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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-15382-9 - Heroes of Invention: Technology, Liberalism and British Identity, 1750-1914 Christine MacLeod Index More information

Index

Acade´mie des Sciences 80, 122, 357 arms manufacturers 236–9 Adam, Robert 346 Armstrong, William, Baron Armstrong of Adams, John Couch 369 Cragside Aikin, John 43, 44, 71 arms manufacturer 220 Airy, Sir George 188, 360 as hero of industry 332 Albert, Prince 24, 216, 217, 231, 232, 260 concepts of invention 268, 269, 270 Alfred, King 24 entrepreneurial abilities of 328 Amalgamated Society of Engineers, knighted 237–8 Machinists, Millwrights, Smiths and monument to 237 Pattern Makers 286–7 opposition to patent system 250, 267–8 ancestor worship, see idolatry portrait of 230 Anderson’s Institution, Glasgow 113, 114, president of BAAS 355 288, 289 Punch’s ‘Lord Bomb’ 224–5 Arago, Franc¸ois 122, 148, 184 Ashton, T. S. 143 Eloge, to James Watt 122–3, 127 Athenaeum, The 99–101, 369 Arkwright, Sir Richard, Atkinson, T. L. 201 and scientific training 359 Atlantic telegraph cables 243, 245, 327 as national benefactor 282 Arthur, King 15 as workers’ hero 286 Askrill, Robert 213 commemorations of, 259 Associated Society of Locomotive Cromford mills, painting of 63 Engineers and Firemen 288 enterprise of 196, 327, 329 era of 144 Babbage, Charles 276, 353, 356–7, factory system 179 375, 383 in Erasmus Darwin’s poetry 67–8 Bacon, Sir Francis in Maria Edgeworth’s book 171 as discoverer 196 in Samuel Smiles’ books 255, 256 as genius 51, 53, 142 invention of textile machinery 174, 176 bust of 349 knighthood 65 n. 26, 171 Instauratio magna, frontispiece of 89 machinery, destruction of, 41 invention obituary of 191 method of 29, 58 patents 38, 304 models of 27, 29–30, 48, 51, 105 portrait bust of 230 law officer 30 portraits of, 75, 195, 196 monopoly controversy, implication in 33 reputation 40, 65, 69, 70, 71, 174, 189, New Atlantis 27, 29–30, 37 193–8, 222 New Atlantis, continuation of (1660) statue to, proposed 117, 118 31–2 support in Scotland 194–5 reform of philosophy 28–30 Arkwright, Richard 106, 157 reputation 217 ‘Arkwrightiad’ 197 secrecy 30 Armitage, Edward 223 statues to inventors 30 Armourers’ Company 242 useful knowledge 28–30, 138–9

440

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-15382-9 - Heroes of Invention: Technology, Liberalism and British Identity, 1750-1914 Christine MacLeod Index More information

Index 441

Baily, Edward 203, 318 block-making machinery, Portsmouth Baily, Francis 228 dockyard 73, 200, 228 Bain, Alexander 148, 276 Bloomfield, Robert 87 case study of James Watt 150–1 Bloye, William 385 Senses and the intellect, The 150–2 Boddington, Samuel 116 n. 107 Baines, Edward 136, 181, 197 Bodmer, J. G. 260 Baird, John Logie 383 Boehm, J. E. 333, 335 Baker, Sir Benjamin 245, 326, 327 Bolcklow, H. W. F., MP 337 Bakewell, Frederick Collier 357–8 Bolton (Lancs.) 297–304, 384–5 Great facts 255 Bolton Chronicle 299, 300 Balfour, Arthur James, 1st earl of Balfour 367 Bolton Guardian 303 balloons, hot-air and hydrogen, 61–3 Booth, Charles 352, 381 Balloon Society of Great Britain 339 Booth, Henry 203 n. 103 Banks, Sir Joseph 227, 228, 356 Boulton, Matthew Barker, Thomas Jones as national benefactor 65 Intellect and Valour of Great Britain, biographical notices 71, 72 The 229–30 in Erasmus Darwin’s poetry 66 Baron, John 88 mastery of public relations 380 Baxter Brothers, of Dundee 348 partnership with James Watt 38, 40, Beckmann, John 115, 179 History of inventions 128 portrait of 225 Bell, Alexander Graham 383 statue of 385 Bell, Henry Boulton, Matthew Robinson 99, 102, 106 and Glasgow 344 Boulton, Miss Anne 106 as ‘projector’ 40 Boulton and Watt 179, 256, 328 as workers’ hero 286 Boulton and Watt v. Hornblower and biography of 220 Maberly 50 Comet 261, 341–2 Boulton, Watt & Co. (later James Watt & greatness of 342, 357 Co.) 102, 106, 107, 350 monuments to 188 workers’ subscription to Watt monument subscription for 187–8 106, 288 Bell, Reverend Patrick 261 Bourne, John 281 Bentham, Jeremy 125 n. 2, 266 Treatise on the steam engine 148–50 Bentham, Samuel 73, 74, 225, 228 Bradford (W. Yorks.) Beringer, J. J. 344 Cartwright Hall 330 Bernal, John Desmond 393 statue to Sir Titus Salt 336 Berners-Lee, Sir Tim 383 wool-combers’ song 42 Bessemer, Sir Henry 240–3, 257 n. 45, 264, wool-combers’ strike 42 274 Wool Exchange 14, 230 Bessemer, USA 242 worsted industry 330 Bidder, G. P. 209 Bramah, Joseph 46 n. 84, 50–1, 227, 257, Biographia Britannica 16 328 biographical dictionaries 71–2 Bramwell, Sir Frederick 264, 282 Birkenhead 337 Brande, W. T. 101 Birley, H. H. 117 Breda, Carl Fredrik von 75 Birmingham 106–7, 119, 385–6 Brewster, Sir David Museum and Art Gallery 14 and ‘decline of science’ 356, 357 Soho House 386 as Scottish hero 346 University of 349, 365 campaigns for reform of patent system Birmingham Canal Company 106 181, 183, 186, 357 Biro, Lazlo 6 fame of 74 Black, John 125 n. 2 Inventors’ Institute, member of 264 Black, Joseph 128, 196, 357 kaleidoscope 74, 357 Blackner, John 163 on inventors 375 History of Nottingham 163 on James Watt 123

