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Molecular Phylogeny and Evolutionary MORPHOLOGY,SYSTEMATICS,EVOLUTION Molecular Phylogeny and Evolutionary Relationships Among Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) from the Northeastern United States Based on Small Subunit Ribosomal DNA (18S rDNA) Sequences 1 JOHN J. SHEPARD, THEODORE G. ANDREADIS, AND CHARLES R. VOSSBRINCK Department of Soil and Water, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, 123 Huntington Street, P.O. Box 1106, New Haven, CT 06504 J. Med. Entomol. 43(3): 443Ð454 (2006) ABSTRACT The phylogenetic relationships of Culicidae native to the northeastern United States were investigated by analyzing small subunit ribosomal DNA (18S rDNA) sequences obtained from 39 species representing nine genera. Molecular phylogenies were consistent with traditional classi- Þcations based on morphological characters except for the placements of Psorophora Robineau- Desvoidy and Uranotaenia Lynch Arribalzaga. In our analyses, 1) Anopheles Meigen was strongly supported as the sister taxon to the remaining Culicidae; 2) Toxorhynchites Theobald was represented as a distinct monophyletic sister group to the Culicinae; 3) Psorophora formed a basal clade to Culiseta Felt, Coquillettidia Dyar, and Culex L. but also was shown as a sister taxon to Aedes Meigen and Ochlerotatus Lynch Arribalzaga; 4) Coquillettidia perturbans (Walker) seems to be a sister group to Culiseta; 5) placement of Uranotaenia was inconclusive and seemed to be either a sister group to the Aedes and Ochlerotatus or a basal taxon to all other culicines; and 6) Aedes and Ochlerotatus formed two separate and distinct clades, providing phylogenetic data consistent with the recent elevation of Ochlerotatus to the generic level as proposed by Reinert (2000). The utility of 18S rDNA for evaluating phylogenetic and evolutionary relationships among mosquito taxa was demonstrated at the genus and species levels. To our knowledge, this study represents the Þrst molecular-based phylogenetic study of mosquito species occurring within this geographic region of North America and contains the largest number of species that have been examined among the genera Aedes and Ochlerotatus. KEY WORDS mosquito, Ochlerotatus, molecular phylogeny, evolutionary relationships, taxonomy Traditional mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) taxonomy genetic relationships within Aedes and Ochlerotatus has been based largely on comparisons of morpholog- (Harbach and Kitching 1998). The morphology of ical features and life histories (Edwards 1932). Al- larval mouthparts also has been used to determine though the use of easily recognized morphological evolutionary relationships within Neotropical Culex L. characters has greatly facilitated identiÞcation at the species (Navarro and Liria 2000). However, this study genus and species level, these physical characters may was limited to mosquito taxa in the tribe Culicini. not be informative enough to resolve evolutionary Molecular taxonomic characters based on isozyme relationships. The most commonly recognized taxo- analyses were identiÞed for a limited number of North nomic grouping system for Culicidae was published American “snow pool” species of Ochlerotatus (El- Ͼ70 yr ago by Edwards (1932) and has been amended dridge et al. 1986, Brust and Munstermann 1992, Gim- only slightly since then. Further analysis of morpho- nig and Eldridge 1999), but these studies did not focus logical character sets (Harbach and Kitching 1998, on their phylogenetic relationships. Schultz et al. Reinert et al. 2004) and examination of thoracic setae (1986) analyzed allozyme data to develop a phylogeny in species of Aedes Meigen and Ochlerotatus Lynch of saltmarsh Ochlerotatus and recognized the need to Arribalzaga (ϭAedes, see Reinert 2000; Lunt and include additional genera and species in future stud- Nielsen 1971a,b) resulted in phylogenies that were ies. inconsistent with the classiÞcation of Edwards (1932). Gene sequences obtained from the small subunit A high degree of morphological variation was ob- ribosomal DNA (18S rDNA) have been successfully served among species within the tribe Aedini, which used to examine the evolutionary relationships among was proposed to be a polyphyletic taxon, leading the species, genera, and higher taxonomic groups of cara- authors to call for further examination of the phylo- bid beetles (Maddison et al. 1999), Nemotocera (Miller et al. 1997), sandßies (Aransay et al. 2000), and 1 Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected]. species within the Anopheles punctulatus Doenitz ct.us. group (Beebe et al. 2000a,b). The gene contains con- 0022-2585/06/0443Ð0454$04.00/0 ᭧ 2006 Entomological Society of America 444 JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY Vol. 43, no. 3 served regions that are comparatively stable and other Foundation Biotechnology Resource Laboratory portions that typically show a few nucleotide changes (Yale University, New Haven, CT). among closely related species (Hillis and Dixon 1991). Genomic DNA was isolated from one adult or one In addition to the small subunit, the 5.8S portion, the to Þve larval specimens using the DNeasy tissue kit large subunit, and internal transcribed spacer regions (QIAGEN, Valencia CA) according to the manufac- (ITS-1 and ITS-2) of ribosomal DNA also have been turerÕs protocol. