DOCSLIB.ORG

Theobald 1903 1.Pdf

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Theobald 1903 1.Pdf A MONOGRAPH OFTHE CULICIDAE OF THE WORLD. GENERAL NOTES. Several notes of general interest have been made and sent by correspondents that can scarcely be incorporated in the systematic part of this book. These are presented here. THE RELATIVEFREQUENCE OF CULICINAAND ANOPHELINA. It is interesting to note the relative frequence of these two sections of the CFulicidae. In most cases observations made personally during the past two years show that in Great Rritain the Anophelina, where they occur at all, are relatively more abundant in habitations than Culex. At Great Staughton during August the numbers counted in a privy in the morning were as follows during the week ending the 26th :-- 20th . 10 AM. Culex 12 ; Anopheles 37 21st . ,) . Culex 20; Anopheles 15 22nd . Culex 7 : Anopheles 40 23rd . ,; Culex 12; Anoiheles 17 24th . ,, :: Culex 2 ; Anopheles 7 25th . ,, . Culex 30; Anopheles 14 26th . ), .* Culex 8; Anopheles 27 eThe species were Cu1e.x pipi3iens and Anopheles mncuLpennk’ At Wye, again, observations were made during August, VOL. III. B September and October, again in a privy and also in a bed- room. AUGUST. Between In privy. In beihoom 12th . ~&~OA.IVI. Culex 4; Anopheles 6 . Culex 2 ; Anopheles 5 13th . ,, . Culex 1; Anbpheles 8 . Culex 1; Anopheles 6 14th . ,, . Culex 7;‘ Anopheles 15 . Culex 1; Anopheles 3 15th . ,, . Culex 3; Anopheles 3 . Culex 5; Anopheles 12 16th . ,, . Culex 7 ; Anopheles 12 . Culex 8 ; Anopheles 12 17th . ,, . Culex 9 ; Anopheles 8 . Culex 2 ; Anopheles 9 18th . ,, ., Culex 1; Anopheles 4 . Culex 3 ; Anopheles 4 SEPTEI+IBER. In prhy. In bedroom. 3rd . Culex 12 ; Anopheles 3 . Culex 4; Anopheles 6 4th . Culex 14 ; Anopheles 7‘ . Culex 7 ; Anopheles 8 5th . Culex 20 ; Anopheles 14 . Culex 2 ; Anopheles 2 6th . Culex 8; Anopheles 20 . Culex 3; Anopheles 4 7th . Culex 15 ; Anopheles 6 . Culex 4; Anopheles 1 8th . Culex 3 ; Anopheles 5 . Culex 2; Anopheles 1 9th . Culex 9; Anopheles 4 . Culex 1; Anopheles 0 OCTOBER. In phvy. AZ beclroonz. 5th . Culex 20 ; Anopheles 4 . Culex 12 ; Anopheles 2 6th . Culex 17 ; Anopheles 3 . , Culex 0 ; Anopheles 1 7th . Culex 30 ; Anopheles 2 . Culex 4 ; Anopheles 4 8th . Culex 12 ; Anopheles 4 Culex 0; Anopheles 6 9th . Culex 5 ; Anopheles 9 :: Culex 12 ; Anopheles 0 10th . Culex 8; Anopheles 8 . Culex 3 ; Anopheles 0 11th . Culex 10 ; Anopheles 0 . Culex 1; Snopheles 2 It will thus be seen that in some clistricts Anophe7esare more abundant at certain times than CuEex in this country. In other places AnopJLeZes do not occur indoors at all, the genus being represented by A. bifurcatus, which I have not found far from woods. In most warm climates, however, Culicinae largely preponderate. A series of careful observations on this subject have been made by Dr. Theiler at Pretoria, which are tabulated in the appended chart, which shows the frequency of C&x and Anopheles on the river at Pretoria. “The larvae were collected three times a week and then left alone for hatching. Every day the numbers were counted ; the chart shows, therefore, the relative value, and is made up with the intention to compare in which proportion Anopheles and CuZex may be found. The Anopheles were only found in the river in certain spots, usually in small pools of water alongside the river bed, into which run some small springs. The best breeding place was behind a rock, which protected the pool underneath from the afternoon sun. The CuZex were collected out of pools in no connection with the river and in tubs.” The Ano~~lreZts sent by Dr. Theiler were mainly P. cilzel*eus (Theobald) and P. _Z%eforiensis (Theobald), and a few N. ~nncuZi- palpis (Giles) and M. Maztritianm (Grandpre). The so-called CLbrown Ano$eLs ” of Dr. Theiler was cinereus, the “ black Anopheles,” Preto~iensis. For relative date of appearance of species, ai& pages 78 and 99. THE PAIRINGOF MOSQUITOES. Observations have now been made on the pairing of several mosquitoes. Dr. Low sends me the following notes on Xtegonzyia .fasciata and Culex fatigans :- “6’. fasciatn.