442 Index

Brewster, Sir David (cont.) celebrity of 199–200 portrait of 229 donation for Henry Bell 187 Brickhill, Paul portraits of 78, 225, 228 Dam busters, The 391 reputation 211, 383 Bridgewater, duke of 65, 117, 118, 179 Brunelleschi, Filippo 31 Briggs, Asa Buchanan, Archibald 288 Iron Bridge to Crystal Palace 10 Buckle, Henry Thomas 128–9 Bright, John 216, 219 Bud, Robert 392 Brightwell, Lucy 292 Builder, The 221, 232, 305, Heroes of the laboratory and the workshop 309, 310 254–5 Bullough, James 159 Brindley, James Bunyan, John biographical notices for 71–2, 174 Pilgrim’s Progress 160–1 fame of 65, 181, 195 Burke, Peter 6 indispensability of 273 Burnard, N. N. 323 in Erasmus Darwin’s poetry 66–7 Burns, Archibald 289 monuments to, proposed 66 n. 29, 118 Burrow, John 139 portrait 80 Butler, James 387, 388 statues to 387 Bristol 386 Camborne (Cornwall) 344–5, 385 British Association for the Advancement of Camborne School of Mines 344 Science 214, 352, 355, 359, 361–5 Canning, George, MP 188 Broadhurst, Henry, MP 190 Carlile, Richard 155 Brock, Thomas 313 Carlyle, Thomas Broks, Peter 372 Chartism 121 Brookhouse, Joseph 41 critic of ‘industrialism’ 12 Brougham, Henry Peter, 1st Baron heroes of 332 Brougham and Vaux on inventors 175 epitaphs to James Watt 94 n. 13 On heroes, hero-worship and the heroic in Lives of men of letters and science 127 history 21–2, 23, 121 monument to James Watt 101 n. 41, 105 on James Watt 120, 178, 193 patent system 183, 184 on steam power 130–1 SDUK 140, 173–4, 196 Carmichael, Charles 332 speech against corn law 137–8 Carmichael, James 332–3 Whig Party 93–4 monument to, Dundee 332–3, 365 workers’ education 190 Carnegie, Andrew 346–7 Brown, Ford Madox 118 n. 119, 341 Caroline, Queen 17 Bruce, Robert the 112 n. 87, 122, 346 cartoons 198–9 Brunel, Isambard Kingdom Cartwright, Reverend Edmund as heroic engineer 377 biographical entry to 174 as ‘Victorian man of achievement’ 316 fame 181 bi-centenary of 387 parliamentary grant to 253 celebrity of 199–200, 210–11 portrait of 228 commemorations of 318 reputation 72, 222 commemorative window to, Westminster wool-combing machinery (‘Big Ben’) Abbey 319 41–2, 47 concept of invention 267, 269 Cassell, John 213 enterprise of 328 Cavendish, Henry 94 n. 13, 225 monument to, London 233, 290 Cawley, John 284 patent system, opposition to 250, 265 Caxton, William 258, 381–2, 383 photograph of 294 celebrity status 199 n. 94 rediscovery of 387, 391 centenaries 23, 338–42, 384 statues to 387 Chain, Sir Ernest 392 Brunel, Marc Isambard Chalmers, George 70 block-making machinery 73, 74 Chamberlain, Joseph 275

Index 443

Chantrey, Sir Francis 98–9, 113, 118, mining industry 107–8, 309, 343 120, 153 regional identity of 343 character 151, 177 Cort, Henry 40, 189, 221, 340 Charles I, equestrian statue of 17 Coryton, John 267, 368 Charles, Jacques-Alexandre-Ce´sar 61 cotton industry 64, 67–8, 102, 104, 106, Charlton, Matthew 42 n. 66 136–7, 194 Chartists 129, 160–1, 185, 222, 281 Courtauld, Samuel 264 chemical industry 246, 388 Coventry University 390 Chemical Society 246 Craik, George L. 132, 173–6, 196 Chemist, The 155–6 Pictorial history of England 140 chemistry 355, 361 Pursuit of knowledge under difficulties, The children, books for 394 127, 174 Christie, John 37 Craske, Matthew 18 City of London, freedom of 241–2, 244 ‘create’, early use of 149, 178 civic pride 112, 117, 347 Creighton, William 106 Clarion, The 373 Crimean War 118, 219–20, 227 Clarke, Cuthbert 74 Crompton, George 181, 189 Clephan, James 296–7 Crompton, Samuel clock makers 74–5 as hero of peace 221 Clockmakers’ Company 340, 388 as national benefactor 254, 282, 304 coal 136, 137, 148 as workers’ hero 193, 286, 297–305, 314 Coalbrookdale 63 centenary celebrations 384–5 Cobbe, Frances Power examplar 171 Age of science, The 373 fame 193 Cobbett, William 94, 129, 154, 157 family, Bolton’s neglect of 303–4 Cobden, Richard 118, 133, 216, 219, grave of 300 229, 230 invention 301 Cochrane, Robert, 236, 375, 376 monument to 4, 300, 302–3 Heroes of invention and discovery 376 neglect of 118, 329 Romance of industry and invention, parliamentary grant to 184, 189, 253, 298 The 376 portrait of 228, 299 Cockburn, Henry 109, 110–11 poverty of 297–8 Cole, Henry 271 Crook, Mr, MP for Bolton 299–300, 301 Colley, Linda 92 Cubitt, William 250 Collini, Stefan 11, 283 cultural hegemony, aristocratic 12–14, 92 Colquhoun, Sir James 188 culture 11, 13–14, 395 Colquhoun, Patrick 64, 82 Cunningham, H. D. P. 192 Combe, William 65 Currie, James 69 Comper, Sir Ninian 326 Cuvier, Georges 349 commerce 64 communications 244–5 Daguerre, Louis Jacques Mande´151, 342 compass, invention of 46–7 Dalton, John 116 n. 104, 118, 188, 225 Comte, Auguste 22–3 Dam busters, The see Brickhill, Paul Positivist calendar 22–3 Darwin, Charles 5, 349, 368–9, 381 ‘Condition of England’ question 139–40, Origin of species, The 369 352 Darwin, Erasmus 38, 68–9, 71, 72 Congreve, Sir William 91 n. 2, 228 Botanic garden, The 66 Cooper, Carolyn 7 Davenport, R. A. Cooper, Thomas 124 Lives of individuals 195 Triumphs of perseverance and enterprise 222 Davis, Edward 306 Cope, Arthur Stockdale 361 Davy, Sir Humphry copyright 52, 54, 56, 271 as artisan 280 Cornwall as chemist 311 commemoration of Trevithick 324, as hero of science 377 344–5 as inventor 365

444 Index

Davy, Sir Humphry (cont.) Edgeworth, Maria 171–3, 196 as ‘self-made’ man 311 Harry and Lucy concluded 171–3 as workers’ hero 309, 312, 314 Edgeworth, Richard 171 attacked by The Chemist 155 Edinburgh 108–9, 247, 348–9 centenary of birth 312 Edinburgh Review 93 ‘decline of science’ 356 Edinburgh School of Arts 111 friend of James Watt 99 Edison, Thomas 5, 286 n. 32, 340, 380 miners’ safety lamp, invention of 79, Edmondson, Thomas 191–2, 103, 172, 174, 309, 310, 311, 273, 329 312, 357 education 137, 170, 173, 358–9, monument to, Penzance 4, 309–12, 344 361, 376 obituary of 191 Edwards, Robert 383 portraits of 78, 225, 309 n. 115, 349 Elder, John 333–5, 365 reputation 222 Elkington vase 217 statues to 309 n. 115, 309 n. 115, 353 Elliott, Ebenezer 129–30 Watt monument 101, 103, 153, 173 Encyclopaedia Britannica 97, 127 Davy-Faraday Research Laboratory 368 encyclopaedias 73, 74 ‘decline of science’ campaign 355–7 Encyclope´die, L’ 16, 23, 80 ‘declinism’ 9, 327, 395–6 ‘endowment of science’ campaign 359–60, De Dunstanville, Lord 106 361, 367–8, 369 ‘defiant modernism’ 392 Enfield, William 71 Defoe, Daniel 63 Engels, Friedrich 131–2, 160 An essay upon projects 35–6 Engineer, The 290, 322 De Jouffroy, Claude-Franc¸ois-Dorothe´e, Engineering 262 marquis 255 engineering profession 203, 269 Dellheim, Charles 14 and commemorations 316, 318–27, De Loutherbourg, Philippe Jacques 63 387, 391 Devonshire Commission, see Parliament, collective memory of 388–9 Royal commission on scientific status of 11, 327, 350 instruction engineers Dickens, Charles 229 as explorers 378–9 Little Dorrit 186 as heroes 2–3, 149, 236, 377, 378 Poor man’s tale of a patent, A 184–6 as heroes of war 220–1 Dictionary of National Biography 192, as national heroes 247 263–4, 394 civil 71, 107, 198–211, 227, Diderot, Denis 81 228, 245 Dircks, Henry commemorative site in Westminster Inventors and inventions 274–5 Abbey 5, 269, 318–19, 322 ‘discovery’, scientific 7–8 education of 149–50 Dobson & Barlow 300, 301, 385 genius of 308 Donkin, Bryan 228 honoured by state 237 n. 86, 327 Drake, Sir Francis 23, 230 mechanical 107 Dudley, Dud 137, 241 n. 105 patents, attitudes to 268–9 Duff, William 52–3, 56, 147, 149 railway 142, 198–211, 233–4 Duncombe, Thomas 232 Scottish 348 Dunlop, John Boyd 337–8 English Mechanic, The 360 Durham, Joseph 210 n. 126 Enlightenment, Scottish 57 n. 140, 346 Dutton, Harry 8 entrepreneurs dyeing industry 246–7, 361 as heroes 331, 333–7, 350 Dyson, Sir James 6, 383 biographies of 329, 375 honoured by the state 329 Earnshaw, Laurence 43, 44 statues to 329 economic historians 381 Ericsson, John 221 n. 36 Eden, Sir Frederick 44, 70 Escott, Thomas 378 Edgerton, David 9 Espinasse, Francis 197

