A WEEKI,Y JOURNAL OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION, ART, SCIENCE, MECHANICS, CHEMISTRY, AND MANUFACTURES.

Vol. LVII.--No. 2.] [NEW SEllIES.] NKW YORK, JCLY 9, 1887 [$3.00 per Year.

On stormy afternoon in the early part of "Feb­ broad stock or cross-bar prevents its fouling, the power RAISING A SUNKEN STEAMSHIP. a last Those who ha \'e had oecasion to cross the Jersey ruary, tho \Volles City steamed the Hudson Hiver of the mud to resist was not equal j;o the force of the up as City or Hoboken ferries may have noticed a collection far as Christopher Street, well over toward Jersey City, oncoming iee, and the \Velles City went drifting of nondescript craft anchored in the North River, well and dropped anchor. down stream. Directly in her track lay anchored the over toward the New J er�ey shore, yet quite distant 'I'he captain had ehosen his anchorage with an eye to iron steamer Lone Star, of the .Morgan line. StJA from it. Coming down the river or up frotH the bay, convenient delivery of earg'o rather than to good hold­ headed in the direction whence the \Velles City was the group looked not unlike a swarm of big flies gath­ ing ground, beeause, uuder ordinary conditions, there advancing, and, her crew perhaps not wide-awake nor ered about a dead beetle lying on its back with is not mueh strain on the cable� of h riding at quick enough tq slip their cables, the \Velles City carne stiff­ a s ip ened legs projecting up into the air. Near by, the main­ anehor in the smooth waters of riverway : and so it down upon the sharp iron prow of the Lone Star broad­ a mast of a submerged ship is readily Illade ont, and the was that when, toward daylight, a huge field of ice, side on. It cut into her side just abaft the main chan­ accompanying craft seen to be great box· shaped boats, having broken away, suddenly callie pounding down nels as though she had been made of cheese, and giving some of them hundred feet long, and in company a upon hilll. he was unprepared. His bower a great list, she rocked forward nd aft several times, a wholly a full-rigged schooner. The sunken vessel is the Brit­ anchor tore its way through the soft Illud of the bot­ and went to the bottom in eight fathoms of water. ish steamer 'Welles City, and the craft about her the tom and was soon afoul. The holding fluke tripped, and On the other side of the world they are content, when property of the Merritt wrecking organization, which perIllitted the anchor to fall over on to its side; and large vessel goes down in navigable waters, to take a has been engaged ill raising her. though he quickly dropped his big kedge anchor,whose (Continued on page 23.)

RAISING THE STEEL S'EEAMSHIl' WELLES CITY, H UDSON RIVER, N. ¥.-PONTOONS AND SLINGS IN POSITION FOR WORK. 16 $titutifit �nttritau. ACCESSION OF THE UNITED STATES TO THE In front of each resonator will be placed two meta}lic INDUSTRIAL UNION. reeds; one rigid, the other thin and producing extended The following announcement is made in La P1'opriete oscillations with the least effort. Each of these pieces Ititntifit Industrielle, the official organ of the International of steel communicates with one pole of a battery by ESTABLISHED�mttitJu. 1845. Bureau of the Union : "From a communication ad- means of the circuit wire. When the resonator vi, MUNN & CO., Editors and Proprietors. dressed to the Federal Council of Switzerland by the brates, the thin reed oscillates, touches the other bar, PUBLISHED WEEKLY AT United States minister at Berne, the date of the acces- and the two poles of the battery being connected, an sion of the United States to the Union for the protec- electric hell rings, thus giving a signal, so that the call, No. 361 BROADWAY, NEW YORK. tion of industrial property has been fixed for May 30, whether from ship orshore, can be recognized, while O. D. MUNN. A. E. BEACH. 1887." According to the above, the United States is now the bell of the signaling station by its sounds shows a member of the Union, and our citizens are entitled that the desired vibration or note has been produced. TERMS FOR THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. to the enjoyment_of all its benefits. The fact, we pre- -Electricite. S. C n One copy, one year. for the U. or a ada ...... 83 00 Burne, will be soon proclaimed by the President. .. 4 • I .. One copy, six months, for the U. S. or Canada ...... 1 :10 It is difficult at the present time to foresee all'the THE ECONOMICAL DISPOSITION OF PRIMARY One COPY. one year, to any foreign rountry belonging to Postal Union, 4 00 Remit by postal or express money order. results, advantageous or the contrary, that may BAT TERmS. Australia aud New Zealand.-Those who desire to receive the accrue to us from this membership. It has been very The true action of a primary galvanic battery in some SCIENTIFJC AMERICAN, for a little over one yeart may remit in current �l Colonial bank notes. Address extensively published in the daily press:that, under the of its features is not generally comprehended, even by laws of the Union, all American patentees would enjoy MUNN &; CO., 361 Broadway, corner of Franklin Street, New York. those familiar with the ordinary phenomena of elec­ a priority of time for Tile Scientific AlDericnn SupplelDent seven months after the date of tricity. The size of a battery, and the direct effects of their American patents, during which they could take varying it, and ­ a distinct paper from the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. THE SUPPLEMEN T the deleterious effectsof internal resist Ie is issued week1y. Every number contains 16 octavo pages. uniform in size patents in all the several countries covered by the ance, are among the factors least grasped. .At the pre­ with SCIENTIFIC AMEIUCAN. Terms of Bubscription for 8UPPJ�EMENT, Union. But this is an error, as the laws of the Union sent day the error is sometimes madeof supposing that f\5.00 a year, for U. S. and Canada. $6.00a year to foreign countries belong­ provide for a priority of seven months, not from the the size of cell affects its electromotive inter­ ing to the Postal Union. Single copies, cents. Sold by all newsdealers a force, and throughout the country. lU date of the patent, but from the date of the ap plication nal resistance is often spoken of alla beneficialel ement. Rate -The SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN and SUPPLEMENT (;ombiocd •• for the patent. Yet if the subject be brought down to facts, the case wi11 be sent for one year, to any address in S. or Canada, on receipt of U. As the business of our patent officeis considerably in is a very clear one. The electromotive force is quite _en dollars. 'l'he safest way to remit i3 by draft, postal order, express money order. or arrears, in some classes more than seven months in ar- independent of dimensions, and a cell the size of a per­ registered letter. rears, in such the Union affords no benefit. In Australia and New Zenland.-The SCIENTIFH1 AMF.RICAN and cases cussion cap will produce as high electromotive force SUPPLE.:\IE"ST will be sent for a little over one year on receipt of cur­ other classes the arrearage is not more than two or as the largest made. "2 This, to many, sounds a truism, rent Colonial bank notes. three months. In these cases the Union will be of yet it is by no means universally realized. Hut on the Addl'ebs ,MUNN CO., Broadway, corner of Franklin Street, New York. &; 3m some benefit. subject of resistance a more firmlyfixed mi sconception Scientific Alnel'ican Export Edition. The other laws of the Union relate chieflyto trade prevails to a considerable extent. It is often asserted 'l'heSCIENTIFIC AMERICAN Export Edition is a large and splendid peri­ odical, issued once a month. Each number contains about one hundred marks, concerning which the protection accorded to that low resistance batteries are not wanted. The truth larllequarto pages, profusely illustrated, embracing: (1) Most of the plates the members of the Union is full and satisfactory. is that they are wanted, and that the invention of a and pages of the four preceding weekly issues of the SCIENTIFIC AMERI­ The following-are the present members of the Indus- non-polarizing or constant and low resistance battery with its splendid engravings and valuable information. (2) Com C1\.N. ­ mercial, trade, and manufacturing announcements of leading houses. trial Union : Belgium, Brazil, Spain, France, Guate- would be a valuable contribution to the resources of Terms for Export Edition. $5.00 a year, sent prepaid to any part of the mala, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, Salvador, the electric engineer. The source of the error on' the world. Single copies, cents. r:r Manufacturers and others who desire 50 Servia, Switzerland, Great Britain, Mexico, Sweden, subject of resistance is doubtless due to the universal to secure foreign trade may have large and handsomely displayed an­ nouncements published in this edition at a very moderate cost. Norway, Paraguay, Uruguay, Roumania, Tunis, the I application of Ohm's law for fixingthe number of cells Address ;\lUNN CO .• 361 Broadway, corner of Franklin Street, New York. &; United States. in a battery for g-ivenexternal resistance. In the official statement of the articles of the conven- By simple mathematical demonstrations it is proved NEW YORK, SATURDAY, JULY 9, 1887. tion, published in the Patent Office Gazette of May 24, that the most economical distribution of battery, as far 1887, it was stated that Germany was a m.ember of the as the number of cells is concerned, is attained when C ontent . Union ; but this we believe to be an PJ'ror. Germany, the internal, or battery, resistance and the resistance ll (Illustrated articles are marked with an asterisk.) we are informed, has not yet become a member. of the external circuit are equal. Thus with ten ohms Batteries, primary, economical Keyhole guide and escutcheon* .. 19 ...... 16 horse's· resista.nce on the outer circuit, enough cells should be disposition of ...... J�arvre of bot fly in .... I .. Books and . stomach*...... 20 publications, new ...... 26 USE OF THE SIREN IN MARINE SIGNALING. provided to have the same resistance internally. This, Business and personaL ...... 26 Lathe, wood turning, automatic.* 18 Butter, artificial, identificaLion of Mil1 to free rice from its hulls* .... 18 24- Buttertlies,to ('atchand preserve Moths, how to catch ...... 24 In certain cases, as in fogs and tempests, optic tele- however, refers only to the number of cells, and not to . Camera, photographic, simple* 24 Notes and queries ...... 27 ... 25 is very gen­ Carpet sweeper, dust controUin�* 19 Patents, stability of ...... graphy is impossible. Cannons' have long been em- their economic working. This limitation Cotton planting, deVICe to feed Pen for double and . single. line 22 A violent wind makes eraIly overlooked. The arrangement of battery so as the seed in* ...... 18 ...... 19 ployed in these cases. slightly ruling* . Cruiser Le 'I'errib e, armorclad, h t . . 22 l arly useless, and even in good weather they are to make internal and external resistance the same is French* ...... �t�t�:��hr: :::� �ho��: mi cro: them ne . .. 22 Egg'S, raw, do not eat...... 18 �rapbic apparatuB, 8imple* .. 25 .. . of little use, because of the difficulty of sufficiently considered the ultimatum, and the low resistance of . Elephant, notable, death of, .. .. . Photographs, instantaneous. new . 20 Employer's Jiubility...... 17 light for ...... 17 . . multiplying their detonations, as to whose number cells is held not to be a specificad vantage. Enlline, cut-off,automatic* . ....23, Photography in natural colors . . . 17 24 . Engine, stearn, 1809...... •••.. 21 Photograpby of I'rojecliles. . . .. there are no certain and invariable agreements. The ordinary calculation of the number of cells re- Fibers, animal andin vegetable, test Photometry. curIosity in ...... 2425 for ...... Pita ...... used as an 20 25 As for the ordinary whiStle, these can only serve as quired to supply a circuit may be example. Food adulterat.ions...... 20 Rag bleaching ...... 24 .. . lj'urniture,wall protecting attacb Repeater, a new...... 19 of potential of 35 volts to be - . toys, and could they employed in signa.ling, the Suppose a difference is ment for* ...... 19 Resin in soaps and fats ...... 21 be . . . Fuse cutter and cap set.ter*...... Hoburite, the new explosive...... 21 be preferable. maintained between the extremities of an external cir­ 18 steam whistle, already much used, would Gold on Alaska islands ...... Ships. war, French ...... 22 Ind i n i . Itl Siren in marine signaling. use of. 16 Here, too, the lack of agreement as to meaning of cuit of 40 ohms resistance, giving a current of 0'875 am­ l}�n:d S ��s io�����.� �� 16 Slate, uses of...... 17 Inventions, Vengineering ... ?: Steamship. sunken,. raising1=... 15, 25 signals operates to restrict their use. pere, and assume each cell of the given battery to ...... 26 lnventions, index of ...... 27 Stool and chair, folding* ...... 19 . Inventions, miscellaneous ...... 26 Thermometer, new style of*••. ... 20 For some little time, ocean vessels owned by the large yield 1'75 volts with an internal resistance of 1 ohm. In Iromng machine, steam heat.ed*.. Tin, coppered ...... 21 Items of intermIt, many 18 Water gauge float, improved* .... 19 shipping companies have been provided with an in- making the calculation, it is at firsttaken for granted ...... 20 strument giving sounds of wonderful height and in- that the internal resistance of the battery must be 40 tensity. We speak of the siren. The siren, invented ohms. Therefore the total resistance to be overcome TABLE OF CONTENTS OF by Cagnard de la Tour, has been greatly modified,and is 80 ohms, so that the effectivevol tage of the battery SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT steam has replaced the original currents of air. Ap- is reduced one half. Dividing, therefore, 35 volts by plied to the same uses, the siren leaves far behind it the 0'875 volt, the dividend 40 isthe number of cells that must Nc:>. 601. cannon, ordinary whistle, and steam whistle. Nothing be arranged in series. Then, as these will have a re­ For tlte Week Eneling July 9,1887. but to fix certain and invariable standard of sistance of 40 ohms, the problem is solved, and this is remains a Price 10 cent.s. For Bale newsdealers. by all comparison. treated'as the most advantageous possible arrangement. AS TR NO Y.-A Star Flnder.-A simple apparatus that can be PAQE it is the best arrangement of I. O M . We give below the ideas emanating from M. Edme This it is far from being; constructed by any mecbanic.·-l illustration ...... 9606 . . .. of medicine at forty elements in the given circuit. It contains the Photographic Stndy of Stellar Spectra, Harvard College Observa­ Genglaire, student of the naval school tory.-First annual report of the Henry Draper memorial observa- Toulon. minimum number of elements that will maintain the tions.-lteviewof the work by Prof. E AR C. PICKERING ...... \l6OS DW D The sirel). being communication with the boiler, given current through the circuit, but it is not an eco­ BIO LOG .- ponges.-The growth and life history of sponges.­ in II. Y S of mate­ Report of a recent lecture at the London �oyal Institution by Dr. the current of steam can be governed by an ordinary nomical arrangement as regards consumption R. VON ...... 9605 LEDF.NFF.LD . valve. The sounds produced vary in heig-htand inten- riaL III. ELEC'l'RICITY.-Pbenomenaof Alternating Currents.-By Prof. to the quantity of steam emitted, so The battery in the case cited having exactly the ELIHU THOMSON.-16 illustrations sity in proportion ...... 9601 half E GINE RING. -An Coupling.-Description of an that sounds of any given pitch can be obtained. A set same resistance as the external circuit, absorbs one IV. N E English Car English automatic coupling.-2 illustrations...... 9593 of resonators eompletes the apparatus. of the current. One half of the electrical energy dis- New Process of Casting Iron and other Metals upon Lace, Em­ A appears in forcing the current through the battery. broideries, Fern I�eaveA, and other Combustible Materials.-By A. It is well knowntha.t two identical resonators vibrate new and eminently practical process of Start- This represents fifty per cent of the chemicals and zinc E. OUTERBRIDGE. JR.-A together for the sa.mesound and for t.hat only. producing ornamental cafitings.-4illustrations ...... 9596 ing with this principle, in two similar frames contain- which is actually wasted or spent on useless work. A Bricks and Brick Work.-By Prof. ROGER SMITH, F.R.I.B.A.­ '1'. Tbe history and technical review of this subject.-A most remark­ ing several resonators, the corresponding resonators battery run on this principle by no fair principle can able contribution to the engineerin� of architecture .....•...... 9598 will vibrate or sound only when the note corresponding be compared with a steam boiler, to settle the point of Link Belting.-By CHAHLES A. SCHIEREN.-An interesting and The siren will produce these efficiency. It is doing only a shade over half the use­ practical paper on leather belting made of links.-9 illuflitrations 9..1)95 to them is produced. .... Recent Progress in Gas EDgineerin�.-A lecture by A. MAC­ in the resonators, and ful work that it is capable of. To compare the cost Mr. sounds causing vibrations 'two PHERSON, of Kirkcaldy, reviewing the last improvements in this distant ships, or a shore station and a ship, or two land of a battery with any other prime generator, it must· branch...... 9596 ...... rcumstances from that V. MISCELLANEOUS.-Herbet's Tepid Douche.-Apparatus in use stations, supplied with sirens of similar model and work under widely different ci for bathing soldiers in the French barrncks.-] il ustration .....•. ... 9606 identical frames of resonators, could most conveniently instanced. Its differenceof potential, and at the same Kent's Torsion Balance.-A new type of balance,l involving ..tor - can be done sional suspension instead of knife edges.-5 illustrations communicate. For this end each resonator should time its resistance, must be lowered. This ...... , .... 95.� Preservative Jiiquid.-Note on preservation of organic Bub- have attached to it an invariable signification, the by increasing the number of elements and arranging stances . . . , ...... 9594- series. . . same for all the frames. them in several parallel The Falls of Galrsoppa.-The great Indian falls, higber than and commercial possessing The battery and circuit above cited having a resist­ Niagara.-2 strations All the navy vessels IiIlrens III ll ...... ' ...... ; .. , ... 9505 fl'be New British Coinage and Jubilee Medal.-Illustrations and and a frame carrying the same number of resonators, ance of ohms with 70 volts difference of potential in . 80 descrt ption:s of the new pieces.-8 illustrations .. ,...... 9598 each marked with a number having its signification, will the battery, maintains a current of 0'875 ampere. By The Winner of the Derby.-Ponrait and description of Merry four such series of cells in parallel, the in­ Hampton...... 96()( be prepared to communicate with each other or with arranging NAVAL ENGINEERING.-The Falke Type. Torpedn...... Boat.-'l'he.... ternal resistance would be reduced to 10 ohms, the VI. the shore. It must be remembered that these acoustic faste�.ttype of British torpedo boat; constructed by Messrs. Yar" effectscan be conveypd intelligibly to an immense dis- total resistance to 50 ohms, and a current of 1'4 am­ row Co.-I stration 'l'he& Germanillu Navy.-The...... New Gunboat...... Eber.-A description...... of 9591 tance by the aid of the siren and the additional ap- peres would be produced. To reduce this to 0'875 lat.eacceS!-llon to the German navY.-1 illustration ...... , •. . moreover, does not cost much ampere, four parallel series of twenty-three cells each a RllIes.-Continu8- 9591 paratus. The apparatus, VIl. ORD;\iANCE AND OUNNERY.-Magazine is an increase in cells. The tion of this important article, including the Chafi'ee-Reece,Kropat- for establishm.ent. would be required. This Bchek, and nther mR..gazinegULlS.-3 illustrations ...... 969B The preceding theory being admitted, the following total number is 92 instead of 40. But as the battery New Rl"it.ish Torpedo Experiments.-Experiments with torpedoes is the practical way of carrying it out as proposed by would only have one seventh the resistance of the against a .hi p.-The efficiency or torpedo nete.-The effects of I hitebead torpedoes M. Genglaire; whole one seventh instead of W .... : ...... 9592 circuit, it would absorb "titutifit �lUtritlu. 17 one half the electrical energy, thus indicating at once spectrum it assumed a pure violet colol', in the blue it ART. 1383. Everybody is reeponsible for the injury saving of nearly 50 per cent in consumption of zinc acquired a slate blue, in green and yellow a bleaching a he has caused, not only by hi!! action, but alllo by his and che rnicals. The limit of efficiencyis approximated influence was shown, in the red it remained unchanged. negligence and imprudence. to by using a little over double the original number The maximum effect was about the line F, with an­ ART. 1384. A man is respon�ible, not only for the in­ of cells. other maximum at the end of the visible violet, less jury he has caused by his own action, but also for that In all applications of primary batteries to motors, marked than the one at F. which is caused by the action of persons for whom he this principle should be kept in mind. In storage bat­ Under colored glass the colors obtained were brighter; is answerable, or of things in his charge. teries it has received a high development. They have under two thicknesses of dark ruby glass the red be­ The father, or the mother, -after the decease of the such low internal resistance that it is treated as of came brighter and richer. Under blue glass some spe­ husband, are responsible for the injury caused by their no value, or as zero. It is for this reason that they cimens gave a fair blue, others merely gray. Under children [here the Roman law has: also guardians for have become of no practical value. WereIthey of high cobalt a deep blue was easily obtained, and under injuries caused by their charges.-ED.] who live with resistance, and were they used so as to possess within manganese violet a fine violet, very distinct in shade them, being minors. themselves one half the total resistance, then, instead from the cobalt. Green produced but little effect; yel­ Masters and employers for the injury caused by their of developing an electric efficiency of 85 to 90 per cent, low was sometimes faintly reproduced, but rarely. servants lRoman: slaves] and overseers in the per­ they would give a return of only 42%, to 45 per cent of But the yellow glass of commerce, even the dark yel­ formance of the functions in which they have em­ the charging current. Their constructors in order to low, lets through portions of nearly the whole spec­ ployed them. obtain a commercial efficiency were obliged to con­ trum, as can readily be seen by testing it with the Tutors and artisl\ns for the injuryeltused by their struct them of low resistance. But the inventors of spectroscope. pupils or apprentices during the tillle they Me under primary batteries having their minds fixed on other The dark purple forms of chloride do not give as their supervision. considerations, such as econonlY of space, rather than good results as the. rose and coppery shades. These This responsibility is incurred unless the father, ecouomy of material consumed, have overlooked the last have many points of resemblance with the ma­ mother (guardian, masters, and employers), tutor, or evil effects of high resistance. terial of Becquerel's films-resemblance of color, pro­ artisan prove that they could not prevent the action The resistance may be reduced by bringing the bably of composition, as far as we can judge of the which gives rise to the responsibility. plates closer together. In the primary battery the constitution of those films from their origin; they were ART. 1385. The owner of an animal, or the person solution of a metal has to be provided for, and the far too attenuated to admit of analysis ; and resem­ using it, is responsible, so long as it is being used by difficulties due to the low rate of diffusion of liquids blance in the curious way in which their color is him, for the injury which the animal haR caused, have prevented too near an approach of the plates to affected by heat, so that the conclusion seems inevita­ whether the animal was in hi. charge or whether it each other. In the storage battery this trouble is of ble that they are at least closely related. had strayed or escaped. course absent. But it is clear that in low resistance lies There is certainly here a great and most interest.ing ART. 1386. The owner of building il!l rel!lponsible for a the hope for a future use of the primary battery for field for experiment; hardly any two specimens of the damage caused by its fall, when ,"uch fall has taken small powers or for electric launches. So many points photo-chloride give exactly the same results..with col­ place in consequence of defective maintenance or faulty tell in favor of the primary battery that it seems a pity ored light, and this suggests great possibilities. There construction. that it cannot be more generally used. But it can is the very great advantage in this method over any The principles laid down in these articles are almost never be economically employed if the minimum num­ previous, that the material is easily obtained in any verbatim translations of the Roman law, and are also ber of cells only is adopted as the basis of installment. desired quantity, and in a condition most favorable nearly in the saIlle wording contained in the old Prus­ for experiment . sian "Landrecht" compiled by Suarez, under the reign .. .. , .. Photography in Natural Colors. The action of light on proto-chloride can be good of Frederick II. They would undoubtedly be held as a A very remarkable chemical papAr by M. Oary Lea deal affected by placing other substances in contact good common law in all our courts to-day, where not is now in course of publication in the .American Jour­ with it. Any sublitance capable of giving up chlorine limited by some statute. They include, in fact, all cases nal of Science, in which the author give!! the results of seems to influencethe action somewhat; ferric chloride of reponsibility imaginable, and our law makers have his laborious and extensive investigations concerning often acts favorably, also stannic and cupric chlorides. actually nothing more to do than to make regulations in the salts of silver and their relations to the photo­ Evidently an important point in all heliochromic pro­ reference to the use of steam power and machinery, graphic image. The ease with which the author pro­ cesses is that as white light must be represented by whose violation puts the owner, employer, or overseer duces the most splendid colors, their richness and va­ white in the image, it is an essential condition that in a position of responsibility analogous to the owner of riety, is really marvelous. He reaches the gratifying white light must exert a bleaching action on the sensi­ a building, animal, t;llave, etc., after the Roman law. conclusion that photography in natural colors is now tive substance employed. Red chloride does not bleach but darkens in white light, but the property of among the possibilities of science. We give a few ex­ Uses oC Slate. tracts from the concluding portions of his paper: bleaching, to a very considerable extent, may be con­ Slate is not confined to its use a roofing material Almost any silver solution brought into contact with ferred on it by certain other chlorides, and particularly aI!I by any means, but, on the oontrary, is probably more almost any reducing agent, and then treated with HOI, by lead chloride and zinc chloride. universally used than any other stone. In composItion gives rise to the formation of photo-chloride .. Almost This I look upon as very important. and texture, it is admirably adaptAd to the reception any chlorizing influence brought to bear on metallic Another matter of interest is exaltation of sensitive­ of carved and moulded designs, is susceptible of a high silver has the same result. Or when silver is brought ness, and this I find is accomplished in quite a remark­ polish, and possesses great power of resistance to the into contact with almost any oxidizing agent and HOI, able way by sodium salicylate, the presence of which principal destructive elements, besides having the ad­ it Tllay be said without exaggeration that the num­ at least trebles the action of light on these substances, ditional merit of wide range of color, embracing black, ber of reactions that lead to the formation of photo­ and probably on others. dark blue, purple, purple clouded green, gray clouded chloride much larger than that of those leading to I am persuaded that in the reactions which have is green, light green, and a clear, bright red. The scope of production of normal chloride. been here described lies the future of heliochromy, consumption is rapidly expanding, and among the uses Exposed to ordinary diffnsed light, all the bright and that in some form or other this beautiful red to which slate is applied the following may be enumerat­ shades of silver photo-chloride quickly change to pur­ chloride is destined to lead eventually to the reproduc­ ed: Flagging, fiooring, floor tiles, moulding for tilAS, ple and purple black. The darker shades are more tion of natural colors. vestibule trimmings, slabs, etc., wainscoting, mantels, slowly iniluenced. hearthstones, steps, risers, platforms, sills and lintels, Mercuric chloride gradually changes it to a dirty ••••• turned balusters, laundry and bath tubs, sinl{s and white. Employers' Liability. wash trays, meat and water tanks, refrigerator and cool- Mercuric :nitrate'dissolves it] easily and completely, In many cases of injury to workingmen running ing room shelves, cistern linings, brewers' vats, mangers, but apparently with decomposition, as it. can only be machinery, it is difficult to decide which party is to be butchers' and curriers' tables, bar fixtures, billiard recovered as white chloride. held responsible, or wheth3r it is attributable to mere table beds, urinals, school slates and blackboards, Potassic chloride seems to be without effect. unavoidable accident, which it was impossible to cau- countertops, vault work, grave linings and covers, and Potassic bromide soon converts it to a dull lilac, tion or guard against. Each of the parties wants to memorial tablets. Of the above, no record of produc­ which at the end of twelve hours showed no further shUt the responsibility upon the other, the employe tion or value can be obtained that would prove at all change. to recover damages from· the employer, and the latter 'useful as a basis for estimates. Possibly, a faint idea In contact with potassic iodide, the color instantly to shirk such obligation. Where the case is not quite of the proportions devoted to these various uses might changes to blue gray; this change is produced by a plain, or is not settled by compromise, endless lawsuits be obtained from the production of the Slatington (Pa.) quantity of iodide too small to dissolve even a trace of are frequently the consequence. The legislative bodies section, where, besides an olltput of 108,000 squares sil ver; the filtrate is not darkened by ammonium sul­ of the various States and of all industrial countries * of roofing slate, there were also made (in 1885), in round phide. With a larger quantity, silver is dissolved have endeavored, therefore, to define; the liability numbers, 39,900 cases of school slates, 31,850 pieces, or abundantly. By acting with renewed iodide solution, of employers; and building inspectors, factory in- 1,430 cases, or 27 carloads, of flagging, 5,900 cases of the substance continually darkens and diminishes until spectors, boilAr inspectors, and a number of other blackboards, 30 cases of mantels and hearths, and 47 only a few black points, barely visible, are left. similar functionaries have been appointed to see car loads of shaved slate. Min l Resources United - m·a of Treated with dilute solution of potassium chlorate that the laws are observed and that the regulations re- States. and Hel, the red substance gradually passes to pink, garding precautionary measures to prevent accidents ...... to flesh color, and finally to pure white. in factories are complied with. But the more numer­ A New Light Cor InlltantaneoUII Photographll. The action of heat on the photo-chloride is very ous and the more specialized such enactments become, At a recent meeting of the -Berlin Physical Society, curious; its tendency is generally toward redness. the less security they afford to the parties concerned, Prof. O. W. Vogel communicated the most recent dis­ Specimens appearing quite black are rendered dis­ and the wider a field do they open for legal trickery covery in connection with instantaneous photography, tinctly purple or chocolate by heating to 2120 Fah. in and the more loopholes for evasion. by which it is now possible to obtain instantaneous a drying oven. Often when the substance first sepa­ The fact is, the very oldest part of our common law photographs not only at night, but also in the darkest rates by addition of HOI, it is pure gray; this gray affords the best common sense as to the proper stand­ places. Messrs. Goedicke and Miethe have prepared a will often be changed to pink by simply heating to points for judging of such liability, and there is per­ mixture of pulverized magnesiulll, chloride of potash, 212°. (This happens when a gray form is produced; if haps more danger that legislators will, by statute, limit and sulphide of antimolly, which when ignited pro­ the grayness is due to admixed metallic silver, it is and impair the efficacy of the common law than that duces an explosive, lightning-like illumination of such only removed by boiling with nitric acid.) they will improve upon it by newly devised regulations. intensity that by mea.ns of it an instantaneous photo­ The somewhat surprising change of color which is The English government has lately been collecting in­ graph can be taken. The speaker then gave a demon­ often seen when the crude substance is boiled with formation as to the law in relation to this matter in stration of the discovery by taking photographs of nitric acid (sometimes from dull dark gray to crimson) other countries, and the reports seem to confirm the several persons present. He used the artificial light, of is due to three concurrent actions-that of the mere idea that in no other country are the provisions of the which each flash lasted one-fortieth of a second, and in heat, the removal of the silver, and the breaking up . law so generally sound and wholesome as in France. a few minutes produced a picture during the meeting. of unCOlIlbined su bchloride. All such questions in France are still regulated by com- The powders, as prepared by the discoverers, cost only RELATIONS OF PHOTO-CHLORIDE TO HELIOCHROMY. I mon law, and its provisions coneerning them are thus few pfennigs each, and will hence readily come into The photo-chlorii'le was examined both with the I formulated by the civil code: a 1382. I(eneral use. spectrum and under colored glass. ART. Any action whatever of a man which The rose colored form of photo-chloride was that. causes an injury to another obliges the person by A square" is 100 square fret, weighii lb., and eonrl ilame * .. 600 the which gave the best effect. In the violet f the whose fault the injury has oecurred o I to repaiTit. area as 1,000 shingles. 18 J ,itutiffe !mtrie,au. A lULL TO FREE RICE FROM ITS HULLS. ironing is effected by the hollow metallic rollers shown, Do not Eat Raw EgCI!I. The invention herewith illustrated, which has been which are operated by a belt frolll any convenien,t In the Mo natsch1'ift zum Schutze der Vo gelwelt, Pro­ patented by Mr. John A. Lockfaw, of Wilmington, N. power, t.hejour nals of the rollers being tubular, for the fessor Liebe adduces reliable data in answer to the C., provides a mill designed to recei"e the rice as it entrance and escape of the steam necessary for properly question whether living worms are to be found in hens' comes continuously from the thrashing machine, and heating the rollers, and any desired pressure is obtained eggs. A short time previously his sister had found a separate the grains or kernels of rice from the hulls. by turning thp, small crank handles shown. round, thread-like worm, the length of a little finger, The central operating shaft is hollow, in the white of an egg. It moved itself and as the rice is fed down the hopper it in a very lively manner. She at once is carried along the inside of this shaft by took the white of the egg to a druggist, a spirally flanged conveyer, shown in who put the worm in alcohol. Pro­ dotted lines, and delivered in the center fessor Mobius, of Kiel, decided that the at the casing at the opposite end of the specimen was an example of the thread shaft, the shaft carrying upon this end a worm of fowls-Heteratis inflexa-often disk with roughened surface. Just in found in the small intestine of the do­ front of this disk, and held at its edges by mestic hen. Only a few instances of the flanges of the two sections of which the existence of the same in the white the casing is made, is a flexible dia­ of the egg have been recorded.-Allge. phragm, preferably madp, of heavy can­ meine Me dicinische Central-Zeitung. vas. At the rear of this diaphragm, and opening centrally into the chamber in ••• which it is situated, is a .tube conneClted A MINER'S TOOL TO CUT FUSES, SET with an air pump operated by an eccen­ CAPS, ETC. ' tric on the main shaft, so that as the lat­ The invention herewith illustrated pro­ ter revolves, and feeds the rice forward vides a combination tool for miners' use, from the hopper delivering it between to cut the fuse, fasten the cap thereon, the roughened disk and the diaphragm, and to make a cavity in the powder, there will be an air pressure at the back when desired, for inserting the fuse and of the latter. This diaphragm is intended cap, preparatory to its being fired. Near t.o b8 sufficiently yielding to prevent the the pi vot connecting the blades of the plier rice from being broken as it is caught be­ like tool are half round openings or slots tween the roughened face of the disk and having curved cutting edges, by which the diaphragm, by which the hulls are the fnse can be squarely cut into two parts. stripped from the kernels of the grain ; Near the front end of the tool are half and in order to prevent too high an air ROHLMANN'S WOOD TURNING LATHE. round openings having inwardly project­ pressure being kept up in the cham ber, ing tusl,s or prongs, and when the firing a safety valve is provided in the top of the casing, For further information address the patentee, Mr. cap is slipped over the cut-off end of the fuse, and the through which the pressure is regulated by the ten- Frank Corbett, No. 354 Bowery, New York City. tool applied thereto, these prongs embed themselves in sian of a spring. There is also mounted upon the the thin metal forming the sides of the cap and firmly • • • clinch it to the fuse. Within the handle is pivoted shaft a pulley which drives a fan, the blast from which a is delivered in front of an opening near the bottom AN AUTOMATIC WOOD TURNING LATHE. pin, which can be readily swung out, as shown in dotted lines, and forms a serviceable tool for making of the casing, out of which t,he rice and hulls fall It will be readily understood from the illustration how a when the mill is in operation, the hulls being thus the power cOlllmunicated through the driving pulley proper cavity for the fuse in the powder. operates the lat.he spindle and its mandrel, and the For further particulars relative to this invention, worm on the same shaft, through which motion is im­ parted to the sprocket chain seen in front, which moves the tool carriage. The latter is adapted to slide on guideways on the main frame, and carries two adjust­ able tools. It also has an upper and a lower pocket, through which pass the upper and lower parts of the sprocket chain, engagement of the tool carriage with either part of which--thus giving the backward and forward movement-is effected by the engagement of arms on the tool carriage with tripping arms on the main frame. The rear part of the tool carriage actuates a feeding mechanism for pla('ing the wood to be turned auto­ matically in the lathe between the mandrel on the ope­ rating shaft and the opposite end centering spindle, HALE'S FUSE CUTTER AND CAP SETTER. LOCKFAW'S RICE MILL. the feeding mechanism being supported upon ways se· cured to the main frame, which also support a rack or address Mr. C. D. Hale, patentee, or Mr. F. H. Cole, blown off. It is said that this mill worli:s well practi­ hopper, in which the wood to be turned is placed. As box 377, Lead ville, Col.

