearly laboratorytransmission of pathogens has been demon- visibleover" all of intactegg, which is flattened strated,and for othersthe associationwith disease has dorsally('Big. 228). In hoofprints and in shade beenlimited .to thefinding of pathogensin the bodies of of lowcanopy of woodlandpastures... cyanescens specimens. Eggshellhaving margins of cellsof reticulationmore Omittedfrom the list is Aedesaegypti, a known.vector distincton anteriorthird than on midsectionof of yellowfever; neither the mosquito nor the disease is intactegg ...... 6 naturalized in Illinois.

'48 Potentialmosquito vectors (indicated by X) of agentspathogenic to man and domesticanimals in Illinois.

PathogensAffecting Pathogens Affecting Man Domestic Animals Virus Equine Species Viral Encephalitides PlasmodiumFrancisella Infectious Fowl Rabbit St. Louis Eastern XX/estern (Malaria) (Tularemia) Anemia Pox Myxoma Culex p•piens X quinque]asciatus

salinarius tarsalis territans sp.? X X X? Culisetasp. X me/anura inornata Anophe/essp. œrgtc]all$ quadrimaculatus punctipennis Psorophora /erox Aedessp. vexaris sticticus triseriatus nigromacMis mitchellae Mansonia perturbans

AC, KNOWLED•oMENTS HAYES,JACK. 1965. A firstreport of Aedesinfirmatus Dyar and Knabin Illinois. Ili. StateAcad. Sci. Trans. 58(2). In press. We are indebtedto many personsin the mosquito HEDEEN, R. A. 1964. The occurrence of Aedes hendersoni abatementdistricts of Illinois and to Mr. Harvey Domi- Cockerellin northernIllinois. MosquitoNews 23:349-350, nic of the Illinois StateDepartment of Health for mak- HORSFALL,WILLIAM R. 1955. Mosquitoes,their bionomicsand ing availableto us large numbersof Illinois recordsof relationto disease.Ronald Press Co., New York. 723 p. mosquitoes. We wish to expressour appreciationto Ross,HERBERT H. 1947. The mosquitoesof Illinois (Diptera, Mrs. Alice Ann Prickerr for a great deal of assistance Culicidae). Ill. Nat. Hist. Surv. Bul. 24(1):1-96. STOJANOVICH,C. J. 1960. Illustrated key to common mos- in addingnew illustrationsand muchwork in assembling quitoesof southeasternUnited States. Publishedby the au- the platesand to reiterateour gratitudeto Dr. Kathryn thor,Atlanta, Georgia. 36 p. M. Sommermanfor the large numberof original draw- 1961. Illustratedkey to commonmosquitoes of north- ings, reproducedhere, that she made for the earlier easternNorth America. Publishedby the author, Atlanta, Georgia. 49 p. Illinois report. We acknowledgewith thanksthe useof variousillustrations used with the permissionof the LITERATURE CITED IN THE ILLUSTRATIONS originalauthors, as indicatedunder specific illustrations. BARR,A. RALPH. 1958. The mosquitoesof Minnesota(Diptera: Finally we are indebted to Mrs. BessWhite and Mrs. Culicidae:Culicinae). Minn. Univ. Agr. Exp. Sta.Tech. Bul. BerniceSweeney of the Illinois Natural History Survey 228. 154 p. BRELAND•OSMOND P. 1960. Restorationof the name, Aedes for muchlabor in typing and checkingthe manuscript, hendersoniCockerell, and its elevationto full specificrank and to SurveyTechnical Editor JamesS. Ayarsand his (Diptera: Culicidae). Entomol. Soc. Amer. Ann. 53:600-606. staff for the many editorialchores they performed. CARPENTER,STANLEY J., AND WALTER J. LACASSE.1955. Mos- quitoes of North America (north of Mexico). University of CaliforniaPress, Berkeley and Los Angeles.360 p. + 127 pl. DYAR, HARRISONG. 1901. The life-history of Uranotaenia sap- SELECTED REFERENCES phirinaO. S. N.Y. Entomol.Soc. Jour. 9(4): 179-182. 1 pl. Descriptions of the various life history stagesand the habits ß 1928. The mosquitoesof the Americas. CarnegieInst. of Illinois mosquitoes,and also information concerningclosely Wash. Pub. 387. 616 p., 123 pl. related speciesoccurring in adjacentareas, may be found in the HURLBUT• HERBERT S. 1938. Further notes on the overwinter- following publications. ing of the eggsof Anophe/eswalkeri Theobaldwith a descrip- BARR,A. RALPH. 1958. The mosquitoesof Minnesota (Diptera: tion of the eggs. Jour. Parasitol. 24(6) :521-526. Culicidae: Culicinae). Minn. Univ. Agr. Exp. Sta. TechßBul. KING, W. V., G. H. BRADLEY, AND T. E. MCNEEL. 1939. The 228ß 154 p. mosquitoesof the southeasternstates. U.S. Dept. Agr. Misc. CARPENTER,STANLEY J., AND WALTER J. LACASSE. 1955. Mos- Pub. 336. 90 p. quitoes of North America (north of Mexico)ß University of MARSHALL,J.F. 1938. The British mosquitoes. British Mu- CaliforniaPress, Berkeley and Los Angeles. 360 p. + 127 pl. seum (Natural History), Londonß 341 p., 20 pl.