Index 445

Evelyn, John 32–3 Galbraith, John Kenneth 393 Ewing, James 113 Galileo 196, 353 Galloway, Elijah 127 Fairbairn, Sir William Galpin, Mr (of Cassell, Petter & Galpin) 294 baronetcy 239–40 Galt, John 193 Inventors’ Institute, member of 264 Galton, Francis 369 knighthood, refusal of 239 n. 94 gas industry 339–40 monument to 239 Gaskell, Peter 131 president of BAAS 355 Gatrell, V. A. C. 117 riveting machine, invention of 42 n. 70 genius Samuel Smiles, assistance to 257 and madness 51–2, 96 statue to Arkwright (proposed) 194, 195 concept of 17, 51–3, 80 statue to Watt 117, 118 imagination, role of 52–3, 53 n. 116, tribute to Watt 125, 132 146–7 Fairfield shipyard, Govan 335–6 judgement, role of 52–3, 56, 146–7 Faraday, Michael 141, 188, 229, 361, poetic 53 367–8 scientific 52–3, 101 Farey, John 126, 145–8, 161–2, 164, 184 George IV 91, 91 n. 2 Fawcett, William 187 Gerard, Alexander 52–3, 56, 147, 149 Fehr, H. C. 349 n. 133 Gibson, John 202 Ficino, Marsilio 46 Gilbert, Davies 311 Field, Joshua 257 Gillray, James 86–7 Finlay, James, & Co. 288 Gladstone, William Ewart, MP 229, 230, Finlay, Kirkman 99, 288 n. 38 306–8, 359, 360 Fitton, William 129 Glasgow 144, 296, 333–6, 341–2, 344, Fleming, Sir Alexander 383, 391, 392 347–8 Florey, Howard, Baron Florey 392 George Square 113, 296 Ford, Edward Onslow 313, 335 University of 112, 347–8 Ford, Henry 6 Glasgow Chronicle 109–10 Forster, W. E., MP 330 Glasgow Mechanics’ Magazine 113–15, 289 ‘Fortunate Fall’, doctrine of the 48–9, Glorious Revolution 23, 139 49 n. 100 Gott, Benjamin 106 Fortunes made in business 375, 376 Govan Press 335 Fourdrinier, Harriet 189 Gowland, William 260 Fourdrinier, Henry 189 Graham, George 74, 292 Fox, Charles James 18, 92, 93 Graphic, The 262, 263–4 Foxe, John 46 Granville, 2nd earl 250 France Great Britain commemoration, study of 21 n. 78 economic development of 59–60, 92 free trade 229, 250 industrial competitiveness of 358, intellectual property 81, 184 359, 364 Panthe´on 16–17, 19, 23 international supremacy of 344, 364 Patent Law (1791) 81 manufacturing superiority of 69–70, 142, rewards to inventors 219–20 179, 180, 316 scientific genius, concept of 51 n. 108 maritime supremacy of 342 status of inventors 80–1 Great Britain, ss 386–7 Frankland, Edward 361 ‘Great Britons’ poll 383 Franklin, Benjamin 174, 196, 259 Great Dunmow (Essex) 343 freemasons 115, 311 Great Exhibition (1851) 3, 10, 12, 182, free trade 103–4, 215–17, 249–50, 212–16, 260, 349 265–6, 307 Greathead, Henry 72, 82–3 French, Gilbert 221, 298–300, 303, 305 Greathead, James Henry 388 Life and times of Samuel Crompton, The Greenock 115, 347 300, 303 Gregory, Sir Richard 370 Fulton, Robert 118, 341 Guest, Richard 136, 195

446 Index

Guinness, Sir Alec 394 City of London’s subscription for 313 Gunn, Simon 13 freedom of City of London 242 funeral of 313 Hamilton, David 387 memorial to, Westminster Abbey Hammond, J. L., and Barbara 143, 381 244, 313 Hardcastle, James 298 monument to, Birmingham 312–13 Hardy, William 64 monument to, Kidderminster 312, 313 Hargreaves, James 41, 118, 171, 172, 282 monument to, London 313 Harmar, Reverend John 259 penny donations to 313 Harper, Edith K. Penny Post 242 A Cornish giant: Richard Trevithick, father popularity of 244, 312, 313, 314 of the locomotive 345 ‘Victorian man of achievement’ 316 Harrison, John 23, 71, 75, 340, 383, 388 history 14, 234 n. 80, 339 Harrison, Frederic 22–3, 144 Hodder, Edwin Hartington, Spencer Compton Cavendish, Heroes of Britain in peace and war 236, marquis of 320 377–8 Hartlib, Samuel 31 Hodgskin, Thomas Harvey, William 196 commemoration of Watt, critique of 145, Havelock, Sir Henry 23, 222, 231 154, 155–6, 164 Hawkshaw, John 268–9 deism 164 Hazeldine, William (‘Merlin Hazeldine’) 40 editor of The Chemist 155 n. 62 influence of 176–7, 179, 280 Hearn, W. E. 276 invention, theory of 154, 161–2, 164–9, Heathcoat, John 192, 255, 256, 328 170–1, 173, 177, 190–1 Hedley, William 193 n. 59, 206 n. 109 Labour defended against the claims of Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich 21 capital 165 Henry, Michael 258, 376 Malthus, critique of 164, 166, 180 Henry, William 225 nature, faith in 164, 165, 166 Heriot-Watt College 349 patents and 171, 266, 267, 269 heritage, local 384–8 Popular political economy 156, 162 hero worship, Victorian 21, 23 skill, concepts of 164–5, 169 heroes Smith, Adam, critique of 168–9 ancient 15, 22 Holden, Isaac 330 n. 53 commemorations of, private 17 Hollar, Wenceslaus Comtean 22–3 Patenty, The 33–4 co-option of, by British state 237 Hollins, Peter 312 cultural 389 Holman, James Miners 344 eighteenth-century 15–16 Holman, John 344 exemplary 22 Homer 51 medieval 15, 326 Hoock, Holger 19 military 1–2, 18–19, 23, 32–3, 92, 105, Hooke, Robert 31 133, 230, 234 n. 80, 236 Hooker, Joseph 369 Protestant 15 Hope, John 111 Victorian 236, 376, 383 Hope Mason, John 48 Whig 17–18 Hornblower, Jonathan 127 Herschel, John 101 Horner, Leonard 111 Herschel, William 141 Horrocks, Jeremiah 369 Heywood, Robert 299–300 hosiery industry 163, 340 Hick, John 260 Houghton, Walter 21 Highs, Thomas 195 Howard, E. C. 174, 225, 228 Hilaire-Pe´rez, Liliane 80, 81 Howard, James 273–4 Hill, Matthew Davenport 187 Howe, Henry Hill, Sir Rowland Memoirs of the most eminent American as hero 378 mechanics 254 n. 24 benevolent fund 313 Huddart, Captain Joseph 77, 100, 225, 228

