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Hog Chains and Mark Twains: a Study of Labor History, Archaeology, and Industrial Ethnography of the Steamboat Era of the Monongahela Valley 1811-1950

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Hog Chains and Mark Twains: a Study of Labor History, Archaeology, and Industrial Ethnography of the Steamboat Era of the Monongahela Valley 1811-1950 Michigan Technological University Digital Commons @ Michigan Tech Dissertations, Master's Theses and Master's Dissertations, Master's Theses and Master's Reports - Open Reports 2014 HOG CHAINS AND MARK TWAINS: A STUDY OF LABOR HISTORY, ARCHAEOLOGY, AND INDUSTRIAL ETHNOGRAPHY OF THE STEAMBOAT ERA OF THE MONONGAHELA VALLEY 1811-1950 Marc Nicholas Henshaw Michigan Technological University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etds Part of the History of Art, Architecture, and Archaeology Commons, and the United States History Commons Copyright 2014 Marc Nicholas Henshaw Recommended Citation Henshaw, Marc Nicholas, "HOG CHAINS AND MARK TWAINS: A STUDY OF LABOR HISTORY, ARCHAEOLOGY, AND INDUSTRIAL ETHNOGRAPHY OF THE STEAMBOAT ERA OF THE MONONGAHELA VALLEY 1811-1950", Dissertation, Michigan Technological University, 2014. https://doi.org/10.37099/mtu.dc.etds/790 Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/etds Part of the History of Art, Architecture, and Archaeology Commons, and the United States History Commons HOG CHAINS AND MARK TWAINS: A STUDY OF LABOR HISTORY, ARCHAEOLOGY, AND INDUSTRIAL ETHNOGRAPHY OF THE STEAMBOAT ERA OF THE MONONGAHELA VALLEY 1811-1950 By Marc Nicholas Henshaw A DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In Industrial Heritage and Archeology MICHIGAN TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY 2014 This dissertation has been approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in Industrial Heritage and Archeology Department of Social Sciences Dissertation Advisor: Dr. Susan Martin Committee Member: Dr. Hugh Gorman Committee Member: Dr. Carol MacLennan Committee Member: Dr. John Nass Department Chair: Dr. Patrick Martin Contents List of Figures ................................................................................................................... vii List of Tables ..................................................................................................................... ix Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................. x Abstract ............................................................................................................................. xii Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1 Methodology ................................................................................................................... 5 Chapter Descriptions ....................................................................................................... 7 Chapter 1. A View from the Pilothouse: Labor History and the Archaeology of the Working Class ................................................................................................................... 13 New Labor History ....................................................................................................... 14 Archaeology of Labor ................................................................................................... 23 Class .............................................................................................................................. 27 Chapter 2. Early Steamboat Era (1811-1865) A Rivertown at the Edge of the Frontier. 31 Frontier Economy in Western Pennsylvania................................................................. 31 Frontier Merchants and Brownsville ............................................................................ 35 Settlement of the Brownsville Area .............................................................................. 43 The Early Steamboat Era 1811-1865 ............................................................................ 48 Monongahela and Ohio Steamboat Company .............................................................. 51 Slackwater Improvements: Monongahela Navigation Company ................................. 62 Chapter 3: Middle Steamboat Era 1866-1918 and the Archaeology of Identity .............. 67 The Towboat ................................................................................................................. 68 Commodities Trade ....................................................................................................... 70 The Archaeology of the Captain James Gormley and Captain Michael Cox Houses. 84 Field and Laboratory Methods ...................................................................................... 85 Site Selection Criteria ................................................................................................... 86 Field Methodology ........................................................................................................ 87 Analysis Methodology .................................................................................................. 92 Problems and Concerns................................................................................................. 94 iii Captain James Gormley House ..................................................................................... 95 Site Setting .................................................................................................................... 99 Excavation at the Gormley House .............................................................................. 101 Feature Excavation...................................................................................................... 102 Summary of Recovered Artifacts................................................................................ 105 Notable Artifacts ......................................................................................................... 110 Gormley House Construction ..................................................................................... 112 Michael Cox House..................................................................................................... 114 Site Setting .................................................................................................................. 117 Excavation at the Cox House ...................................................................................... 118 Feature Excavation...................................................................................................... 120 Summary of Recovered Artifacts................................................................................ 121 Notable Artifacts ......................................................................................................... 126 Cox House Construction ............................................................................................. 127 Comparative Analysis of the Gormley and Cox Houses ............................................ 128 Chapter 4. Late Steamboat Era 1919-1950 Pre-Union Labor ......................................... 135 Depression Era Workers: Community and Family life on the Monongahela River ... 138 That Mud is going to be in your Soul: Getting Hired ................................................. 149 The Steamboat: A look at Work on a 20th Century Towboat ..................................... 152 The Deck Crew ........................................................................................................... 153 The Engine Crew ........................................................................................................ 162 Engine Management ................................................................................................... 169 Licensed Crew ............................................................................................................ 172 Steering a Steamboat................................................................................................... 178 The Cook/Maid Staff .................................................................................................. 179 Race and Ethnicity on the Steamboats ........................................................................ 185 Dangers and Downtime............................................................................................... 188 The Bastard in the Pilothouse ..................................................................................... 200 Alcohol ........................................................................................................................ 205 Family ......................................................................................................................... 211 iv Chapter 5 Unionization and the Diesel Revolution ........................................................ 215 Strikes and Unionization ............................................................................................. 215 Diesel Towboats and the End of Steamboat Era ......................................................... 233 Personnel and Deskilling of Labor ............................................................................. 235 Benefits of a Job on the River ..................................................................................... 238 Chapter 6: Synthesis ....................................................................................................... 243 The Early Steamboat Era (1811-1865) ....................................................................... 247 The Middle Steamboat Era (1866-1918) ...................................................................
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