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) examined (Hillis and Dixon 1991, Paskewitz and Col- ampliÞcation of nuclear 18S rDNA was performed lins 1997). using the TaqPCR core kit (QIAGEN) according to There are currently 67 recognized species of mos- the manufacturerÕs protocol with 0.6 ␮M primers 28 F quitoes representing 11 genera in the northeastern and 16SendR (Table 2). PCR reactions were per- United States (Connecticut, Massachusetts, Maine, formed in a thermal cycler (PTC-200 DNA Engine, MJ New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Rhode Is- Research, Watertown, MA) under the following con- land, and Vermont) (Andreadis et al. 2005, Darsie and ditions: 94ЊC for 3 min followed by 35 cycles of 94ЊC Ward 2005). The largest generic group inhabiting the for 45 s, 45ЊC for 30 s, and 72ЊC for 1 min 30 s, followed region is Ochlerotatus, which has recently been ele- by a Þnal extension at 72ЊC for 3 min. The PCR product vated from its former subgeneric status within the was Ϸ1,860 nucleotides and was conÞrmed by stan- genus Aedes based on primary characters of the female dard 1% agarose gel electrophoresis. The ampliÞed and male genitalia (Reinert 2000). This reclassiÞcation PCR product was puriÞed using QIAquick PCR puri- has generated controversy among mosquito biologists Þcation kit (QIAGEN) according to the manufactur- and systematists (Black 2004, Savage and Strickman erÕs protocol. The puriÞed PCR product was submitted 2004, Savage 2005), leading several scientiÞc journals for direct nucleotide sequencing. For sequencing re- (Higgs 2005) to take the position that “more research actions, Ϸ100 ng of puriÞed 18S rDNA PCR product (including molecular evidence) and interpretation was combined with 0.6 ␮M sequencing primer (Table are needed to develop a consensus on the reclassiÞ- 2) and sterile water. Sequencing reactions were per- cation” (Anonymous 2005). The phylogenetic and formed at the W. M. Keck Foundation Biotechnology evolutionary relationships among species within these Resource Laboratory (Yale University). Additional two genera have not been extensively explored at the 18S rDNA sequences for mosquito species and out- molecular level but have now clearly come into ques- group taxa were obtained from GenBank (see Table 1 tion. for accession numbers). Dixella cornuta Johannsen The objective of this study was to develop a mo- was selected for inclusion in the data set as the closest lecular phylogeny of the Culicidae based on 18S rDNA nonmosquito outgroup taxon. sequences obtained from species native to the north- Three independent methods of alignment were eastern United States, in an attempt to gain new insight used for analysis of the sequence data. First, nucleo- into their evolutionary relationships and current sys- tide sequences (primary structure) were aligned using tematics. In this article, we compare molecular-based ClustalX 1.64b software (Thompson et al. 1994). The cladistic groupings with traditional taxonomic group- Clustal alignment was examined for errors by using ings within the Culicidae, paying particular attention line-editing software, and no obvious misaligned se- to Aedes and Ochlerotatus. quences were found. The resulting alignment of 43 taxa consisted of 2,075 characters, including gaps. A second alignment of 1,823 characters was created by Materials and Methods removing the highly variable regions, which con- Mosquitoes were collected between 3 March 1999 tained large gaps. A third alignment based on the and 3 October 2001 (Table 1). Adult female collec- secondary structure of 18S ribosomal RNA was pro- tions were made with dry ice-baited CDC miniature duced (SequentiXÐDigital DNA Processing, Ger- light traps with aluminum pans (model 512, J. W. Hock many). Full alignment of the primary structure was Co., Gainesville, FL) as part of statewide trapping submitted to GenBank. The three alignments were program for arbovirus surveillance (Andreadis et al. analyzed using the Maximum Likelihood, Maximum 2004). Hand-held aspirators (HausherrÕs Machine Parsimony, and Neighbor-Joining options of PAUP* Works, TomÕs River, NJ) were used to collect host- version 4.0b software (Swofford 1998). Maximum seeking females of certain species that were not Likelihood analyses were performed using heuristic readily obtained in light traps. Larval specimens were
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