cally, and exceeds the anticipations of its inventor. shown in the illustration, the block to be turned is held ...... by the feeder in position to be grasped and held be­ A DEVICE TO FEED THE SEED IN COTTON PLANTING. .. ..I. A STEAM HEATED IRONING MACHINE. tween the end spindle and the mandrel on the shaft of Our illustration shows a hopper and seed feeding The machine herewith illustrated is designed to facili­ the driving pulley. The forward motion of the tool device therein which has reeently been patented by tate the ironing of towels, napkins, table cloths, and carriage effects this by disengaging a pivoted latch, Mr. Charles W. Oldham, of Mitchell, Ind. At or near other goods. It has two steam heated cylinders partly when a weighted. bell crank lever throws the spindle the front of the hopper is journaled the crank shaft forward, the spindle taking hold of one end of the for operating the feed, the crank itself not being shown block, while forcing the other end centrally on the in our view; the shaft carrying a drum, and a block mandrel opposite, and the block is rotated by the ope­ being attached to the, shaft by cheek pieces. Con­ rating spindle. At the same time the movement of the nected to this block by a right and left hand screw rod tool carriage turns a forward projecting rod of the is a similar block with cheek pieces, in the outer ends feeder, which had acted as an arm to hold the block of which is journaled another shaft, carrying also a in position, thus releasing the block, and, by another lever, the carriage which had fed the block up into po­ sition is caused to slide backward till its front is directly under the rack or hopper, when another block of wood slides down upon it. As the tool carriage moves to the left, the cutting tools, properly adjusted, finishth e turning of the block, when the chuck on the tool carriage comes in contact with the one on the operating mandrel, pushing the latter to the left, thereby disengaging on� end of the turned block, and raising a weig-htwh ich holds the mandrel in locked position, while a Ing of the tool car­ riage operates a bar that force8 the spindle at the othel' end to slide backward, disengaging the other end of the turned block, which then drops out of the ma­ chine. On the backward motion of the tool Clarriage, a lug ,.�; I�': �\ �'< CORBETT'S IRONING MACHINE. thereon eugages a lever which causes the feed carriage OLDHAM'S FEED FOR COTTON PLANTERS. to slide forward, with the new block of wood to be ope­ inclosed in a sheet iron drum, in which are two doors, rated upon held in position to be engaged by the man­ drum, t.he distallce apart of the shafts being adjusted by the opening or closing of which the goods are made drel on the operating shaft and the ojJPosite spindle, as by turning the screw rod. Over the drums thus carried to pass out at the rear of the machine or are returned at first. The tools are easily adjusted or changed, by these shafts is placed a feed belt carrying outwardly to the front, as the operator desires. In ironing col­ their position on the top of the tool carriage rendering projecting teeth, which, as the crank handle is revolved, lars, cuffs,and similar articles, which may require to be them readily aClcessible, and the speciaJ manner in carry the seed from the hopper over a low projection passed several times through the machine, one of these which the feeding mechanism is supported and ope­ secured to the front end of its bottom. The hopper is doors is closed, so that the goods passedthroug h on that rated holds its devices and the blocks being fed well filledwith seed by lifting out the frame and feed belt side are returned to the front until the work is suffi­ out of the way, so that they will not interfere with the to the position shown in dotted lines, and in operat.ion ciently ironed, when the articles are finally passed free working of the other parts of the machine. the belt and frame rest upon the mass of seeds, feeding thl'O,ugh on the other side and delivered through the This invention has been patented by Mr. Joseph from the upper surface and lowering in the hopper as other open door on the rear side of the machine. The Rohlmann, of 200 1 Messaine Street, St. Joseph, Mo. the mass diminishes. Ititufifit 1\me,i·tlu. 19 THE PREMIUM FOLDING STOOL AND CHAIR. A NeW' Repeater. AN IMPROVED KEY HOLE GUIDE AND ESCUTCHEON, The object of this impro\'ed form of chair is to per­ According to . the semi-official Berlingske Ti dende, The practice of cutting a slot in the wood, where a mit a greater spread of the legs, which renders it more the new repeating rifle of Captain Wad8en and Lieu­ mortise lock is used, to guide the key to the key hole, steady and more firm on its foundation, and also en­ tenant Rasmussen is to be introduced in the Danish and covering this slot with the ordinary key hole ables it to be packed into small space for storage or a army. }n this rifle the barrel is not fixedto the stock, escutcheon, is often carried out in so unworkmanlike transport.ation. It will be noticed that the slant of but is secured by a spring. In firing, the barrel is a way as to make it difficult to insert the l{ey in the the back rest and of the legs is not the same, and to forced backward, by which motion t.he bottom plate of lock. The register of the slot with the aperture in the provide for these different slants, the back rest and the breech is opened, the empty cartridge ejected, and lock is generally only approximate, and it is usually legs are made in separate pieces. It is not possible to a fresh cartridge pushed forward into its place, the roughly cut and a good deal too large. To overcome construct the back and legs of one continuous straight lIJagazine holding six cartridges. The bottom plate is piece and accomplish this. If the legs were continued then closed again, and all these movements are made straight u p t 0 automatically, so that the rifleneed not be taken from form the back, the the shoulder. All that is required to be done i8 that, inclination would as soon as the six shots are fired, the magazine is re­ be too great, while filled. '.rhe rapidity of firing is stated to be ma.rvel­ if the b a c k i s ously rapid, as many as six shots having been fired in raised t.o a com­ a second (?) In aiming, of course, more time is re­ fortable angle the quired ; but if the aim is once taken, the six s!:totsmay legs would be too be fired in succession.-Broad An·ow. c los e together, l'end e i n g the ...,. l' Gold on Alaska Islands. chair uncomfort­ Samples of ore from a new mining discovE'ry in able and u n - ' steady. This ob­ Alaska are on exhibition at the officeof Geo. W. Ses- jection is some­ sions, in Nevada Block. The new mines are on Ounga times overcome Island, one of the Choumagin group, 100 miles west of by curving the Sitka, 200 miles east of Ounalaska., and 1,200 miles north back and legs to of San Ft·ancisco. The island is near the southwestern an angle, but this shore of the Alaskan peninsula. It is about 14 miles prevents the chair long and 6 "\vide. Geo. C. King, who went there for t.he from being folded Sitka Mining and Commercial Company last sUlllmer into a very com- to look for coal and copper, found the ledge in Septem­ "pact form. Since ber. In December another ' expedition of the same the back is independent of the 81ant of the forward legs, company went up and made more careful in vestigation. PATTERSON'S KEY HOLE GUIDE AND ESCUTCHEON, it may be adjusted to any angle desired, by simply The result was that early in April another expedition, changing the point of its pivoted connection. When with a number of miners, a five stalllP mill, and sup· this difficulty, Mr. Samuel S. Patterson, of 233 South folded, the chair occupies only about one inch and a half plies, landed on the islan:i. Street, Wilkesbarre, Pa., has patented the COlubined in thickness, and a space of 60 ft. will hold enough Active work was begun on the ledge. It has been key hole guide and escutcheon shown in the aCCOlll­ chairs for 500 people, or chairs of this design can be traced for some 10,000 feet. It was found that the panying illustration. A circular recess is cut in the placed in a hall or opera house for seating 2,000 people, porphyry hanging wall on the east was 200 feet from framing over and leading.to the key hole, and therein and yet may be stowed away under the stairs or the outcrop, the granite foot wall on the west was 800 is fitteda cylindrical boss, formed integrally with the beneath the side benches. feet from the outcrop, and the outcrop was at no point escutcheon, but having a l{ey hole slot which con­ A very desirable feature of this chair is that the less than 100 feet in width. tinues and exactly registers with that in the escut­ baek section is made detachable, and the chair may To determine the value of the rock in the ledge, two cheon, and also registers with the key hole of the thus be readily converted into a neat camp st-ooI. crosscuts were started-one from the E'ast side and one lock. The escutcheon may be secured to the framing' This chair is the property of Mr. Hiram F. Henry, of from the west-at a vertical depth of 50 feet. The by screws in the usual way. ' Gowanda, N. Y. crosscut from the west, at a distance of 20 feet, struck a body of galena ore, which was from 2 to 4 feet thiek in AN IMPROVED WATER GAUGE FLOAT, ••••• the bottom of the cut, the day before Mr. Sessions left for The accompanying illustration represents a glass A PEN FOR DOUBLE AND SINGLE LINE RULING. home. The assays were from $5 to $200 in gold and sil­ water gauge att.achedto boiler, and within the gauge ver, and the ore also carried from 70 to 80 pel' cent ga­ It A ruling pen, con sisting of two pens a float of novel design, which has recently been pat­ comhined in lena, which alone, at present quotations, is worth $80 convenient form for use, one of the pens capable of ented by Mr. Loudon Campbell, per ton. making two lines at a time and the of Alexandria, Va. The float is other a single pen, is shown in It will be remembered that the big mine of Alaska, made of dark blue glass, highly the accompanying illustration, and known' as the ITreadwell, is on an island-Douglass­ tempered to prevent its break­ forms the subject of patent re- and there are plenty more islands to prospect. This ing, and is provided near each a cently granted to Mr. Christian A. new discovery will doubtless cause a more vigorous end with encircling rings form­ F. Orlob, of Salt Lake City, Utah prospecting on the islands a8 well as mainland of ing projecting flanges. These Territory. The pens have each a Alaska. A mining district has been formed on Ounga rings serye as scrapers within square shank which fits into a cor­ Island, where the big ledge has been discovered.­ the tube of the water gauge, responding aperture in a cross Min. and Sci. Pl'e!Js. during periods of ebullition and piece secured to the handle, and to under the normal action of the _.ll.JLI­ t���7�_:� use either pen singly one has only A DUSTLESS CARPET SWEEPER. boiler, scraping the froth and to turn the othet' in its socket at The invention herewith illustrated, which has been scum from the inner surface of ,- right angles to the normal position, patented by Mr. John M. McClain, of Catlin, Col., con­ the tube, and keeping it always or it can be readily removed from sists of a fan wheel rotated in a sweeping box and a in a bright and cleanly condi- the socket. The center plate of the moistened dust catching wheel emptying into a water tion. The float thus indicates double pen is split into two prongs trough. The sweeping box has low runners on the the height of water in t.he boiler at the P9int, and the distance of the sides, on which the device is pushed forward over the in so plain a manner that it can- side plates therefrom is regulated floor, and on its front is a vertically adjustable brush, not fail to be observed by a in the usual way by the small nuts, one edge being provided with wire and the other with casual glance, while it can be according to the thickness of the hair and jute bristles, the brush being reversible at will. easily seen from a considerable � As the device is pushed forward, a fan wheel in the distance. A spiral spring, not line to be made, the pen, when filled '1.'1 \'+.. with ink, making double line front compartment is revolved by turning the crank, shown in the illustration, is a �\C without permitting the ink to run -Z when a current of air is caused in the direction shown placed in each end of the gauge from one pen to the other. The ORLOB'S RULInG by the arrows, catching the dust raised by the brush tube to prevent breakage of the other pen is such as used for ordin- PEN. and carrying it back over a dust pan and upward float when the tube is blown out and the float goesto ary ruling, but it has a �oint to against a dust wheel. Thi� dust wheel, which is set in the bottom. permit of swinging the lower end of the pen toward motion by the current of air, just dips it.s rim in a This improvement is applicable to all cIassel'of steam or from the double pen, decreasing or increasing the water trough in the bottom, thus keeping ifmoist, and boilers, being especially desirable in gauges where. the distance between the double ; ae and the single line. at the same time deposits the collected dust there, t.he water used is llIuddy or impure. It is now being used heavier particles not thus carried up on the dust wheel by steamers on the Potomac River and by several being deposited upon the dust pan, which is situated manufacturing concel'lls. between the water trough and the open bottom part of the sweeping box in front .