49 MATHESON, ROBERT. 1944. Handbook of the mosquitoesof ROSS, EDWARD S., AND H. RADCLYFFE ROBERTS. 1943. Mos- North America. Comstock Publishing Co., Inc., Ithaca, New quito atlas,Part I. The Nearctic Anopheles,important malaria York. 314 p., 33 pl. vectorsof the Americas,and Aedes aegypti, Culex quinquefas- MITCHELL, EVELYN GROESBEECK. 1907. Mosquito life. G. P. ciatus. American EntomologicalSociety and Academyof Nat- Putnam'sSons, New York. xxii 4- 281 p. ural Sciences,Philadelphia. iv 4- 44 p. PRATT, HARRY D., ANt) RALPH C. BARNES. 1939. Identification ROTH, LOUIS M. 1945. The male and larva of Psorophora of some common female mosquitoes of the United States. (Janthinosoma)horrida (Dyar and Knab) and a new species U.S. Department of Health, Education,and Welfare, Com- of Psorophorafrom the United States (Diptera: Culicidae). municableDisease Center, Atlanta, Georgia. 40 p. Entomol. Soc.Wash. Proc. 47 ( 1 ) :1-23.

INDEX

Only the specificnames in thispublication are indexed.Page references in italictype indicate illustrations. abserratus,Aedes, 5, 12, 20, 22, 30, 33, 45 melanura,Culisera, 5, 14, 24, 24, 40, 41, 49 aegypti,Aedes, 3, 5, 9, 9, 11, 16, 17, 30, 34, 45, 46, 47, 48 minnesotae,Culiseta, 5, 14, 24, 24, 43 alba,Orthopodomyia, 5, 14,24, 43, 44 mitchellae,Aeries, 5, 9, 9, 17, 21, 30, 35, 45, 46, 49 atlanticus,Aedes, 5, 10, I1, 18, 21, 30, 46, 46 morsitans,Culiseta, 5, 14, 24, 24, 41, 43 atropalpus,Aedes, 5, 8, 9, 21, 30 aurifer,Aedes, 5, 11, 18, 21, 30,31, 46, 46, 47 nigromaculis,Aedes, 5, 9, 21, 30, 45, 49 barberi,Anopheles, 5, 12,22, 22, 36, 37 peccator,Culex, 5, 14,23, 24, 40 perturbans,Mansonia, 5, 6, 8, 16, 16,27, 28, 29, 44, 49 campestris,Aedes, 5, 8, 18, 22, 36 pipiens,Culex, 5, 13,13, 23, 24, 39, 40, 49 canadensis,Aedes, 5, 7, 8, 17, 21, 32, 36, 46, 46, 47 punctipennis,Anopheles, 5, 12,13, 22, 36, 37,49 ciliata,Psorophora, 5, 7, 14,25, 25, 42, 44, 48,48 punctipennis,Chaoborus, 5 cinctipes,Mochlonyx, 5 punctor,Aedes, 5, 12,20, 22, 30,35, 45, 46 cinereus,Aedes, 5, 12, 16, 17, 30, 31, 45, 46, 47 communis,Aeries, 5, I1, 12, 20, 22, 37, 45 quadrimaculatus,Anopheles, 5, 7, I3, 13, 15, 22, 