SECTION 15 NATIONALISM AND SECTIONALISM 1815-1860 1492 1815 1860 Present NATIONALISM Era of good feelings 1815-1825 SECTIONALISMSECTIONALISM Era ofEra good of feelingsbad feelings 1819-18601819 -1860 Industrial economy Agricultural economy (factories) Agricultural economy 211 15–1 # NATIONALISM AND THE ERA OF GOOD FEELINGS, 1815-1825 nationalism —national unity; a sense of pride and interest in one's country; a strengthening of the national government 1492 1815 - 25 Present We Americans were proud of ourselves for standing up to the mighty British Empire a second time. We seemed to have their respect—and Europe’s—and our own for the first time. All sections of the U.S.—North, South, and West—began pulling together, cooperating to build our nation. JAMES M ONROE Republican President, 1817-1825 1816—THREE LAWS STRENGTHEN THE REPUBLICANS ACQUIRE HAMILTONIAN VIEWS NATIONAL GOVERNMENT A new generation of Republicans began shifting from In 1816 Republicans enacted three laws that increased the Jeffersonian to Hamiltonian positions. Why? The war central government’s powers. Hamilton would have been showed them that a strong central government and pleased, Jefferson displeased. industrialization were essential for national security. They were sometimes called “Federalists without 1. TARIFF OF 1816 —first tariff high elitism.” enough to protect American industry 2. BANK OF THE UNITED STATES INSTEAD OF: THEY ADVOCATED: re-chartered ¨ Agrarianism ¨ Industrialism ¨ Narrow construction ¨ Broad construction 3. MILITARY EXPANSION of the Constitution of the Constitution a) enlargement of West Point Military ¨ States’ rights (state ¨ Nationalism Academy sovereignty) (national sovereignty) b) standing army of 10,000; enlarged navy 1824—THE AMERICAN SYSTEM JOHN MARSHALL STRENGTHENS THE CAPITALIST ECONOMIC SYSTEM Congressman Henry Clay of Kentucky JOHN M ARSHALL (a Federalist), Supreme Court Chief Justice from proposed a plan, called the AMERICAN S YSTEM , 1801 to 1835, increased the national government’s power to promote calling for federal aid for internal improvements a free market economy by strengthening the CAPITALIST SYSTEM : ¨ ¨ ¨ (roads, canals, bridges) financed by the rights to private property free enterprise (work) profit. He did so through several Supreme Court decisions, setting forth 1) the protective tariff, and these principles: 2) the Bank of the U.S. 1. Broad construction of the Constitution 2. Supremacy of federal power over the HENRY C LAY states 3. Supremacy of federal over state courts 4. Freedom of American business from government restraint (“The power to tax is the power to destroy.”) 5. Supremacy of capitalism as America’s economic system Read next of Marshall’s rulings in two important Supreme Court cases: McCulloch v. Maryland and Gibbons v. Ogden. 212 15–2 # McCULLOCH V. MARYLAND, 1819—IMPLIED POWERS IS THE B ANK OF THE U.S. CONSTITUTIONAL ? CAN A STATE TAX A NATIONAL INSTITUTION ? In 1816 Congress chartered the second Bank of the State banks, also resentful of the national bank, United States (BUS). Some Americans resented this pressured the Maryland legislature to pass a law national bank, claiming it catered to the wealthy and taxing all banks not chartered by the state. gave too much power to the national government. The Baltimore branch of the Bank of the United States And besides, many argued, the Constitution did not refused to pay the tax, calling the law unconstitutional. authorize a national bank, so it must be unconstitutional. The state of Maryland then sued James W. STATE OF McCulloch , the MARYLAND JAMES bank’s cashier, MCCULLOCH for collection of the tax. MCCULLOCH V. M ARYLAND THE BANK ISSUE DOCTRINE OF I MPLIED P OWERS In 1819, with Chief Justice John Marshall presiding, John Marshall agreed with Webster’s argument that the the U. S. Supreme Court heard the case on appeal. Bank of the United States was constitutional, based on Article I, Section 8 of the Constitution: The first question is, Congress shall have power to “…make all laws which has Congress power shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution to incorporate a bank? the foregoing powers and all other powers vested by JOHN this Constitution in the government of the United MARSHALL States.…” This “elastic clause” is DANIEL called the doctrine of WEBSTER implied powers. Daniel Webster, attorney for the Bank of the United John Marshall cited it States, responded with a Hamiltonian argument that in agreeing with Webster the Constitution implied this power; therefore, the and upholding a broad construction of the Bank was constitutional. Constitution. MCCULLOCH V. M ARYLAN DTHE TAXATION ISSUE NATIONAL SUPREMACY OVER STATE POWER Chief Justice John Marshall agreed with Webster and Next, we inquire whether struck down as unconstitutional the Maryland law taxing the State of Maryland may, the Bank of the United States. without violating the Constitution, tax that branch. JOHN MARSHALL JOHN MARSHALL Daniel Webster argued that if the Maryland DANIEL law were upheld, it would WEBSTER signify state over national supremacy. 