.. . .. A WALL PROTECTING ATTACHMENT FOR FURNITURE. To preserve walls froUl being broken and furniture from being marred or scratched, Mr. Frederick Bar­ rows, of Haverhill, Mass., has devised and patented an attachment, such as shown in the accompanying illus­ tration. It consists of a roller of wood, rubber, or other suitable material, mounted to turn loosely on its aXle' the latter being held in the upper and lower ends of a bowed supporting arm, which is pivoted between lugs 1 upon a bracket secured to the back of the sofa or other article of furniture. A plate spring is also employed to exert a slight outward pressure against the back of the bowed supporting arm below its pivot. It is intended that t,wo of these rollers shall be attached to the back or other of of a sofa, bedstead, large article furoiture, while one will be sufficientfor chairs and similar small JABBOWS' i1JBNITUU .6.TTAClDIElfT. pieces. MoOLAIN'S OABPET SWEEPEB, J tit.tift, �mtrita•• of' In&ere.t. Death of' a Notable Elephant. l!Iary that it should be :first well cleansed, as "wool ManT Ite... �ijou, the great pet elephant who hM for two years lice," a feature of vegetable origin, gives the color re­ At a recent meeting of the Polytechnic Society of been on exhibition in the World'!!! Museum on Wash­ action. Also, many fabrics made from animal fibers Berlin, says the Jo urnal of the Te legraph, the question ing Street, Boston, and previously was a resident of are finished with gum or mucilage, which must be re­ was asked, What studies are best to fit one to be an the Central Park menagerie in New York, is dead. This moved before the test is applied. Any coloring matter electrical engineer ? Herr Frischen, one of Siemens animal is the oldest and had been in captivity longer present, according to the author, does not prevent the and Halske's experts, replied that much practical ex­ than any elephant ever on exhibition. Bijou has been reaction from being seen. perience was required. After graduating from school, in this country for sixty years, and while he is known a rigid course in an advanced technical school should . I.I. to be seventy-five years old, the probabilities are that be taken, followed by an apprenticeship in a factory. A NEW STYLE OF THERMOMETER. he was born nearly a hundred years ago. Recently he He remarked that at present the title of electrician is In the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN for December 5, 1885, had suffered greatly from old age, and his efforts to used too freely, and that the claim of some to it is that we published an interesting letter from Dr. Warren, of stand up and receive cakes and candies from visitors they have nailed up a few wires. Boston, Mass. , in which he described at considerable at the museum, as he used to, were painful in the ex­ length the disadvantages of the common thermometer treme. In the last two weeks his massive legs refused A lens which magnifies, and yet is perfectly flat on and the urgent need there was of a new form of instru­ to support the weight of his huge body, and his at­ both sides, is a scientific novelty. It is made at J ena, ment, especially for medical purposes. Since that date tempts to respond to the call of his old trainer were by the manufacturer of Professor Abbe's new optical there has been brought into market a new and inge­ very affecting. He would try to raise himself on his glass. The lens consists of a single disk, whose den!lity nious form of thermometer, Immisch's avitreous ther­ knees, and then reaching his trunk toward his keeper, varies so that its refractive power decreases regularly mometer, which seems to answer many, if not all, the the huge beast would settle back and moan. from the surface in ward. requirements. We give an engraving of its exterior The. old elephant had also lost his appetite and was appearance and size, t.he cut be­ growing thin. He found it hard to sleep, and lay To purify water in glass vessels and aquariums, it is ing the same size as the article awake nights groa.ning and in such evident pain that recommended to add to every grammes of water itself. The interior mechanism 100 4 it was decided to kill him. A box of chocolate drops drops of a solution of 1 gramme of salicylic acid in 300 consists of a small tube, bent in satllrated with a powerful poison given Bijou after grammes of water. Tha Norsk Fiskeritidende, pub­ was circular form, having one of its the museum closed on the night of June 19, and in lished at Bergen, Norway, says that thereby the water ends fixed a support, the other forty-five minutes the beast twined his trunk affection­ to may be kept fresh for three months without being re­ end free to move, but connected ately around his keeper and died. Bijou's body will newed. by a fine spring with a shaft be buried in an underground air tight vat until de­ carrying the indicating or dial composition is complete. This will require some nine An observer down South says an alligator's throat is pointer. The tube is filled with months, after which the bones will be separated, an animated sewer. Everything which lodges in his a highly expansible liq uid. Any bleach ed, and then prepared, and in -another month open mouth goes down. He is a lazy dog, and instead variation of temperature causes the skeleton will be placed on exhibition at the of hunting 'for something to eat, he lets his victuals the' tube either to curl or ex­ World's Museum. hunt for him. That. is, he lies with his great mouth pand, as the case may be, and thus moves the pointer. Bijou was an African elephant. Sixty years ago he open, apparently dead, like the 'possum. Soon a bug 'l' here is a stop catch, by which the pointer may be came to this country, since which time he had trav­ crawls into it, then a fly, then several gnats, and a held or locked to show its indication as long as de­ eled with nearly every circus on the road. Twenty colony of mosquitoes. The alligator doesn't close his sired. times, it is said, his ownership changed hands, and mouth yet. He is waiting for a whole drove of things. The instrument is waterproof and durable, very sen­ with each stranded show poor Bijou would get a new He does his eating by wholesale. A little later a lizard sitivE' to slight changes of temperature, and very accu­ master. "\Vhen a youngster he wa!!! owned by a London will cool himself under the shade of the upper jaw. rate. This fact is established by the guarantee of the tavern keeper, who exhibited him with a pair of im­ Then a few frogs will hop up catch the mosquitoes. Kew Observatory, which accompanies each instru­ to mense gorillas in his tavern, and from there he drifted Then more mosquitoes and gnats will light on the ment. Altogether, this is a scientific and desirable form across tha Continent. When but an infant, Prince frogs. Finally a whole village of insects and reptiles of thermometer, which every medical man especially Albert of England rode him made him pet, settle down for an afternoon picnic. Then all at once and a should be provided with. Messrs. Sardy, Coles Co., but his after life was not pleft.l!!ant. & there is an earthquake. The big jaw falls, the alli· 80 96 Maiden Lane, New York, supply the instruments In 1840 he Tisited Germany with a prominent show­ gator blinks one eye, gulps down the entire menagerie, and give further information. man, ·and tramped back Itnd forth throughout the and opens his great front door again for more visitors. world until 1873 and 1874, when he was an attraction ••11 • HORSE'S STOMACH. in the Great Eastern Circus. Then O. P. Older, a LARVE OF BOT FLY IN The application of soda ash or any othE'r scale re­

well known circus man, purchased him, and later Bob :BY JAMES F. M'DOUGALL. solvent to a dirty boiler, the editor of the Locomotive Frier, an equestrian with Barnum's circus, broke him I have lately had sent to me, by the son of one of our says, should be followed by a thorough cleaning shortly to tricks. most eminent breeders, a portion of a horse's stomach, afterward to remove any scale which may be detached Bijou then went to California, and at last drifted containing a great number of large maggots (the larval or loosened, or injury to the boiler may result. The back to New York. On the way home, in crossing a form of the horse bot fly) adhering in thick clusters to idea obtains in some cases that it is only necessary to

bridge Bijou refused, after trying the planking, � to the lining of the stomach. The gentleman in forward­ put the solvent into the boiler and let it work, no make the pas!!age. His keepers, it is claimed, goaded ing specimen writes me that the number of maggots in further attention being necessary. This is a great mis' him on. He took a few more steps and plunged through the entire stomach would have filled a peck measure. take. If a solvent does any good, its action is either to the rotten boards, spraining his ankle, and since then I am strongly of opinion that these maggots are much loosen scale so that it becomes detached in flakes, or it he has never been himself. more prevalent in horses' stomachs than has hitherto dissolves it so that it remains in the water, either in a While in the Central Park menagerie in New York, been made plain. finely divided state or in solution. In the first case, the agent or the World's Museum bought him. That I have spoken to a number of veterinary surgeons the accumulation of a mass of scale on the bottom of was two years ago, and until within three weeks Bijou with large country practices, and they inform me it is the shell is more than likely to result in burning the was never off his feet, even to lie down. He was con­ quite a common thing with horses that have died be­ plates. The only thing to do is to open the boiler and sidered one of the best tdck elephants in the country. tween January and June to find these maggots in large remove it mechanically. He played five tunes on the harp, played the har­ numbers in the stomach, especially if the animals were In the second case the result will depend more or less monica, stood on his head, and did the housekeeping at pasture the previous summer or autumn. upon the nature of the scale and the amount and business for the circus with all the intelligence of his The maggots are produced from eggs laid by the character of impurities that find their way into t.he nature. During his sickness he has been fed largely horse bot fly «(}ast1'ophilus equi). The female deposits boiler. If the scale is cut by the action of the solvent on fruit, and a day's allowance included two dozen her eggs upon those places which are most easily into a fine powder, and grease gets into the boiler, as oranges, twelve loaves of bread, one hundred and fifty reached by the animal's tongue, as, for instance, the it will in all cases where an engine exhausts,into an pounds of hay, half a bushel of grain, and a bucket of open heater for the purpose of heating the feed, trouble shorts. is sure to result. Burned plates may always be ex.. Bijou was valued at $3,000, and was probably better pected under these circumstances. The only thing to known throughout this country than ariy elephant ever do is to blow off all the water in the boiler, thoroughly on exhibition. -New Yo rk Wo rld. clean it out, and begin again, omitting the grease .

...e .• Test Co r A.nhnal and Ve"etabJe Fiber.. Gold �ill only melt at a comparatively high tempera- A n'ilW method has been enunciated by Hans Mol- ture, as we all know, but what is not generally known, isch, in Dingler's Po lytechnisches Jo urnal (No. 261,135), the Je welers' Jo urnal says, is that if two per cent of for distinguishing between animal and vegetable fibers, silica be added to the gold, it ca.n be melted over the depending on two new sugar reactions. a-naphthol flame of a common candle. and thymol give characteristic reactions with cane and From the same source the reader may learn that a grape sugar, which are more delicate than the tests of pretty alloy, said to resemble gold exactly, can be made Trommer and Fehling in common use. The method with 16 parts copper, 1 of zinc, and 7 of platinum. The of procedure is as follows: 5 cub. cm. of the sugar copper and platinum al'e covered first with borax and solution are mixed with one or two drops of a 20 per then with powdered charcoal and melted, then the zinc cent solution of a-naphthol in alcohol, and then con- added, and the alloy thus produced is exceedingly centrated sulphuric acid is added in large excess. A RORSE BOT FLY MAGGOTS ON LINING OF STOMACR. malleable, and can be drawn into the finest wire, while deep violet coloration is produced, which gives rise to it never tarnishes. a bluish violet precipitate on dilution with water. shoulders, the legs, the inside of the knees, etc. The • I • I • Thymol similarly gives a red brown precipitate. Gluco- effect of the moisture and heat of the tongue seems to Food A.dulteratlons. sides and carbo-hydrates, after treatment with sul- be such that licking the places where the eggs have The examinations as to tea, coffee, and sugar con· phuric acid, will also respond to these tests, so that been deposited liberates the minute maggots contained. ducted by Edward G. Love, Ph.D., for the New York the cellulose in the cell walls of plants may be detect- in the eggs, which adhere sufficiently to the tongue World, resulted as follows: ed by its use. As animal fibers do not contain any to be carried from thence with the food into the A review of the 300 ' reports discloses that of the sugar or carbo-hydrates which are capable of giving stomach. On reaching the stomach they immediately samples of tea, 88 were not adulterated and 12 were this color reaction, they can be readily distinguished attach themselves to the lining by means of two small adulterated, mostly with " lie tea" and foreign leaves ; from plant fibers. hooks with which their mouths are furnished. Here that of the samples of ground coffee, 72 were un- Satisfactory results have been obtained with linen, they remain till the following spring, feeding upon the adulterated and 28 were adulterated,·mostly with cotton, hemp, jute, China grass, straw, and many other mucus secreted by the mucous membrane. When full chicory and peas ; that of the sugar samples, 98 substances of vegetable origin; while wool, ha.ir, etc. , grown, they are about an inch in length. When the were pure and only 2 adulterated with starch glucose. give no reaction. With silk, however, transient color maggots are fully developed a from the larvre;they are re- In all, there were, of the 300 samples, 258 good and is produced, especially if the boiling has been continued moved from the stomach during ordinary eva.cuations. 42 more or less bad. As to the weights of the samples, for some time. When be Farmer,' Gazette, Dublin, wool i. to telted, it illnec iII- -The Ir eland. tholje of 270 were correct and 30 Warll llght. Jtitutifit �mtritau. 21 Soap. and Fat RoburUe, the New Explosive. Hesln In •• thick, rather more loam being heaped on top of each. According to the authors, the methods of Sutherland, A most important and interesting series of experi­ The roburite caused a wide indentation 1% in. deep Gottlieb, and Heiner do not give quantitatively useful ments was lately carried out at the School of Military in center, while the tremendous local force of the gun results. '.rhey recommend a modificationof GladdIng's Engineering, Chatham, England, under the superin­ cotton was exemplifiedin a striking manner. In ad­ process. From 1 to 2 grms. soap are dissolved with heat tendence of Major Sale, R.E., and in presence of Lieu­ dition to an indentation 3%, in. in greatest depth, a in 80 per cent alcohol, the solution, if acid, is neutral­ tenant·General Sir John Stokes, K.C.B., R.E., Admiral small crack appeared to extend right through the plate, ized with ammonia, mixed with excess of a 10 per cent Colomb, Major Cundill, R.A. , Her Majesty's Inspector this crack corresponding with one edge of the lowest alcoholic solution of calcium nitrate, and filtered when of Explosives, and a large gathering of other officers .lab of gun cotton, the rectangular shape of which cold. The filtrate passes through at firstturbid, and and gentlemen. could be clearly seen indented on the steel plate, the must be repeatedly poured back. The precipitate is The new German explosive, roburite, belongs to depth being � in. at the crack and % in. along the washed several times with 80 per cent alcohol, mixed what is known as the Sprengel class or type, being a other edges of the slab. There is a circular hole drilled in a roomy flask with an excess of silver nitrate solu­ mixture of two substances, neither of which separately in the slab of wet gun cotton to receive a small cylin­ tion, and diluted with three volumes of water. After possesses explosive properties. In this case both com­ drical disk of dry gun cotton, as Ii. primer, and the po­ some shaking, the precipitate (if a sufficiency of silver ponents are solid, and the resulting mixture has a sition of this disk was marked by a circular hollow in solution has been used) collects on the surface, and the sandy. granular appearance, somewhat resembling the the steel plate � in. deep in center. solution is nearly clear. It is filtered, and the precipi­ commonest yellow sugar. Roburite is the invention of C. Blasting or Mining Test in B1·ickw01·k.-Three tate is washed with cold water until the washings no Dr. Carl Roth, an eminent German chemist and an­ holes, each 1� in. in diameter and 18 in. in horizontal longer give a precipitate with hydrochloric acid. The alyst, who claims for it the following advantages over depth, were drilled in the solid brickwork of the coun­ washed precipitate is dried at 70° to 800, and washed other explosives: terscarp wall, and were respectively charged with 2 oz. with ether into the same flask in which was the silver L That the two components are perfectly harmless of gun cotton, blasting gelatine, and roburite. The precipitate, aud which must have been dried internally and inert separately, so that they can be stored and holes were then tamped with loam in the ordinary in the mean time. transported without any restriction whatever. manner, and fired by means of short lengths of Bick­ After some time the ethereal solution is filtered 2. That even when mixed or ground up together in ford fuse. The gun cotton produced no apparent ef­ through a dry filterinto a graduated 100 c. c. cylinder, au ordinary coffee, cement, or flourmi ll, the mixture is fect upon the brickwork, but Major Sale was of opin­ and the undissolved portion is washed with ether .until perfectly safe to handle and use, asne ither percussion, ion that the hole must have been open or very weak the filtrate makes up 90 c. c. The ether which flows friction, nor the application of an ignited or heated at the back. The blasting gelatine produced violent through last must be colorless. If 90 c. c. do not suf­ body will cause it to explode. This can only be effect­ local action, displacing the brick through which the fice, a larger graduated cylinder of about 250 c. c. may ed by using a detonator charged with fulminate of hole had been bored and the four adjacent to it. 'I'here be u8ed. The solution is then mixed with about 10 c. c. mercury. was a slight bulge in the wall, the cracks extending of dilute hydrochloric acid, well shaken for a long time. 3. That, when detonated, roburite produces neither radially from 10 in. to 12 in. The roburite exhibited a The cylinder is then filledwith ether or hydrochloric spark nor flame,and will not, thererore� ignite firedamp more widespread rending action upon the wall, the acid up to the mark and shaken again.. If the opera­ nor coal dust in mines. Dr. Roth states that this point radius ·of disturbance being 1ri in. or more, and the tion has been well managed, the precipitate of silver was decided by the trials of the Imperial German Com­ bulge being also greater. Rather larger charges of chloride settles quickly, and the ethereal solution of mission upon Accidents in Mines, and that, in conse­ each explosive would have afforded a more satisfactory the resin is quite pure and transparent. The volume quence, this explosive is now being introduced into the comparison. is read off, from50 to 60 c. c. are taken with a pipette, coal mining regions of Germany, as affordingabsolute D. (l1'ound Mines.-Ten pounds each of gun cotton, the ether is distilled off, the residue dried at 100°, and safety to the men employed. blasting gelatine, and roburite were loaded into holes the resin weighed. From the weight we must deduct 4. The amount of noxious gases produced by its ex­ in the bottom of the ditch 4 ft. deep by 8 in. in dia· 1 '6 mg. for every 10 c. c. of the ethereal solution, on plosion is so infinitesimal, that for this reason alone it meter, filled up with sand, and slightly tamped. The account of oleic acid which has been dissolved.-A. is superior to other exlosives in common use for longi­ explosion of these charges cast up tremendous foun­ (hittner and J. Szilasi, Chemiker Zeitung. tudinal and deep mining work. The report from a tains of loam and sand, and resulted in the following mine in Westphalia, with shafts about 1,500 ft. deep, craters : Gun cotton, 10 ft. 6 in. wide by ft. in. .. � .. . 1. 8� A StealD Engine oC 1809. states with reference to roburite : .. The men are not deep ; gelatine, 14 ft. 6 in. wide by 3 ft. 7 in. deep ; ro­ Retained in perfect running order in the United inconvenienced ·by the gases, and experience no diffi­ burite, 12 ft. 3 in. wide by 2 ft. 9 in. deep. The explo­ States Steamboat Inspector's office at Louisville, Ky., culty whatever in breathing the moment after a shot sion of the gun cotton mine appeared to cause great says the Louisville Cou1'ie1' Jou1'nal, is an oscillating has been fired, and they resume their labor at once." local action, but it will be seeh that the area and depth engine constructed in 1809 by Daniel French. It is 5. Roburite is not subject to deterioration through of its crater was considerably less than that caused by only of model size, and is probably the first engine of climatic variations of temperature. It should be kept the roburite, which again must yield the palm, in this the kind ever constructed. Its description is simple. dry, but if it becomes damp, its strength can be safely instance, to the blasting gelatine. It is, however, to Having its piston rod attached directly to the crank restored by drying. be remarked that these mines had been placed much pin, as the crank re·volves, the cylinder oscillatesupon The object of the trials was to'test roburite in com­ too close to one another, so that their craters crossed; trunnions, one on each sille of it, through which the parison with'gun cotton, dynamite, and blasting gela­ this would give whichever charge was the last to ex­ steam enters and leaves the steam chest. The valves tine. The pJ'()gramme of the . experiments , actually plode a certain oovantage. a.re within the steam chest, oscillating with the cylin- carried out waB'tts·follows : In summing up the results of the foregoing experi­ del'. It is perhaps as satisfactory an engine of this- i Al- Safetll Tesl8.-After beinggronnd through asmall ments, we must bear in mind the great difficulty-we 'tbat emilI,,the:'8ubstanee struck direct and glanc­ had almost said the impossibility-of obtaining any class as has ever been built, for it is well known hMJd was the mechanism actuating the valves in osoillating' in�,bwws -wftb hea.vy hammers upon iron plates, with­ absolute standard · of comparison of the relative steam engines has seldom proved perfectly out any' result. Flame was then applied to a portion strengths of two or more explosives. Each will seem satisfactory. in its operation. ofIt by. means of a short-length of Bickford fuse, but to prove itself superior for certain purposes. Judged, however, by any standard of comparison, it appears The inventor, whose son carried on a' shipyard:for · without igniting the mass. Thrusting a red hot iron years at Jeffersonville and was well known to many of from a portable forge into the roburite caused only that the new explosive has acquitted itself very well, the older citizens of the city, was contemporaneous slow combustion and crepit.ation locally, wbich ceased and-especially when we consider its absolute safety­ with Robert Fulton, who built a steamboat on the when the iron was wit,hdrawn. When a quantity was must have a great future before it. Roburite has Seine in 1808 with Chancellor Livingston, and who, in put on tbe-:fQrge'1ireiit merely burnt away like an or- shown itself to be in some respects more powerful than 1806, with Livingston, had a boat built on the Hudson, dinary combustible. Dr. Roth wished to firea powder dynamite, to which it is likely to prove a serious ri val in which he placed machinery claimed to have been charge in contact with the roburite, but it was con- in the industrial field, although the latter has the pro­ made by Boulton & Watt in England. sidered that the above named tests were more severe. verbial advantage of strong possession oithe ground. Daniel Frencb had litigation with Fulton about this B. Test on Mild Steel Plates, 2 ft. 6 in. hy 2 ft. 6 in., An important element in the struggle for ascendency steamboat, claiming that the latter had appropriated and of various thickness�-These plates were supplied will be the price at which roburite can be supplied, as his invention, but Fulton was backed by Livingston's by the. Patent Shaft and Axletree Company, Limited, compared with dynamite, and this will be, we under­ influenceand capital; and, though the case was before and were laid flatin shallow trenches, a hollow being stand, strongly in favor of the new substance. the courts for ,many years in one form' and another, left undernellith the central · portion of each plate ; As regards the military application of explosives, French was finally defeated. Although the oscillating heavy timber balks were stacked around each square there is nothing in the results of these trials to disturb engine on exhibition in the steamboat inspector's trench, with the object of showing the comparative dis­ the firm conviction of our government that gun cotton office was not built till 1809, it was by no llieansth e persive force of each explosive. is the best adapted for torpedo charges, submarine first attempt French had made to invent an engine I. Three pounds each of dynamite and roburite were mining, and hasty demolitions of all kinds. Its su� applicable for steam navigation; He had been known placed on the center of plates 2 in. thick, some sandy periority in local force to dynamite, when employed as an inventor for a quarter of a century before, and loam being piled loosely on top. The results of deto­ without any confinement, is once more strikingly his numerous inventions of different kinds had given nation were that the dynamite produced a dent in cen­ demonstrated, to say nothing of the far greater safety him an extensive and esteemed reputation. Those ter of plate I%;in. deep; the indentation produced by of wet cotton. and its applicability for use under water who knew him were wont to say that he was half a the roburite was about 1%, in. deep. but the bulge ap- with no other confinement than that of a net to keep century ahead of the time in which he lived. peared to have a wider area than in the former case. the slabs together. But although quit.e, outside the It is not improbable that Fulton was familiar with II. Five pounds each of roburite and gun cotton were scope of recent experiments, ·the great power and French's experiments with steam. It is an historical then exploded upon the same plates, with the result perfect safety of roburite seem eminently to fitit for fact that in connection with his profession as an en- that in the former case the plate was smashed into four use as a bursting charge for shells, into which its gran­ gineer he had passed years in the scientific experi- tolerably equal pieces,. while the gun cotton made a ular form would allow it to be conveniently loaded. ments the result of which forever identified his name breach through the center of the plate somewhat re­ Much stronger than any picric powder, and doubtless with steamboat navigation. It is not to be doubted, sembling that which would be caused by the penetra­ better able to withstand the concussion of the dis­ therefore, that he was acquainted with the efforts of tion of a large projectile. The'diameter of the hole charge of the gun, an extended series of trials would be every experimenter of the power of steam in this di- was roughly 12 in., with five radial fissures almost necessary to determine the best mode of so employing rection, from the time that Blanco de Garay is sup- reaching the edges, the longest 15 in., the plate · being it.-Engineering. posed to have actually applied steam to the propulsion at the same time bent into the shape of a pack saddle. of a ship at Barcelona, in the year 1543, up to the This would seem to have been a remarkably tough CoppereCl. Tin. time when, in 1763, William Henry, of Chester County, piece of metal. The timber balks were scattered. in all Pennsylvania, tried his model steamboat on the Con- dir�tions. Mr. P. H. Laufmann, Pittsburg, is manufact.uring estoga river. F ulton witnessed that experiment, and III. Eight pounds ea.ch of dynamite and roburite copper-plated sheet steel, which indicates a: new use for it is a matter of record that he was familiar with the were then detonated upon plates 3 in. thick. The dy­ that metal. The sheet is made of decarbonized steel, work of the numerous contemporary inventors in namite caused an indentation 2� in. in maximum and is manufactllred at the Apollo Sheet Iron Mills. America, and had visited England, where he found depth, while the roburite gavea bulge 3 in. deep in the After being rolled to the proper thickness, it is electro­ others at work on the same problem. But with this center, and of a larger area,reaching apparently almost plated with copper on both sides and tinned on one invention, as with all others, though the claimants . to the corners of the plate. side, and in this condition, it is stated by the manu· may be numerous, the cre!ditattaohes to the one mest t IV. This series of tests was concluded by exploding facturers, it isa better artiole for many purposes than ,\lew.,lal in l;uilJIIlu; lt Ji.'gr.'hll )p)ulJU., 1» 1B, 8MB 9' regar". _Ii'1ftW IJetw� 9D lIl1M1! . l�, !9li� I!IMe'IJ(Il;Ip81'. , 22 ,-citutific �mtricau. NEW FRENCH ARMORCLAD CRUISER LE TERRIBLE. art, and to that portion of his invention which does nearly exhausted. In less than a generation a small It appears that the fleet of armorclads, which not not include any portion of public knowledge, or the part of the population of this continent alone has used long since appeared to have grown senile in the pres­ work of other inventors, whether patented or not in up nearly all the valuable stores of energy which had ence of the more modern torpedo boat, is now more in any country, and that the time covered by this investi­ been accumulated during millions of years of the favor than ever with the navy men. All the great gation covers the early period of their history before geologic past. nations are taking every step to increase the efficiency the system was thoroughly formulated and crystallized More recent inquiries confirmthe conclusions of Pro­ of their navies, both in constructing ships of enormous by legal decisions, this is a remarkable showing, testify­ fessor Lesley and Mr. Carll. The signs of exhaustion tonnage and in constructing new types of ships. With­ ing to the skill of the patent solicitors, and also the ex.. in the oil-producing regions can now be clearly recog­ out leaving out of sight the necessity for a fleetof tor­ aminers in their patent department. nized. During the last four years there has been a pedo boats, France ought to follow this movement. It is difficult to estimate the value of the patents still steady iiiminution in the output, accolllpanied by an 'f he maneuvers of last year have not dethroned the in force. Althongh such estimates have been made, increase in the price per barrel, which nevertheless ironclad. Those of this year, we are ready to affirm, will they are necessarily vague and void of the precision es­ does not even maintain the nominal annual value of not lessen the prestige of those magnificentships which sential to accurate statistics ; yet the amout of capital the supply. Mr. Wrigley announced in 1882 that 154,- are the honor of our navy. Let us rejoice at this most invested iu faith upon the validity of patent protection 000,000 barrels of oil had already been raised up to the recent addition to the fleet of a new type of cruiser. is very large, and generally remunerative to a satisfac- beginning of that year, and expressed the opinion that The Terrihle, which was launched in 1881, satisfac­ tory degree.-Engineering. not more than 96,GOO,000 barrels remained to be raised. torily finished its trial test during the latter part of '_"'-, m • 4._. In this last esti ate he was undoubtedly mistaken. for the winter. It is now entirely finished. This ship is The Exhaustion of PetI·oleum. up to the beginning of 1885 no fewer than 261,�';(),JOO mate of the Requin, which was constructed in the barrels had been raised, and in the year 1885 as many a A writer in Home Knowledge discusses the problem shipyards of the Loire, and which was launched in of the exhaustion of our oil fieldsin the following man­ as 21,042,041 barrels (nearly 3,000,000 fewer than in 1884) 1885. ner : were obtained. But although the estimate of 1885 of The hull is of iron and steel, and measures 280 ft. in It can hardly be doubted, I fear, that the supply the quantity of oil still remaining fell far short of the