22, 36, 37, confinnis,Psorophora, 5, 6, 7, 8, 14, 25, 26, 42, 44, 48, 48 37, 48, 49 crucians,Anopheles, 5, 12, 13, 22, 37, 37, 49 quinquefasciatus,Culex, 5, 13, 13, 23, 24, 39, 40, 49 cyanescens,Psorophora, 5, 14, 25, 26, 44, 48,48 restuans,Culex, 5, 13, 13, 23, 24, 38, 39, 49 discolor,Psorophora, 5, 14, 25, 26, 42, 44, 48, 48 rutilusseptentrionalis, Toxorhynchites, 5, 6, 7, I5, 15, I6, dorsalis,Aedes, 5, 8, 9, 11, 18, 21, 46, 46, 47 28, 29, 44 dupreei,Aedes, 5, 10, 11, 19, 21, 30, 34, 45, 46, 47 salinarius,Culex, 5, 13, 23, 24, 39, 40, 49 earlei,Anopheles, 5, 12,22, 36, 37 sapphirina,Uranotaenia, 5, 7, 15,16, 29, 29, 44 erraticus,Culex, 5, 13, 14, 22, 23, 40, 40 signifera,Orthopodomyia, 5, 7, 14, 16, 24, 28, 43, 44 excrucians,Aeries, 5, 9, 9, 10, 20, 21, 30, 32, 45, 46, 47 smithi,Wyeomyia, 5, 7, 15, I6, 27, 28, 44 sollicitans,Aedes, 5, 7, 9, 9, 17, 21, 29, 3 I, 45, 46, 47 ferox,Psorophora, 5, 14, 25, 44, 48, 48, 49 spenceri,Aedes, 5, 10,11, 19, 21, 30, 33 fitchi,Aedes, 5, 9, 10, I1, 20, 22, 33, 37, 45, 46, 47 sticticus,Aedes, 5, 9, 11, 12, 19, 21, 33, 37, 46, 47, 47, flavescens,Aedes, 5, 9, 19, 21, 36, 37, 46, 47, 47 49 fulvus, Aedes, 31 stimulans,Aedes, 5, 8, 10, 10, 19, 21, 32, 37, 45, 46, 47 fulvuspallens, Aedes, 5, 10,18, 21, 29, 45 tarsalis,Culex, 5, 6,13, 13, 23, 24, 38, 40, 49 grossbecki,Aedes, 5, 9, 9, 10, 11, 20, 21, 34, 37, 45, 46 territans,Culex, 5, 13, 23, 24, 38, 39, 49 thibaulti,Aedes, 5, 9, 11, 12, 16, 17, 31, 36, 46, 46, 47 hendersoni,Aedes, 5, 10, 11, 12, 21, 35, 36, 45 tormentor,Aedes, 5, 10, 21, 29, 46 horrida,Psorophora, 5, 14,25, 26, 43, 44, 48, 48 trichurus,Aeries, 5, 12, 20, 21, 30, 35 howardi,Psorophora, 5, 14,24, 25, 44, 48, 48 triseriatus,Aedes, 5, 9, 11, 12, 17, 21, 31, 36, 45, 46, 47, 49 impatiens,Culiseta, 24 trivittatus,Aedes, 5, 11, 12, 19, 21, 30, 33, 45, 46, 47 infirmatus,Aedes, 5, 10, 11, 19, 21, 30, 35 inornata,Culiseta, 5, 8, 14, 24, 24, 40, 41, 49 varipes,Psorophora, 5, 7, 14,24, 26, 44, 48, 48 intrudens,Aeries, 18 vexans,Aedes, 5, 7, 9, 9, 16, 17, 30, 32, 45, 45, 46, 47, 49 longipalpis,Psorophora, 5, 14, 25, 26, 43, 44 walkeri,Anopheles, 5, 12, I3, 22,36, 37