Index 447

Hume, David 49 accidental 145, 151–2, 172, 173, 174, Hume, Joseph 133, 155 n. 9 178, 256 Hunt, Henry 129 as applied science 5, 145, 356, 360, 362, Hunter, Norman 363–4, 370 Incredible adventures of Professor as design 272, 273–4 Branestawm, The 394 as discovery 46, 141, 270, 271, 272 Huskisson, William, MP 101 n. 41, 103–4, as divine inspirations 175–6 123, 133, 134, 281 as faculty of mind 274 Hutchinson, John 332 as hobby 371 Huxley, T. H. 359, 364, 369 automatic 363–4 Hyde Park Locomotive Works 336 books about 375–6 Hythe (Kent) 342–3 British 193 n. 59, 236, 251 ‘challenge and response’ model of 272 identity chemical 361 British 23, 93, 94, 123 commercial society, stimulus of 49, Scottish 110–11, 122 163, 270 idolatry 383 concepts of 8–9, 145–52, 266–79 see also Wattolatry democratic models of 170–1 Illustrated London News, The 213, 214, 215, deterministic models of 127, 129, 148, 292, 303, 332, 374 150, 184, 277–8, 279, 393 ‘Victorian men of achievement’ 316, 372 environment, effect on 167–8 imitation 54, 57 exhibition of 260 imperialism, British 23, 87, 104, future, forecasts of 371–2 229, 378–9 heroic accounts of 266 Ince, Henry (and James Gilbert), human role in 49–51, 152 Outlines of English history 142–3 iconic status of 262, 299 Incorporated Gas Institute 339 incremental 71, 267, 269, 278, 376, 379 industrial revolution Judaeo-Christian interpretations of 27, as catastrophe 143, 352, 380–1 45–7, 48–9, 152 concept of 3, 10, 11, 124, 129, 137–8, necessity, as mother of 167, 270 140, 144, 184, 380 not automatic 272, 274, 278 contemporary analyses of causes of pagan myths of 47–8 69–70, 131, 136–44, 276 poetic 51, 146 contemporary awareness of 102, 143 Renaissance triad 29, 134, 138 inventors of 338, 381–2, 383 scientific methodology of 172, 174 liberty, as causal factor 136–40, 142, 168 simultaneous 173, 267–9, 270–1 narrative of 6, 26, 142, 143, 210, 380–1 underpinned by science 356, 364 ‘new economic history’ of 144 n. 92 unpatented, rewards for 332, 339, 356 political effects of 131–2 value of 358 inns, signboards of 230 ‘invention industry’ 9 Institution of Civil Engineers 132, 233, 244, inventors 269, 318, 326, 345 as benefactors of humanity 299 Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in as engineers 193, 327 Scotland 336, 347 as entrepreneurs 197, 327–32, 338 Institution of Mechanical Engineers 117, as fools 373–4 201, 203, 290, 322, 324 as heroes 1, 15–24, 30–3, 90, 236, instrument makers 74–5, 228 255, 256, 258, 351–2, 375, International Exhibition (1862) 214, 222–4 377–8, 381 International Inventions Exhibition (1885) as heroes of peace 32–3, 69–73, 105, 207, 370, 374 217, 219–20, 221–2, 234–6, 315, International Union for the Protection of 377–8 Industrial Property 249 as heroes of war 73–4, 87, 220, 227–9 internationalism 234 as local heroes 338–43 invention as makers of history 257 academic analyses of 276–8 as men of science 353–5

448 Index

inventors (cont.) Victorian celebration of 3–4, 9–11, 227, as national benefactors 91, 142, 254, 309, 315, 395 257, 275 Inventor’s almanac, The 258–9, 376 as national heroes 232–4, 247 Inventors’ Institute 190, 195, 264, 316–18 as ‘self-exalted’ men 196 Iron and Steel Institute 242 as victims 189–90, 241, 245, 253, 254, Ironbridge Gorge Museums 63 n. 15 255, 256, 258, 265, 265 n. 83, iron industry 137 303–4, 305, 328 as working men 265, 281–2, 370 Jacquard, Joseph 253 authors, comparison with 273–4 Jarvis, Adrian 177 biographies of 128, 253 Jeffrey, Francis books on 234, 258 Edinburgh meetings, role in 109, 110 collective memory of 338–43 epitaphs for Watt 94 n. 13 contempt for 365 eulogy of Watt 94–7, 148, 179 fame 65, 74–5 influence of 96–7, 101, 105, 117, 129, gender of 172, 242 n. 112, 394 149, 156 genius of 31, 45, 273 Watt, friend of 99 honoured by state 4, 236–47 Whig politics 93 hostility to 28, 41–5, 160–1, 373–4 Jenner, Edward identity as 75–80 centenary of birth 231 image of 315, 329, 332, 351–2 fame 181, 383 independent 5, 316–18, 361–5, 371, 393, freedom of City of London 242 394–5 portraits 79, 83, 227 in polls 381, 382 reputation 71, 72–3, 82–8, 342 n. 96 ‘mad’ 190, 270 monument, Boulogne-sur-Mer 234 manufacturing 6, 65 monument, Gloucester Cathedral men of science, contrast with 367 83–4, 88 mixed abilities of 353, 375 monument, Trafalgar Square 231–2 mythologizing of 6–7 Jenner Museum, Berkeley (Glos.) 83 n. 93 obscurity of 181 Jennings, Humphrey 12 n. 33 pensions 240, 244 Jevons, W. S. 276, 370 perseverance of 256, 271, 273 Jewitt, Llewellynn 308 portraits of 75–80, 83, 227 n. 54 Jewkes, John, et al. psychology of 146, 150–2 Sources of invention, The 393, 394 reasoning power of 150–1, 172 John Bull 16, 219–20 refusal of honours by 237, 246 Johnson, James, 15 reputation and fund raising 342–3 Johnson, Samuel 21 n. 80, 39–40 reputation, bad 27–8, 33–8 Jones, Ernest 281 reputation, improving 8, 25, 39–40, 44, Jordanova, Ludmilla 56 45, 59–60, 124 Joule, James Prescott 369 reputation in twentieth century 4–5, 10, Junior Institution of Engineers 388 318, 378, 394 reputation in twenty-first century 26 Kay, John, 6, 118 n. 119, 272, 330–40 reputation, worsening 331, 350, 360 Kelvin, William Thomson, Baron rewards for 31–2, 187–8, 264, 275 Balfour’s tribute to 367 scientists, displaced by 370 commemorative window to, Westminster Second World War 6, 390–2 Abbey 326, 327 statues to 221, 264, 365 honours 245 status 125, 172, 182–93, 248, monument to, Belfast 365 258, 339 monument to, Glasgow 365–7 tension between heroic reputations of 3, obituary 365 73, 220–30 ‘uniqueness’ of 367 treatment of, demands for improvement ‘Victorian man of achievement’ 316 of 183–6, 264 Kemble, Fanny 160 twentieth-century 6, 389 Kennedy, John 195, 298