THE NEW FRENCH ARMORED WAR SHIP TERRIBLE-7,200 TONS DISPLACEMENT. length , 59 ft. beam, with a draught of 23 ft. 9 in., 7,168 both of oil and gas has now been so largely drawn upon truth, and though we may admit as possible that even tons displacement, with armor plating 50 centimeters that within less than a score of years scarcely any will now much more oil remains to be put out than the most in thiekness amidships, 37 centimeters forward, and 33 1 be left which can be brought at reasonable cost into experienced geologists suppose, the signs of approaching centimeters aft. It is provided with 12 boilers. the market. The boundaries and extent of the oil exhaustion are yearly becoming more unmistakable. The armament, mounted on the forecastle, consists of regions have been determined. All the sands in which The expense of bringing the oil to the surface grows two cannons of 47 centimeters, four cannons of 10 cen- oil will ever be found in such quantities as to be worth greater year by year, and threatens soori to become so timeters, and ten machine guns. There is a comple- working are known, and have been drilled through in' great that the profit of working the oil stores will be ment of 332 men.-L'Illust1·ation. Tarious places. It is scarcely possible that any new fields evanescent. So soon as that state of things is ap-

, I be comparable, either in proached, wemay be sure that the oilmen's occupation • • • will be discovered which will Stability of Patents. extent or productiveness, with those now known. So in Pennsylvania and western New York will be gone. Although the patent system of the United States in- far back as January, 1883, Professor Lesley pointed out It has been stated that the Japanese, unwilling to let volves a search on the part of the government as to the that no petroleum is now being produced in the De- the least fraction of the earth's interior stores be lost, novelty of the invention, yet it has been a frequent re- vonian rocks, either by the process akin to distillation have been known to exeavate a vertical shaft to a mark on the part of the general public that few patents or oth erwise. What has been stored up in the past, a i depth of 600 feet in order to raise a few gallons of oil can stand the tests of the courts. This ratio is some- p rocess which probably lasted for millions of years, per day. But in America, when the oil mines are so tillles stated to be as high as nine out of ten, or some llIay be got out. But when these reservoirs are ex- near exhaustion as this, they will be abandoned ; nay, y c such equally conventional fraction. A member of the bar hausted, there will be an end of the petroleum supply. they will be abandoned long before the approa h has recently tabulated the adj udication of patents by " The discovery of a few more pools of 2,000,000 or a condition. With the failure of the oil supply all the United States courts, as recorded in Meyer's Fede- 3,000,000 each can make little difference." Mr. Carll, the eollateral branches of industry associated with it ral Decit;ions from 1776 to 1835, and finds that 73 per whose opinion on the geology of the oil-heari ng dis- will fall, too. cent of the patents upon which suit was brought were tricts may be regarded as decisive, has come to a simi­ sustained. The total number of patents brought to an lar conclusion. "There are not at present," he pointed THE green diarrhcea of infants is, according to Dr. issue was 983, and of these 269 were annulled, and of out quite recently, "any reasonable grounds for ex­ Hayem, caused by a microbe which secretes the color­ the re maining 714 which were held valid, 480 were sus- pecting the discovery of new fieldswhich will add to ing matter characteristic of the complaint. The dis­ tained in full, and 234 were held to be valid in part. the declining products of the old, so as to enable the ease is epidemic and contagious. The best treatment, When it is considered that the United States patent output to keep pace with the shipments or consump­ he said in his cOUlmunication to the Academy of Medi­ law requires that protection can be accorded only to tion." cine, is to give the child after each feeding a teaspoon­ the original inventor who has added to the state of the The stored petroleum in this region hasthen been very ful of 2 per cent lactic acid. �titntifit �mtrinlu. 23 RAISING A SUNKEN STEAMSHIP. taut by the aid of fall-and-tackle and hydraulic jacks, (Contintted jTom ji1'Stpa ge.) and are then toggled on securely. out as much of the cargo the depth and other con­ In the present instance, it was a difficult matter to as ditions admit, and then, jf the hull is dangerously near get the chains under the ship, first becanse her hull the surface, blow it apart. The Merritt wrecking or­ was in some places sunk fully fourteen feet in the mud­ ganization of this port, however, had such success in dy bottom of the river, and again because of the un­ raising a sunken ship, the Lornty, in New York bay usual size of the chains required If the reader will some time since, that the owners of the steamer detH­ refer to Fig. 2, he will see a representation of the pre­ mined to trust to them the work of raising the wreck. liminary process of keel-hauling sunken ship. The In spite of difficulties other than those interposed by "sweep " chain, a light chain, has a been dropped over nature, and which could scarcely have been foreseen, the bow, and the diver is engaged in thrusting it under the steamer Welles Ci ty will in all probability soon be the fore-foot of the stem, so that it will run clear when lifted intact from the bed of the river. pressure is put on from above to work it completely The work done by the wrecking company is as unique under the hull. This operation is called " sawing, " as it is interesting. and we will endeavor, by means of and consists in working the chain from side to side the clever drawings made by our artist, to describe its until it forces its way through the sand and reaches progress and the nature of the difficulties which from that part of the hull where the first heavy or lifting time to time appeared, though ineffectually, in the chain is to be placed. The links of this sweep chain way of its accomplishment. are only one-half inch in diameter. Fig. 3 is a picture of the steamer, amI is from a pho­ Now the men attach a one inch messenger chain, and tograph taken shortly after the steamer went down. when the end has been pulled by the sweep chain As will be seen, she is half-brig rigged. Her topsail completely around the hull and up to the surface on yards are cock-billed, showing that when she went Fig. I.-CROSS SECTION OF THE SUNKEN STEAMER, the opposite side, another and larger chain, and, per­ down she had been made ready for docking. The PONTOONS, AND SLINGS. haps, even another yet, takes the place of the first,un ­ til finally a big chain, with links 2Yz inches in diame­ ter and 14 inches long, is finally pu completely -- ...�"" lied , f' /-"-( ( � "'-- '\ \ � ---( ...,. )�

Fig. 2.-MODE OF PLACING THE SLINGING CHAINS. Fig. 3 .-VIEW OF THE STEAMER SOON AFTER THE ACCIDENT. shrouds and stays are intact, around the hull. This pro­ and her sll10kestack shows cess is continued until a series its white band under the of big chains are wrapped black�the insignia of the line about the hull and brought to which she belongs. Here up, as said before, through are her dill1ensions: Length, the openings in the center of 275 feet; beam, 36 feet ; depth, the pontoons overhead. 23'6 feet ; tonnage, 1,936 gross. The front page cut fur­ 'l'he upper structure is of nishes a good view of the iron, and the hull of steel. sunken ship, with most of the She was loaded with 25,000 large-sized lifting c h ai n s boxes of tin and other cargo already set in position at amounting to 1,900 tons, and stated intervals from stem to before anything was done stern ; the chains being closer toward lifting her, this was together and llIost numerous removed by the aid of divers, immediately under that sec­ as in the ordinary way. tion of the hull which con­ tains the boilers and engine. In.the old method of lifting a small vessel to the surface, Immediately above, and on ropes wpre made fast to the either lland, the big pontoons hull, fitted with a traveler, are floating ; being k e p t and then watertight casks apart, those on one side from forced down and ll1ade fast. those on the other, by stout Later on, this system was cross beams, so that. when illlproved by sinking pon­ Fig. 2. Fig. 3. the ship is finallylif ted, there toons filled with water and will not be an y impediment carrying tell1porary weights ; in the way of her reaching and when these were hooked the surface. While some of on and the weights removed, the seventy lIlenwho cOll1prise the water was pumped out the wrecking crew are engag­ by means of hose connecting ed in hauling anr] setting the the pontoons with a steam chains, others lower away pump affixed to the deck of hogsheads filled with water the tender on the surface. into the open hatches of the This was an awkward, a cost­ sunken ship. 'When a score ly, and, worse than all, an un­ of these have been thus eertain method, and utterly lowered, the process momen­ inadequate for the floating of tarily stops, and the diver at a great ship like the Welles work down deep in the bow­ City. Captain Merritt's pon· els of the hull makes them toons (see Fig. 1, A A) are of fast, and then attaches the three sizes�100, 60, and 50 end of a hose, let down from feet in length�and have aper-' above, to the bunghole of tures or wells isosceles trian­ each in turn. The men on gle shaped (B B), which on the deck of the wrecking deck are only large enongh to schooner above apply the admit heavy chains, but steam pump to the upper gradually enlarge toward the end of the hose, and thi'l bottoll1, so as to admit of the hogsheads, as they are emp­ play of the chains which de­ tied of their contents, have scend through the pontoons their plugs driven home by which float on one side of a t.hesubma rine workman, who sunken vessel, and, passing wields a heavy hammer fitted under her hull, are carried up with a tapering driving end. through the centers of the These empty barrels, as may pontoons on the opposite Fig. I.-IMPROVED AUTOMATIC CUT OFF ENGINE. be imagined, add to the buoy­ side. These hauled and sensibly chains are [FOR l>E8CmrTION eEE PAUE �.J ancy of the hull 11tit utifit �tutri,au. lessen the lifting power required to raise the ship. IMPROVED AUTOMATIC CUT OFF ENGINE. shut wings on the trunks of trees in dark woods. The And now we have the pontoons, the chains, and the The engine illustrated on the preceding page is manu­ night moths are more numerous and of great variety. tackle all ready, and only await the chang-efrom the factured by Messrs. McIntosh, Seymour & Co., of They come around lamps, set out on verandas in ebb to the flood tide to begin bringing the sunken Auburn, N. Y. Great care has been taken that all the the night, in great numbers. A European fashion is to steamship to the surface. As soon as low water slack details shOuld be in accordance with the best practice, spread on tree trunks a sirup made of brown sugar occurs, the river water is let into the great pontoons and in design the engines are compact and rigid, and rum, and visit them once in a while at night as till their decks are fairly a-wash in the surface of the and as heavy in the stationary part, as could be desired. with net and lantern. Catch your moth in the net, river. The slack of the chains is quickly gathered in, Those sections of the moving parts which usually show take him out of it by cornering him with the open the fall-and-tackle, which, as may be seen in the frontis­ weakness have been made unusually heavy, although mouth of your poison bottle, so that you secure him piece, depend from the tops of the standards on the their gross weight has been carefully kept down. All unrubbed. pontoons, are called into action, the hydraulic jacks the wearing surfaces are generous, and variOllSdevices Now comes the work of stretching your moths. are worked, and the chains hauled taut. As the flood for oiling them while the engine is running have been This is easy, but must be done carefully. Provide tide serves and the waters gradually rise, the great provided. Correctness, simplicity, and superiority of your own stretching boards. These can be made any­ steam pumps are set to work and the water is pumped workmanship have been aimed at, while especial claim where with hammer and nail and strips of wood. You out of the pontoons, and it is now a question whether is laid to the efficiency of the balanced valve and the want two flat strips of wood about seven-eighths or the weight of the sunken ship-2,000 tons-which keeps governor or automatic cut offregUlator. three-fourths of an inch thick and eight to fourteen her below is greater than the inclination of the great The valve is made very tight, has cast iron ends, inches long, nailed parallel to each other on another submerged pontoons or air chambers to force their and a tube connecting them. This is like the ordinary strip, so as to leave a narrow open space between the way to the surface with their burden. If not, then piston valve, and has been made in this form because two parallel strips. Make two or three or more of the hulk will leave the bottom of the river, and the it is very simple in form, is easy to make, and is per­ these, with the slit or space between the strips of vari­ whole mass-pontoons, tenders, and the depending fectly balanced. In order to obviate the ordinary ous widths, for large and small moths and butterflies. wreck-guided by powerful tugs, follow the flood tide wear and tear from friction and the consequent loss of Make as many of them, with as various widths of slit, up stream. Referring to the hydrographic chart, a steam, an adjustable seat is provided, which consists as your catches may demand. Take your moth 'by shoal spot is discovered in the river bed, and pretty simply of a crescent-shaped ring having· steam ports the feet, gently in your fingers, put a long pin down soon the sunken ship is directed toward and grounded through it which match with the ports in the steam through his body, set the pin down in the slit of the upon it, and, at the next low water, the pontoons are chest itself. The ring is split, and is adjusted in place stretching board so that the body of the moth will be again flooded. by a stem, which extends to the upper side of the at the top of the slit and the wings can be laid out flat Once l1Iore they sink to their upper surfaces, once steam chest, where it can be turned by a wrench. This on the boards on each side. Have ready narrow slips more the slaClk ofth e chains which support the hull is construction enables the ring to be adj us ted at any time of white paper. Lay out one upp er wing flat, raibing gathered in, and the water again pumped out of the a leak is discovered, and this may be accomplished it gently and carefully by using the point of a pin to pontoons. At the next floodtide, the pontoons show quickly and easily. By using valves of large diameter draw it with, until the lower edge of this upper wing of their sides nlOro and Inure · above the surface, and and somewhat long traver, quick steam admission is is nearly at a right angle with the body. Pin it there the hulk again forsakes the river's bottom and is towed secured and sharp cut-off. temporarily with one pin, carefully, while you draw to another and still another shoal spot, the pontoons The governor is located in the flywheel , and consists up the under wing to a natural position, and pin that. being fl()oded at low water and pumped out at high mainly of a pair of weights pivoted at the periphery of Put a slip of paper over both wings, pinning one end water till finally her decks are abo ve the surface. the wheel and having inclined jaws, iu which slide above the upper and the other below the under wing, Then the steam pumps are set to work upon her, and blocks, as shown in Fig. 3. These blocks turn freely thus holding both wings flat on the stretching board. she is freed from water. Now the great, ugly pon­ in a pendulum, which is also pivoted near the peri­ Take out the pins first put in the wings and let the toons and wrecking schooners that so ill become her phery of the wheel (see right hand of governor in Fig. paper do the holding. Treat the opposite wings in are cast off, and once more the gallant ship is free for 2), and which is further connected with the eccentric the same way. Put as many moths or butterflies on a further career of utility. and serves to either raise or lower the eccentric when your stretching board as it will hold, and let them re­ The difficultieswh ich beset the way of wreckers en­ it is subjected to similar movement by the action of a main in a dry room for two, three, or more days, ac­ gaged in such an enterprise as raising a great ship like the sliding blocks in the jaws of the weights. As the cording to size of moths and dampness of climate. Put this from the bottom of the river are many and con­ speed of the engine increases, the weight will be lifted them in sunshine or near a stove to hasteu drying. tinuous, and sufficient to deter even the most skillful by centrifugal force against the action of the springs, When dry, take off the slips of paper, lift the moth were they not led by so courageous aud resourceful a and as they move outward the pendulum will be out by the pin through the body, and place him per­ master as Captain Merritt. Little or nothing 'could be thrown over by the inclination of the jaws. This mauently in your collection.-Wm. C. . Prime, in N. Y. doue save duriug slack water, say two hours during brings the center of the eccentric nearer the center of Jo ur. of Commerce.

the twenty·four at most, and often not so much as this, of the shaft and shortens the travel of the valve, there­ .. 4 •• • The Identification Artificial Butter. because the spriug tides this year. owing to the un­ by reducing the cut off and, consequently, the supply or usual raiufall, were very heavy, and consequently the of steam supplied to the cylinder. C. Fru wirth, of Vienna, Austria, in a letter to our low water slack has been so short in duration as to be The extreme change of speed from when the engine cotemporary the Country (}entleman, states that the at times scarcely perceptible ; the great rush of waters is running light to when it is working under its maxi­ following proposition with regard oleomargarine ,.0 down stream toward the estuary formed by the junc­ mum load is very slight. In some experiments made and · artificial butters generally has been made in Ger­ tion of the two rivers often overpowering the incoming to test this point the variation in speed when the load many. The indiscriminate coloring by some dye or floodfrom seaward until well along toward the end of was changed from 1'1 h. p. to 38'8 h. p. was only one pignlent of all such articles had already been proposed the first quarter. The ebb has claimed the mastery for half a revolution. and rejected. In consequence of this, Prof. Soxhlet, more than its allotted six hours ; the effect being the ... of Munich, has proposed a new treatment, which is .. 4. , backing up of the waters of the bay against the yet How Catch and Preserve Moths and worthy of attention. He proposes:-and his proposi- ruuning ebb of the river. In this swash the wreckers to Butterfiies. tion will be offered to the House of Representatives had to work while the pontoons rolled from side to side There is no part of our country in which one cannot in Germany-to make it a law that all bogus butter in the contention of the waters. form a beautiful local collection, and any young per- must be mixed during the preparation with ph6lnol­ At times, toward the middle of the ebb tide, when son who wants amusement, instruction, and benefit phtalein, which is made out of one of the products of the swolleu waters of the upper river got fairly under from two, three, or more weeks in the country can find the dry distillation of tar, and one gramme of it will way, the current rushed by the point where the all in catching butterfliesand moths, arranging them, be fmough for 100 kilogrammes of bogus butter. 'The wreckers were at work, at a speed of quite four knots and studying them up. butter can then be offered for sale colored yellow, or an hour ; and one day, while the struggle for mastery Provide yourself first with two tools, a net and a uncolored, Ot· in any way desired, and the phenol­ betweeu the ebb and flood tide was in progress, aud poison bottle. The net may be made of any light ma- phtalein will not be seen at all. But by adding a solu­ the waters of the bay were backing up against the teria!' I find the thinnest Swiss muslin best. Get a tion of soda, or ammonia and water (liq!tor ammonii river's ebb, so severe was the wrenching of the great piece of iron wire, not as heavy as telegraph wire, bend caustici), or even a teaspoonful of water aud the ash of chaius against the steel keel of the sunken steamer, it in a circle of about ten inches diamet.er, with the ends a cigar, to a piece of butter the size of a bean� the caused by the bobbing abo.ut of the pontoons holding projecting from the circlf\ two or three inches ; lash whole of the butter will become nice red if it is bogus a the ends above water on either side, that one of these this net frame to the end of a. light stick four or five butter, or if bogus butter is mixed with it. great chaius was cut in two. The writer saw the feet long. Sew the net on the wire. The net must be It will be immediately seen that this is a proof which parted liuk. It was fourteen inches long by two and a bag whose depth is not quite the length of your arm can be made by every policeman in any shop, by every a half in diameter, amI was almost bent double, being -so deep that when you hold the wire in one hand guest in a dining room, etc. In your country it would cut through the ceuter as if by a knife. you can easily reach the bottom with the bottle (to be be easy to enact that no butter llhall go out of the At times, before the heavy chains were fairly made described) in the other hand. N ever touch wing of factories to which has not been added the phenol­ fast arouud the hull of the wreck, the wrecking colony moth or butterflywith your fingers. The colors are in phtalein. The internal revenue officers, which have were almost torn from their moorings by tows corning the dusty down (as you call it), which comes off at a to deal, since the first of November; 1886, with bogus down stream aud stupid lightermen going up. On one t.ouch. Get a glass bottle or vial, with large, open butter, could very easily took at this point also. of these occasions-it was on the early morning of mouth, and cork which you ean easily put in and take .. , ••• March 27, before the cargo of tin had been taken out­ out. The bottles in which druggists usually get quin- Rag Bleaching. two barges, thf\ one loaded with brick, the other with ine are the most convenient. It should not be so.large Dr. C. Wurster gives a description, in a receut num­ plaster, drifted down upon them. The first scraped that you cannot easily carry it in your pocket. Let the ber of the Berlin Papier Zeitung, of a process for re­ clear, while its mate ran foul of the protruding fore­ druggist put in the bottle a half ounce of cyanide of solving chlorine gas and collecting the gas for reuse. mast of the sunken steamer, carried it away, and then potassium ; on this pour water to the depth of about He connected the different bleaching vats with lead weut down, cargo and all, and settled itself athwart the three-fourths of an inch, and then sprinkle in and pipes with water valves and sucked out the gas with mix a fore hatch and foc'-s'le deck of the wreck. This had gently and evenly enough plaster of Paris to form a ventilator. All the parts of this apparatus W6re coated to be removed before the work could go on, because it thick cream, which will set in a cake in the bottom of with paraffine, which resists the action of the gas. Be­ was directly in the way of the sweep chains while the vial. Let it stand open an hour to set and dry, tween the vats and the ventilator was placed a bad passing under the bows of the sunken ship, then wipe out the inside of the vial above the cake and cylinder, full of coke, with water dropping upon it, to It is worthy of remark that the steamer Lone Star keep it corked. 'l'his is the regula.r entomological prevent volatilization. A false bottom with small of the Morgau line, whose bow cut down the steamer poison bottle, used everywhere. An insect put in it dies siphons, whose upper edges are cut off obliquely, forms Welles City, was destroyed by fire while lying at the quietly at once. It will last several monthi. the distributing apparatus. The original pIau of using cotton wharf on February 28. These two tools, the net and the poison bottle, are lime water or a solution of soda for absorption of the

.. 4., .. your catching and killing instruments. You know chlorine was found unnecessary, as water alone an­ The Photography or Projectiles, where to look for butterflies. Moths are vastly more swered the purpose. The use of this apparatus makes A photographer at Pesth has succeeded b taking numerous, and while equally beautiful, present more it possible for the men to step upon the vatb in ten photographs of projectiles, firedfrom a Werendler gun, varieties of beauty than butterflies. They can be minutes and obviates the hurtful effect of the gas upon while having a velocity of 1,300 feet per second. The found by daylight in ali kinds of w6lather, in the grass the workmen's health and the rusting of the IIllachinery, projectiles appeared on the impressions enveloped in a fields, in brush, in dark woods, sometimes on flowers. because the air which flows 'from the ventilator 9hlorine, IQ.yer Qf ah' bypuboUa �n form. l\tj!,J)f Ip9n

