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Public Health Mosquito Control Maryland Pesticide Applicator Training Manual

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Public Health Mosquito Control Maryland Pesticide Applicator Training Manual MARYLAND PESTICIDE APPLICATOR TRAINING MANUAL PUBLIC HEALTH MOSQUITO CONTROL MARYLAND PESTICIDE APPLICATOR TRAINING MANUAL CATEGORY 8 - PUBLIC HEALTH Mosquito Control Prepared by: Maryland Department of Agriculture Mosquito Control Section 50 Harry S. Truman Parkway Annapolis, Maryland 21401 Telephone: (410)841-5870 Prepared by: Maryland Department of Agriculture Pesticide Regulation Section 50 Harry S. Truman Parkway Annapolis, Maryland 21401 Telephone: (410)841-5710 FAX: (410)841-2765 Internet: www.mda.state.md.us 12/06 INTRODUCTION Throughout history mosquitoes have occupied a position of importance as a pest of mankind, but not until the late 19th century were these insects identified as the agents responsible for the transmission of some of man’s most devastating diseases. During subsequent years, knowledge of the relationship of mosquitoes to these diseases has expanded, along with the knowledge of methods for controlling these disease vectors. This has provided a means for reducing, or eliminating, these diseases in many areas of Maryland and the United States. This manual will provide pesticide applicators seeking certification in the Public Health Category (Category 8) of pest control with the necessary information in preparing for the certification examination. The importance of mosquitoes to human health in both Maryland and the United States is covered as part of this manual, along with the basic information on mosquito identification, biology and control. Upon completion of the certification process applicators should be able to provide a high level of mosquito control service to the public and customers. i ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction ................................................................................................................................... i Table of Contents.................................................................................................................... iii - iv Chapter 1: General Principles ............................................................................................... 1 - 5 Classification ........................................................................................................... 1 - 2 Biology .................................................................................................................... 2 - 4 Review Questions ......................................................................................................... 5 Chpater 2: Mosquito Control History ................................................................................ 6 - 10 Mosquito Control In Maryland ................................................................................ 6 - 7 Time Line Of Mosquito Efforts In Maryland (Chart) .............................................. 8 - 9 Review Questions ....................................................................................................... 10 Chapter 3: Mosquito Biology............................................................................................. 11 - 27 Developmental Stages ......................................................................................... 11 - 14 Mosquito Breeding Habitat Types ....................................................................... 14 - 16 Bionomics For Species Common In Maryland.................................................... 16 - 24 Mosquito Species Known To Occur In Maryland (Chart) .......................................... 25 Study Questions ................................................................................................... 26 - 27 Chapter 4: Mosquitos As Vectors Of Disease ................................................................... 28 - 55 Mosquito-borne Encephalitis...................................................................................... 51 California Encephalitis ........................................................................................ 51 - 53 Eastern Equine Encephalitis ....................................................................................... 53 St. Louis Encephalitis ................................................................................................. 53 West Nile Virus ........................................................................................................... 51 Dengue ................................................................................................................. 51 - 53 Yellow Fever............................................................................................................... 53 Malaria ........................................................................................................................ 53 Dog Heartworm .......................................................................................................... 53 Study Questions .......................................................................................................... 54 Chapter 5: Methods Of Mosquito Surveillance ............................................................... 34 - 39 Larval Mosquito Surveillance ............................................................................. 35 - 36 Adult Mosquito Surveillance ............................................................................... 36 - 38 Other Surveillance Techniques ................................................................................... 38 Study Questions .......................................................................................................... 39 iii Table of Contents (con’t) Chapter 6: Methods Of Mosquito Control ....................................................................... 40 - 54 Mosquito Control Program Goals............................................................................... 40 Public Education .................................................................................................. 40 - 41 Personal Protection .............................................................................................. 41 - 42 Source Reduction................................................................................................. 42 - 43 Biological Control ............................................................................................... 43 - 44 Control By Pesticides .......................................................................................... 44 - 49 Toxic Materials Permit ............................................................................................... 49 Montitoring For Effectiveness Of Control ................................................................. 50 Application Equipment ........................................................................................ 50 - 53 Study Questions .......................................................................................................... 54 Glossary ............................................................................................................................. 55 - 57 Appendix ............................................................................................................................. 58 - 64 Appendix 1 - Pictorial Key To U. S. Genera Of Mosquito Larvae ............................. 58 Appendix 2 - Pictorial Key To Some Common Mosquito Larvae Of The U. S. ........ 59 Appendix 3 - Pictorial Key To Some Common Female Mosquitoes Of The U. S.60 - 61 Appendix 4 - Pictorial Key To U. S. Genera Of Female Mosquitoes......................... 62 Appendix 5 - Toxic Materials Permit .................................................................. 63 - 64 Answers To Study Questions ................................................................................................ 65 - 69 iv “Mosquitoes remind us that we are not as high up on the food chain as we think.” Tom Wilson American Humorist v vi CHAPTER ONE GENERAL PRINCIPLES Scientific Classification more specific, are kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species. A kingdom is one of the In order to properly identify living organisms and highest primary divisions into which all organisms are learn more about them, it is important to become placed. Living organisms are divided into the plant familiar with the way they are classified. Biologists kingdom, the animal kingdom and several smaller arrange animals into groups on the basis of traits which kingdoms of microscopic life. All forms of animals are they share with other animals and their genetic part of the Animal Kingdom. Each kingdom is then relationships with each other. This orderly way of divided into smaller units called phyla (the plural is classifying animals forms the basis of the field of study phylum). The phyla, Arthropoda includes the insects. called taxonomy. Modern scientific taxonomy is based The animals in this phylum, the largest group of the on physical characteristics (such as mouthparts, animal kingdom, are the invertebrates, the insects and patterns, size, or the structure of body parts) and on their relatives and their relatives. Arthropods also genetic characteristics. Some key characteristics are include spiders, mites, ticks, millipedes and centipedes, basic to taxonomic descriptions. Others are not part of all of which characteristically have jointed legs and: the basic description, but correspond to evolutionary relationships upon which taxonomic classifications are a body made of segments that are grouped or based. fused together; The field of study called systematics focuses legs, antennae
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