-As soon as the insects emerge from the pupae, even on the first day, they begin to breed ; the males flying after and chasing the females till they catch them, and then fly about . joined together. This takes place in this genus by day and by night, and I have watched a male copulate with the same female several times. After they part from each other, the male pursues another female, until it may have fertilised many in a day. In one cage, in which there were fifteen old females, I one day intro- duced two young males. They immediately proceeded to breed, and went on doing so for hours. I did not actually determine’ the time spent in copulti, but it was always short, a minute or less, and not like the prolonged act of the Dragon-flies.” “ C. .fatigans.-In this species both males and females sleep by clay, but it is a quite common sight to see them pairing at night.” NOTE ON MALARIA AND MOSQUITOESOF THE WABASHVALLEY, CASS COUNTY, INDIANA, U.S.A. The following note was sent by Dr. Robert Hessler, A.M., M.D. :- The lowlands along the Wabash River in this part of Indiana were in former years notorious on account of the prevalence of malaria ; but at the present time cases of malarial infection are seldom seen, and, moreover, usually yield promptly to medi- cinal treatment. Presumably this is due to the fact that rein- fection is rare at present, and because quinine is given in liberal closes. The rarity of malaria at present is ascribed to the extensive drainage that has been made ; pools of stagnant water are seldom seen, and the river itself has sufficient current to render the watgr unfavourable for the development of the mosquito 0 :. B2 larvae. Some observations were made during the summer on the occurrence of different species of mosquitoes. Here, in Logans- port, all specimens seen were Culex fatigans, while away from the city, and especially about the, small pools and shaded hill-side springs, specimens of the genus Angpheles (punctipennis and maculipennis) are abundant. MOSQUITOES IN SPIDER SNARES. Dr. Durham sends the following note from Selangor, in regard to mosquitoes being caught in spiders ’ webs :- Generally speaking, it is not usual to find Gnats or Midges thus caught-indeed they may be seen to settle on them and to fly away again. “In a house at Taiping (Perak),” writes Dr. Durham, “ there was a small spider (perhaps about 4 mm.) which lived in tiny holes or defects on the surface of the plaster walls of the house (outside). Around this was a circular snare about the area of a crown piece, fairly closely woven of exceedingly delicate threads ; at a short distance these snares merely looked like dirty or mildewy patches on the wall. Mosquitoes, midges, and Tineid moths seemed to be the prey ; they were caught by entanglement of the feet, and sometimes were quite set out as on a mounting-card. The design is no doubt good for catching such insects which fly against a wall, and snares had as many as a dozen or more mosquitoes in them. I have not found the same beast again in houses, and regret I did not take any specimens.” MOSQUITOES FEEDING ON A CORPSE. Dr. Durham has also observed mosquitoes feeding on a corpse. He writes : CcOn 11th August, 1902, when performing autopsy on a Chinaman-dead three hours-a S. fasciata (of which there were several about) settled on inner side of thigh and started to feed ; it was allowed to fill itself nearly, in order to be sure that it was sucking, and then was squashed.” VARIATION IN WING-MARKINGS AND IN POSITION OF THE CROSS-VEINS. Captain James writes, that “ the same mosquito shows different markings at different seasons of the year. For example, I have caught a good number of A. juliginoszcs’ here in Madras this month (%Iarch). The markings on the wings of all of l,hese are the same, but they differ considerably from the markings in all your drawings of this species (drawn from specimens taken in December).” That the amount of variation. in wing-markings is very great I am fully convinced, and the actual number of spots, for instance, cannot be taken alone as of specific value. Some species are very constant, others extremely variable. This occurs not only in the Anophelina, but also in the spottecl winged Culicinn (Le. genus Theobaldia). The cross-veins seem to be most unstable in certain species of Czclicidae, both amongst the Anophelina and Culicinn, but I have never observed this to occur in the Aedeomyina except in Sabethrs. Certain species of Anopheles have the cross-veins fairly constant, others have them so in one district, not in another, whilst others seem to be always subject to variation. In CicZe.c pipiens