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The Mosquitoes of Illinois ( Diptera, Culicidae)

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The Mosquitoes of Illinois ( Diptera, Culicidae) '14 B ULLETIN of the cr) ILLINOIS NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY tit HARLOW B. MILLS, Chief Imam= The Mosquitoes of Illinois (Diptera, Culicidae) HERBERT H. [ItOSS Urbana, Illinois 114 Printed by Authority of ch. STATE OF ILLINOIS DWIGHT H. GREEN, Gal vermor DEPARTMENT OF REGLSTRA.T1ON AND EDUCATION FRANK la TWIN! PSON, Director STATE OF ILLINOIS DWIGHT H. GREEN, Governor DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION FRANK G. THOMPSON, Director NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY DIVISION HARLOW B. MILLS, Chief Volume 24 BULLETIN Article I The Mosquitoes of Illinois ( Diptera, Culicidae) HERBERT H. ROSS Printed by Authority of the State of Illinois URBANA, ILLINOIS flugust 1947 STATE OF ILLINOIS DWIGHT H. GREEN, Governor DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION FRANK G. THOMPSON, Director BOARD OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND CONSERVATION FRANK G. THOMPSON, Chairman CARL G. HARTMAN, Ph.D., Biology GEORGE D. STODDARD, Ph.D., President L. H. TIFFANY, Ph.D., Forestry of the University of Illinois L. R. HowsosT, B.S.C.E., C.E., Engineering WALTER II. NEWHOUSE, Ph.D., Geology ROGER ADAMS, Ph.D., D.Sc., Chemistry NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY DIVISION Urbana, Illinois SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL STAFF HARLOW B. MILLS, Chief BESSIE B. HENDERSON, M.S., .43.fiStant to the Chief Section of Economic Entomology Section of Aquatic Biology Entomologist G. C. DECKER, Ph.D., GEORGE W. BENNETT, Ph.D., Litt/110/0.92St J. H. BIGGER, M.S., Associate Entomologist D. F. HANssN, Ph.D., Assistant Zoologist L. I,. ENGLISH, Ph.D., Research Entomologist PAUL G. BARNICKOL, M.A., Ichthyologist S. C. CHANDLER, B.S., Southern Field Ento- ELIZABETH B. CHASE, Ph.D., Research mologist Assistant JAMES W. APPLE, M.S., Northern Field Ento- mologist Section of Game Research and Management C. J. WniNmAN, Ph.D., Associate Entomolo- gist R. E. YEATTER, Ph.D., Game Specialist JOHN M. WRIGHT, B.A., Assistant Entomol- DEAN H. ECKE, Assistant in Game Research ogist WILLIS N. BRUCE, B.S., Assisitant Entomolo- Section of Migratory Waterfowl gist II. B. PETTY, JR., M.A., Associate in Ento- F. C. BELLROSE, JR., B.S., Associate Game mology Extension Technician GEORGE F. LUDVIK, M.A., Special Research HAROLD C. IIANSON, M.S., Assistant Game Assistant Technician JOHN E. PGRTER, M.S., Laboratory Assistant CLARA Z. EISENBERG, B.S., Laboratory Assist- Cooperative Wildlife Research (With State ant Department of Conservation and U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service) Section of Eaunistic Surveys and Insect Identi- fication C. C. SWEARS, M.F., Project Leader H. H. Ross, Ph.D., Systematic Entomologist GEORGE C. ARTHUR, B.S., Project Leader CA ,L 0. MOHR, Ph.D., Associate Entomolo- PAUL J. NlooRE, B.S., Project Leader gist, Artist (on leave) A. B. COWAN, B.S.F., Assistant Project Leader B. D. BURRS, Ph.D., Assistant Entomologist MILTON W. SANDERSON, Ph.D., Assistant Section of Applied Botany and Plant Pathology Entomologist LEO R. TEHON, Ph.D., Botanist LEWIS J. STANNALD, JR., B.S., Assistant Ento- J. C. CARTER, Ph.D., Associate Botanist mologist G. H. BOEWE, M.S., Field Botanist ELIZABETH N. MAXWELL, B.A., Artist, Ento- mological Assistant J. L. FORSBERG, M.S., Research Pathologist PHYLLIS A. BEAVER, Laboratory Assistant ROBERT A. EVERS, M.S., Assistant Botanist Section of Forestry Section of Publications WILLET N. WANDELL, M.F., Forester JAMES S. AYARS, B.S., Technical Editor LAWSON B. CULVER, B.S., Extension Forester FRANCES B. KIMBROUGH, B.S., Assistant Tech- Technical Library nical Editor MARGUERITE SIMMONS, M.A., M.S., Techni- ROBERT E. HESSELSCHWERDT, B.A., Assistant cal Librarian Technical Photographer CONSULTANTS IN HERPETOLOGY: HOWARD K. GLOYD, Ph.D., Director of the Museum, Chicago Academy of Sciences; CLIFFORD H. POPE, B.S., Curator of Amphibians and Reptiles, Chicago Natural History Museum. This paper is a contribution from the Section of Insect Survey. (17533-1800-5-46) CONTENTS BIOLOGY ................................................................................................................................................ 1 Eggs.—Larvae.--Pupae.--Adults.-----Hibernation.—Habitat Preferences. SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION ..................................................................................................... 8 DISTRIBUTION PATTERN ....................................................................................................... 8 ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE ....................................................................................................... 9 CONTROL CONSIDERATIONS .............................................................................................. 