Steamboat A-Comin': the Legacy of the New Orleans Innovation and the New Orleans
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The Diffusion of Newcomen Engines, 1706-73: a Reassessment*
1 The Diffusion of Newcomen Engines, 1706-73: A Reassessment* By Harry Kitsikopoulos Abstract The present paper attempts to quantify the diffusion of Newcomen engines in the British economy prior to the commercial application of the first Watt engine. It begins by pointing out omissions and discrepancies between the original Kanefsky database and the secondary literature leading to a number of revisions of the former. The diffusion path is subsequently drawn in terms of adopted horsepower and adjusted for the proportion of the latter being in use throughout the period. This methodology differs from previous studies which quantify diffusion based on the number of steam engines and do not take into account those falling out of use. The results are presented in terms of aggregate, sectoral, and regional patterns of diffusion. Finally, following a long held methodology of the literature on technological diffusion, the paper weighs the number of engines installed by the end of the period in relation to the potential range of adopters. In the end, this method generates a less celebratory assessment regarding the pace of diffusion of Newcomen engines. *The author wishes to thank Alessandro Nuvolari for providing access to the Kanefsky database. Two summer fellowships from the NEH/Folger Institute and Dibner Library (Smithsonian), whose staff was exceptionally helpful (especially Bill Baxter and Ron Brashear), allowed me to draw heavily material from the collection of rare books of the latter. Two graduate students, Lawrence Costa and Michel Dilmanian, proved to be superb research assistants by handling the revisions made by the author to the database, coming up with the graphs, and running the tests involved in the third appendix of the paper as well as writing it. -
PRACTICAL INFORMATION, ART, SCIENCE, 2.] [$3.00 Per Year
A WEEKI,Y JOURNAL OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION, ART, SCIENCE, MECHANICS, CHEMISTRY, AND MANUFACTURES. Vol. LVII.--No. 2.] [NEW SEllIES.] NKW YORK, JCLY 9, 1887 [$3.00 per Year. On stormy afternoon in the early part of "Feb broad stock or cross-bar prevents its fouling, the power RAISING A SUNKEN STEAMSHIP. a last Those who ha \'e had oecasion to cross the Jersey ruary, tho \Volles City steamed the Hudson Hiver of the mud to resist was not equal j;o the force of the up as City or Hoboken ferries may have noticed a collection far as Christopher Street, well over toward Jersey City, oncoming iee, and the \Velles City went drifting of nondescript craft anchored in the North River, well and dropped anchor. down stream. Directly in her track lay anchored the over toward the New J er�ey shore, yet quite distant 'I'he captain had ehosen his anchorage with an eye to iron steamer Lone Star, of the .Morgan line. StJA from it. Coming down the river or up frotH the bay, convenient delivery of earg'o rather than to good hold headed in the direction whence the \Velles City was the group looked not unlike a swarm of big flies gath ing ground, beeause, uuder ordinary conditions, there advancing, and, her crew perhaps not wide-awake nor ered about a dead beetle lying on its back with is not mueh strain on the cable� of h riding at quick enough tq slip their cables, the \Velles City carne stiff a s ip ened legs projecting up into the air. -
The River Steam Boat: a Ticking Time Bomb out of the Experience of The
The River Steam Boat: A Ticking Time Bomb Out of the experience of the early years of the river steam boat, there emerged two architectures of steam-engine design and building. The first and for some years the predominant one was that provided by Boulton and Watt, with their low-pressure condensing steam engine. This was the architecture followed by Robert Fulton with his early success on the Hudson estuary. However, it was less than a decade after Fulton’s successful trip up the Hudson that steam engines based on designs using high pressure steam began to evolve. The result was largely to reshape the pattern of steamboat design and virtually eliminate the earlier low-pressure practices of Fulton, Boulton and Watt. The development of the high-pressure steam engine with its attendant steam boiler was governed almost entirely by practical considerations. The advantages of the simple, compact, low-cost high pressure engine over the low-pressure engine with its complicated condensing apparatus, greater size and weight, and heavy requirements of condensing water were clearly apparent and appropriate to American conditions. These conditions were (1) scarcity of capital and skilled labor, (2) scarcity of repair facilities and (3) limited scale of operation. All of these conditions, at one time or another, contributed to the fateful disasters that followed. Although explosions were by no means confined to boilers generating steam at high pressure, it was with this class of boiler that this type of operating hazard appeared in its most destructive and spectacular form. Every high-pressure boiler was in operation a storehouse of concentrated energy in the form of water and steam at high temperature confined under pressures ranging from 30 to 150 psi [i.e., pounds per square inch] and upward. -