I pointed out in vol. ii. p. 1X5, that the relative positions of the cross-veins may not be the same in the two wings of one specimen. I have since found this to occur in Theobaldia in&dens (called to my notice by Professor Aldrich) ’ in Myzo~zyia Ross2 and M. funesta. Captain James has observed the same in M. culicifacies. Under the circum- stances, the position of the cross-veins cannot be taken to be of any specific value in closely allied species, not that one would be likely to base a species on one such character when we know the great variation in this respect in certain species. This variation in position of the cross-veins was first called attention to in Anophelina by Drs.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Sampling Adults by Animal Bait Catches and by Animal-Baited Traps
    Chapter 5 Sampling Adults by Animal Bait Catches and by Animal-Baited Traps The most fundamental method for catching female mosquitoes is to use a suit­ able bait to attract hungry host-seeking individuals, and human bait catches, sometimes euphemistically called landing counts, have been used for many years to collect anthropophagic species. Variations on the simple direct bait catch have included enclosing human or bait animals in nets, cages or traps which, in theory at least, permit the entrance of mosquitoes but prevent their escape. Other attractants, the most widely used of which are light and carbon dioxide, have also been developed for catching mosquitoes. In some areas, especially in North America, light-traps, with or without carbon dioxide as a supplement, have more or less replaced human and animal baits as a routine sampling method for several species (Chapter 6). However, despite intensive studies on host-seeking behaviour no really effective attractant has been found to replace a natural host, and consequently human bait catches remain the most useful single method of collecting anthropophagic mosquitoes. Moreover, although bait catches are not completely free from sampling bias they are usually more so than most other collecting methods that employ an attractant. They are also easily performed and require no complicated or expensive equipment. HUMAN BAIT CATCHES Attraction to hosts Compounds used by mosquitoes to locate their hosts are known as kairomones, that is substances from the emitters (hosts) are favourable to the receiver (mosquitoes) but not to themselves. Emanations from hosts include heat, water vapour, carbon dioxide and various host odours.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review of the Mosquito Species (Diptera: Culicidae) of Bangladesh Seth R
    Irish et al. Parasites & Vectors (2016) 9:559 DOI 10.1186/s13071-016-1848-z RESEARCH Open Access A review of the mosquito species (Diptera: Culicidae) of Bangladesh Seth R. Irish1*, Hasan Mohammad Al-Amin2, Mohammad Shafiul Alam2 and Ralph E. Harbach3 Abstract Background: Diseases caused by mosquito-borne pathogens remain an important source of morbidity and mortality in Bangladesh. To better control the vectors that transmit the agents of disease, and hence the diseases they cause, and to appreciate the diversity of the family Culicidae, it is important to have an up-to-date list of the species present in the country. Original records were collected from a literature review to compile a list of the species recorded in Bangladesh. Results: Records for 123 species were collected, although some species had only a single record. This is an increase of ten species over the most recent complete list, compiled nearly 30 years ago. Collection records of three additional species are included here: Anopheles pseudowillmori, Armigeres malayi and Mimomyia luzonensis. Conclusions: While this work constitutes the most complete list of mosquito species collected in Bangladesh, further work is needed to refine this list and understand the distributions of those species within the country. Improved morphological and molecular methods of identification will allow the refinement of this list in years to come. Keywords: Species list, Mosquitoes, Bangladesh, Culicidae Background separation of Pakistan and India in 1947, Aslamkhan [11] Several diseases in Bangladesh are caused by mosquito- published checklists for mosquito species, indicating which borne pathogens. Malaria remains an important cause of were found in East Pakistan (Bangladesh).