Index 449

Kenrick, William 53–4 Lubbock, Sir John 359, 361–3, 369 Kenworthy, William 159–60 Lucas, John 200 Kepler, Johannes 174 Lukin, Lionel 342–3 Kidd, Benjamin 370 Lunar Society 66, 68, 69, 171 King, Thomas 75 Lunardi, Victor 61 Kingsley, Charles Westward Ho! 23 McAdam, John Loudon 183 n. 7 Kirkcaldy (Fife) 282 Macaulay, Thomas Babington, Lord Klingender, Francis 287 133–4, 138, 142, 168 Art and the industrial revolution 10 History of England 138, 139–40 Knight, Charles 140–2 Lord Bacon 138–9 Gallery of portraits 181 McClelland, Keith 283 Popular history of England 142, McCulloch, J. R. 94, 184, 195, 196 372 n. 99 Macfie, Matthew 339 Krupp, Alfred 332 Macfie, Robert Andrew 250, 271 Mackenzie, Robert 235–6 laboratory 361 McKie, John 216, 222 labour-saving machinery 60, 70 Mackintosh, Sir James, MP 98, 105, 116 n. Lacock Abbey (Wilts.) 342 107, 136–7 Laird, John, MP 337 Maclise, Daniel 230 Laird Brothers 328 McNeil, Maureen 68 Lamb, Charles 148 MacPherson, David 70 Lardner, Dionysius 126, 132–3 Mabey, C. H. 345 Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent 196 machine-breaking 28, 42 Lawrence, Sir Thomas 78 machine-making industry 137 Lee, George Augustus 99 machinery, exhibitions of 213–14, 285 Lee, William 6, 35, 163, 340 machinery question, the 41–5, 159–61 Legrand, Arthur 271 Machlup, F. 266 Leighton, J. & J. 182 Malthus, Thomas Robert 154, 157, 164 liberalism, iconography of 230 ‘Malthusian’, as term of abuse 166 n. 66 libraries 227 n. 54, 252 ‘Malthusian threat’ 180 lifeboat 82–3, 343 Man in the white suit, The 5, 394 Limehouse Rope Manufactory 100, 106 Manchester Lister, Joseph, Baron Lister 247 and Arkwright 194–5 Lister, Samuel Cunliffe, Baron Masham cotton industry 115, 117–18 246, 330–2, 336, 365 ‘Cottonopolis’ 118 monument to 42, 330–1 liberalism 116 Littleton, Edward, MP 97–8, 101, Owen’s College 238, 240, 324 101 n. 41 petition from 282 Liverpool, Lord 91, 94, 98, 99, 101 n. 41, statues 118 102–3, 193 Tories 117 government of 92, 93, 104, 187 town hall 14, 118 n. 119, 341 Livingstone, David 378–9 Watt monument, Westminster Abbey, Locke, John 49, 51, 142 support for 107, 115, 116 Locke, Joseph 233, 318, 319 Manchester Guardian 303–4 Lockyer, Sir Norman 367 Manchester Literary and Philosophical Lodge, Sir Oliver 351–2, 363, 364–5 Society 116, 117, 298 Lombe, Sir Thomas 82 Mandeville, Bernard London and North Western Railway 202 Fable of the bees 49 London Underground 388 Manners, Lord John 232 Long, Pamela 73 manufacturers, criticism of 306, 308 Longitude Act (1713) 82 Marconi, Gulielmo 5, 380 Longstaff, George 288 Marlborough, duke of, monument to 17 Lough, John G. 207 Marochetti, Carlo, Baron Marochetti 233 Lovett, William 159 Marshall, Alfred 370, 381

450 Index

Marshall, William Calder 231, 302 portrait of 225 Martineau, Harriet 121, 140–1, 192, Scottish hero 340 273, 308 statue of, Birmingham 385 Marx, Karl 158, 197–8 Watt monument, subscription to 106 Das Kapital 276–8 Murdock, Thomas 99 Maskelyne, Nevil 228 Murray, Matthew 349 n. 133 Maudslay, Henry 73, 74, 107, 328 Murray, Fenton & Wood 107 Maudslay, Sons, & Field 388 Mushet, David 241 ‘mauve’, jubilee of 246–7, 361 Maxim machine gun 236 Napier, Sir Charles 231, 232 May, John 309, 312 Napier, Macvey 127 Mayer, Joseph 308 Napier, Robert 188 Mead, Edward P. Napoleon III, of France 218–19, 238, 241 ‘The steam king’ 160 Nasmyth, James 257, 274 ‘mechanic’ 289 National Gallery of Inventors, proposed 259 ‘mechanical science’ 355, 362–3 National Portrait Gallery 24, 259 Mechanics Institutes 105 n. 59, 115, nationalism 171 172, 285 British 16 Mechanic’s Magazine 88, 153–4, 156 n. 12, Scottish 346–7 171–3, 183, 191 n. 51, 221, 285 Natural History Museum 369 medical profession 247, 316, 350, 391 natural philosophers 36, 355–6 memorials see also science, men of; scientists and class tensions 305–6, 311–12 Nature 359–60, 379 utilitarian 242–3, 296–7, 299–300, 306, Neilson, Reid & Co. 336 321, 324, 342 Nelson, Admiral Horatio Men of mark 242, 315 monuments to 18, 19–20, 109, 232 Metcalf, John 174, 377 reputation of 19–20, 72, 103, 123, 217 Meteyard, Eliza 308 neo-Platonism 45–6 Middlesborough (E. Yorks.) 337 Netherlands 249 Mill, James 125 n. 2 Newcastle upon Tyne Mill, John Stuart 265–6 and Charles Parsons 387 Miller, Hugh 346 and George Stephenson 294, 296, Miller, Patrick 192, 228, 257 320–1, 322 Milton, John 51, 349 and Joseph Swan 337 Paradise Lost 48 and William Armstrong 206–9, 237–8 Mond, Dr Ludwig 368 Newcastle Literary and Philosophical monopolies controversy 27–8, 33–4 Society 321 Monopolies, Statute of (1624) 33 Newcomen, Thomas 6, 108, 284, 341 Montgolfier brothers 61, 174 memorial to, Dartmouth 341, 388 monuments Newcomen Society 108, 388 inaugural celebrations of 208–9, 303, Newton, Sir Isaac 310, 311 as discoverer 175, 196, 364 politics of 280–1, 306 as genius 51–2, 53, 54, 142, 146, Morgan, Charles H. 340 165 n. 63 Morning Chronicle 125 as inventor 357 Morris, Edward 187–8, 220 biographies of 127, 174 Morris, William 150, 215 birthplace 43, 206 Muirhead, James Patrick 128, 177 monuments to 5, 18, 24, 349, 353 Munro, Alexander 291, 309 n. 115 reputation 54, 58, 69, 71, 217, 351 Murchison, Sir Roderick 229 see Watt, comparison with Newton Murdoch, William Newton, William 297 bust of 340, 346 Noble, Matthew 309 n. 115, 330 centenary of road locomotive 339–40 North British Association of Gasmakers 340 greatness of 357 Northcote, James 79, 83 memorial in Lugar (Ayrshire) 340 Nottingham, University College 349