The Newcomen Memorial Engine
THE NEWCOMEN MEMORIAL ENGINE INTERNATIONAL HISTORIC THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING MECHANICAL ENGINEERS LANDMARK THE NEWCOMEN SOCIETY DARTMOUTH, DEVON, ENGLAND THE INSTITUTION OF 17/9/1981 MECHANICAL ENGINEERS owards the end of the 17th century the need experimented with in attempts to produce useful for better and cheaper means of removing power, no practical pumping engine was devised until T water from coal and other mines in various partial success was achieved by Thomas Savery’s ‘The areas of Great Britain became pressing. These mines, Miner's Friend’ (patented in 1698). working earlier from the outcrops, had over the years been taken ever deeper and the principal coalmining This machine had no heavy moving parts, using areas of Staffordshire, Warwickshire and Tyneside first a vacuum to ‘suck’ water into a container, and were particularly troubled. Many of the mines had then steam pressure to force the water to a height, been drowned out and abandoned; existing pumps needing only simple valves to control the action. simply could not cope with the water. Suited to but modest lifts, the device was a most impractical arrangement for raising water from Although steam and its effects had been much depths, and so failed its stated purpose. Trunnions. Beam. Arch Head. Little Arch. Chain. Water supply to top of piston. Cylinder. Pump Rod. Piston. Water Jet. Pump Rod. Eduction Injection Pipe. Water Valve. Steam Pipe. Steam Valve. Snifting Boiler. Valve. Injection Water Pump. The principal features of the Newcomen engine in section. Steam is generated at atmospheric pressure in the boiler and fills the cylinder during the upward stroke of the piston. -
Nationalism and Sectionalism 1815-1860
SECTION 15 NATIONALISM AND SECTIONALISM 1815-1860 1492 1815 1860 Present NATIONALISM Era of good feelings 1815-1825 SECTIONALISMSECTIONALISM Era ofEra good of feelingsbad feelings 1819-18601819 -1860 Industrial economy Agricultural economy (factories) Agricultural economy 211 15–1 # NATIONALISM AND THE ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS, 1815-1825 nationalism —national unity; a sense of pride and interest in one's country; a strengthening of the national government 1492 1815 - 25 Present We Americans were proud of ourselves for standing up to the mighty British Empire a second time. We seemed to have their respect—and Europe’s—and our own for the first time. All sections of the U.S.—North, South, and West—began pulling together, cooperating to build our nation. JAMES M ONROE Republican President, 1817-1825 1816—THREE LAWS STRENGTHEN THE REPUBLICANS ACQUIRE HAMILTONIAN VIEWS NATIONAL GOVERNMENT A new generation of Republicans began shifting from In 1816 Republicans enacted three laws that increased the Jeffersonian to Hamiltonian positions. Why? The war central government’s powers. Hamilton would have been showed them that a strong central government and pleased, Jefferson displeased. industrialization were essential for national security. They were sometimes called “Federalists without 1. TARIFF OF 1816 —first tariff high elitism.” enough to protect American industry 2. BANK OF THE UNITED STATES INSTEAD OF: THEY ADVOCATED: re-chartered ¨ Agrarianism ¨ Industrialism ¨ Narrow construction ¨ Broad construction 3. MILITARY EXPANSION of the Constitution -
The First Steamboat Race
The First Steamboat Race:Layout 1 4/18/14 10:06 AM Page 1 of the passengers. The NORTH RIVER steamboat The First (often mistakenly referred to as the Cler mont) was under the command of Capt. Andrew Bartholomew and was built by shipbuilder Charles Browne of Steamboat Race. New York City for Fulton and Livingston. She was launched on May 17, 1807 and was the first commercially successful steamboat to operate on the Hudson River (or any other river, for that mat - ter). She measured 133’ x 13’ x 7’, admeasured 182 tons, had a copper boiler, a Watt steam engine (generating 20 hp), and 3 cabins with 52 berths. She was enlarged in 1808 to measure 149’ x 17’11” x 7.’ The HOPE was a slightly larger boat, running 280 tons and measuring 149’ x Jerry Canavit, ASN 20’ x 7’7.” She had a steam engine built by Robert McQueen and her accommo - With the success of Robert Fulton’s The large crowd was present not only to dations were very similar to those of steamboats NORTH RIVER and CAR show their support for the new boat’s the NORTH RIVER. OF NEPTUNE, Captain Elihu S. Bunker challenge to the “Old Line” in defiance The challenge of the new vessels decided he would run an opposition of the present navigation monopoly, would eventually have to be addressed service line on the Hudson River from but to also witness the very popular in the courts, but before the legal Albany to New York City. He planned to Pandean Band, who after the vessel’s problems could be worked out, the do this despite the exclusive monopoly departure, began playing very popular “monopoly” would issue a more imme - held by Messrs. -
Age of Jackson