The interior of the plate holder, as well as the slide, en legs,by mea.ns of ordinary butt hinges, as shown in .. , • • .. Curiosity Photometry. should . be made dead black, by applying a varnish Fig. 11. The base of the camera box is �ecured to the A. In made by adding thrl1eor four drops of shellac varnish tripod by means of an ordinary thmilb screw. It is interesting at the present day, when the photo- to one ounce of alcohol, and stirring in lampblack This outfit will enable the amateur to cultivate his metry of gas and electric lights has been brought to until the required blackness is secured. tastes, and learn much about photography. Dry some degree of 'perfection, to read of an expedient The main frame of the camera box is made square, plates will of course he used. They are procurable adopted in former times in Paris to control the quality and is secured at right angles to the base board. The almost anywhere, and are inexpensive. As to the treat- of the street lamps. The method has very recently frallle is provided with a narrow bead or ledge that ment of plates after exposure and printing and ton- * been made public. The Police Department of Paris, in will enter the fron t of the plate holder and exclude the ing, the reader is referred to the works on the subject whose charge the matter was placed, had paper pat­ light. of photography. The amateur who possesses one of terns cut out representing what they considered the To the front of the frame are secured four trapezoidal the microscopes described in a previous article of this proper size, or profi I le, of a gas flame. These were pieces of pasteboard, of the furnished to their inspectors, form and size given in Fig. 6. who compared them with the These pieces of pasteboard flames of the street burners, are secured to each other and and judged accordingly of to the camera box frame by their quality. In case of de­ tape, glued on as shown. If ficiency. fines were imposed. the box is Illade of junk board, These fines were levied, and it may be nailed together with not collected until some 600,- wire nails. In this manner 000 francs stood against the a pyramidal box is formed gas company. The method which is strong, light, and was so crude that the au­ compact. In the smaller end thorities did not venture to of the box is fitted the bev­ submit it to a court of law. eled centrally apertured block The devisers of the plan over­ shown in Fig. 7. The aper­ looked the fact that a smaH ture of this block must be flame may, and often does, made to fit the camera tube give more light than large a shown in Figs. 1 and 2, after one, and reduced it all to a having received a lining of question of size. N everthe­ plush or heavy felt. less, our present system is far The camera tube may con­ from perfect, from analogous sist of paper or metal. Paper causes. Complaints of its in­ answers well, and costs no­ accuracy have grown more fre­ thing. The internal diameter quent since the introduction of the tube is determined of water gas, and several have by the diameter of the lenses. appeared during the last year. Ordinary meniscus spectacle It is known that a water gas lenses of eight inch focus are that shows sixteen candles employed. These lenses are on the bar photometer is far secured in place by paper from satisfactory, while a SIMPLE PHOTOGRAPHIC · CAMERA. rings, shown in Fig. 3, the sixteen candle coal gas will inner rings being glued in always be accepted as of place, the outer ones being made removable for con­ series may arrange it for projection as deseribed on good quality. The whiteness of the water gas flame venience in cleaning the lenses. The lenses are ar­ page 393 of vol. Ivi. of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, and probably introduces an error. 'I'his appears especially ranged with their convex sides outward ; the distance may insert the end of the microscope tube in the probable when we recollect that the standard of com­ between them is 1� inches, and in one side of the tube, camera box above described, after removing the tube, parison is a candle having an extremely yellow flame. half way between the lenses, is made a slot to receive and project the image of the microscopic object on the Polarization photometers have been little tried, and it the diaphragms, as shown in Figs. 1 and 2. Upon each sensitive plate, and thus produce good negatives of the is hardly known how efficiently they will act, bu-t at side of the slot, within the tube, al'e securedflat rings, objects, from which prints may be made which will this late day the absolute photometer has yet to be shown in Fig. 4, waich together form guide for the be interesting both to o.; he operator and his friends. constructed. The effectof light on the human eye is the a diaphragms, shown in Fig. The of the microscope referred to is a very ultimate standard .• This introduces subjective ele­ ItS 2. eyepiece a _ ' The tube is adjusted at the proper local d.i.tance ''''1l '1I�lU.,. l'IIlJ, 141. ment into the q,ueltlQn that il very hard to COPfiI with. 26 Jtitufifit !mtriclu. ENGINEERING INVENTION. detached cut or stamped letters made to form fac­ being adjustable ill relation to each other for the pro­ similes of the priuted letters in the book, the child per si7.e of tooth, and firmly seated in a vise or socket, A lock for bolts of pistons has been forming the names or titles from the luose cut or when the old tooth, at a cherry red heat, is placed in patented by Messrs. Joseph Wormald and Joseph Wor­ charge for In sertion under th't8 head Dollar stamped letters_ position, and, by the movement of a cam-headed lever, The is One mald, Jr., of Missoula, Montana Ter. Combined with a a linefor each insertion ; aJxrut eight a line. A gas burner has been patented by is drawn and swaged to the proper configuration at the words to fixed plate and studs is a lock plate, with circular slots point, receiving a roll temper. Advertillemenis must received at Mr. Josiah Burgess, of Zanesville, Ohio. It is princi­ be publication offi ce adapted to engage the studs to hold the lock on the early as Thursday to appea1' in next as morning issue. fixed plate, and projections on the rim of the lock plate pally designed to prodnce and burn gas from petroleum A wheel and axle form the subject of engage one side of the bolt heads of the nsnal bolts, and its products, and for the burning of other gases, in a patent issued to Mr. Henry Q. Manrino, of Albnqner­ All Books, App., etc. cheap. School of Electricity, N. Y_ laundries. coffee wasters, stove heaters, etc., providing que, New Mexico. The invention provides wheel on preventing the latter from turning. TWsinventi(ln has a. means for vaporizing the oil supplied by a tank and whibh the tire may be placed without heating, and Chemist of years' experience wants position_ Low also beeu patented in Canada and in England. 15 sal ry. References. P., box New York City. distributing it through suitable burners in properly tightened when necessary, there being devices for ex a 2942, I •• regulated amounts. panding the felly sections by endwise pressure of the The new " Trautwine �' contains articles on machine MISCELLANEOUS INVENTIONS. An improvement in folding furniture spokes at the felly joints, with retaining washers or rock drills, Hir compresBors, and modern explosives. The plates held at the faces of the wheel to overlap the ends former gives 27 bectional views of some of the more has been patented by Mr. Jos�ph B. Brolaski, of St. A vehicle spring attachment has been of the spokes and the felly sections. prominent modern drills. patented by Mr. Stephen M. Wier, of New Haven, Louis, Mo. The invention covers especially the con­ Sale-One Buckeye Engine.-On ac­ struction of an improved bureau, which may be easily A machine for making paragon For 100 H. P. Conn. The invention consists in yokes resting upon or UUl­ count of putting in 300 H. P. Corliss engine (J uly 1 knocked down and its parts closely packed, and in brella ribshas been patented by Mr. Daniel Redmond, OUf a suspended from the axles near the wheel bearings, with M. we offer for ale a Buckeye engine, 100 H. P•• in re-enfo s jWst class stirrups for receiving the ends of the springs, the which the joints may be readily tightened or loosened of Philadelphia, Pa. It is designed to flatten, rce, Can be Been running at f ctory of Se bury order. a a &; stirrups capable of springing to permit of the elonga­ in case of shrinkage or swelling of the different pieces, and perforate tbe ri bs in continuous lengths, instead of Johnson, East Orange, N. J. tion of the spring due to its compression. thus making each joint adjustable. in separate pieces, as has been heretofore done, in con­ Electric Mats, Burglar Alarm, nnder Carpets. Only An ironing table has been patented An adjustable coat holder has been llection with a method of manufacture by which they Security. (Thieve'9 remove panel or glass. Old Alarms will also he tempered, annealed, anI! tested in the oper­ worthless.) Invaluable. Stores, Offices, Door Open. by Mr. Franklin P. Burcaw, of Hazleton, Pa. It. con­ patented by Mr. Hans Christian, of Vienna, Austria­ ation, without the aid of skilled labor, the machine S. S. Applegate, Camden, N. J strnction is such that the legs may be folded to have Hungary. It consists of a siugle length of wire bent to presenting many novel features of construction and Stationary and boat engines, boilers. Best and cheap the device occupy only a small space when not in use, form two sets of parallel bar_, the ends of the wire arrangement of parts. est. 1 to 10 H. P. Washburn Engine Co., Medina, Ohio but the several connections are of such a character that being coiled at the inner ends of the bars to form Press for Sale-Qnick acting. Hole in bed when the table is opened and in position for use it will hooks, in connection with shoulder supports that can An adding machine has been patented 81<5 punches to center of 13 in. sheet ; 2}t in. shaft : also fon be perfectly steady and cannot accidentally collapse. be moved inward amI outward to correspond to the by Mr. James Richardson, of Tarrytown, N. Y. It has spindle Drill. A few second-hand engines in first-clas width of the garment at the shoulders. two series of numbered wheels, a series of numbered A drip trough for doors or windows condition. W. Payne & S , Elmira, N. Y. device for converting motion has keys, with means for imparting motion to the number· B. ODS has been patented by Mr. William W. Pitmon, of A - For the latest improved diamond prospecting drills ed wheels from the keys, mechanism fur insuring the Waseca County, near Smith's Mill, Minn. The sill is been patented by Mr. John W. Ledyard, of New York dress the M. C. Bullock Mfg. Co., 138 Jackson St. operation of the numbered wheels in succession and ad made with a gutter or groove and a channel leading City. This invention covers a novel construction for Chicago, Ill. converting reciprocating into rotary motion, which is for returning the wheels and the wheel-moving mechan­ thence outward, a tube fitting at its inner end within The Australian-American Trading Co., Collins St. ism to the point of starting, together with a registering 20 the outer end of the channel, and having an ontlet open­ designed to give more power with the same lellgth of West Melbourne. So]e agencies for American noveltie and summing mechanism and a disk for registering the ing with a plug or knob. stroke, and so that the dead centers will be more easily desired. Correspondence solicited. Care of Henry W number of the addition. and smoothly passed than when a crank i. used in the Peabody & Co., Boston. combined hook and clasp for horse ordinary way. A An improved card clothed roller and The Railroad Gazette, bandsomely illustrated, pub­ collars has been patented by Mr, Louis T. Anderson, of a machine for making card clothing forms the subject lished weekly. at Broadw y, New York. SpeCimen The lllventio-n-consists of a clasp made A wire cloth delivering reel has been n a carrull, Iu wa. of two patents issued to Mr. Ernst Gessner, of Ane, copies free. Send for catalogue of railroad bonks. to be slipped upon the rim or front roli of a horse col­ patented by Mr. Silas E. Ratekin, of Kansas City, Mo. Saxony, Germany. A strip of card clothing having its lar, with a tongue or hook stampe(l from the material lt has a vertical body and a vertical roll holder, With a The Knowles Steam Pump Works, 113 Federa rows of teeth set obliquely to its length is wound spi­ 8t . Boston, and 93 Liberty St., New York, have just is of the clasp, making a cheap and convenient device for horizontal pivot or shaft connecting the holder to the . rally on the roller so as to bring its rows of teeth parallel sued a new catalogue. in which are many new and im attaching sweat. pads to the collars. body, whereby the holder may be swung from a vertical proved forms of Pumping Machinery of the single and to a horizontal position, a locl1t it to re mon coal tar to make it adhere to iron better than it A. The strain is pounds. retical side of their bnsiness, and to other students who 200 present a polish. A. The following is a dark stain : doe. when simply boiled, and then applied. A. Mix have to " dig out " their education from books, without B. P. G. writes : About four years Boil � pound of madder and 2 ounces logwood chips with pulverized plumbago or lampblack. Thin with . (29) the aid of teachers. Althongh now published as a ago a yonng man in ·this place boiled a hen's egg in a gallon of water. and brush over while hot : when benzine if necessary. If color is no object, use Prince's practical haudbook on heat engines, it contains bnt and put It away. On breaking it open the other day, dry, go over the whole with a pearl ash solution, 2 metallic paint. lit.t1ematter in addition to that which appeared in the he found that everything in it had .hrunk to a mass drachms to the quart. Or put ounces dragon's blood, original form in which it was published, as lectures 2 (17) H. S. sends a plant to be named, about one·twentieth the size of the egg, almost perfectly brni�ed, into a quart of oil of turpentine, let the bottle hefore the Society of Arts and Manufactures, London, and ask. whether it has any medicinal properties. A. egg shaped. It looks like a piece of amber, being mo.t stand in a warm place, shake frequently, and when which were printed in six successive numbers of the The plant is a species of elder, Its beautifully translucent. A. The white of eggs con­ dissolved, steep the work iu the mixture. To polish, Sambucus glauca. SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT in the latter part medicinal properties, if it has any, are probably the tains about per cent of water and 12 per cent of albu· take a piece of pumice stone and water, and pass reo 85 of same as those of the eastern species, the flowers of men. By boiling, the albnmen is coagulated, but without 1885. peatedly over .the work. until tbe rising of the grain is which have been reported diaphoretic and discutient, much if any loss of water. By lapse of time the water I STORY OF ALT LAKE CITY AND ITS cut down. Then take powdered tripoli and boiled lin­ A H S the berries aperient and sudorific, the bark purgative, gradually evaporates, and the result spoken of was pro· FOUNDERS. seed oil, and polish the work to a bright surface. Salt Lake City, Utah : and, in small doses, diobstruent. bably due to this evaporation. Ed ward W. Tul idge l . (5) W. asks : 1. What cement, H. F. (18) W. S. asks : What is the greatest (30) Subscriber asks ; Has it been de­ This is a handsome octavo volume of nearly either Iiqnid or otherwise, can I nse to meud china so as 1,100 height at which a siphon will work, and the largest finitely ascertained yet what caused the sinking of the pages, profusely iIInstrated with fine steel engravings to hold hot substances, and the cement to be transparent pipe that can be nsed therefor ? A. TheN' i. no limit Oregon? A. It was caused by collision with a vessel of the princIpal Mormon notables from to the or white ? A. See article on cements in SCIENTIFIC 1840 to the capacity of a pipe for a siphon. The greatest believed to be a coal schooner. present time, With biographical sketches. It is in fact AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT, No. 158. for this information. heiltht depends upon the vressure of the air. It may a history of Mormonism and its growth and develop . 2. How is ak finished as "antique oak "? Is it possi· be feet, practically to feet. (31) W. S. asks : Does the brake of 33 28 30 a ment in Utah, wrgten by .. autbority of the Council and ble to over oak furniture so that it will be antique? car wheel wh�n set up so as to nearly but not quite G. S. D. asks how hair clippers are nnder snpervision of its Committee on Revi sion," and A. intenSifying the stain, the oak can be made to re- (19) cause the wheel to slide, stop a train quicker than when ground or sharpened, whether on fiat surfaee or be­ therefore giving a picture of Mormonism in the most s ble the antique article. New furniture restained the wheel slides Yes. If the wheel is kept from rotat­ I A. favorable light in which it is possible to present the as that appearance. What is the cause of the tween the teeth, and what is used to sharpen them with. 3. ing, the part in contact with the rail becomes polished A. Never sharpen the clippers on the fiat side. Always institution to the public. There are too many outsi U gapes " in chickens. etc., and what can be used to pre� and slides easIly. If allowed to slowly turn, a new sur· Camphor pills, is on the bevel side. Use Washita or Arkansas stone and evidp,nces of material prosperity and thrift everywhere vent and cure it? A. it said, will cure face is continually presented to the rail. The latter valley where the Mormon 4. oil. You can buy the .tone in long sticks, inch to be seen in the resoureeful tms diseaoe. Sulphur is also nsed. HolV do yon � practice stops the car qnicker. emigrants from Illinois and Missouri began to make multiply hyacinth bulbs? They multiply from tbe diameter, through A. the ha.rdware tradQ .. their home h> July, 1847, and the vitality of the com­ small bulbs which form at the base of the large ones. (20) P. & S. ask as to the feasibility of been too plainly manifested on many oc­ TO INVENTORS. munity has (6) H. and others.-Your ques­ running an upright shaft direct from engine, through a casions, for any one easily to escape the oonclusion A. L. An experience of forty year., and the preparation of tion has been many times answered. Try and look a six story building and connecting with it shafts on each as it is called, is still one more than one hundred thousand applications for pa­ that the " Mormon question," fioor by gearing. A. Vertical driving .hafts in mills little more closely into the exact terms of the problem. tents at home and abroad. enable us to understand the of no insignificant importance. It is no part of our No part of the periphery of a wheel of a wagon moving are only to be tolerated as a necessity, or as turbine laws and practice on both continents, and to possess purpose to discuss the matter, but just why and how it un­ along a road travels faster aronnd its axis than an­ shafts. The step of a long vertical shaft is a sonrce of equaled facllitie. for procuring patents everywhere. has become of such material significance is probably A other part. The axis moves along the road with the constant trouble, which added to the noise has about synopsis of the patent law. of the United S1\\tes and all than in any other more fully explained in this volume driven the sy.tem from present mechanical practice. foreign countries may be had on application, and persons . mean speed of the top and bottom of the wheel. The one work published . contemplating the ,eeurlnll of patent., either at home or top of the wheel moves twice as fast as the wagon. (21) H. M. D,-Six inch copper pipe abroad, are invited to write to this office for prices, Th e B" itish Guiana ])irecto1'Y Per for 1887, the periphery of the wheel is during one half may be bent to a radius of or 4 feet by 1iIling, after an­ contra, 3 which are low, in accordance with the Umes and our ex­ published by C. K. Jardine, Demerara, cannot fan to be of its revolution gainiug, and during the other half los­ nealing, with resin. Allow the resiu to cool, and bend tensive facilities for conducting the business. Address a valuable aid to such of our merchants and manufac· ing speed, as compared with the forward motion of slightly over a curved block of wood hollowed out, so MUNN & CO .• office SCIENTIFIC AMERWAN, Broad­ S61 turers as are seeking to extend trade in that exceedin�ly wagon and axle, so that the bottom of the wheel, or that the pipe will bear half way round to keep it from way, New York. fertile and resourceful tract of square miles lying part in contact with the ground, does not move In a 600,000 flattening. Bend a little, then melt the resin out and just under the equator, on the northeast coast of South measurement of this onward movement.-A snake anneal again. You may have to do this two or three climbs a tree that is small enough . to al low of its pe· America. The book gives full details of all depart­ times. INDEX OF INVENTIONS ments of the little government, with classified directory culiar manipulation, by a spiral movement around the (22) E. writes : I wish to make a for the principal trades in different cities, the promi. trunk or a return bending of its coils nearly half way F. For which Letter. ·Patent of" the wire rheostat with resiotance of ohms, divided nent country estates, etc. around, by which the snake obtains a grip. Their 3,000 into 10 divisions or more-or 15. What size wire will United State. were Granted Any of the above books may be purchased favorite trees are the kind that have low limbs, which I •• have to use to put ohms resistance in each coil, and through this office. Send for new catalogue jnst pub­ give them a natural rest.-For the manufacture of steel 200 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLE­ how much to each coil? Also give same with ohms Iisbed. Address Munn Co., Broadway, N. Y. see back numbers of 300 21, 1887, & 361 resistance to each coil. A. Of No. German .i1ver June MENT. 35 wire. one ponnd gives about 8,136 ohms resistance. EACH BEARING THAT DATE. (7) W. J. B. writes : Referring to arti­ Therefore one twenty-seventh pound will give you &ND cle in SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, April npon eight :lll, 1887, about ohms, and one fortiet.h pound will give about light dynamo, will you please inform us through your 300 See uote at end of list about copies of the.e patents.] ohms. The exact resistance of each coil has to be I 200 paper : 1. What size of wire and how many layers to determined experimentally. One pound of No. wire 40 Atomizer, A. P. Lighthlll ...... wind upon field maguet to make a plain series machine 41,248 365,265 gives about ohms, so much less of t.his, about Awnings, device for operating, T. Charro of it, using but one strand for conductor? A. Use n ...... 365,239 one·fifththe above amounts, would answer. Axle, R. Gracev ...... 365.178 eight layers of No. 12 (Am. W. G.) wire on each leg Axle lubricator. Augustine ...... 365,2211 HINTS TO CORRESPONDENTS. 2. (23) C. H. G. wishes further directions H. of the magnet. Wbat changes will be required to Axle, vehicle, W. �'. McNutt ...... 005,140& make it operate 12 standard candle power lamps in­ about making a kite without a such as was de­ Names and Address must accompany all letters, 16 WI, Bag hinge st.ay, teles�opie, C. Reinlsch scribed in SUPPLEMENT,No. 595. A. The directions for ...... 366,276 or no attention will be paid thereto. This is for our stead of S? A. Put coarser wire on the armature, say Baling press, W. A. Laidlaw ...... a&r; ,181 informat!on, and not for publication. No. and increase the speed, and increase all of the di­ making the bow, which you do not seem to nnder· Baling press, A. Wickey Referenees to former articles or answers should 18, ...... :l65,211 stand, read : .. The bolV . • • consists of two pieces Barium sulphate, process and apparatus for . give date of paper and pa�e or number of question. mensions of the machine about 20 per cent. of Inq nirles not answered reasonable time should of osier, each 5� nnits in length, that form, through treating, Page Krausse...... aM,S18 III &; be repeated: correspondents will bear in mind that (8) P. S. asks ; How gallons of Barrels, gnard head for, 1I. & F. O. Knlfton . ... many their union, a total length of nnits . .. · This simply G. ,079 some answers require not a little research, and, 7 365 water per hour will a inch pipe line 7,000feet long means that the two ends of the osier that are to form the Battery. 8ee Electric buttery. though we endeavor to reply to all, either by letter 3 deliver into a tank, the point of delivery being feet Bed bot-tom, r en _ ...... 365 72 or in this department, each must take his turn. 38 center of the bow should be lapped over each other to 1.\E. 0' B i . ,2 Bed guard, T. D. Smith ...... 365,105 Sl,ccial Written Information above ground and the head of water feet higher on matters of being 13 a suflicient extent to make the entire length of the bow personal rather than general interest �annot be Bedstead, folding, Muller ...... :l65,348 than point of delivery? A. 1,400 gallons per hour, wben the two pieces are joined seven-tenths the length E'. E. expected without remuneration. BeH, call, Comstock & Buxton ...... 365,241 of the central stick. Sclenlilic American SUI'plemen's refened (9) R. F, asks how large to make a Bendioa- rails, etc., machine for, J. Abbott ...... to may be had at the ollice. Price 10 cents each. 365.3�5 balloou and of what material, to lift pounds. A. You Billiard cues, machine for trimming the ends of, Books referred to promptly supplied on receipt of 5 (24) G. C. H. asks : 1. What is the best J. S. Gold ...... 865,:101 price. will require a globular balloon of 7J.ii feet diameter steel for making compass needles, and what temper will Minerai .. sent for examination should be distinctly Bit. See Bridle bit. when filled with the carbureted hydrogen of your gas they require before magnetization, and wh .. t is the best marked or labeled. BUters, stomach, I. Cooper ...... 365,242 works to lift 5 pounds and the weight of the balloon of shape to make them ? A. Use cast steel. hardened Blast furnace top, Kennedy & Scott ...... :l65,077 2 oay pounds. For material use strong tissue paper or aJ)d drawn to a purple. The straight bar form is pro­ Blast machine, sand. Ki.ng& Maw W. M. writes : 1. In building an ...... 365,281 (1) L. Chinese silk well varnished with rubber varnish. See bably the best. 2. Would a heavy coiled Ilat spring, say Blood, instrument for t a sfUS on of, E. E. llen. 365,327 r n i A eight light dynamo as illustrated in SCIENTIFIC AMERI­ SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT, Balloon Making, inch thick and inches wide and feet long, be eight Bobbin winders, t-hread roll pin for, C. D. AUEltin. . 365,291 � 6 20 CAN, April and can substitute brass instead of Nos. 249, Boller. See Steam boiler. 23 30, I 413. times as strong as one one·sixteenth inch thick, bronze for makinj:( sleeve flange and cylinder E, 3 Bookcase, revolviDJ�, D. C. McMartin ...... 365,()36 A, B, (10) G. K G. asks : What will iuches wide, and the same length as tbe first? A. It . }' ig. (SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, April 30),also for yoke­ remove Box. See Cock box. Journal box. Packing and 6 bicycle oil from corduroy without leaving a stain ? would be more tban eight times as strong. Will the holding sbaft, or only make cylinder E of bronze and 3. .howbox. A. A. Use ether or a &ixture of ether and ammonia. Apply lighter spring lift 150 pounds ? You have left out Box lock, W. Clark ...... :l65,048 the rest of brass: A. Brass may be used, but bronze is in a circle all around the stain, and sponge off the spot the element of time and distance. It will lift 150 Bottle . opper, W. Wert ...... 365,286 preferred on account of its hardness and durability. 2. t •...... : pounds if connected with the weight by suitable me· Brace. See Rail brace. Does it make any difference in the winding of the field last of all. chanism. Bracelet, T. C. udson ...... 3fJ5,257 magnet whether wind both POEts right or left handed, H. K. asks (1) the most practical H I (11) G. writes : In the article Bracket. See Coffin bracket. or should tbey be wound differenU A. Wind so that method for making brass signs. A. Use nitric acid to (25) D. M. Brake. See Car brake. .. Inexpensive Arc Lamp," in tbe June 11, 1887, number, if placed end ways the direction would be uniform. eat into the metal. How to permanently blacken the Bread, making, J . D. Cox ..•.o •••o • • • •••••••••••••••• 365,331 2. Both must be wound eitber right or left handed. A. what kind of a battery can be used ? Will telegrllph Bridge gate, draw, G. A. Johnson ....•...... •••... :-l65 ,132 3. letters and scroll work ? Mix asphaltum, brown a battery answer, and how many ? Where can get the Bridle bit, T. Ricbmond ...... 365,151 How cau I attach machine to wooden baRe ? A. Drill japau, and lampblack into a putty-like mass, and then I 1I. 25 Brush handle att achme t, G. Cline ...... :l65,329 and tap the polar extremities, alld insert tap bolts fill in the spaces, finally cleaning the edges with tur­ carbons, in Cleveland? A. It will require from to n I. 4. B)lckle, J. F. Bartlett through the wooden base. What is the best wood to pentine. Grove or Bunsen cells. The ordinary telegraph bat­ ...... 365,�26 50 Bulldiu"s, corrugated ridge capplnll for, W. H. & use for the armature core ? A. Well seasoned mahogany tery will not answer. Yon can get carbons from any . (12) S. O. N. writes � We have a driven B. Powers ...... or maple. What are the wedges made of that are house dealing in electrical materials. F. 365,096 5. well about feet deep, with seven feet of waier in it, Bustle, H. O. Canfield...... use for dividing the coils ou the armature ? A. Hard 25 365,041; but it does not pnmp easy. We think the point is in (26) J. D. McC. asks : 1. In SCIENTIFIC Button and buttonhole marking machine, Hat- rubber, vulcanized fiber, hard wood, or bone. clay, and we cannot turn the pipe in ground Can you AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT, No. article on induction field & Sorge, Jr ...... 865, 126 160, Button fastening attachment, E. O. Ely ...... coils, what is the object, gained by baving tbe secondary (2) R. T. asks : In regard to pumping suggest a way to make the water flow more freely-like 365,299 Buttonhole cutter, C. Dickenson ...... cold water into a boiler when the water is low and the exploding a dynamite cartridge in it? A. The pipe coil in two sections, with insulating resin between 365,383 Cable roads, grip releasing device for, T •. J. flues heated, is it not the gas that is generated in com­ should either be drawn up so as to al low the strainer them ? A. The construction in sections is for the pur­ Cooney ...... 365,lt)S ing in contact with the hot iron that causes an explo· to receive the surface water lying upon the clay, or be pose of more effectually separating those layer. of the Can. See Oil can. Packing can.