    [Show full text]
  • A Synopsis of the Mosquitoes of Missouri and Their Importance from a Health Perspective Compiled from Literature on the Subject
    A Synopsis of The Mosquitoes of Missouri and Their Importance From a Health Perspective Compiled from Literature on the Subject by Dr. Barry McCauley St. Charles County Department of Community Health and the Environment St. Charles, Missouri Mark F. Ritter City of St. Louis Health Department St. Louis, Missouri Larry Schaughnessy City of St. Peters Health Department St. Peters, Missouri December 2000 at St. Charles, Missouri This handbook has been prepared for the use of health departments and mosquito control pro- fessionals in the mid-Mississippi region. It has been drafted to fill a perceived need for a single source of information regarding mosquito population types within the state of Missouri and their geographic distribution. Previously, the habitats, behaviors and known distribution ranges of mosquitoes within the state could only be referenced through consultation of several sources - some of them long out of print and difficult to find. It is hoped that this publication may be able to fill a void within the literature and serve as a point of reference for furthering vector control activities within the state. Mosquitoes have long been known as carriers of diseases, such as malaria, yellow fever, den- gue, encephalitis, and heartworm in dogs. Most of these diseases, with the exception of encephalitis and heartworm, have been fairly well eliminated from the entire United States. However, outbreaks of mosquito borne encephalitis have been known to occur in Missouri, and heartworm is an endemic problem, the costs of which are escalating each year, and at the current moment, dengue seems to be making a reappearance in the hotter climates such as Texas.
    [Show full text]
  • Plasmodium Vivax Malaria in Cambodia
    Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 95(Suppl 6), 2016, pp. 97–107 doi:10.4269/ajtmh.16-0208 Plasmodium vivax Malaria in Cambodia Sovannaroth Siv,1 Arantxa Roca-Feltrer,2 Seshu Babu Vinjamuri,1 Denis Mey Bouth,3 Dysoley Lek,1 Mohammad Abdur Rashid,3 Ngau Peng By,2 Jean Popovici,4 Rekol Huy,1 and Didier Menard4* 1National Center for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control (CNM), Phnom Penh, Cambodia; 2Malaria Consortium Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia; 3World Health Organization, Country Office, Phnom Penh, Cambodia; 4Institute Pasteur in Cambodia (IPC), Phnom Penh, Cambodia Abstract. The Cambodian National Strategic Plan for Elimination of Malaria aims to move step by step toward elimination of malaria across Cambodia with an initial focus on Plasmodium falciparum malaria before achieving elimination of all forms of malaria, including Plasmodium vivax in 2025. The emergence of artemisinin-resistant P. fa lci pa rum in western Cambodia over the last decade has drawn global attention to support the ultimate goal of P. fal cipar um elimination, whereas the control of P. vivax lags much behind, making the 2025 target gradually less achievable unless greater attention is given to P. vivax elimination in the country. The following review presents in detail the past and current situation regarding P. vivax malaria, activities of the National Malaria Control Program, and interventional measures applied. Constraints and obstacles that can jeopardize our efforts to eliminate this parasite species are discussed. BACKGROUND The following review presents in detail the past and current situation of the vivax malaria in Cambodia, malaria The Kingdom of Cambodia, which lies in the center of the control activities, and interventional measures currently Indochina peninsula in southeastern Asia has a population implemented by the CNM along with relevant recommenda- of 15,840,251 (in 2015) consisting of 2.2 million households, tions.
    [Show full text]
  • A Classification System for Mosquito Life Cycles: Life Cycle Types for Mosquitoes of the Northeastern United States
    June, 2004 Journal of Vector Ecology 1 Distinguished Achievement Award Presentation at the 2003 Society for Vector Ecology Meeting A classification system for mosquito life cycles: life cycle types for mosquitoes of the northeastern United States Wayne J. Crans Mosquito Research and Control, Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, 180 Jones Avenue, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, U.S.A. Received 8 January 2004; Accepted 16 January 2004 ABSTRACT: A system for the classification of mosquito life cycle types is presented for mosquito species found in the northeastern United States. Primary subdivisions include Univoltine Aedine, Multivoltine Aedine, Multivoltine Culex/Anopheles, and Unique Life Cycle Types. A montotypic subdivision groups life cycle types restricted to single species. The classification system recognizes 11 shared life cycle types and three that are limited to single species. Criteria for assignments include: 1) where the eggs are laid, 2) typical larval habitat, 3) number of generations per year, and 4) stage of the life cycle that overwinters. The 14 types in the northeast have been named for common model species. A list of species for each life cycle type is provided to serve as a teaching aid for students of mosquito biology. Journal of Vector Ecology 29 (1): 1-10. 2004. Keyword Index: Mosquito biology, larval mosquito habitats, classification of mosquito life cycles. INTRODUCTION strategies that do not fit into any of the four basic temperate types that Bates described in his book. Two There are currently more than 3,000 mosquito of the mosquitoes he suggested as model species occur species in the world grouped in 39 genera and 135 only in Europe and one of his temperate life cycle types subgenera (Clements 1992, Reinert 2000, 2001).