Name: ____________________________________ 8th Grade U.S. History STAAR Review Age of Jackson FORT BURROWS 2018 Name: ____________________________________ VOCABULARY Jacksonian democracy – when property qualifications were no longer required and the “spoils system” was introduced Industrialization-To develop new factories or businesses on a large scale. Urbanization-The process of moving into cities Labor/Laborers-Work. Workers Canal-A man-made waterway that allows for boats or ships to pass Innovation-A new method, idea or product Powered Loom-A water powered sewing machine Steamboat-A steam-powered barge that changed the way goods were transported on by river Cotton Gin-A machine that removed the seeds from cotton. Interchangeable Parts-Using a mold to make the same item over and over so that it could be easily replaced. Telegraph-A communication device that allowed people to send messages to a machine far away connected by a set of wires. Revolution-A period of rapid change Production-The act of making something Rural-In the countryside, areas of low population density Urban-In the city Mechanical Reaper-A machine that picked crops so that people did not have to do it by hand banking system - provisions - a condition that is included as part of an agreement or law resettlement - to begin to live in a new area after leaving an old one compromise - a way of reaching agreement in which each person or group gives up something that was wanted in order to end an argument or dispute election - the act or process of choosing someone for a public office by voting states’ rights - Rights guaranteed to the states under the principle of federalism immigration - to come to a country to live there ©2017 Koala Case Curriculum Name: ____________________________________ mass production - to produce very large amounts of (something) usually by using machinery factories - a building or group of buildings where products are made manufacturing/manufactured - to make (something) usually in large amounts by using machines Free enterprise system – the US economic system. -
Chippewa Riverboats
Riverboats on the Chippewa Many different forms of boats used the Chippewa as means of transportation. Steamboats traveled up and down the river from Dunnville to as far south as Reeds Landing , at the mouth of the Chippewa River. The steamboats could not travel north of Dunnville because of the shutes located just north of the community unless the river was high. Steamboats on the Chippewa were constucted differently from those used on the deeper Mississippi. Steamboats that traveled on the Mississippi, such as the Delta Queen pictured above, were larger with deeper bottoms. The water on the Chippewa was shallower and more spread out in some areas so ships were constructed with flatter bottoms that didn't draw as much water. Captain Phil Scheckel is one of the most well known steam boat operators from the area. He built his first steamboat, "Golden Start" in 1862 and sold it to E.E. Heerman, another well-known steamboat line operator. In 1880 he built the "Phil Scheckel". The Phil Scheckel was not just a boat, it was an institution. Many stories and legends were built around it. The Phil Scheckel docked at Durand in 1897. Captain Scheckel's steamer carried mostly freight and log drive men upstream and then towed rafts full of lumber downstream to the mouth of the Chippewa and on to the Mississippi where they were towed somewhere else. There were also passengers on some of the trips. Captain Scheckel had made some trips as far as Eau Claire and Chippewa Falls, but the river was not always navigable to those points. -
R.M. Lintner Riverboat Collection, Ca
Collection # M 0945, OM 0464 R.M. LINTNER RIVERBOAT COLLECTION, CA. 1860S–1990S (BULK CA. 1940S– 1960S) Collection Information Biographical/Historical Sketch Scope and Content Note Series Contents Cataloging Information Processed by Kelly Gascoine February 13, 2008 Manuscript and Visual Collections Department William Henry Smith Memorial Library Indiana Historical Society 450 West Ohio Street Indianapolis, IN 46202-3269 www.indianahistory.org COLLECTION INFORMATION VOLUME OF Manuscript Materials: COLLECTION: 14 document cases, 1 card file box, 1 oversize folder Visual Materials: 32 boxes of photographs, 1 box of OVA size photographs, 1 folder of color photographs, 1 box of OVB size graphics, 2 folders of oversize graphics in flat file storage, 1 photograph album, 3 boxes of slides, 4 boxes of 4x5 acetate negatives COLLECTION Ca. 1860s–1990s (Bulk 1940s–1960s) DATES: PROVENANCE: Russell M. Lintner, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 1992 RESTRICTIONS: Negatives and slides may be viewed only with the assistance of library staff. Films are not available, see Series 21 for explanation. COPYRIGHT: REPRODUCTION Permission to reproduce or publish material in this collection RIGHTS: must be obtained from the Indiana Historical Society. ALTERNATE FORMATS: RELATED HOLDINGS: ACCESSION 1992.0232 NUMBER: NOTES: Indiana Historical Society R.M. Lintner Riverboat Collection Page 1 BIOGRAPHICAL/HISTORICAL SKETCH Russell M. Linter was born 16 December 1904. A Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania resident, Lintner worked for Jones and Laughlin Steel Corporation as a General Office Purchasing Department Expeditor. His interest in steamboats began in 1933 when he visited riverboats docked at the Monongahela River Wharf. Soon Lintner was traveling downriver on packet and supply ships and photographing riverboats. -
Mayor and City Council of Baltimore V. Baltimore and Philadelphia Steamboat Company, 65 A. 353, 104 Md. 485 (Dec
