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NEWSLETTER of the MICHIGAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY NEWSLETTER of the MICHIGAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY Volume 36, Number 2 & 3 August, 1991 Michigan mosquitoes: more to them than the bite! Edward D. Walker, Department of Entomology, Michigan State University osquitoes are as regular as enthusiast. Of course, mosquitoes are based upon the life history traits of lar­ rain in Michigan, as every true flies of the suborder Nematocera vae: the spring flood-water mosquitoes, the M outdoor fancier and even and like other holometabolous insects summer flood-water mosquitoes, the marsh some couch potatoes know. And mos­ have a developmental cycle involving and swamp mosquitoes, and container-in­ quitoes and their side effects (disease) metamorphosis from theeggto theadult habiting mosquitoes. A few species can be are intimately tied in with the historical stage. Mosquito eggs are laid singly or found in a wide variety of larval habitats development of Michigan as a state. No in clusters on or near water, or in areas and these groupings become less useful less a person than Alexis de Tocqueville that will flood afterrainfall orsnowmelt. for those exceptions. decried the pestiferous mosquitoes when Tiny, worm-like larvae ("wrigglers") The spring flood-water mosquitoes hemade his trek from Detroit to Saginaw hatch from the eggs and develop in the include members of the genus Aedes, Bay in 1844, wondering how anyone water through four larval ins tars to the with colorful specific epithets like could possibly put up with them. In pupal stage. The larvaefeed usingelaoo­ excrucians, stimulans, and provocans. Lar­ 1858, according to a speaker at an 1898 ra te filtering mechanisms on a variety of vae of spring flood-water mosquitoes celebration of the 50th anniversary of microorganisms and organic matter in hatch from the egg in March, in pools of the founding of Michigan Agricultural the water. Larvae of some species are water formed by melted snow in the College (now Michigan State Univer­ predaceous and cannabilistic. The pupa woods. These larvae develop slowly sity), " ... the most notable and impres­ or "tumbler" is a very active though because oflow water temperatures, and sive event of the season was the fever non-feeding stage. Adult mosquitoes emerge as adults in May, before the and ague [i.e., malaria]. .. In the latter emerge from the pupa at the surface of pools dry up. The female spring flood­ part of August and the fore part of Sep­ the water, and flyaway. Male mosqui­ water mosquitoes can bevery long-lived, tember, there were 70 out of 100 stu­ toes feed on nectar and do not bite for and may bite several times and lay eggs dents unable to attend classes--at least blood; female mosquitoes of most spe­ in the woods where they will be flooded they could come only every other day­ cies require a blood meal to develop the following year. They include some as the fever was mainly intermittent. their eggs, and may bite several times of our most important pest species. The main consolation the sufferer got during their lives. Female mosquitoes Spring flood-water mosquitoes have was the frequent assurance that it was vary in their tastes for blood from differ­ only one generation per year owing to only the ague and nobody ever died of ent kinds of hosts depending upon the an obligatory diapause, so even if these it." This description accurately depicts species, some being more catholic than eggs are flooded by summer rains, they the prevalence of vivax malaria in lower others, but blood-hosts include birds, will not hatch until the following spring. Michigan at the time, a disease later mammals, and even frogs and snakes. Mosqui to biologists conveniently divide associated with Anopheles mosquitoes. One of the distinguishing characteris­ thisgroupofmosquitoes into the "stripe­ Back then, people thought one con­ tics of the family Culicidae, to which legged" and "dark-legged" springAedes, tracted theague from miasma or bad air, mosquitoes belong, is that the adults because of the presence or absence of thus the name "mal" (bad) "aria" (air). have scales like the Lepidoptera. The broad white bands on the otherwise Michigan has about 60 species of scales form particular, often beautiful dark legs. mosquitoes distributed among nine of patterns which mayallow different spe­ The eggs of summer flood-water the 13 North American genera. This ar­ cies to bedistinguished,sometimes with­ mosquitoes are laid in low-lying grassy ray represents a diversity in natural his­ out the aid of a microscope. areas that are likely to flood or puddle toryand biology that should surely tickle Mosquitoes in Michigan can, in gen­ the fancy of any sincere entomological eral, be separated into several groups l{;@fMTrOfM ljj{g@ ON NEXT PAGE­ Many of Michigan's mosquitoes inhabitat freshwater marshes, including several Anopheles species, Culex species, and the cattail mosquito, Mansonia perturbans. Larvae of the latter species