Index 451

obituaries 191–3 monopolies and 33 O’Connor, Feargus 160, 281 reform of 8, 123, 183–6, 190–1, 328, 396 Ogilvie, James 53 patentee, reputation of 8, 27–8, 33–4, 38, Oldham (Lancs.) 336–7 124, 285, 365, 368 Oliver, Thomas 206–7 patents 162–3, 375 originality 52, 151–2, 271 Patents, Designs, and Trademarks Act Osbaldeston, John 304 (1883) 191, 275–6, 352, 375 Owen, Sir Richard 229 Paul, M. E. 234 Owenites 158, 170 ‘Pax Britannica’ 134 Oxford University Museum 210, 349, 353 Paxton, Sir Joseph 209 ‘Peace’, contrasting illustrations of 223–4 Paine, Thomas 157 Peace Congress Movement 216, 219 Palmer, Sir Roundell, MP 271 peace movement 216 Palmerston, Henry John Temple, 3rd Pearce, Sir William 335–6 viscount 229, 230 Pease, Henry Pike, MP 321 Papin, Denis 148, 177, 255 Pease, Joseph 320 Paris Exhibition (1867) 193 n. 59, 223 n. Peel, Sir Robert (1750–1830) 194 43, 359 Peel, Sir Robert, MP (1788–1850) Parliament Athenaeum, member of 99 grants to inventors 82–3, 87, 244, commemoration of Jenner 88 253, 272 commemoration of Watt 101 n. 41, House of Lords, select committee 104–5, 124 [on patents] (Granville), 187, memorials to 24, 118, 230 n. 61, 291 n. 49 250, 285 pensions to men of science 188–9 Royal commission on scientific peerages 237, 245, 246, 247 instruction (Devonshire) 359 penicillin 386, 391, 392–3 Select committee on the law relating to Penn, John 257 patents for invention (1829) 183 Penrose, Edith 266 Select committee on scientific Penzance (Cornwall) 309–12, 344 instruction (Samuelson) 359, 361 Perkin, Sir William 246–7, 361, 388 Parliament Square, Westminster 233 Perry, William 328 Parsons, Sir Charles 240, 326, 387 Pettitt, Clare 56, 190 Pascal, Blaise 174 Philips, George, MP 116–17, 157, 193 Patent, The, a poem by the author of The Phillips, Thomas 79 Graces 38 photography 151, 294, 342 patent agents 251, 259 Pillans, Professor James 109, 110 Patent coffin, The, by Mr Dibdin 38 n. 50 Platt, John 337 patent controversy 3, 152, 190, 191, Platt Brothers 337 249–51, 255–6, 264–7, 278, Playfair, Sir Lyon 363–4 281, 304 Political pilgrim’s progress, The 161 n. 42 Patent Law Amendment Act (1852) 3, 186, Pope, Alexander 51 191, 249, 375 Popular Science Magazine 371 patent litigation 186–7 population growth, benefits of 167 Patent Office 249, 252, 262 Porter, George 129 Patent Office Library 253 positivism 270–1 Patent Office Museum 240, 254, 259–62, postal system, reform of 244, 312, 313 285, 323 Potter, Humphrey 284 patent specifications, indexes and Potteries, the 305–8 abridgements of 251–3 Power, Henry 32 patent system Priestley, Joseph 69, 72, 165 n. 63, 353 campaign to abolish 360, 368 printing, invention of 46, 258 comparison with French privile`ges 80 progress, ideology of 64, 139–40, 167, 212 inadequacies of 38, 54 ‘projectors’ 1, 5, 27–8, 35–8, 39–40, in popular literature on invention 255 40 n. 61, 147, 190–1, 353, 375 justifications for 266, 271–5 projects 27–8, 37

452 Index

Prosser, Richard B. 135, 262, 264 Royal Commission on Awards to Prometheus 27, 47–8, 48, 55, 57 Inventors 390 protectionists 138 Royal Cornwall Geological Society 311 psychology, associationist 150 Royal Geographical Society 379 public sphere 13–14 Royal Institution 225, 368 Pugin, A. W. N. 120 Royal Society of Edinburgh 227 Punch 217, 223–5, 232, 304, 360 Royal Society of London advice to governments 59 n. 1, 357 Radcliffe, William 188, 253 Babbage’s attack on 356 radicals ballooning, disparagement of 61 biographies of inventors 71, 72, 258 commemorations and 246, 311, 368 commemorations, attitudes to 155 ‘endowment of science’ campaign commemoration of Watt 94, 154–7 and 360 labour theories of value 169 fellows, status of 227, 316 machinery, attitudes to 158–9 France, relations with 80 memorials, attitudes to 296–7, 299 Hughes Medal 379 pacifism 217, 219 Swift, Jonathan and 37 steam engine, views on 129 utility of science and 356 railways 125–6, 132, 142, 320 Watt monument, support for 101 railway ticket machine 191 Royce, Sir Henry 326 ‘railway triumvirate’ 318–19 Rumford, Benjamin Thompson, Ralegh, Sir Walter 230 Count 225 Ransomes, of Ipswich 328 Rupert, Prince 174 reform, political 92 Ruskin, John 144 n. 95, 150, 215 Reform Act (1832) 1, 119, 135, 136 Russell, John, 1st earl Russell 229 Reform Acts (1867–8) 280 Reid, John 336 St Aubyn, Sir John, 312 Rennie, George 99, 107 St Paul’s Cathedral 18–19, 120 Rennie, John 191, 196, 225, 228, 319 Salt, Sir Titus 230, 336 Rennie, Sir John 132 Samuelson Committee, see Parliament, reputations, preservation of 384 Select committee on scientific research and development laboratories 10, instruction 370–1, 393 Savery, Thomas 284 Ricardo, David 164 Say, Jean Baptiste 167 risk, changing attitudes to 38–9 Schaffer, Simon 389 Robert Hall & Sons, Bury 341 Schumpeter, Joseph 329–30 Roberts, Richard 161, 189 Schussele, Christian Roberts, Robert 286 Men of progress 225 n. 48 Robertson, John 342 science Robertson, Joseph Clinton 153 as elite quest 364–5 Robinson, Frederick 88 hostility to 360, 372 Robinson, William Heath 5, 394 justifications of 355, 357–8, 364, 367 Robinson & Cottam, Pimlico 118 society’s dependence on 357 Rodger, Alexander 133 university professors of 363–5 Rogers, Pat 37 science, men of 174, 227, 227 n. 50, 228, Rogers, Samuel Baldwyn 192 236, 351 Rogers, Thorold 270 see also natural philosophers, scientists Ronalds, Sir Francis 227, 245 science fiction 372–3 Rosenberg, Nathan 277 Science Museum, London 63 n. 15 Routledge, Robert ‘scientist’ 227 n. 50 Discoveries and inventions of the nineteenth scientists century 376 anonymity of 370–1 Rowntree, Joseph 352, 381 as explorers 377 Royal Astronomical Society 369 commemorations of 368–9 Royal College of Chemistry 361 corner, Westminster Abbey 369

Index 453

disadvantaged by patent system 268, 368 Sievier, Robert William 88 heroism of 377 Simcox, George 119 fictional 372–3 Simpson, Sir James Young 247, 377, 381 power of 373 Slater, Peter 112, 349 reputation of 7–8, 316 Slater, Sir Samuel 337 research, recognition of 246 Slater, William 300, 301 state funding, campaigns for 5, 9, 94, 123, Smeaton, John 355–7, 358 as hero of engineering 377 status of 350, 352 as ‘self-exalted’ man 196 see also natural philosophers; science, biographical notices 71 men of comparisons with Watt 146, 149, 178 Scotland obituary of 191 industrial heritage 343 portraits of 80, 319 inventors 339–40 steam engine 284 national monument to Watt, proposal for Smiles, Samuel 110 Autobiography 179 Watt and 108–15, 345–9 Bennet Woodcroft and 253, 257 west of, and Watt 112–15, 122 biographies of Watt, review of 128 ‘Scotland of Inventions’ 389 David Livingstone, admiration of 378 Scotsman, The 109, 111 Eliza Meteyard and 308 Scott, Captain Robert Falcon 24, 379 exemplarity and 22 Scott, Sir Walter ‘ideal of character’ 282–3 Edinburgh meetings, role in 109, 110 Industrial biography 257 inns named for 230 invention, concepts of 176, 179, medieval heroes of 15 272–3 Monastery, The 97, 131, 172 inventors 284 monument to 122 Life of George Stephenson 204–5 Scott, William Bell 209 Lives of Boulton and Watt 177–9 screw propeller 240, 251 Lives of the engineers 257 Shackleton, Sir Ernest 379 machinery, attitude to 158–9 Shakespeare, William 24, 51, 54, 206, military heroes, attitude to 222 n. 41 217, 349 paradox of Watt as inventor 176–9, 180 Shannan, Archibald Macfarlane 367 n. 70 radicalism of 176, 179, 180 Shapin, Steven 228 reputation of 1 Sharp, Richard 116 n. 107 Self-help 176–7, 255–6, 283–4, 379 Shaw, Richard Norman 319 Stephenson’s monument, Newcastle Sheffield, poll of working people 286 n. 32 upon Tyne 207 Shelley, Mary working-class heroes 179–80 Frankenstein; or the modern Prometheus 45, ‘Smilesean’ literature 375, 394 54–8, 373 Smith, Adam 39, 51, 103, 144, 166, 168–9, ship, invention of 145 265–6, 346 Siemens, Alexander 328 Smith, Sir Francis Pettit 240, 261 Siemens, Sir William Smith, Isaac 328 as hero of industry 332 Smith, James, of Deanston 288 as inventor 315 Smith, Swire 358 commemorative window, Westminster Smith, Warrington 311 Abbey 324–6, 363 Smith, William 227 enterprise of 328 Sobel, Dava honours 243–4 Longitude 388 Inventors’ Institute, member of 264 Socie´te´ des Sciences Industrielles, Arts, Murdoch, commemoration of 339 et Belles Lettres de Paris 234 obituaries of 315 Society for Opposing the Endowment of philosophy of invention of 326, 361 Research 360 portrait of 326 Society for the Diffusion of Useful ‘Victorian man of achievement’ 316 Knowledge 127, 140, 173, 196