sion? A. It is dangerous to pump cold or hot water driven deeper, to reach the next sand stratum, which coil having the greatest differences of potential, so as Candy pail and show case, combmed, J. Lutted . . . 365,31ti . may give a better snpply. It will be of no service to to prevent sparks jumping across aud destroying the Car brake, C. K. Corliss ...... • .. into a boiler with the liue of water below the top flues: 365,243 torpedo the well in the clay. Besides, your point should insulating material. 2. Is there any good reason for Car couplinJ,l', D. R. Covenboven ...... at such times the flues out of water may become red 36.'1 ,:\30 bave strainer which preclndes the use of a torpedo preferring naked wire to silk-covered wire. except its Car coupling, J. H. Dunn ...... 365,172 hot, as also the sides of the boiler above the water. Ii . Car coupling, O. Lonll...... 365,139 Pumping up tbe boiler at such times iargely increases without firstwithdrawing the tube. Better drive deeper greater cheapness ? A. Naked wire lies closer and is E. Car coupling, W. Metcalf...... 865,2': 0 the generation of steam, possibly carrying the pre and find what i. below the clay. cheaper tban covered wire ; no other rcason exists for •• Cllr coupling, W. H. Phillips ...... 005,1'9 sure up to the point of rupture. The theory that ex­ its employment. (13) J. J. asks the best way to tin tem· Car coupliDj" D. H. Sherman ...... 005,278 plosions are thus caused by gas formation is in no way a Car, safety, D. Knight ...... 365,300 pered steel (small pieces) with a smooth thin coating (27) O. R. asks : 1. What is good �'. sustained. Car ty railway, Maron & Bohn! ...... 365,14.3 without injuring temper or getting too hard. I have glue to use in making camera bellows ? Ordinary glne , safe Car seat, Lem a (3) C. H. D. & Co. ask the ingredi­ first cleaned the pieces in a hQt solutjon of potash, then becomes hard and the rubber cloth breaks. A. Use reversible, J. n ...... 365, 811 Cllr seats, head rest for, H. Fackrell ...... 365,248 ent.s of a solution in which to steep burlap jute bags put tbem in diluted JIluriatic acid and then in ziuc acid, rubber cement. See " Cements," in SCIENTIFIC AMERI- W. M Car starter, B. C. Pole ...... m ...... 365,274 before going into the tin, but cannot get them smooth CAN SUPPLEMENT, No. A developing formula in order to make them more durable when used for trans· 158. 2. Cars, sand box for railway, Jorda .... A. H. W. n et a!. 365,076 porting acid fertilizers,such as dissolved phosphate rock. and even. A. Your manuipulation appears to be right' in which qninol is used In place of pyro ? You Carding machines, top flat stripping mechanism

A. Plunge the · bagging into a solution. at Fah., only that the surfaces should have a half polish or be probably refer to the hydroquinone developer. The for, Falls ...... •...... 142° A. 386,250 c and ·leave or hour, the solution consisting of quite smooth Also the tin bath should have a clean l formula is as follows: A. Water entimeter , Carpet sweeper, MoCIain ...... t an . 80 cubic s J. M. . 866,192 sulphllte of alumlnll�� pounds, gall s, surface, which can made sprinkling little pow· bydroqninone �gramme$. solution of · Cllrri..." ...... Wllter � on aud be by a 1 to B. Saturated chUa'S, V. Doanc, Jr ...... , ... 300,298 Case. See Book case. Latch. M. S. Thorud ...... 365.281 Soldering machine. can caP. •••• ••.•••.• 866,316 . .E. Norton .. Chain. drive, Garland ...... 365.123 lAtch operatinlrdevice, A. H. Calkins ...... 365.286 Soldering tool. H. Brasoh...... Chain. ornamental.M: S. O. Bigney ...... Light. See Locomotive headlight. Vault light.. Spark arre.ter. S. Bragg . 865.293 365.11!l F...... 866,284 Inside Pall'e, eachIn urlion ••• cents RUne. Chair. See convertible chair. Lock. See Box lock. Combination lock. Ele- Spark arrester for .mokestacks. M. M. Wilson •••.. 71) .. 866,114 Back PaRe. ench insertion ••• 81.00 line. Churn. D. Snyder ...... vator lock. Nut lock. Sea.!lock. Spectacle frame. J. •• Newell.. . 86.5.205 J ...... 365.000 The above are charge. per agate line-about eight Cider. preserving. J. C. Mot.t...... 365.148 Lock. S. Sim.on ...... 365.152 Spinning frame roving guide for. F. A. Thomllll. words per line. Thi. notice show. the width of the line. •• 366,280 and is "qt in agate type. Engraving. may head adver­ Cigar perforator. C. Gudebrod...... Lock for·bolt. of piston J. & J. Wormald. Jr .... 365.211; Spinning machines. Y3rn separating devloe for. G. E'. .. 365 300 •• tisement'iat the same rate per agate line, by measure­ ...... 365.155 Cinder escape and draulrhtregulator. S. Bragg. Locomotive headlight. I. A. & C. Williams . . .. 865.112 E. Taft... . . ment. a.s the letter press. Adverti.ements mu.t be F. 365.285 I. . received at publication offlceas early as Thur.day morn­ Clasps to strips, machinefor forming and attach- Loom, circular, R. Sauter ...•.....•••••...•.•.•...... 365,10 1 Spring. See Vehicle .pring. ing to appear in next Is8ue. ing, Gardner & r.ovedahl ...... 365.2.'>1 Loom shuttle. C. Widmer ...... 365.111 Station indicator and calendar. F. Jones ...... 865.18& . C. Steam boiler. E. G. Durant ...... 365.178 Closet. See Dry closet. Loom shuttle operating mechanism for circular. et al . •• . Clothe. line .upport. Palmer & Carter...... 865.196 Winckler & Heilmann ...... 365.216 Steam boiler. M. Mahony ...... 365.141 Clothes rack, H. Eula88 ...... •...... 865,060 Lounge, A. C. Abramson ...... •••.••...... •.... 365,326 Steam engine oil tr... for,p Ide ...... T. •• F. F. . 365,259 Coal kindler. Obersky & Fischer ...... 865.271 Lubricator. See Axle lubricator. Steam generating furnace. Gerkhardt ...... CO'S . . W. . 365.253 Cock box, stop, C. F. Bingham ....•.•...... Marker, corn row, Andrew & Vendriek .•..•...•.. o. Steam or hot water generator. R. J. Malcolm ...... 865.847 365,282 S65,039 Stencil plate die for cutting. J. Haberllng .... SEBA!��&!,,�r� Colfeeroaster, C. S"lzgeber...... 865,321 Marking wheel for transferring pattern.. W. J. •• L. 365.068 . . . . . Comn bracket. adjustable. C. McLaughlin ...... Heidenha.!n...... 365.129 Stereo.cope. G. D. Horton ...... 865.268 . . 365.256 E. A. S. Adler ...... 865.221 Stirrup. W. S. Cardell ...... 365.238 Combination lock, B. �'ry ...... 365.177 Measure. shoemaker'., Drill Presses. Chucks. · . . . Drills, Combination lock. J. G. O·NeUJ ...... 865.317 Meat cutter. G. Stallman ...... Stopper. See Bottle .topper. Dogs, and machinists' and ama­ . . H. . 365,206 LAT:EES��:e� ...... See Water meter. Stove. cooking. J. A. Price ...... 365.849 teurs' outfits. Conden.er. W. Craig ...... 365,119 Meter. Latlres on trial. ues mailed on application Convertible chair. J.awrence & Batchelder ...... 865.3H Milk. centrifuga.! apparatus for testing. G. De Stovepipe attachment for lIue M. Mealey..... ;J65,146 �atal()g �"''''!!IpiiII . •• A...... 365.171 Laval ...... 865,120 Stud and necktie holder. collar. D. Stone ...... w. St.. atI. Conveyer. J. M. Dodge ...... 065.207 165 :ad Cincinn 0 .. . 365.:104 � Stump puller. H. Schindly ...... Cotton openers. du.t trunk cleaner for. H. W. Mill. See Rice mill. Rolling mill. J. SUPERIOR ...... 86 ,176 Mirror. P. Hufeland ...... 865.183 Sugar. device for loo.ening and cutting. W. P. �'airbank ...... 5 . . Cotton picking and cleaning machinery, W. H. Mirror, F. W. Levering ....•..•••..•••.. .••••••..•.••• 264. Elliott ...... 365.247 Stationa.ry Engines 865, wilh Plain Rnd Automat...... Mould. See Pipe mOUld. Suspen.lon device, J. A. Evart ...... 865,336 Goldsmith ...... 865.12.) ic Vertical 7 Coupling. See Car coupling. Rod coupling. Thill Mop head. �'. L. Whittemore ...... 365.28 Tablet, interchangeable account. J. G. Mark . . . .. Uu,·ofl� Rnd . . 365,084 �,.. Horizontal. Mop wringer, Chase ..•...... •.•...... •. ... 365,167 Tank. See Water clo.et tank. . coupling. J. F. Penna. Diamond Drill Co., Cultivator attachment. D. M. Ditto ...... 365.056 Morti.ing machine. A. L. Grinnell. Tea or colfeepot. Heach & Babbitt ...... - Birdsboro, Pa...... 365.065 ; ...... 365.227 -======365.!J13 Telegraph. printing. S. V. E ick ...... 366,059 Cultivator. cotton. C. N. Hutchin ...... Motor. See Current motor. •• 103 . ... Multi-cylinder engine. A. Linn...... 865.081 Telegraphy. automatic. C. Selden...... , Current motor. H. "essler ...... 365,133 lJ. 865 . Temperature alarm system, E. Morrison ...... Curtain pole and fixture, C. Schastey ...... 365,203 Musical instruments, coupler for, W. D. Parker . .. A. 005,089 F. 365.092 . . Cutter. See Buttonhole cutter. Fu.e cutter. Nail machine for and method of making double Thermometer. B. St. John ...... 365,354 •• G. 365.121 Thill coupling, R. Crumbaker ...... Uiass tube cutter. Meat cutter. Paper cut- pOinted wire. G. lJoolittie ...... F. . 365.052 1 Thill coupliug. D. A. John.on ...... 365.181 ter. Nut lock. Campbell & Hetzler ...... 365. 65 ...... 365,219 Nut lock, C. S. Wenger ...... 365.285 Tie. See Railway ra.!1tie. Railway tie. Damper. J. W. Yate ...... 365,322 Tile for ceiling. and lIoor. of building J. H. Dental chairs, lowertnR mechanism for, L. Stuck •• Nuts Rnd washers, machine for manufacturing, •• 098 ...... Dental engine, H. Register ...... 865. S. Brightmore ...... 365,328 Bright C. . 365.295 J. RAYNER, De.k type writer cabinet. combined. H. Nutshell cutting machine. C. Pecht ...... 365,198 Tire bolt holder. C. Markam ...... 365.142 and W. J. . . . Toy. lIying. M. Richard ...... 365,201 Porter ...... 365.275 Odometer. H. O. Brook ...... 365,043 .... . J...... Track gauge, automatic, D. Willard ... ro ••••••••••• 865,113 S. Bird ...... Oil can. W. Hm ...... 365,130 Dome.tic pre.s. 36.'\.292 w. . J...... 365.li7 . Train order catcher,R. J. Mickey...... 365,814 Door check. Andre ...... Oil can iphon. C. N. Tyler ...... �' . W. 365,088 •• . 365 .... ••• ••• ..- •••••••••••• •• ,_. 865,158 Trammel, Heiron •...... •.....•...•••.•••.•••••. ,181 Door check, Barlow .... :. _ . . __ ..... __._ ___ _ \V . S. Rft�'!?A Oilol-" aut.oJnati",", .J�_W-.._Qa:U.th A. lJreOller, Lynch ...... 865.140 Oiler for car axle J. Gibbons ...... 865,063 Trap. C. Erikson ...... H. H. •• J. . 366.058 . . . . MACabinetHOG Woods all AThickness.NY Dre.s form. C. H. Griffln...... Ore concentrator. Stonestreet ...... 365,27U Trolley track. L. Coburn ...... il65,S02 G . D. 365.240 Dress shields, die for making seamless, A. His- Oscillating engine, S. Maltby ...... •••••...... 865,267 Truck for electric railway guide. B. )<'.Hamilton Foot Hou.ton Street, 276 & East 20th Street, J. •• 365,839 E. R., i 289 . . Truck for electric railways, .wivel. B. Ham- RK IC cott...... Packinlrand .how box. W. De Grall'...... F. NEW Y . C , I S. 366,069, aMmo J...... 865,245 . O H A.GO LL Drier. See Fruit drier. Packing apparatu Wolf ...... 865.217 ilton ...... •• �'. . . . 365.340 Drill. See Grain drill. Packing can, R. Gillingham...... 365.064 Tube device fol'. reducing the ends of, E. O. H. •• ON STEAM BOILERS.-A LECTURE Drill stock. ratchet..C. H. Wilmoth ...... 365.214 Pantaloon H. T. Caullet ...... Daniel...... 365.053 e e •• : .. 365.296 . . . . :e� :Oif:ri���o�.::cfl�� !.f.rI:::��.:"':::nt. Dry closet, B. Robb ...... Paper box machine. H. A. Honse ...... 365,!J12 Umbrella support. D. Tillman ...... 365.282 L. 365.202 . ��.Dilferent type. of boilers. Material. Metbods of r�vetihg Va lve. balanced, LewiE...... 865.136 Ear and neck protoctor. J•. Friedman ...... 365.061 Paper boxes, machine for making band. for. J. Fractures, BoUer explosions. Contained in J. 365,186 AM EIlICA N U PL M E . SCIIIlN'c('IFIn C Electric battery, P. Germain ...... 365.3.59 Godfrey ...... 365.124 Valve, elastic balance, J. Lewis •.••...... S No. 1):13. Price e t To be had a t thisP offlceE Nand T from all new.dealer10 •• Ela.tic compound. rubber covered. H. W. Libbey. 365.187 Paper cutter. W. Drosten ...... 865.334 Valve mechanism for water maIns, electriC, G. B. •• �' . Ba ett. . Electric currents, apparatus for transforming, L. Paper pulp, etc., suspended in liquids, separating •• ...... 366,040 Bollmann ...... 365.116 apparatus for, R. Kron ...... 365,343 Valve. rotary. J. •. MitcheU ...... 365.315 . J . Elev... tor lock. T. Morrin ...... 365.088 Paper .tock.apparatus for treating vegetable.ub- Valve, thermal, J. Hurt ...... �'. . 366,258 . . Vault covering. iIIuminatingtillng. etc.. T. Hyatt. Enlline. See Dental engine. MUlti-cylinder en- .tances for making. A. Chamber ...... 865,166 365.206 . gine. Oscillating engine. Paper, w ...xln". A. Wilkinson ...... 366.213 Vault light. P. Herzog ...... C. 865.3011 . . 865.:l36 Envelope, letter, G. JJ. Jaeger ...... Pen holder, W. Ingram ...... 365,307 Vehicle .pring. H. C. Swan ...... 865,260 G. . . . 365,356 holder, M. I. Rodrigue ...... Vehicle wheel. J. �'ra.er ...... :Eraser.blackboard. Travi ...... Pen ...... 65 .320 865.122 J. . . Extract proce of and apparatus for clarifying, Pick and shovel. combined. A. H. Storey ...... Velocipede. T. Jelfery ...... 365.!J14 •• •• 365,208 B. . . 865.087 .. . . . VelOCipede. D. Owen ...... _ ...... 865.091 A. Morand ...... Pillow sham holder. T. Van Dazer ...... 365.158 �'. . . 80 Feed water puriller, A. Petzold ...... 365,093 Pin. See Safety pin. Vesseltl,construction of, T. J. Hanlen ...... 365,1 Il:. . .. Fence machine. S. Plackard ...... 865.150 Pipe coupling for jOining. Hendrick ...... 365.068 Vi.e, Kenyon ...... E. •• E. E. J. et al . . 365,186 Wire. •• C. Lowden 365 312 Pipe means for making curved. J. A. Whitney .. 365.110 Vulcanizing apparatus. W. B. Mann...... Fence machine...... 365.083 I •• . Fence post, T. Richart ...... Pipe mould, A. Frick ...... 365,176 Wad winding machine, A. Dickerman ...... 365,OM ji'. 365,099 W. . . . 365,293 Edward P. Thomp.on. SoliCitor Flfth wheel, W. C. Engel...... 365.174 Pi.ton. horizontal. H. See ...... 365,102 Wagon, dumping, J. M. Blake ...... of Eleotrical Patents. Beekman • 3 )�iltering plate, compound, Kroog ...... •...... 365,134 Planter, corn, C. A. Beerstecher ...... •. Waistband attaching ela.tic strap. to. E, Street.ELECTRICAL N. Y. Write for testimonial. and instruL-t.ion S66.229 •• A. •• .1 . . ,283 )<'iles,making. C. M. Fairbank ...... 365.249 Planter. cotton. J. W. Bartlett ...... Todd ...... 365 365 0U EXCELLENT of Wl'ltt e.,. or . . . Wa.hing compound. J. McWhorter ...... )<'iree.cape R. Belche ...... Planters and other machine adjustable driving K. 865,269 with BLACKPen (orCOPIES Type Writer)anythmg by the Patent •• 365.2JO •• . . dra-um an'll Fire extinguisher for car heater S. P. Canlleld... 865.237 Ilearfor corn. P. Lawton ...... 365,188 Wa.hinllmacblne, M. V. B. Watson ...... 365,210 ed by •• J. . L:l&'��r: g � Flambeau. Vaughn & State ...... Planter., feed for cotton, C. W ..Oldham ...... 365. 19.5 Water closet tank. Collett ...... ; ...... 365.1»9 � ; . 86.5.284 : J. Specimens Free. Frame. See Spectacle frame. Plow. Turley & Bryant...... Water meter. pi.ton. F. L. Sylvester ...... 366,323 .. ; 1l65.156 CO .• 166 William Street. New York...... Wheel. See Fifth wheel. Marking Saw AUTAUTOCOPYIBTOOOP YIST Fruit drier. C. P ...ttenger ...... Plow, R. W. Whitehur.t ...... 865.319 . 865.S58 wheel. Furnace. See Hot air furnace. Plow. double .hovel, C. Geiger ...... 365 2.52 wheel. Vehicle wheel. Smoke con.uming F. . THE COPYING PAD.-HOW TO MAKE A. .. . . furnace. Steam lIeneratingfurnace. Plow. side hill. C. Anderson ...... _ .. 365.162 Wood turning machine. Schuch ...... 366,277 and howto UH8; with an engraving. Practical diJections

Furnace, A. . . . 6 Pneumatic cabtnet, W. J. Harris ...... 3 5 Wringer. See Mop wringe" r t d e J. Holden ...... 365,0 1 ...... 6 ,067 ���t�.r{tE: :o �:l:�:r.::d�� Iig��g�g�l� t��j�':t'i��� Furniture, rockicg, A. G. Wicker ...... Pocketbooks, satchels, etc., frame for, L. B...... 965 288 letter to the pa'lt;how to take copies of the letter. , . T C AMERICAN011' .EME Furniture. wa.!1 protectlngattachmentfor. F. Bar- Prahar ...... 365.200 Conta.!nedin SCIEN FI S J N . No. . 43S. Price 10 cents.I For sale at thisUPP offlceand Tby all rows...... 865,225 Pocket knife. G. W. Miller ...... ESI Fuse cutter, cap .etter. and in.erter. combined. Policeman's club and making the same. E. D. 365.088 D GNS. new.dealer. in all part. of the country. . Bath tub, earthenware. W. C. Peet ...... 17.410 C. D. lJa.!e ...... 365.179 Bean ...... 365.228 Bridle tront. R. Cahoone ...... 17.400 Gauge. See Track gauge. Post. See �'ence post. E. . Bru.h. hat or clothe C. T. Gro.jean ...... 17.41» Galley. G. E. Jone ...... 365.008 Pot. See Tea or colfeepot. •• Cor.et., ornamentation of, M. P. Bray ...... 17,898 .. 365.294 Pre.s. See Baling pres.. Dome.tic . Ga app"ratu. for maaufacturing. B. Brazelle .. pres . •• •. Ea.sel.T. A. Abbott ...... 7 GaH generators, acid chamber for, H. HoJl'...... PreMses, automatic brake forpower , J. H. Clapp .. 365 04:7 . 1 ,886 S65,2M , Grate. IIreplace.H. G. & R. Dawson ...... 17.401, 17.402 Gate. See Bridge gate. Printing machine. chromatic. H. Ludington .... 365,813 W. F. Hot air register front. W. Schickel ...... 17.411 Generator. See Steam or hot water gener... tor. Printing machines. feed guide for. J. T. Hawkin 865,1 7 •. 2 IntagliO, A. Becker ...... 7.399 Gla.s tube cutter. L. P. Lindgren ...... 365.190 Printing machine web feeding mechani . 1 •• .m for. Oil cloth. C. T. & V. Meyer ...... 17.405 to 17 .409 A. Glazier'. di ...mond tool, T. Duncan ...... 365.057 L. C. Crowell ...... : .... 865.051 E. Toy pi.tol. P. Adam ...... 17,397 Grain binders. cord tying mechanism for, W. But- Printing .hell, O. J. Smith ...... 865.362 Type ornaments or combination border, font of, terOeld ...... Protector. See Ear and neck protector. . . 365,044 F...... 17,403 The Cyclone Carpet G. Giesecke . . Grain binders. cord tying bill for. R. H. Corey ... . 365,0.'>0 Puller. See Stump puller. •I Sweeper. Just out. Grain cleaning machine. A. Laidlaw ...... andSO i.ME the bes�THINO .weeper NEinvented.W It i. for sale state 365.080 Rack. See Clothe. rack. right or I will .e11·" half interest In the Unitedby States. Grain drlll...... •• L. Waterman ...... 365.109 Rail brace. C. Aikin...... 365,222 Addre JOHN M. McCLAIN. Catlin. Colorado. E. . TRADE MARKS •• Gnard. See Bed guard. Railway rail tie and fa.teninll.A. Roelof...... 365.350 .