    [Show full text]
  • West Nile Virus in the Region of Peel 2002
    West Nile Virus in the Region of Peel 2002 ADULT MOSQUITO SURVEILLANCE Introduction The West Nile virus survives by circulating between bird and mosquito populations. A female mosquito can acquire the infection by obtaining a blood meal from an infected bird and after a two-to-three week incubation period, can then pass the infection by injecting its saliva into another host (bird, horse, human or other animal) when it takes a blood meal.7 Once in the new host, the virus can multiply, causing illness and possibly death. There are 74 known species of mosquitoes in Canada;3 57 of these have been identified in Ontario.7 According to Health Canada, only 10 species have been found to be infected by WNV in this country.3 The most important “amplification” species in Ontario are thought to be Culex pipiens and Culex restuans. The most important “bridge vector” mosquitoes are highly dependant on local conditions. Coquillettidia perturbans and Aedes vexans may be the most important bridge vectors in Peel because of their high numbers. Three other species of mosquitoes (Culex salinarius, Ochlerotatus triseriatus and Ochlerotatus trivittatus) may be more important in the transmission of WNV to humans in Peel, than their small numbers suggest because of their high infection rates and aggressive biting of people. The purpose of mosquito surveillance programs is to monitor mosquito populations associated with WNV, determine the level of WNV activity among these species and use this information to make decisions regarding the risk for transmission to humans and the need to implement mosquito control plans.
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis of Entomological Surveillance Data to Predict West Nile Virus Cases in Connecticut
    Yale University EliScholar – A Digital Platform for Scholarly Publishing at Yale Public Health Theses School of Public Health 1-1-2019 Analysis Of Entomological Surveillance Data To Predict West Nile Virus Cases In Connecticut Lena Marie Tayo [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://elischolar.library.yale.edu/ysphtdl Part of the Public Health Commons Recommended Citation Tayo, Lena Marie, "Analysis Of Entomological Surveillance Data To Predict West Nile Virus Cases In Connecticut" (2019). Public Health Theses. 1897. https://elischolar.library.yale.edu/ysphtdl/1897 This Open Access Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the School of Public Health at EliScholar – A Digital Platform for Scholarly Publishing at Yale. It has been accepted for inclusion in Public Health Theses by an authorized administrator of EliScholar – A Digital Platform for Scholarly Publishing at Yale. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Analysis of Entomological Surveillance Data to Predict West Nile Virus Cases in Connecticut Lena Marie Tayo Yale School of Public Health, Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases Master of Public Health, 2019 Advisors Leonard Munstermann, PhD Philip Armstrong, PhD ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I gratefully acknowledge the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station (CAES) and Dr. Philip Armstrong for providing all mosquito surveillance and human cases data. Thanks to my thesis advisors Dr. Philip Armstrong and Dr. Leonard Munstermann for providing expert guidance and collaborating with me on this project. I also acknowledge the Statistics Lab (StatLab) at the Yale School of Public Health and Maile Phillips for her statistics advice and guidance. Thanks to my friends and family who supported me during the writing of this thesis and over the last two years.