Mayor and City Council of Baltimore v. Baltimore and Philadelphia Steamboat Company, 65 A. 353, 104 Md. 485 (Dec. 19, 1906) Russell K. George I. INTRODUCTION Mayor and City Council of Baltimore v. Baltimore and Philadelphia Steamboat Company1 concerns the condemnation by the City of Baltimore of properties owned by the Baltimore and Philadelphia Steamboat Company ("BPSC"). After the Great Fire of 1904, which destroyed most of the Baltimore business district, the City embarked on an effort to make various urban improvements. Among other things, the City endeavored to widen Pratt Street fifty feet to the south by condemning wharves at the corner of Light and Pratt Streets that were owned and leased by the Steamboat Company.2 The Burnt District Commission awarded the Company minimal damages for the property that was condemned, and instead assessed benefits against the Company for the widening of Pratt Street.3 The Company appealed to the Baltimore City Circuit Court, where Judge Henry Stockbridge essentially reversed the Commission awards, giving the Company much more compensation than it initially received. Both the City and the Company cross- appealed. The Maryland Court of Appeals rendered its decision on December 19, 1906, affirming Stockbridge's awards. The case represents a microcosm of the improvement efforts in Baltimore following the fire. The litigation pursued by the Steamboat Company shows how property owners posed an obstacle to urban improvements. Christine Rosen discusses this in The Limits of Power: Great Fires and the Process of City Growth in America, 1 65 A. 353 (1906). 2 See Diagram, attached. 1 concluding that the progressive nature of Baltimore, which had developed prior to the fire,4 helped the City to overcome various obstacles to change, including private property ownership and political deadlock.5 In addition, the case presents issues concerning the condemnation value of waterfront property, particularly the value of certain riparian rights and the question of whether they are to be included in the fair market value of the property. -
The Newcomen Pumping Engine: a Capstone Design Project
AC 2012-4707: THE NEWCOMEN PUMPING ENGINE: A CAPSTONE DESIGN PROJECT Dr. Matthew A. Carr, U.S. Naval Academy Matthe Carr is Permanent Military Professor of mechanical engineering and a nuclear submarine Officer. Michael V. Cristiano Prof. Patrick Caton, U.S. Naval Academy Page 25.1325.1 Page c American Society for Engineering Education, 2012 The Newcomen Pumping Engine: A Capstone Design Project abstract The purpose of this article is to describe the undergraduate mechanical engineering capstone design project of building an operating and instrumented scale model Newcomen Engine. Thomas Newcomen built the first successful steam engine in 1712. His design was built in large numbers from 1712 until about the 1820s and continued to be used until about 1930. Today’s engineering students should be aware of this significant historical development as part of their education. The design project described in this article is an excellent capstone design project that integrates fundamental knowledge of mechanical engineering with historical perspectives. introduction th The year 2012 marks the 300 anniversary of the first successful reciprocating steam engine. This breakthrough was a pumping engine built by Thomas Newcomen of Dartmouth, England, at the Coneygree Coal Works, about 9 miles northwest of Birmingham. In celebration of such an important invention, which can be classified as a turning point in steam technology, a design/build project was conducted at the U.S. Naval Academy to construct an operating and instrumented, scale Newcomen steam engine model. This article describes the design process and modeling efforts already conducted, as well as to be conducted over the course of this project. -
Robert Fulton and the Steamboat
Name: edHelper Robert Fulton and the Steamboat Robert Fulton was a man of vision. He became interested in the possibilities that a steamboat could create from a very early age. He was born in Pennsylvania in 1765. The story is told that he visited a family friend in 1777, and that is where his interest in steamboats began. He would have been only twelve years old. The Fulton's family friend had visited England. While he was there, he saw a demonstration of a new invention. It was a steam engine developed by a man named Watt. When he returned from England, he made his own version of the engine. His idea was to put it into a boat. Why would anyone want to put a steam engine into a boat? Maybe this explanation will help. Can you whistle? What is it that makes the whistling sound? It is air being forced through your lips. Have you ever heard a tea kettle whistle? What makes that whistling sound? Boiling water has turned to steam and that steam is forcing its way through the top of the kettle. It has quite a force. It doesn't stop when it runs out of breath like your whistle does. As long as the water is boiling and steam is being produced, that energy will last. If you have ever tried to move an object upstream against a current of water, you know that it would take a lot of energy. Inventors reasoned that if they could invent a powerful enough steam engine, they would be able to move boats up the rivers against the current as well as down with the current.