Hammer, tack, L. H. Hoover .....•..•••••...••...... 365,255 RaHway signal, ..•.•••...... 365 4 Aerated waters. C. H. Phelps ...... electriC, M. W. Long ,8 5 . 14,584 Harrow. S. H. Chadwick ...... 365.1»6 Railwa , Blacking, liquid, paste, and waterproof,' Day y tie, G. De Beaulieu ...... 365.169 & . . . . Harrow. D. W. Shares ...... 365.104 Railway., triplex motor for .treet. B. C. Pole ...... Martin ...... 14.5« ;l65.273 . . Harve.ter platforms. eleariPgatt ... chmentfor. D. Candy. R. &T. Candy ...... : ...... 1(.533 ItBilway., with mean. of in.ulating the rail . . . •• .. . . ,. ..Ral.ton ...... tramway for elevated Cigar., S. Wright ...... - ; ...... , ...... 365.097 electriC. B. F. Hamilton 365,841 V. H.548 Harve.ting m ...chine. N. Whiteley ...... , 2 Cigar. and Cigarettes. Reynolds. Rogers & Co .....• 1(.';41 � W. ;J65 3 4 Rake. See Hay rake. AND FINE GRAY IRON ALSO ST EEL Hat wire. H. H. Kellner...... :165,165 Rellector. lamp, R. E. Williams ...... 365,215 Coal and wood. T. M. Hackett & Co ...... B ff\,.ol. NI.> JA,p PAl �,, '-' •• .07 . 14.538 MA<; DEVLIN 1\'CO <. FI'. 5HI", - Hay rake and gathering machine. A. L. Court- See Heat regulator. Cough medicine. M. J. Breitenbacb ...... 1( 1 O '''NINc :-.� Regulator. ,59 TH LEHIGH AVE c.: AME.R,GANST PHILA .�� . .. right ...... 865,118 J. . . Cutlery and edge tool., W. Bingham & Co ...... 14,530 LL£A Rice mill, A. I.ockfaw . . 366.191 �A ...... Hay rake and loader, W. H. Lyon ...... 365.082 . Furniture IInish.T. H. Nevin & Co ...... 14,539 Road making machine. T. Lomont ...... 365.133 . TELESCOPIC OBJECTIVES MIR- �'. . AND Hay .tacker. D. B. Craig ...... 365,3.32 Roaster. See Colfeeroaster. Harmonicas. ROllge & Koch ...... 14.642 rors. Their preparation and testing. By H. Grubb. F. Hay .tacking device. O. H. King ...... 865.262 Leather and metal good preparation for cleaning S. An Interesting de.cription of the proces.es now l¥>d couplinll.J. Leib ...... 365.263 •• R. . . d h c ru O o t c Heat regulator. Zickwollf...... Rods. and polishing. B. Beddow & Son ...... 14,629 365 machine for upsetting collars on. C. Wil- . ���!��� ��t� : ���,; h'I�\o� �f 'i\:': ::r.� �u����:�1 E. . ,220 O. · AMKRI('AN Hinge. lock. J, Wolf ...... 3/'> 5,160 ...... Medical compound, tonic. H. H Ayer ...... 14,62.5 gla... Contained in . . der ...... ;l65.212 SCIEN T IFIC SUPPT,IC. MENTS. No •• 1)4Sand 1)49. Price. 10 cents each. To be Hoe. planting, W. "I. H. Trabue ...... 365.108 Medicine. containing sarsaparilla, proprietary, J. . Roller. See Land r"lIer. obtained at this offlceor from any new.dealer. Hol.ting machine. W. R. Thatcher ...... 14 52 ...... Rolling mill. Sack ...... 86.5.10 C. Ayer Company ...... , 7 . 365.1!J1 H. .. 0 Holder. See Pen holder. Pillow holder. diseases, proprietary, J. C. sham Roof heet metal. A. Wightman . . . 365.290 Medicines for malarial •• ...... ire bolt hoi.der. ... . : ... 14.528 PEBFEC7.' T Rope making machine. Pierce ...... 865.094 Ayer Company ...... lll. Hot air furnace, L. J. Mueller ...... E. . Medicine. for pulmonary and throat di.ea.es. 865.193 Sad iron. Pierce & Snyder ...... 365 095 J. . . Hub. wheel, M. Sweet ...... 865.106 .• C. Ayer Company ...... 14.526 J. Safe., etc compound welded plate_for burglar- . NEWSPAPER FILE Ice chute. J. Hall ...... Preserves, fruits,' vegetables, fish, cheese, and , proof. Farrel...... 865 338 J. 365,:lOO The e Indicator. See Stalion indicator. Safety pin, J...... 0 .auces. C. P. Holtz ...... 14,037 Jenkin ...... 365, 75 �'. m ·!f�n�= •. E�:��':.t� �t"�� an oo reduood. �UbScriber.�J f  to the S I TI I Alii. In.ulating materia.!. composition of matter for. J. Saw level and .et gauge. J. Beaulieu ...... Rubber good hard. Butler Hard Rubber Com- EN F C 365.lf'l •• BRICAN� and S I N I AMERICAN SU PC EM be B. William. (r)...... C E FI EN CILD ...... 10,846 Saw sharpening machine. S. A. Gould ...... 365.337 pany. T C P L T ...... 14,532 plied for the low price of $1.50 by mall. or $1.25at the Iron. See Sad Iron. Saw wheel. band. D. K. Allington ...... 365.037 Seeds, farm, garden, and lawn, Northrnp, Braslan � ar de . . �':. �if� ���� Joint. See Sheet metal jOint. Scale beam latche device for di.engaginlr. O. & Goodwin Company ...... 14,MO •• .. �E'1honewrCpa who wi.he.l:lERI� to pre.erve'N;., tlie Journa.!box. W. J. Perkin ...... 365.199 Deming E. Towel IIguredand plain. Turki.h. G. S. Cox ...... 14,535 . every paper...... 865,170 •• Addres. . Journal box and lubricator, A. Eagle...... 365.246 Scale. coin operated eiectrica.! weighing, Smith & Wrenche American Saw Company ...... •• . U,5U IIUNN & CO., Key. �" A. Gurney ...... 865,304 Washburn ...... 365.363 Publi.her. . . printed copy of the .pecillcation and drawing of Scm::�o AlIIlmI OAlr. Kitchen cabinet. V. Wigginton ...... 365 288 School .eat and de.k. W. P. Connor ...... 365.297 A E. . any patent in the foregoing lI.t. a.!.o of any patent Knife. See Pocket knife. Seal lock. F. Herry ...... 365.231 M. i ued since 1866 will be furni.hed from thl. offlcefor THE USE OF TORPEDOES IN WAR.- Knitting machine. Covell & Cram ...... 365.2H Sea.!lock. C. V. Boughton ...... 365 17 •• . 2.) .• .. . .1 paper by Commander P. Ga.!lert. U.S.N !Jiving a Ladder. lire. T. Haye ...... 865,128 �. See Car cent In ordering please .tate the number and date A H. . Sea .eat. School seat. •. clear presentation of theE. pre.ent state of eftIclencyof . of he patent desired. a d remit to Munn & Co .• 3 1 Label, bottle, L. Moodie ...... 865.148 Shaft .upport, T. A. Knox ...... 366 310 t n 6 E. , �:s:l'N{::t�� "i'i.'a:��i�h i� . . . . 865.1 . Broadway, New York. We a.!so furnish copies of patent. Lamp attachment. J. Bulger ...... 64 Sheet metal jOint. G. Battelle ...... ·V. J. . 865.042 ��use:C�:8.�d in all naval services. With t�::3 plates, ��,:,; con­ . granted prior to 1 b t at increa.sed cost, a. the Lamp. gas. L. G. Franci ...... Shutter worker. J. Wayland ...... 365.367 866 ; ll tuinlnlltmany ligures. Contained In 865.336 . .pecillcation CAN NoS. and Scr>:N1)37TIFTen'C A lIIcentsEltI­ LamP. incande.cent elect.ric. Smith ...... 865.351 Signa.!. See Railway .Igna.!. not being printed. mu.t be copied by . J. •• each. SUPPLF.MENT.To be had at this offlce!}!i6and from a.!1newsdeaJer Lamp .ocket and cut-out. incande.cent, Lemp . Skirt faCing., woven fabric for. L. Moschcowltz . hand. •• . . 365,147 '"Wightman ...... 365.188 Slate. folding tracinlr, W. Heyer ...... 865.182 Canadian Pa ten ts may now be obtained by the . D. . Lamp socket and cut-out. inca descent. Wight- Sled. A. Wollf...... 365,161 inventor. for any of n ...... the invention. named in the fore- man & I.emp ...... 865.159 Smoke con.uming furnace. J. Hubber ...... 365,842 going Ii.t, provided they are Simple, at a cost of . W. $40 J..amp,street car. C. E. Garey ...... Snow plow. Dietz ...... ·...... each. If complicated the co . . . 366.062 A...... st will be ... little more. For 365,209 E.P roller and clod crusber. combined, )<'.Twick Snow plow. H. angborn fuJI instructions Munn '" •• J.and . ... Last SmJtb...... 365,1M ...... 365,197 addresR Co 361 Broadwa". Stevens • ...... Sofa r divan. reclining, . . . al80 , '" Maddox .... -...... 865,0551 York. foreign o W. J. . 366,266 New Otber patents JIIll7 be obtained. JULY 9. 1887.] 1titufifit ------)mttitnu. Proposals = �---==:-= � =-�------:::-=-----==-=� for �teel.cast Guas for the Navy. IMPORTANT TO METALLURGISTS, - � - = -- NAVY DEPARTMENT, WASHINGTON, D. ��- £�- =-������-= ��� .�-��- LI GHT DRAFT STEAM LAUNCHES. MINERALOGISTS, MINERS, - C., June 23. 188 7. - � -- COAL AND WOOD BURNINC. act Small Marine and High Speed Engines, also Patent Steel Tubu­ Under authority conferred by the of Congress, ap­ proved March 3, aking an propriati n •• for the -= =�--� lar Boilers. Patent Automatic Adjustable SKAG. purchase and completion188i.m of three apsteel-cast. rough.o bored ASSAYERS, CHEMISTS, � �� and turned, six-inch, high-power riflec n on. MANUFACTURED BY a n - �-=� manufacture, one of h ch shall be Be seof edomes­steel. i:��3:-=-- -=� --�--�=��-=-=--=-�;;:--? �� H. B. WILLIAMS '" CO., Roche.ter, N. U. S. A. i of r -==--�-.::-?-::::-=�� Y., ticone of e - e h w and one of c ucs i blem steel." ETC., ETC. sealed proposalsop n h a rt st.eel, r fu ­ nish the same, from domestiC manufacturers,this Department to untilr We Tuesday, the secondwill be dayreceived of A atugu st, 1887,at 12 o'clock and have just compiled a very complete List of Recent n i e ill beStandard gJa to Works send onfree the by abovem i Imbjects, whichany we W�O pa;S:I�i�aV�: �:!er�fEi:::S1� �u��i�h t:�ee com- ow h d a l, postage paid, to pletely finished six-inch, breech-loading, high-power nA\:o � ;!l!,. of Books on E e r M al g rifieca nnon, made from unforged castings, one of Besse.. - l , THOS one Moulding, lfounding.�ftZoguePattern landct oM taet ur y . �� WOOD & VO mer steel, one of open-hearth steel, and of crucible Makin�. e l Work- T ext· 1 l e M ach· In ery, j d, �lld W'!od�ts. " steel, or three lJntorged, rough-bored and turned cast­ ORS, ETC. l'hIladelpllla, such cannon, of the res cti e y a ling an earlng , ELEVAT Pa. toings be for fin ished by same material,a r anc pewithv thel , infj;g;.�hc,,:;���and :.!egf W:.�rCatalog1U8�1 M;,��u.ilcand. Books, 96 Sh f· d G the Department in cco d e pages, ';vo. owr otheT Vilrculairs,ATts, the dd r's desi n whole COV..-invland eve'"llbranch ojto Science an1l appliedan1l to part the of PROPULSION OF STREET CARS.- biSuche finishedg . guns or such castings must be in accord­ 0 I postage. in tile c a h sent Jree. freefurnish one A paper in is ance with the spe ific tions prepared in i e Bureau of WOTId. who will his address. by A. W. Wright, which an endeavor made Ordnance, and each gun, when completed, must be capa­ HENRY CAREY BAIRD &. CO., to solve the problem us tokeep the amount of power required ble of safe y discharging projectih,tsweighing pou d to stlrt a street car and SCIitENT in motionIFIC under average l muzzle l y than100 2,000 feetn s INDUSTltIAL PUBLISHERS,BoOKSELLERS MPO ERS Contained in AMERICAN each. with a el t le 8 I Pconditions.LE ENT Sup­ per sec nd. v oc of not s & UT , �33. To o Walnut Street. Pbilndelpllia, Pa., U. �. M No. Price 10 cents. be had at this i r ll f 810 A. 01llce and from all newsdealers. O ��c��!!�!n; g!stood'?� the�a?{Ii:� statutory�b�� testC�r:�I�t:A requireda�a by �it�e the ac July Serew Plate8. t of twenty-sixth, eighteen hundred and eighty-�ix," en­ SCIENTIFIC BOOK �-=--== -==---- - it ed an act making appropriations for the s r­ for tvicel forH the fiscal year ending June thirtie hnaval, eighteen e � Seud t THE m� LlTht t.IANT hundred and eighty-seven, and for other purposes." CA.J TAL U�T PUBLOCISHED.UE , Proposal!!; may be made separately for one or more n i guns or for one or more castings as afo esaid but no r s l acc panr d by, sat s­ in ( ;���r�Ut1t�� :f�� �ftr�;:�t�� bf!ft��' __ p opo a will be considered unles8 o ie i � ��: F. F. F. m mailed� tree to any address on application. W?lrg; �i��'��? _ factory evidence that the bidder controlsor guns, a plantcasting ade­ A , quate to the production of the gun or MUN N •• Pub i er Scientific m r c n CRE LD, cREttings which he proposes to furnish. &; CO l shB,s·oadwny, Newe YOi a I·k. . &, CO. rI::�� Each successful, bidder will be required to execute, :J61 WELLS B ROSMANUFACTURERS, OF within fifteen days after notice of award, a formal con­ lIaehlnery Tool!!' for in accordance with his u nis a proposal, and to f I Screw CarrlaceCutting Makers', and Maehlnlsts',Use. bond,traot it satisfactory tlUreties, a penal sum erq ahto and Blacksmiths' fifteenwpe hr cent. of .the amount inof his bid, conditionedu l for the faithfu performance of such contract. STEEL GUNS, GUN METAL, GUN­ l io n f s t:lI ����i����l r�h���Sb� �es���� r ���at��Pgf��eble l�iiv� �i¥rr:;:�rc:::: p��f��obtaineda�� on appJication to the Bureau of Or ��rinanceg� w.S�W:. ng. describingt:��gI' the peculiarities Na y e ar en d , terialsh UI''Ied in gun maki i the v D p tm t. of t e Whitworth system of art ll ery, and discussing p o osals must be in duplicate, inclosed in en­ suhject of u ni g u;unpowder. Contained ..n velopesAll r markedp H Steel-ca t Cannon," and C FIC slow-b r n U P E ENT Prop08als for S Ill: TI AMERICAN S P L M addre s d to the Secre ary of the Navy,s Navy lJepart­ centsN . To at , No. &>89. Price ment, s e sh ton, t 10 be had this Office and from all news­ The Wa imgreservedD. C. to form to dealers. reject rightany or s waive defects in and OF THB all hids. WILLIAM C. HI NEY NOTUJE to Users of Steam Pnmp�. W 'l' , follOwing the •. We have received No. 6"letterL" In Secretary of Na1JJ/ regard toe one of ourl g Ch pipe($16) l't·oposals Steel Glln FOl·a;infl's the J ��":::r :;'� �.:'if."a� li,n!�� ���? fo,· for • FOR ANSE, MICH., 1883. Nnvy l��mtric". nu .. L' Feb. 24, ifit D(1ZEN TIFT. citut VAN H Cincinnati, E T E T, The Most Popular Seieutille Paper In the World. & 0. : NAVY O PAR M K .. Money could not buy the JetI of us ASHIN GTON. 4. 1887. a Ve�r, Includinllj>o8talre. Weekly. unless another conld be had. would W June Ollly 83.00 U L" a dom s i manufacturers of Year. not give your No.to 5 for $700 pump. Sealed proposalsn frome e t c :)� Number. n ..equal N. distance raise. f!L�cn. ��:;i!��� :::dt ��: !:t O f st e Il�r 6;\O?i�� Thill widely h· u l nl ed A; ,';'!_""U.'�"', ,,'�p•. B. riflegun, all i · r a� d,c1 annealed,�s:�r:6�,£� an c c and splendidly Illustrated TJ. o l t e te d in accord­ paper Is publ1st.edweekly. Every number containssix­ ance with drawings and specifications prepared in the of Bureau of Ordn ance, will be receivEd at the Navy De· teen pages of useful infoImation and a large number n U i n d a OIloiginal engravings of new inventions and discoveries, Y:��?ock ����;.� �� l�h· �r�:t�h� ��£pt�ifs' �rll' �! repre8entin� Engineering Works, Steam Machinery ELECTRIC CONVEYORS.-DESCRIP- opened. of f gi s estimated )lewInventions, Novelties in Mechanics, Manuf:lctures, carriage Thet kinds h orh ng required iand the tion of two Ingenious systems for the electric �g:� !;� .�1a��� ii £Ia�lf�=: i � � �:� Cbemlstry, �lectrlclty Telegraphy.Pbotography, Archi­ of small packages. Illustrated with 13this engravings. Con- gether wIth i s d drawingsg � O � l ci;��bficationfit6� H rti t , "NatUral op s of i and sp tecture. Agriculture. o cul ure History, etc. 464. Price 10 cents. To . be bad at officeand frOm may c e a Bureaue of Ords,.. A Classes of ""der. SCIENTIFIC all newsdealers. be obtained on application to the II II lind in the MOnEL and sauntarCircnlars. nance, Npvy Department. . MER I C N Prices per on of 2.240 p nd � must be stated in A A a popular ,.esumeof the best scientific in· t m b oua u the day; it aim VOLNEY W. MASON & CO., ;:Jpo�afs �� lP��?��:. i� ��rgn formation of the and isform. tbe of the publishers rti��:�!�items pmbracingrl���t all wo required in the manufac��- to JlresentIt in an attractive avoiding as much as FRICTION CL C aid ELEVATORS n· PULLEYS UT HES XPERIM the rk a abstruse terms. To Intelligent C·�t!�:���O' s e possible every mind, � �:���':i{_6���J PROVIDENCE. R. I. WOR E�TAPUIALTY. O!eDlioD this Paper" ��: � Ks � 8,j�C��t the. i� S�Depart���1�i��ment.c:�::; In ?ocase t e e a t igJen tbls journal affords a constant supply of ilUltructlve . turned hy h D p r m t reading. In b find it ad a a u8 to have tbat i. of l t It promotive knowledge and progress s a l Navyv n Yard,geo hm part .•of the work • s t C uc community where ROCK BREAKERS A'TD ORE CRUSHL ERS I done at the \\ a g on. D. s h forg- every it cirCUlates. .I., contractor before roughing, SCIEN­ anu ct and supply at short notice and lowest rates, Stone andOre can... Te,·lOs of SUbSCI·iptloll.-One c p W � m �a ur� h inhellS w HIabe rtm deliveren q.b y th�l h to and fro� the �avy o y of the tainI.ng the InventIOn descrIbed in Letters Patent issued EJi Blake, June 15th,Crus 1858,ers. togeth - t p fr TIFIC A)IERICAN AND A UABLE to De thee rough-boredt poymg e �antd for vear-R! er WI h V L IM RO VEMENTS for hich L W. were-granted May 11 h wlll be Bent one numbers­ t Ntnv S. L. P , w etters Patent t Yard. tlnd ntract r. F. turned �orgmgs win be III the Mr. M rsden. Crus ers supplied by us are con tr c ed returned to o O. B. at . postage prepaid. to a.ny subscriber United States andthe supenntendenceJuly �h, 1880, to of Mr. Marsden,a All h s u t under The c n thect c he aowarded for thehlS fworkso n as tln'ee tlolhn·1t who for the past twentv years has been oNotra will the wholp.rgwin i g sbe a or Canada, on receipt of by the pub­ anufa t re of Blake Crushers in is ' connected with proP(�sHI for less i the m F4Rc uREL FOUNDRY ANDth 'countJ'Y and England. whol�. WIll any proposalthan b e c onsi ered n en-es MA{:HINECO llIllllufrs Ansonia • Ushers j s x months. $1.50 ; three month8, $1.00. COPEI.A ., tert"meda c m n;I nord b satistactory eVIdence thatdtbe bidderu l iss Clubs.-Olle exU·" SCIENTIFIC AMERI­ ND /lACON. Alrents, NEW , Conn c o pa e copy of tbe & YOiU,". ' s o I a t o i CAN wi! be supplied r i JOT �� R�:�� �f rh� :eg�t��d ���;i�:8� lrtf������ (�eli�� g at s eV/lTlI clubjive of 8'Ubscribers ered under the contract must conform in materiaJ at $3.00 each : additional copies at 8Ilme propcrtionate man,?fact:ure. the aforesaid drawings and pe lfica l ns, and quality to rate. s C t O andlests. must successful1y pass the required The safest way to remit is by Postal Order, Draft,or IDs�ection and s r ll Expre8s Money Order, Monny carefully placed inside OTTO GASA. c.ENGI MANNNEINC &.AGENCY, co., 47 Dey Str NEWeet YORK. af'fe: ���f.\': �t ��deliver��� 'tb one�rit����� set of ;�' ;';I����� t�,:!J of envelopes. securely sealed,is and correctly addressed, Removes .ay 1s bindinJ;tdayshimself from to contract,g'unforgings and w1thinless seldom goes astray. but at the sender's risk. Ad­ OD t to 18 VESEY STREET. Sixty t e the datet of the t e notd dress all letters and malte all orders, dra�s, etc •• pay· ���p?�� �t e �:Irv!rt:� �i��rn d fn��t� ! �r�� t�� A :l:e sureties in able to CLARK'S NOISELESS RUBBER WHEELS date of them contract. bond with sufficientt e more h �1:.7NN & CO •• : r��r:e m��� ��c�� ����:� R�rcg�r � total con- No Splintered Floors. . J� t r� f Different Styles. Catalogue Free Blank forms of contract and all 36 1 Broadway, New York. e i ed can be o ined on additionalap icati oinforma­n to GEO. P. CI.ARK. tion d sotr Ordnance. Nabtay p r en t. pl the Box L. WiudsOl' .. Ct. Bureau v De a tm . T�:.iJ l ocks, Each proposal must b8 acco p n a r fie paya to ol' e of t m a ied by thece Navy,ti d HOW TO GRAFT.-A In�heck, ble thee 8 dthanr fivehe Secretaryp er cent of t Scientific American Supplement. VALUABLE PA· amountan amount of lJidnot lCheckss the otal per.klnd �Irlving complete directions for ma.kIng various the daysof a unsuccessfulter the bids arebidders will This Is a separate and distinct publication from of gra�ts In fruit be returned within five f opened. TH E SCIENTIFIO AlIlKRICAN. mo tr�es.-qeftr "rafting,in slip The check of the successful bidder will be returned containingbut is nnlform therowlth b �\!t i::�t��dl':I :�f�r:�� �onS��: en shall av formal co act in Size, every number sixteen large pages. �nl��:grafting, split�� i� wh he h e executedbond thein cas of h sn tr and THE CI ENTIFIC AM ERICAN SUPPL EM EN grafting, crown I{rIlftillg. Graftlng·wax.SCIENTI. furnished thethis requiSite ipul ti n, i e i failure to S T Is published ll figll s Contained in a o FICWaxed AME cloth.IlICA N WithSUPPLEM "NTre . No. comply with st d t e the check will become the weekly, and includes a very wide rangeof contents. It To at trom :$40. Price 10 cents. pr er b sd P1 a e, CEO. • M ARBLE , lB ��o����I� �� �t � ,� U ic t presents the most recent papers by eminent writers in he had this office and ali newsdealers. Sole Manu­ ked Pr po for Steel enclo�ed in en- the facturer of velopes mar to .• Secret.aryo sal .of Gun Forgings,"Navy all prinCIpalembraCing departments Biology , ofGeelol(}', Science and the 'l'HE A.CI!IE WRENCH. and addressed the D. the Navy, De­ Useful Arts, Mineralogy, The best mad£.all steel, and warranted, S sizes. partment,The right Wasblngton, is re8erved waiveC. to Geo"raphy, to .,. ica U. A. to defects in form and Natural History, Archreology,Astronomy, 28 South Canal Street, Ch go, S. reject any or all bids. 1 El c ici y, Liu;ht. Heat, anica] Engi­ Chemistry e tr t II ech WlLLIA�M;·e���ml�� peering. Steam and Railway Engineeringt l\1ining. THE NEW CROTON AQUEDUCT.------T a1JJ/. U din , Marine Engineering, Detailed description of the great aqueduct now being l:1roposals 11'on GIlte Ship B il g Photography, New f01' Flontinll 01" l�ui��on. Sa i En­ constructed to Increasee the water supply of sYork Tecbnology, Mannfacturlng IndustrIes, n tary ­ f6� tt � ��v��."!tJ'���e� l:rrJ��� 'Witg gineering, Agriculture. Horticulture, E BUREANAVY U i'F DEPA YARR'I'MIANt:NT, Domesttc cono ��\fd��:' ��h�a map. SCIE TIFIC AMEHI­ DS D i g h , Medicine, etc. Address : engravings and Contained III N WASHINGTON. DOCKS. JIlY, A Th. Amerloan Writing CAN SPPPLF.ME"T, No. Price To .. June 7, 1887. B o rap y vast amount of fresh Machine ��8. 10 cents. be Sealed proposal8. addressed D. C pertaining these allied Co., Hartford, Conn.,. office all to the Chief of the Bureau Rnd valuable information to and Broadway. had at this and from newsdealers. Is New Yor/( Offioe. 237 v t snbjects given, the wbole profusely illustrated with g�.l:Jg:s:��· ���� bureaus�l� byIo�e�r�!���a�i':,�,h�fI unde si ned until��. one r�: engravings. THE CURTIS ceived at. m.thi sf!f 'h rsd thethe thirtier th� day June, TIlt most impM"tant Engimering WOTks, ICE- HOUSE AND REFRIGERATOR. o'clock p . 'l u ay. of Mechanisms, Dimensions for n ruc RETURN 188�. WhICh t1me i ll be open Directions and co st tion, with one at andbIdde placers the for proposals u ishi nw ­ and Manufactures at home and ah"o&d are represented for preserving fruit from ed In the presence Of f rn g the neces­ the SUPPLEMENT. Illustration of cold house and thrOllgh. ST::El..A..� TE...A.. :E". ary labor and materIal. for c tr tion and described in For rn ng- steam condensed s .on, the ons uc the United season to season. The air is kept dry pure retu i un­ i-':t�� ��;tg M�:�� for the dry dock at of anN irona Price for the SUPPLEMENT for States and out the yearS(,IEN at TIFICa temperatnre AMERICAN of SfromPL E34'ME toNT 36'. Con­ der pressure Hutomatical1y into � n� the vy SCIENTIFIC UP No. bOiler, th the $S.UO tained in of 116. whe er taken from above the floa ing caisson. a d a1] EmCANCanada. a year, or one copy of the AM­ PrIce 10 cents. To be had at this officeand all new.. or men�sPlans ofert ain n t gate, or be seen alldn copiesattach­ of and one copy of the SUPPLEMENT, both mailed Gealers. below the boiJManer flever,tur withoutd by IOS8 I cap IO. i g .thereto can Ad or waste. u ac e speC fi t ns and Instruction to bIdders obtained by ap- for one year for $7,00. dress and remit by postal t t u f n k order. express money order, or check. ""liTHE CURTIS REGULATUR CO" ���n �� t�e �Tvt ���Yn� e;:ga e �t �g� �a�:Va��P:��: Co •• Broadway BOSTON, MASS. IU UNN &; 361 , N. Y., tfb a���� 's��e�t �t:�a� lu8m��', d and SCIENTIFIC AMEltICAN. Send for Circular No. The to reject��� ����any orcti'V Publishers 19. bureau bereserves deemed the a rhrhta ali bids­ that may not dv ntageous to the go rn LCO OL SWEE POTA No roposal be con!'l.idered unless a vec To )tol·ei!rn SlIbscrlbe... of pAp�Jn�e1J. l�p�:n��';�Il;a��!r?r.o�f��;;;taft�:;I� A H . T, TO. - AN ment. � will c o - . -Under the facilities announcing to ear nd attained the ot t e prescribed b�d part mof SCIENTIFIC MERICAN account a neow industry recentlofy establishedfrom at the r� ���: B':'1i:'1'R�b'W/. the Postal Union, the A Is nowsent ea required for theira eye proper the use,iron ves toJ' have and s e, f to h t Y plain impl Azores-that the distillaIntion SCI li:NTIFICalcohol AME ltlCANraw oj Bwreau. by post direct from New York, with rellularlty, fie immense, profits large. ModeJ sweet potatoes. Contained Chief sub­ H ldup 39 Bond Street, Ne and information at i)"�. To ecrlbers in Great Britain. india, Australia.a nd all other e el &; Co., w York City. thisSUPPLEMENT. No. ali Price 10 cents. be had at __ officeand from newsdealers. British colonies ; to France, Austria, Belgium, Germany, Cold, Fresh or all Jap . for Hot or BARREL, KEG, Russia, and other European States; an lIra,U. Salt Wa Oils, N aph- . . ter; for Wat r Wheel Hogshead, STEiltha, Tar; for CanePUlPS e s New and Second Rand AND MeXICO, and all States of Central and South Am�rlp.a. JUIce, Ltquors, S rups, Scum; for Am L NNI EN RBINE Iowa. monia Extracts, Acids; yThi , Volatile, Vis- Address F E K TU Terms, when sent to foreign conntries, Canada excepted, , Alkalies for ck CO., Dubuque, for SCIENTIFIC M RICAN gold cous , etc. of the STAVE MACHINERY. $4, gol:'!, A E , one year ; $9, ,I or Foul Liquids, Vacuum Pumps EncycJo. ia nd free, SCIENTIFIC MERICA S PPLEMENT f r highest efficiency. m k Over v rieti s o Filter Press Pumps. Air, Gas pedia of D o Boo 50 a e manu.. for both A N ani U ,and 2sC. Remit Acid Blowers. Air Compressors. Etc. DrLightningills and mailingfor it . factured by O'le year. This includes postage,which we pay. 700 Engrav or BUILT BY GUILD & GARRISON, Brookl n, N. Y ings Hydraulic American E. &. B. Holmes, br DOstal express moneyCO., order,361 or draftto order of y . of Truss Boop Driving. MUNN &; te d i W ELL WELL wen Works, BUFFA LO. N. Y. Broadway. New York, !' t;.] Yag� i����nty; <§�;� Machines. particularlyFOR SA hotL E.-air engines. sought after,�� wanted��r;!: TOO L S, Aurora., Ill, �everywhere, construction simplelong and substantial, large EDUUA'l'ION OF THE AMERICAN CAPILLARY ATTRACTION.-AN IN- C z n -A Prof. H. Th r.ton on tbe saving in water and gas, device at ached now and work­ o ltl e . lecture by R. u IMPROVEn ing p e tl . Heupel, il9 St.,t New City. W E L S L b th �:Ct�e�ytb':�����t�� b:t;ee�i MC�; S�a�tJi: PECK'SCURE PATENT ���CUsmONBDDE EARDRUMS AF Pertect., erf c y Bond York ;��e�l�IO:n��h:S: , perform of �e;J::t\�: t�:m�:d��s g�rilfci��ftzh���:� BeatON •• Hearl.q-, In m t r in which: millhtyp o s of the race and thealw�s work position.the natural of matter (IDe body and any particle ofsquare at ofe mark themore r gres o towardai a drum. invisible, comfortable and in AU C n ne in ij"lnyersa.tion w�r8 tor another continues to vury inverselyetween as the the p the betterSCIE.'T andIFIC a AMERICAN ptosperous SlJ PLE futureM K T 1"No t d . lUBtrated booandkwitheven testimonials heard, distinctly. Address orcaSendllo D Catalogue of Valuable Papers b Oi t P N :$'l4 FREE. � New distance, when the distance nearest n s To office from ail Price SCIENTIFIC AMEIUCAN Su PPLEKIIlNT, ��� ���i � � e�!)I�, and �.�X, 81S3Broadway,NewYork. M.entionthia paver. U. f�'& � � ��!:,d ,\ h Jx��gu�. d:lrrg1� ,���r�;:: be had at this news- containedof In to Bent i r o 0 a M fTee chaTue any address. CO •. �gt�'ii�'J ':.:gh� �iJi�:�J'f\.g:�h c s each �.------Inalant>ellet.udnever FIDalCllll"' MUNN '" 361 Broadway, N. Y. ::� s':il�f:r�� . ----- , E S...... Noiuaelieacy: , Neltber knife, purge, salve or suppository. Liver, kidne,. \;';� CARY&M(JENA es--espe.c is.>co-- U ; andall boweltr oubl iallyeonstipation-cur­ ..sTEEL WIRE fvO£SCRIPTION p.,} f'tt·L tikemamc. 8ulfererRwin}earnofaAimplere� O c�, CITY tree, by &ddNtiSing, J. H. REEVES,78 N...... 8� lI.Y. 234 IV 29 ST EVERY & STEEL SPRINGs. NEWY 30 1titufific jtUtfi.C1lU.