213 15–3 # GIBBONS V. OGDEN, 1824—COMMERCE CLAUSE ROBERT F ULTON AND THE CLERMONT FULTON AND L IVINGSTON GET A MONOPOLY In 1807 ROBERT F ULTON , inventor and artist, In 1808 Fulton and Livingson created a corporation designed the first commercially successful and obtained from the New York legislature a monopoly steamboat. He named it the North River Steamboat for operating steamboats on New York waters—including of Clermont after the estate of his friend ROBERT the Hudson River between New York and New Jersey. R. L IVINGSTON , who had financed the project. The Clermont created a sensation by navigating the Hudson River upstream from New York City to Albany (at five miles per hour), a breakthrough in transportation technology. Along with the railroads, steamboats lowered transportation costs and speeded communication. Aaron Ogden bought an interest in the corporation of Meanwhile, Thomas Gibbons obtained a federal license Fulton and Livingston and became the successor to the to run steamboat service in the same area as Ogden, on steamboat monopoly they had received from New York the Hudson River state. between New York and New Jersey. AARON OGDEN THOMAS GIBBONS THE S TEAMBOAT C ASE BROAD C ONSTRUCTION OF C OMMERCE C LAUSE Both Aaron Ogden and Thomas Gibbons claimed the In 1824 the Supreme Court ruled in favor of Gibbons, right to steamboat service on the Hudson River. Ogden invalidating Ogden’s New York state monopoly. sued Gibbons to restrain him from trade. The case eventually went to the Supreme Court. Chief Justice John Marshall gave a broad construction to the scope of congressional power under the commerce clause. He declared that although states have the power to regulate intrastate commerce, the Congressional power to regulate AARON THOMAS interstate and foreign commerce OGDEN GIBBONS “does not stop at the jurisdictional lines of the several states.” This ruling allowed transportation to develop nationally, free of state JOHN M ARSHALL restraints. 214 15–4 # THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION industrialization —a change in the system of producing goods: from hand tools in homes and shops to power-driven machines in factories and mills THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION burst forth in America following the War of 1812, favored by nationalism and Republican policies. But it had begun earlier, in 1790, through the ingenuity of two men, Samuel Slater and Eli Whitney. America, however, was not the first country to industrialize. England was the first. 1760s—INDUSTRIALIZATION BEGAN FIRST IN E NGLAND , THANKS TO THREE —CLOSELY GUARDED — BRITISH INVENTIONS . 1769—THE STEAM ENGINE , invented by 1765—THE SPINNING JENNY, invented by James James Watt , provided power to run machines. It used Hargraves, spun cotton, wool, and flax into thread. technology based on scientific principles: Named for Hargraves’ wife, Jenny, it featured eight ¨Water heated in a closed chamber will turn to steam. spindles instead of the usual one. Thus, one person could ¨The steam will expand, creating pressure on a do the work of eight people. Workers threatened with the piston (or rod) within a cylinder. loss of spinning jobs by this labor-saving device destroyed many of Hargraves’ machines. ¨The piston’s movement, used in either an up-and- down or a circular motion, will make machines “go.” Spinning jennys soon began to use steam instead of water power The steam engine revolutionized humankind’s and were ability to move and get things done. enlarged to a It freed people from capacity of dependence on their 100 or more muscle power and spindles. on natural energy Children often sources such JAMES worked behind WATT as wind and water. the spindles to keep the STEAM threads ENGINE straight. 1770—THE WATER FRAME POWER LOOM, In 1785 Arkwright built a cotton mill (or factory) invented by Sir Richard Arkwright, took its name powered by James Watt’s steam engine. Arkwright’s loom from its mechanization: It was powered by a water and factory system started a widespread textile (cloth- wheel instead of by hand. The power loom produced a making) industry in Great Britain. By 1840 textiles stronger thread than a hand-held loom and was more accounted for about 40 percent of British exports. efficient. RICHARD A RKWRIGHT POWER LOOM 215 15–5 # SAMUEL SLATER: FOUNDER OF AMERICA’S INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION industrial revolution —a vast economic reorganization, with machines and factories replacing hand tools and craft shops AN INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION BEGAN IN A MERICA IN 1790 THROUGH THE SECRETIVE INGENUITY OF S AMUEL S LATER , AN IMMIGRANT FROM E NGLAND . Would Great Britain sell her new money-making Samuel Slater, a farmer’s son, was technology to America? NO. Why create competition? born in Belper, Derbyshire, Britain guarded her technology secrets with a law England in 1768 —two years before making it illegal for textile workers to emigrate. Richard Arkwright started his first In 1789 English textile worker SAMUEL SLATER textile mill.