    [Show full text]
  • Insecticides Susceptibility, Enzyme Activity And
    Int. J. Entomol. Res. 02 (01) 2014. 33-40 Available Online at ESci Journals International Journal of Entomological Research ISSN: 2310-3906 (Online), 2310-5119 (Print) http://www.escijournals.net/IJER INSECTICIDES SUSCEPTIBILITY, ENZYME ACTIVITY AND EXPRESSION OF RESISTANT GENE (GST) IN TWO POTENTIAL MALARIA VECTORS, ANOPHELES JAMESII AND ANOPHELES BARBIROSTRIS FROM MIZORAM, INDIA aKhawlhring Vanlalhruaia*, aGuruswami Gurusubramanian, bNachimuthu S. Kumar a Departments of Zoology, Mizoram University, Aizawl- 796 004, Mizoram India. b Department of Biotechnology, Mizoram University, Aizawl- 796 004, Mizoram India. A B S T R A C T Anopheles jamesii and Anopheles barbirostris are the two dominant and potential vectors of malaria in Mizoram. These mosquito populations are continuously being exposed directly or indirectly to different insecticides including the most effective pyrethroids and Dichloro-diphenyl-trochloroethane. Therefore, there is a threat of insecticide resistance development. We subjected these vectors to insecticides bioassay by currently using pyrethroids viz. deltamethrin and organochlorine viz. DDT. An attempt was also made to correlate the activities of certain detoxifying enzymes such as α- esterase, β-esterase and glutathione-S transferase (GST) with the tolerance levels of the two vectors. The results of insecticide susceptibility tests and their biochemical assay are significantly correlated (P<0.05) as there is elevation of enzyme production in increasing insecticides concentrations. Characterization of GSTepsilon-4 gene resulted that An .jamesii and An. barbirostris able to express resistant gene. Keywords: Index, Anopheles, Control, Malaria, Disease, Mosquitoes, Resistance. INTRODUCTION An. tessellatusand An. varunaare potential vectors Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) and mosquito-borne (Limrat et al., 2001, Perera et al., 2008).
    [Show full text]
  • Diptera: Culicidae
    Tisgratog et al. Parasites & Vectors 2012, 5:114 http://www.parasitesandvectors.com/content/5/1/114 RESEARCH Open Access Host feeding patterns and preference of Anopheles minimus (Diptera: Culicidae) in a malaria endemic area of western Thailand: baseline site description Rungarun Tisgratog1, Chatchai Tananchai1, Waraporn Juntarajumnong1, Siripun Tuntakom2, Michael J Bangs3, Vincent Corbel4 and Theeraphap Chareonviriyaphap1* Abstract Background: Host feeding patterns of Anopheles minimus in relation to ambient environmental conditions were observed during a 2-year period at Tum Sua Village, located in Mae Sot District, Tak Province, in western Thailand, where An. minimus is found in abundance and regarded as the most predominant malaria vector species. Detailed information on mosquito behavior is important for understanding the epidemiology of disease transmission and developing more effective and efficient vector control methods. Methods: Adult mosquitoes were collected every 2 months for two consecutive nights from 1800 to 0600 hrs. Three collection methods were used; indoor human-landing collections (HLC), outdoor HLC, and outdoor cattle-bait collections (CBC). Results: A total of 7,663 female Anopheles mosquitoes were collected of which 5,392 were identified as members of 3 different species complexes, the most prevalent being Anopheles minimus complex (50.36%), followed by Anopheles maculatus complex (19.68%) and Anopheles dirus complex (0.33%). An. minimus s.s. comprised virtually all (> 99.8 percent) of Minimus Complex species captured. Blood feeding behavior of An. minimus was more pronounced during the second half of the evening, showing a slight preference to blood feed outdoors (~60%) versus inside structures. Significantly (P < 0.0001) more An.
    [Show full text]
  • The Mosquitoes of Minnesota, with Special Reference to Their Biologies
    Technical Bulletin 126 November 1937 The Mosquitoes of Minnesota, With Special Reference to Their Biologies William B. Owen University of Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station Accepted for publication July 1937. The Mosquitoes of Minnesota, With Special Reference to Their Biologies William B. Owen University of Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station Accepted for publication July 1937. CONTENTS Page 1. Introduction 3 Economic importance 4 Disease transmission 6 Methods of study 7 -II. Ecological relationships 8 Topography and climate of Minnesota 8 Vegetational regions 10 Larval habitats and associations 11 _III. Biology and taxonomy 16 External characters used 16 Systematic treatise 19 Species of mosquitoes found in Minnesota 20 Keys for identification of Minnesota mosquitoes 21 Description of species 30 IV. Summary 73 V. Literature cited 74 The Mosquitoes of Minnesota, with Special Reference to Their Biologies WILLIAM B. OwEN1 I. INTRODUCTION The mosquito fauna of Minnesota, although not restricted to this region, has never been the object of a detailed study in the North Central States. Any rational control measure designed to alleviate the scourge of these pests must be based on a thorough knowledge of the life his- tories, habits, and bionomics of the species involved. The object of this study has been to determine the relative importance of the species oc- curring in the state and to investigate their biologies under the prevailing environmental conditions. An effort has also been made to point out available sources of information and to present keys for the determina- tion of species found, or likely to be found, in this region as aids to others who may continue the study.