454 Index

Society of Arts 39, 74, 83, 260, 264, 282, celebrity of 199, 200–11 328, 340 centenaries 320–1, 322, 338 Journal of 304 Chesterfield and 209, 320, 322 South, James 188 commemorations of 259, 319 South Kensington Museum 260, 262, enterprise of 328 312, 349 fame 383 South Sea Bubble 36, 37 foreign honours to 322 Southey, Robert 138 in polls 381–2 souvenirs 63, 200, 261, 321 knighthood, refusal of 237 n. 87 Spanish Armada, tercentenary of 23 miners’ safety (‘Geordie’) lamp 79, 206, Sprat, Thomas 209 History of the Royal Society 32 monument, Euston station, London 203, Stack, David 164, 169 265, 290 Stanhope, Charles, 3rd earl Stanhope 227 monument, Newcastle upon Tyne 206–9, Stanhope, Philip Henry, 5th earl 290, 293–6, 297 Stanhope 259 monument, St George’s Hall, Liverpool Stanley, Arthur Penrhyn, Dean of 202–3 Westminster 120–1 monument to, proposed 118 Stanley, Edward Henry, Lord Stanley 270 portraits of 200–1, 319, 320 ‘statumania’ 4, 24, 280 railways and 176, 179, 258, 320 steam engine reputation of 148 n. 113, 193, 206, 244, as achievement of skilled workers 284 320–2 as incremental invention 165, 177 scientific training and 359 books on 126–7 statue, Oxford University Museum 210, British invention of 145, 148 353 iconic status 341, 344, 350, 381 ‘Victorian man of achievement’ 316 reputation of Stephenson, Robert (pre-1824) 67, 85–6, 88–90, 94–5 bridges 209, 217, 318, 319 (post-1824) 125, 128, 129–30, 140, 145, bust of 209 174–5, 177, 193, 242, 256, 258 celebrity of 199, 200–1, 210–11 science and 355 commemoration of 318 steam power commemorative window, Westminster British military strength and 134, 228 Abbey 318–19 importance of 102, 112 funeral 209, 233, 254 peace 104, 116–17, 132–4, 216–17 knighthood, refusal of 217, 220 political impact of 130–6 memorial to, Newcastle upon Tyne 297 Portsmouth Royal Dockyard, use of in monument to, London 233 95 n. 17 monument to George Stephenson, technological determinism and 134–6 Newcastle upon Tyne and 207 steam-ships 103, 200, 228 popularity of 290, 314 steel industry 240–3 portrait of 230 Steele, Richard 16 Robert Stephenson & Co. 206, 209, 290, Stephenson [George or Robert], 230, 297, 328 282, 285 Rocket 261–2, 288, 320 Stephenson, George Samuel Smiles and 205–6 as hero of peace 378 ‘Victorian man of achievement’ 316 as engineer 141 Stephenson Day, proposal for 321 as inventor 365 Stephenson Institute, proposal for 297 as model of domesticity 283 n. 20 Stephenson Memorial School, Newcastle as national benefactor 364 upon Tyne 206 as workers’ hero 288, 290 Steptoe, Patrick 383 background, as artisan 280, 283 n. 20 Stevenson, D. W. 337, 339 biographies of 375 Stewart, Larry 36 birthplace of 206, 321 Stewart, William 292–3 bust of 209 Stirling, J. 270

Index 455

stock exchange ‘bubbles’ 35–7 moral influence of 179 Stockton and Darlington Railway, obituary of 191 centenary of 320, 322 ‘poetry’ of his engineering 141 Strange, Lieut.-Col. Alexander 359 portraits of 80, 225, 228, 319 Strutt, Jedediah 163 statue in Westminster Abbey 318 Strutt, William 106 Watt monument, support for 99, 107 Sussman, Herbert L. 121 Telford (Salop.) 387 Sutherland, George 375 Temple of British Worthies, Stowe 18 Swan, Sir Joseph 337, 338, 367 n. 73, 379 Tennant, Charles 228 Swift, Jonathan Tennyson, Alfred, 1st Baron Tennyson 229 Gulliver’s Travels 37 Thames Tunnel 200 Switzerland 249 Theed, William, the younger 118 Symington, William Thirlwind, William 301 centenary of steamboat trials 339 Thompson, William 169–70 Charlotte Dundas II 339 Thomson, James memorial, Grangemouth 339 Seasons, The 154 memorial, Leadhills 339 Thorneycroft, W. H. 237 memorial, London 339 Timbs, John 259 portrait of 228 Stories of inventors and discoverers 254 premium, from Treasury 187 Times, The obituaries in 191–2 Talbot, C. H. 342 on aviation 380 Talbot, Henry Fox 342 on Charles Wheatstone 245 Tangye, George 388 on dye industry 247 Tangyes, of Birmingham 339 n. 78 on George Stephenson 206 Taylor, James (inventor of textile on Henry Bessemer 241 machinery) 43–4 on Henry Cort 221 Taylor, James (pioneer of steam on Henry Fox Talbot 342 navigation) 187 on International Inventions Exhibition Taylor, Miles 219 375 Taylor, Walter 77 on inventors 351 technological change on John Boyd Dunlop 338 ambivalence towards 352, 372 on patent controversy 275, 368 analysis of 276–9 on Robert Stephenson 233 awareness of 59–64, 140–1, 142 on Rowland Hill 244 British Association for the Advancement on scientific research 368 of Science and 355 on statue to Jenner 231–2 dependence on 357 on Wilbur Wright 380 impacts of 161, 258, 299 on William Siemens 315 misuse of, military 373 Tompion, Thomas 74, 292 nineteenth century and 371–2 Tories taken for granted 374–5 Liberal 106, 111 workers’ attitudes to 313–14 Scottish 108–9 technology Torrens, Hugh 383 books about 375–6 Torrens, Robert 133 history of 143 n. 91, 257, 396 Torricelli, Evangelista 174 popular press, coverage of 374 tourism, technological 63, 73 ‘poetry’ of 141 Toynbee, Arnold 11, 143, 144, 380 spectacle of 380 toys 223 n. 43 telegraphs 142, 216–17, 245, 355 trade unions 283, 292 Telford, Thomas insignia of 194, 210 n. 129, 283, 285, 292 as Scottish hero 346 Trafalgar Square 231–2, 233 biography of 205 Tredgold, Thomas 127 burial in Westminster Abbey 233, 318 Trevelyan, Charles Edward 209 memorials to, modern 387 Trevithick, Francis 324