Inside l' aue. each insertion ...... c nt The Ori[inal Unvnlcanized Packin[ P each inMcrlion ...... ":i e s a lille. - e c iC Back age 81.00 a line. CALLED THE STANDARD �T �\�:::. :r: :��p���� h The above are charge8 per agate hne-about et.ght Accept no packing as JENKINS PACKING unless ·1HE95 AME MILnI�ANK S T ,BtLL BOSTETO LNEPH�IE MASS �� . words per line. 'I'his notice shows the width of the hne, stamped with our '" Trade Mark." , ' and is set in agate type. Eng-ravingsmay head adver­ John St reet, tisement8 at the same rate per agate line, by measure­ Milk StreE't,N. BOliton. Y. 105 This owns the tt rs Patent ment, as the letter press. Advertisements must be S \ ' Company L received at publication officeas early as Thursday morn­ JENKINS � ' o. ing to appear in next i�8ue. BROS, {11'l I1�!':���� ��; l�t��,:; gr(l.ntedto Alexander Grahame Bell,e March 7th, 1876, No. 1.74,465, and January SHIELDS & BROWN 1877, 186,787. 30th, Ma"u}'a�:',,-e ," and Sole Proprietor8 of No. The transmission of Speec by all known h forms of Electric Speaking Te ephon s in­ fringes the right secured to thisl Companye by the above patents, and r nders individual user of t lepho s note furnisheach­ INV J£NTlON OF MACHINES.- e ne Prof. Hale Shaw, p�inting out wp.atis J}ecee .. ILERS and STEAM PIPES A paperbv tnventIun Ueduees COJulellRatloll Steam.. ed by it jts licensees responsible for such sary for the foundation of a SCIence of the of of or machines, and showing what step� hav� already been FOR GAS AND � A'rER PIPES. unlawful use, and all the consequenceb taken in this direction. ContaIned In SCIJt,NTI IO Pr e c F Prevents Sweating and Freezing. , No. ;)4�. ic 10 ents. in the ereof and liable to suit therefor. AMERICAN SUthiSPPL WMENT� The B�.t Non,Co ll duet or of H,at.aud Co ld World To be bad at olnceanl.\ from all.newsdealers. Send for illustrated descriptive Circular, and name this paper. th 143 Worth Street, New York, Lake Street, ChIcago. '78 and 80

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l'ATJ<.:NT EPPSCRATEP'UL-COMF'ORTI NC. PI n r o Li !e e lb. �I j pressure_ Send for IJists. ���HAND,�!:!' BURR�� & CO.,!��!1 614 and 616 Market I:lt.,Philadelphi a. Pa. Jt.AVE COCOA THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN ARCHI- TECTS' AND ' DI ON is issued BUILDERS E TI MA:.JEtl;r.fp� mont ly. $2.50 a year. Single copies. 25 FOUND a IC 801 vEMENiS TheTo value ofBusine the SCIENTIFIC ssR MenN as an adver. ... "'lAKES tising medium cannot be overestimated.AME A Its circulation centsh. Fol'ty large quarto pages, equal is many times greater than that of finy similar journal THAT WiLLWEL ��H£RL RE PAY AN now published. It goes into alJ the States and 'l'errito .. to about two hundred ordinary book ries. and is read in all the prtncipal libraries and read�ng pages; forming. practically, a and rooms of the world. A bUSIness man wants somethlng a l rg more thqn to see his advertisement in a printed news­ splendid Magazine e paper. He wants circulation. 'l'his he has when he of Architecture, ESTIGAT IO N adVertises in thE'SCIENT IFIC A IC N. And do D t INV A O richly adorned with elegant plates colors, let the advertising agent inf1uenceMF.H you to substitute in TO the 8('IENTIFIC ERIC N SEClJRt some other paper for AM A . when and with fine en ra in s illustrating ElYTIt°Se:O��I�E a list of publications in ueCIGe is g v ; selecting It g for yourinterest to advertIse. ThisWfJWll is fryuu eQue ntJy done, the most interesting examples of modern for the reason tnat tne agent gets a larger commissIOn from the papers having a smull CIrculation thAn i� allow ... Architectural Construction and allie THE BEST SAFE ed on the SCIENTIFIC AMERI(, "'orrates see top of ftr�t columnAN. of this page, or ad ... subjects . d MA RWN SAFE CO. • NEW YOR , PHILADELPHIA, dress C special f eature is the presenta on � MUNN &; O., l'u bJish"r., ti in LONDON. ENCLAND. A 361 Broadway, New YOl·k. number of a variety of the latest eachand best plans for private residences, city FOREIGN PATENTS. HOSE, and country, including those of very •. PACKING, '1' heir Cost Reduced -RUBBER- BELTIN'G, moderate cost as well as the more expen­ AND ALL OTHER KINDS OF The expenses attendin.gthe procuring of patents tn El.UBBE::El. G-OODS, sive. Drawings in perspective and in most been re­ foreig;n countries having considerably -FOR- color are given, togethPr with Plans, duced the ob�tacle of cost is no longer in the way of MECHANICAL and MANUFACTURING PURPOSES. 8 Specifications, Cost8, Bills offull Estimate, large prvportion of our inventors patentmg their inven ... The Largest and Most Extensive Manufacturers in America. tions abroad and Sheets of Details. patent in Canada is even RUBBER MFG. CO. (jA N .\ IIA .-The cost of a THE GUTTA PERCHA AND Architects, Builders, and Owners will less a the than the cost of United States patent. and New York, Chicago, San Franci8 o. Toronto. former lUcludes the ProvInces of Ontariu. Quebec, .New � � �� find this work valuable u ish n BrunswiCk, Nova Scotia, British Columbia, and Mani­ ----� ------fresh and useful' s ggestioinns f rn whoi g u . toba. • contemplate building or improvingAll homes The number patentees who of HAGet estimateNGER fromS, ANDChristiana DEARIND :Machine Co. , of our avan themselves o. 4th Street, Phlla., Pa., before ordering. the cheap and easy method now offered for obtaining 206 :N or erecting structures of any kind, ave patents :In very and �r.eadily h Canada is large, is increas­ before them in this work an Ing. . SHAFTING, PULLEYS, almost end­ less series of best examples from •. NU.-The new English law, which went into the latest and ENeH \ force on Jan. 1 st. 1885, enab:es parties to secure patents which to make selections, thus saving in Great Britain on very modp.rate terms. ABritisb pa ... Manufacturers, Agriculturists. Chemists, ngineers, Me­ time and money. tent includes England, Scotland. 'Vales,Ireland and tlIe chanics,USEF BuildersUL, men of BOOKS.leisure, and profeRsional Uhannel Islands. Great Britain is the acknowledged men, of all classe!:l.need good books in the line of Many other SUbjects, including S w r­ and cl1.IJings. O e e financial and commercial center of the world. her their respective ur post officedepartment age Piping, Lighting, Warming, Venti­ goods are sent to every quarter of the globe. good smission of books through the mails , A permits the tran lating, Decorating, Laying Out of invention is like:y to realize as much for the patentee at very small cost. A comprehensive catalogue of ill his States Grounds, etc. , are illustrated. An ex­ Ji�njlland as United patent produces for useful books by differentauthors. on more than fifty him at h�TUe. and the small cost now renders it possible different subjects, has just been published for free ElRBY, RUllU RICHA rtDSON. Manufact.urers tensive Compendium of Manufacturers' for almo�t every patentee in this count,l'Y to secure a pa­ circulation at the office of this paper. Subject.sclas­ WIT II &; of Patent Wood Working ;\'Iachfnery of every descrip­ Announcements tent in Great .Britain, where his rights are as well pro ... sified with names of author. Persons de�iring a tion. Facilities unsurpassed. Shop formerly occupied is also given, in which in the United States. for it, and it will be mniled to bv Send for Catalogue. the most reliable and B ildi jected as copy, have only to ask R. Ball& Co., Worcester. MaSs. approved u ng a!sO obtalned O'I'U �;It (jCl () N'I·RII'S.-Patents are them. Address, Materials, Goods, Machines, Tools, Germany New York. on very reasonable termR in France, Bel�ium. MUNN &; CO., 361 'nroadway, Austria. Russia, Italy. Spain (the latter includes Cuba Appliances are defcribed and illustrated,and and all the other Spanish Colonies), Brazil, Britisb India with addresses of the makers, etc. Australia, and the other British Colonies. ORT The fullness, richness, c apness, and An experience cf Y years has enabled the F A;'ITEltICAN toest�JJlish convenience of wo he won for it publishers of THE SCIlf.:N'FIFIC i this rk competent and trustworthy age'lciesin all the principal the Largest Circulationhjtve an y Arc ­ it been their aim of foreign countries. and has al ways to hi (>�;ents tectural publication in the have the business of the1.r promptly and proper. ly done and their intere�tR faithfully guarded. by all n ewsdealers. world. Sold A pamph1et containing- a synopsIs of the patent laws of aU countries. includi �he cost for each, and othe FIRE WolTER-PROOl' MUNN AND BUILDING FELT, Barn" .' oot-Power DJatllin��J. & CO., Publisbers, information useful to pet:S"ons contemplatIng- the pro­ FIRE-PROOF PAINTS. STEAM PACRINGS, BOILER Llomplete outfitsfor Actual Workshop curing of patents abroad, may be had on application to COVERINGS. Business. Read what a customer says : Broadway, New ETC .. c c t h 361 York. Office. P e free s ac this Samples and descriptive ric List by mail. c����e�!�:�f�r�tr �� � YI ��� g�. I d� .. Editors and Proprietors of THE SCI­ not see how it can be produced at such 'M II N N &; e '0 H. W. JOIINS M'r'a: CO., 87 MAIDEN LANE, N. r. . F.NTIFICA l\I C :\ cordially invite all persons desirinu low cost. The veJocipede foot-power EUI A , i e . S i any information re·ative to patents. or the registry of 1�� �f;ho1� gda�; a�dC!r �1�'1� ��:� !� Building Plans and Specifications. trade-marks, in tbis. country or abroad. to call at their little tired as if rI had been walking" Broadway. Examination ... &SLAGKBARRELMACHINERY offices.H61 of inventions, con ,'-.-;--i � ��TIGHT Wr1��t;:tR·��� W�ir&S'j,t,:�)1;�R��� In connection with the publication of sultation, and advice free. Inqui e mail promptly � AfLJ ASPE.CIALTYL'J" ­ ri s by \1��\�c"� Co. A(ldre.. I!¥.l\lMam St .. Rockford. Ill. the BUILDING EDITION of the SCIENTIFIC answered. "'' '-..l ,��",�� JOHN GREENWOOD &oeo Address. • ROCH ESTER N.Y 'llI d lII oot AMERIC N Messrs. Munn & Co. furnish MUNN &;CO., DJ\S'r for swiftrunl REl'.ng.I.I- A , PUblishers and Patent SOlicitors. \ n I.E Plans and S pecifications for Buildings of Broadway. New Cha� A. !lthlerfD &; CO. � 361 York. . every kind, including Public Buildings, O FI ES: 622 624 �' Street, ROSE POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE, I. Ferry St., New York. BRANCH C No. and Pacillc F I ineerin . Building, near 7th Street, WashinlrtOn.D. C. WellTERRE endowed HAUTE;, · ·!>I' D.nipped A Schoo departmentsl of Eng of Mp.rh-g 41�i1���;;'Y't'ir.�ll�ston. Churches, Schools. Stores, Dwellings, ani cal and Ch'i1 w" ring, ElectrIcIty, Chemistry arriag Houses arns and Drawing. e Shops and J,auoratories. SOLID EMERY WHEELS.-BY T. D. C , � For C he ' etcb' In this Uatalogne, MENDENHALL, Pres. Paret.-Earl forms of emery wheels and their defects. work t ey are assls t e d b y a e ex- l:e ite an e t . l ;';-�I�6'��TsWa i ��rot;rd�t��� Bv;,�r ';:O rk;;::t���e1, �g; perienced architects d MESSRS. MUNN CO" in connection with the publi­ �;;:'�'i[.w�e't-;;' ��:�sIri'J Those who contemplate bui lding, or SCIENTIFIC& ex­ ����� ;�::I:: ��r�·�fti�� o e catlonPA of the TENTAMERICAN, continue.S. to Enl(lish emery wheels. With act as o i 2 engravings. Contained who wish to alter e amine improvements. and to S . lic tors of Patents AMEHICAN improv exten or for Inventors. in SctENTIFIC SUPPLEMENT, No. �3S. '" " be hact at this Office from all a dd d ���: ��I���: 1'0 aDd to existing buildings w et er w n s l1 Menti�this pa per. d , g , � ;.o �� e I ht h i epreparatIOnx� � c�� ofa Pat�:�"!.n'li':::ent Drawings,�n�� Specificationle�i"}tkmlt�fo�h"�s, and the porches, bay windows, or at ic rooms, are prosecution of A ppJications for Patents in the United to communicate it th under States, Canada. and Foreign Countries. .Messrs Munn ...,...... EE . invited w ­ Co. also attend to the preparation of Caveats. Copyrights& V UL ,.. A N I ... 'W:II.E& E MERY W B L S signed. Our work extends toh alle parts of for Hooks, Labels, Reissues . 88ignments. and Reports Made SOLID Celebrated A. of the on Infringements of PRtents. All business intrusted to country. Estimates, plans, them is done with special care and promptness, on very WELLINGTON llIILLS EMERY. reasonable terms therawin gs promptly prepared. Termsand A pamphlet sent free of charge, on application. con'" T O ALL d taining full information about Patents and how to pro'" SUP ERIOR OTHERS. moderate. Addr ss cure them ; directions concerning Labels, Copyrights, its Thonsand� of mllnnfacturprB t!!\ttify to being the ii'trong­ e Designs, Patents, Appeals. R�iBsueB, Infringements, AR­ e .. Emel'Y made. MUNN & CO., sillnments, Rejected Cases, Hints on the Sale of t. moot PlIl'nble. and Healrhie.t Wheel tents, Pa­ PI. :J:) R. etc. 'D' 1'\T & -ogv:mT Y"_ 361 Broadway, New Y l!rk. We also send, SynopSIS of lforeign Pa­ or free of charge, a tent Laws, showing' the co�t and method of securing ====CUTS COOL. and FREE. patents in all the prinCipal countries of the worJd. MTJNN Solicitor. of Pa.. '" CO., en,•• Broadway. New York. NEW YORX CO., I PRINTING INKS, 361 BELTI�GAiE ;� ;i�NG HE .. Scientific American " printed with BRANCH OFFICIIlS.-No. and Street, Large made Iron 801e Manufaeturero. JOHNSON isINK CHAS.Lom. 62ll ti24 F p,.. Wheel. Cast Centers & CO. 'S Ilnlldlng, llear Street, on a if d . N ew Tl)ar ENEU. . Tenth and ollie 7tb WaShington, D. C. sired. SpeciRlty. e Wa rehouse : 16 Pa rk Row, York. d Sts Phila., and Rose St., Duane Knife Grinding Wheels I . 47 0PP, St., N. Y.