    [Show full text]
  • Reinert Anopheline Eggs
    European Mosquito Bulletin 28 (2010), 103-142 Journal of the European Mosquito Control Association ISSN 1460-6127; w.w.w.e-m-b.org First published online 20 July 2010 List of anopheline species with published illustrations and/or descriptions of eggs (Diptera: Culicidae: Anophelinae) John F. Reinert Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology (CMAVE), United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 1600/1700 SW 23rd Drive, Gainesville, Florida 32608-1067, and collaborator Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. (e-mail: [email protected]) Abstract Species of the mosquito subfamily Anophelinae with published illustrations and/or morphol- ogical descriptions of the egg stage are listed with their literature citations. Species of the subfamily have the egg stage better known than those in most tribes of family Culicidae. Key words: Diptera, Culicidae, Anophelinae, Anopheles, Bironella, Brugella, Chagasia, Cellia, Kerteszia, Lophopodomyia, Nyssorhynchus, Stethomyia, mosquito, eggs Introduction A listing of species with published illustrations and/or descriptions of eggs in the mosquito subfamily Anophelinae is provided below and includes literature citations. Many of the publications include descriptive information in addition to the illustrations of the egg, however, some descriptions are very brief. Descriptive information on eggs sometimes is included in keys. The identification of anopheline species, subspecies, varieties, races, synonyms, etc. utilized in the cited literature is reported in the following list. Qu & Zhu (2008) provided recent information on several species that had been synonymized or resurrected from synonymy. The latest listing of currently valid species and generic-level taxa reported in the Mosquito Taxonomic Inventory (http://mosquito-taxonomic-inventory.info, accessed 30 June 2010) was utilized.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report 2015 Anti Malaria Campaign
    Annual Report 2015 Anti Malaria Campaign Annual Report 2015 Anti Malaria Campaign Ministry of Health 2 Anti Malaria Campaign No. 555/5 , 3rd Floor, Public Health Building, Narahenpita, Sri Lanka. Telephone : +94 11 58408/2368173/2368174 Fax : +94 11 2 368 360 e-Mail : [email protected] Website :http://www.malariacampaign.gov.lk 2015 3 Contributors Dr Hemantha Herath, Director, Anti Malaria Campaign Dr Risintha Premaratne, Deputy Director, Anti Malaria Campaign, National coordinator for WHO malaria free certification Dr Devani Ranaweera, Consultant Community Physician, Anti Malaria Campaign Dr Manjula Danansuriya, Consultant Community Physician, Anti Malaria Campaign Dr I E Gunaratne, Senior Registrar, Community Medicine, Anti Malaria Campaign Dr M Marasinghe, Registrar, Community Medicine, Anti Malaria Campaign Dr Hamsananthy Jeevatharan ,Registrar, Community Medicine, Anti Malaria Campaign Dr N Saravanabavan ,Registrar, Community Medicine, Anti Malaria Campaign Dr Priyani Dharmawardena, Medical Officer, Anti Malaria Campaign Dr L R Gunasekara, Medical Officer, Anti Malaria Campaign Dr P H P D Somaratne, Medical Officer, Anti Malaria Campaign Dr U Tittagala,Registered Medical Officer, Anti Malaria Campaign Ms Kumudu Gunasekera, Parasitologist, Anti Malaria Campaign Ms Mihirini Hewavitharane, Entomologist, Anti Malaria Campaign Ms Jeewani Harishchandra, Entomologist, Anti Malaria Campaign Staffs/Statistic Unit, Anti Malaria Campaign Regional Malaria officers and staff Project Director and staff, GFATM Project, Ministry of Health Texts were compiled by Anti Malaria Campaign Team Supervised by Director, Anti Malaria Campaign 4 Contents Page No. Table and Figures 6 Foreword 8 Acknowledgement 9 Introduction 10 Epidemiology 12 Parasitological surveillance 16 Vector surveillance 20 Vector Control Activities 34 Infrastructure and Human Resources 36 Foreign Funded Projects 39 5 Table and Figures Tables Page No.
    [Show full text]