live in the root zone of cattails and other aquatic plants, and obtain oxygen from the aerenchymous tissue of these plants by sawing into the root hairs with their serrated respiratory Siphon. In contrast, larvae of Anopheles mosqui­ toes orient at the surface of the water because they lack a respiratory siphon, and in this position they feed upon mate­ rials accumulated in the surface film. One of our most com­ mon species is Culex restuans, which can be found in a large variety of permanent marshes as well as other, smaller hold­ ings of water including tires, rain gutters, and tree holes. Females of this species feed on birds, and despite their abun­ dance people rarely notice them. Aclose relative, Culexpipiens, known as the northern house mosquito, prefers highly or­ ganic conditions in the larval habitat such as sewage lagoons and urban catchbasins. One of our prettiest mosquitoes, ~@Il1lTfOIl1lIlJ)~@ FROM FRONT PAGE- Uranotaenia sapphirina, has metallic blue scales that appear up after summer rains. Larvae develop quickly at summer irridescent under visible light. It is a small species and may temperatures, and adults emerge in large numbers. Several blood-feed on amphibians, although its feeding habitats are generations may occur each summer depending upon the poorly known. The larvae look like Anopheles and occur in number of heavy rainfalls. Among the several species of freshwater marshes among floating mats of algae and other summer flood-water mosquitoes in the genera Psorophora and materials. Aedes is Aedes vexans, perhaps the most common and unpleas­ About 40% of all mosquito species, worldwide, live in ant ofour summerbiters. The gallinipper, Psorophora ciliata, is natural or man-made container habitats and Michigan has a large species (roughly the size of a crane fly), and its larvae several species with this natural his!ory trait. Larvae of the prey upon other mosquito larvae in flood water habitats. pitcher plant mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii, live in the fluid of When one of these lands on you to bite, you really know it! In the northern pitcher plant (Sarracenia purpurea), a bog plant, some areas of Michigan, sal t marsh mosqui toes (Aedes sollicitans and are not affected by the digestive processes of these fluids. and Aedes dorsalis ) have become abundant owing to mineral Larvae overwinter in the frozen ice of the pitcher plants, and contamination of surface water because of industrial activi­ can be collected by thawing pitcher water during the winter. ties or inadequate waste water treatment. These mosquitoes The adult females are autogenous (i.e., do not blood feed). have life cycles similar to summer flood-water mosquitoes, Along rocky shorelines and some rocky rivers in the upper but the females like to lay eggs in sulfurous or salty mud. peninsula of Michigan, larvae of the rock hole inhabiting Marsh and swamp mosquitoes generally inhabit perma­ mosquito Aedes atropalpus occur. This mosquito is autogenous nent to semi-permanent bodies of water. ThemosquitoCuliseta in that it does not require blood for its first batch of eggs, but melanuralivesinhardwood swamps, particularly in the south­ thereafter females will seek a host and blood feed to develop eastern and southwestern parts of the state. This is a rather further batches. This species has unusual oviposition habits; non-descript mosquito, but culicidologists recognize the ge­ during the summer, it lays individual eggs directly on the nus because of the "armpit hairs" or row of setae on the surface of the water, whereas during the later summerand fall ventral subcostal vein. Even though species keys indicate that it lays a thicker, diapausing egg along the side of the rock Culiseta melanura adults have no pale, basal bands of scales on holes. Water-filled tree holes are a common but often over­ the abdominal tergites, many specimens from Michigan are looked mosquito habitat. At least five species of mosquitoes so banded and one must examine them carefully. Larvae of in Michigan have tree holes as their natural larval habitat: Culiseta melanura are practically subterranean, as their natural Aedes triseriatus and its sibling look-alike Aedes hendersoni; habitat is under the hummocks of earth forming the bases Orthopodomyia alba and its sibling O. signifera; and Anopheles around raised areas of trees. These hununocks generally hold barberi, which is predatory in its larval stage on other tree hole water even ifthe swamp dries up. Adults emerge from holes mosquito larvae. Interestingly, Aedes triseriatus larvae are in the hummocks, and adult females feed almost exclusively found predominantly in pan-type tree holes (those with a on certain species of perching birds, and rarely if ever on complete bark lining) near the forest floor, whereas larvae of mammals.Culiseta melanura is an importantenzootic vector of Aedes hendersoni tend to occur in rotted-out tree holes in the eastern equine encephalomyelitis virus in Michigan and else­ upper story.
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