9 COLLECTING AND PRESERVING ....................................................................................... 10 Larvae.—Adults.—Labeling. STUDY TECHNIQUES ...................................................................................................................... 12 Larvae.—Adults. REARING ................................................................................................................................................. 13 Individual Rearings.—Group Rearings.—Larval Food.—Temperature, Aeration, and Sunlight. CLASSIFICATION ............................................................................................................................. 14 Terminology.—Literature.—Material Studied.--Acknowledgments. KEY TO SUBFAMILIES ................................................................................................................ 16 CIIAOBORINAE ...................................................................................................................... 17 CULICE■TAE ............................................................................................................................ 17 Mosquitoes of Illinois ............................................................................................ 17 Key to Genera ........................................................................................................... 17 Anopheles ............................................................................................................. 24 Me garhinus 32 LI ranotaenia ........................................................................................................ 33 Wye° nzyia ........................................................................................................... 34 Mansonia ............................................................................................................ 35 Ort/zopodomyia ................................................................................................. 36 Culiseta ................................................................................................................ 37 Cu/ex ..................................................................................................................... 40 A edes...................................................................................................................... 52 P sorophora ......................................................................................................... 82 LITERATURE CITED .................................................................................................................... 93 INDEX ....................................................................................................................................................... 95 One of the largest Illinois mosqui- toes is the "gallinipper," Psorophora ciliata, which may attain a wingspread of 15 mm. (over half an inch). It is a vicious biter and is generally distrib- uted over Illinois. The larvae or wig- glers of this species breed in rain pools and have the habit of feeding on larvae of other mosquito species. The Mosquitoes of Illinois ( Diptera, Culicidae) HERBERT H. ROSS OSQUITOES are midgelike insects second by summarizing information regard- of various sizes, some of them ing the distribution, biology, and habitat Mminute, some of them nearly a half preferences of the species. inch long. They belong to the family Culici- dae, which belongs to the order Diptera, BIOLOGY embracing the common housefly and other two-winged flies. Mosquitoes have aquatic Mosquitoes, in common with other groups larvae called wiggle-tails, wigglers, or wrig- of flies, have four distinct stages in their life glers, which transform to aquatic pupae history: (1) the egg, laid by the female; called tumblers. The adults, which emerge (2) the larva, wiggle-tail, wiggler, or wrig- from the pupae, are aerial. gler; (3) the pupa, or tumbler; and (4) About 150 species of mosquitoes are the adult fly. known to occur in the United States and Canada, and 52 of these have been taken in Eggs Illinois. The Illinois mosquito fauna repre- sents a combination of the northern and the Eggs deposited by Illinois species of mos- southern mosquito faunas, a combination quitoes fall into three fairly distinct cate- not yet treated in the various reports giving gories: (1) those laid singly on water; (2) keys to the faunas of limited regions. those glued together in rafts that float on Mosquitoes are a real nuisance in many water; and (3) those laid singly in damp parts of Illinois. Although some of the humus or other semidry material. more intensively farmed areas are compara- Eggs Laid Singly on Water.—In this tively free from all but local incursions of category belong the eggs of Anopheles, fig. mosquito broods brought on by unusual 1 C. They are elongate oval, usually pointed weather conditions, in all other parts of the at one end, and have a pair of lateral floats. state mosquitoes
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