Causes and Technologies of the Industrial Revolution

FCPS World II SOL Standards: WHII 9a Causes and Technologies of the Industrial Revolution You Mean Most People Used to Live on Farms? Farms to Factories Starting in the middle of the 18th century, technology and lifestyles in many parts of the world changed dramatically. Factories were built, technology developed, populations increased and many people moved from farms to cities to work in a new economy. We call these changes the Industrial Revolution. This began in England but spread to the rest of Western Europe and the United States. Causes of the Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution began in England for several reasons. First, there was a large supply of natural resources. Coal and other fossil fuels were used to Spread of Industrialization in Europe create power for factories. Iron ore was used to build Source: http://althistory.wikia.com/wiki/File:OTL_Europe_Industrial_Revolution_Map.png factory equipment and manufactured goods. Another key reason was the British enclosure movement. In England rich landowners bought the farms of poor peasants and separated them with fences. This increased food production but decreased the need for labor on the farms. More people could move to cities and work in factories. During the Industrial Revolution, new technologies and inventions transformed society in many ways.

-The spinning jenny was invented by James Hargreaves. It helped turn cotton and wool into thread, speeding the production of textiles. -The steam engine was invented by James Watt. It used burning coal to turn water into steam and generate electricity. This electricity was used to power factories. -Englishman Edward Jenner invented a smallpox vaccine, saving people from this terrible disease. -In the United States, the cotton gin was invented by Eli Whitney. This helped remove seeds from cotton. Cotton thread could be manufactured more quickly and clothing made faster. This invention had the effect of increasing the demand for cotton and therefore increasing the demand for slavery in the southern United States. -Englishman Henry Bessemer invented the Bessemer Process, a way of turning iron into strong, light, cheap steel. This helped increase the size and strength of buildings. -French scientist Louis Pasteur discovered bacteria and therefore the source of many diseases. His process of pasteurization made foods safer to eat.

Big Changes As time went on, the Industrial Revolution built on its own successes and challenges. The new factories increased demand for workers in cities so urban populations increased. As this process of urbanization increased, the demand for manufactured goods increased so more factories were built. This continued and cities grew. Rural areas became less populated and the number of farmers decreased. The changes had both positive and negative aspects. Some of the positive effects of the Industrial Revolution included increased population and better standards of living. Many people lived longer, healthier lives. Education increased and transportation became faster and Russell, William T. Pittsburgh from the Salt Works at Saw more reliable. These changes led to a growth of the middle class in many countries. Mill, 1843. Source: http://teachinghistory.org/history-content/beyond-the- There were also negative results of the Industrial Revolution. New factories and textbook/23923 overcrowded cities led to serious problems with environmental pollution. Cities were covered in factory smoke and city residents’ health suffered terribly. Factories often had terrible working conditions. Factories were dirty, poorly ventilated, poorly lit and very dangerous. Little concern was given to worker safety or comfort. Children as young as 5 often worked in factories for long hours and in dangerous conditions. These conditions increased worker dissatisfaction.

Key Vocabulary Steam Engine: first engine commercially Pasteurization: process of heating foods (like Fossil Fuel: a natural fuel such as coal or developed by James Watt, the steam engine milk) in order to kill bacteria and make them gas, formed in the geological past from the burned coal or wood to create steam and safer to eat power factory equipment and transportation remains of living organisms Smallpox Vaccine: vaccine that prevented the Iron Ore: type of metal used to create Spinning Jenny: James Hargreaves’ invention spread of the deadly disease smallpox into manufactured goods, can be changed into that allowed for much faster creation of cotton new victims and wool thread for clothing lighter, stronger steel when heated correctl Urbanization: the building up and populating Bessemer Process: means of turning iron Textiles: cloth such as cotton, wool, silk, and of cities into steel developed by Henry Bessemer linen, used to make clothing

Quick Review 1. Fossil Fuels - 2. The illustration emphasizes A. increased the price of crops which negative aspect of the B. did not create pollution Industrial Revolution? C. were used to power factories A. Overcrowded cities D. decreased manufacturing B. Pollution C. Increased diseases D. Child Labor

3. Which answer best replaces the question mark in the 4. Identify and explain 1-2 positives and 1-2 negatives of the diagram below? Industrial Revolution. A. Urbanization increased and cities became larger B. Exploration of other continents increased C. Families decreased in size D. The working class decreased in size

Connection to Today Resources Are the problems of the Industrial Revolution still being discussed? Learn 360 What are some of those issues? How are people addressing these ● The beginning of the Industrial Revolution: http://goo.gl/KeIwjt issues? ● Bessemer’s steel process: http://goo.gl/OabXXN