456 Index

Trevithick, Richard Wallace, William 112 n. 87, 122 as engineer 324 Wallace Monument, Stirling 346 bicentenary, Merthyr Tydfil 385 Wallington House (Northumb.) 209 biographies of 324, 345 Wallis, Sir Barnes 6, 383, 390–1, 392 busts of 323, 345 Warboys, Michael 392 centenaries of 344–5, 385 watchmakers 292 commemorative window, Westminster Watt, James Abbey 290–1, 322, 324, 326 admiration for 113, 116, 123, 197, 198 Cornish identity of 324, 344 anniversary dinner to 347 ‘Day’ 385 as bourgeois cynosure 119 George Stephenson, contrast with as British hero 217, 350 148 n. 113 as chemist 155 memorial, Dartford 345 as engineer 345, 349 memorial, Merthyr Tydfil 345 as epitome of Enlightenment 95–6 memorial, University College, London as hero 1–2, 88, 112, 124 345 as hero of industrial revolution 143, 144 neglect of 210, 322, 329 as hero of Napoleonic Wars 93, 95, 101, obituary of 322 103, 105, 114, 129, 258 portraits of 227, 228, 322, 323 as hero of peace 155, 156, 222, 378 Trevithick Society 385 as inventor, paradox of 175, 176–9 Tucker, Josiah 44, 60 as man of science 101, 119, 352, 365 Turgot, Anne Robert Jacques 167 as ‘master mind’ 176 Turing, Alan 383 as ‘master spirit’ 166 Turner, Charles Hampden 99, 99 n. 36, as mechanic 101, 113, 119, 153, 155, 100, 100 n. 40 177–8, 178, 280, 289 Tyndall, Sir John 365 n. 63 as national benefactor 254, 282, 353, 364 Tyrrell, Alex 108 as philosopher 99, 286 as ‘projector’ 190–1 United States of America as Scottish hero 110, 122, 344, 345–50 Patent Law (1790) 81 as skilled working man 162, 165–6, status of inventors 81 284 university reform 359 as workers’ hero 285, 286, 288, 291 n. 52, Ure, Andrew 114–15, 196, 277, 288 291–2 utility, ethos of 138–9, 141 biographies of 127–8, 346–7, 375 cartoon of 143 vaccination centenary of birth (1836) 117 acclaim for 82–3, 85 centenary of death (1919) 291–2, 388 controversy 86–8, 231–2, 372 commemorations of 259 military strength, British and 228, 231 criticism of 127 Vane-Tempest, Lord Adolphus 232 dependence on Black’s discovery of latent Vaughan, John 337 heat 356 Victoria, Queen 24 dispensability of 167–8, 277 Vivian, Pendarves, MP 312 fame 65, 128, 181, 193–4, 196, 383 vivisection 372 friends 99 voluntary associations 13 ‘genius’ 85, 96, 145, 148, 161 honorary doctorate 99 n. 35 Wade, John 129 hostility to 85–6, 96, 107–8 Walker, Adam 74 importance of for engineering 335 Walker, James, 50 n. 103, 107 in advertisement for whisky 347 Walker, Ralph 46–7 in Erasmus Darwin’s poetry 66, 67 Walker, William 260 in polls 381–2 Distinguished Men of Science of Great inns named for 230 Britain, The 225–9, 260 kettle, legend of 143, 177 Wallace, Alfred Russel 371–2 manufacturers, support of 97, 106 Wallace, Andre´387 melancholia 96

Index 457

method of invention 174–5 Wedgwood, Josiah monument to, Birmingham 119, as hero of peace 378 291, 292 as self-made man 307–8 monument to, Dundee 115 biographies of 308 monument to, Edinburgh 108–12, 288 enterprise of 328 monument to, George Square, Glasgow fame 65 112–13, 115, 289, 296 in Erasmus Darwin’s poetry 66, 67 monument to, Greenock 115, 291 n. 52 memorials to 305–7 monument to, Handsworth church 99, 153 obituary of 192 monument to, Hunterian Museum, perseverance of 256 Glasgow 98 n. 33, 99 n. 35, 292 portrait of 306 monument to, Manchester 115–19 public relations, pioneer of 380 monument to, Westminster Abbey 1, 91, reputation 69, 71, 81 98–9, 109, 110, 119, 244 Wedgwood, Josiah II 106 disapproval of 120–1 Wedgwood Institute, Burslem 306–7 meeting to launch 91, 92, 97, 98, 123 Wellington, duke of new site of 120 n. 125 death of 217, 219 significance of 120–1 monuments to 19, 20, 24, 118 subscription for 98, 106–7 political career 21, 92–3, 160 working-class responses to 153–7 Punch on ‘Iron Duke’ 217 name, in workshop parlance 285–6 reputation 20–1, 95, 97, 103, 123–4, 217 Newton, comparisons with 105, Tories’ defence of 102–5 114, 123, 128, 146, 149, 178, Wells, H. G. 373 269 n. 99 West India Dock Company 106 obituary of 191 Westhead, J. P. B., MP 285 patentees, views on 38 Westminster Abbey patents, justification of 51 as site of commemoration 18, 106, patents of 50, 304 120, 318 perseverance of 256 monuments in 19 n. 67, 74 poetry about 130, 133 Poets’ Corner 121 portrait bust of, Bradford 230 Wheatstone, Sir Charles 220, 245, portraits of 75, 128, 225, 319 367 n. 73 projectors, views on 40 Whewell, William 355 reputation of 69, 71, 72, 82, 84 Whig historians 136–43 scientific methods of 173, 174–5, 178 Whig Party 93–4, 97, 119 Scottish ancestry of 346–7 Whigs, Scottish 93, 106, 108–11, 350 Shakespeare, comparisons with 149, White, W. H. 150, 178 Man who stole the earth, The 373 statues, clothing of 99, 99 n. 35, 153 Whitehead, Robert 240 statues to, in England 349, 349 n. 133, Whittle, Sir Frank 6, 383, 390, 392 353, 385 Whitworth, Sir Joseph 220, 238–9 statues to, in Scotland 347, 348–9 Wiener, Martin 12 ‘water controversy’ and 94 n. 13 William III, equestrian statue to 17 wit 67 Williams, Raymond 11–12 workshop, Heathfield Hall 261, 388 Williamson, George 128, 150 n. 124 Watt, James Jnr 94 n. 13, 97, 99, 107 n. 65, Wills, W. J. and T. 310, 311 110 n. 76, 115, 347 Wilson, George 260 n. 60, 276, 360 n. 45 Watt Club, Greenock 128 Withering, William 128 Watt Institution, Dundee 115 Wolfe-Barry, Sir John 245, 326 Watt Institution and School of Art, Wollaston, William Hyde 141, 227 Edinburgh 112, 349 Wood, Henry Trueman 264 ‘Wattilisk’ 386, 391 Wood, John 342 Wattolatry 384 n. 2 Wood, McKinnon 342 weapons, invention of 235, 236, 240 Woodcroft, Bennet 3, 221 n. 36, 251–3, Webb, Sidney and Beatrice 143 259–62, 264, 274, 308, 340

458 Index

Woodcroft, Bennet (cont.) rowers, as heroes of 296 A sketch of the origin and progress of steam Scottish engineering 332–6 navigation 251 skilled 283, 284 Brief biographies of inventors of machines ... source of Great Britain’s greatness 180, textile fabrics 253, 272 280, 282–4, 292 wool-combers 41–3 source of employers’ wealth 301 Woolner, Thomas 210 n. 126 Watt’s memory, devotion to 154 Worcester, Edward Somerset, 2nd marquis Working Man, The 285, 294 of 90, 253, 261 Woropay, Vincent 385 workers ‘worthies’ 16–17, 22 as inventors 254–5 Wortley, Archibald Stuart 261 as patentees 190 Wren, Sir Christopher 196, 319 awareness of inventors 285–6 Wright Brothers 5, 380 celebration of inventors 3–4, 113–15, Wright, Joseph, of Derby 63, 75 280, 297, 307–8, 314, 335 Wright, Thomas (‘Journeyman deskilling of 161, 277 Engineer’) 285 ethos 162–3 Wyatt, John 197, 340 n. 81 inventions of 162–3, 170, 172, Wyon, Edward W. 209 283, 328 inventors X Club 359, 361 as threat to 161, 277 monuments, attitudes to 4, 207, Young, Arthur 63, 74 292–7; workplace collections for Young, Edward 52, 56, 57, 149 288–9, 290–1, 301 Young, James 257 n. 45, 361 parliamentary franchise and 283–4, 315 Zobel, George 225, 230 peace and 286 Zollverein, patent controversy property in skill 162, 164 in 249