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La Chasse Aux Trésors Subaquatiques. Portait D'une Industrie Marginale À L

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La Chasse Aux Trésors Subaquatiques. Portait D'une Industrie Marginale À L Université de Montréal La chasse aux trésors subaquatiques. Portait d’une industrie marginale à l’ère de l’internet Par Stéphanie Courchesne Département d’anthropologie Faculté des Arts et des Sciences Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des Arts et des Sciences En vue de l’obtention du grade de M. Sc. En Anthropologie Option Archéologie Décembre 2011 © Stéphanie Courchesne, 2011 ii IDENTIFICATION DU JURY Université de Montréal Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales Ce mémoire intitulé : La chasse aux trésors subaquatiques : Portrait d’une industrie marginale à l’ère de l’internet Présenté par : Stéphanie Courchesne a été évalué par un jury composé des personnes suivantes : Adrian Burke président-rapporteur Brad Loewen directeur de recherche Pierre Desrosiers membre du jury iii Résumé et mots-clés français En marge des recherches archéologiques traditionnelles, nous retrouvons aujourd’hui des compagnies privées qui contractent des accords et obtiennent des permis leur donnant le droit de prélever des objets à des fins lucratives sur les vestiges archéologiques submergés. Ces pratiques commerciales causent une controverse vive et enflammée au sein du monde archéologique. Le principal point de litiges concerne la mise en vente des objets extraits lors de fouille. La mise en marché du patrimoine archéologique éveille les fibres protectionnistes. Cela incite certains organismes à poser des gestes pour la protection du patrimoine. C’est le cas pour l’UNESCO qui fait la promotion depuis 2001 d’une Convention pour la protection du patrimoine submergé. Malgré tous les arguments à l’encontre des compagnies de « chasse aux trésors », cette Convention est loin de faire l’unanimité des gouvernements à travers le monde, qui ne semblent pas prêts à rendre ces pratiques illégales. Les méthodes utilisées par ces compagnies semblent aussi représenter un point de friction avec les archéologues. Toutefois, la connaissance de leurs pratiques sur le terrain semble très incomplète. De plus, contrairement à une certaine idée préconçue, ces compagnies ne sont pas des « pilleurs de tombes » œuvrant sous le couvert de l’anonymat, mais bien des compagnies dûment enregistrées, œuvrant en toute légalité et passant même des contrats avec les gouvernements. Ce mémoire a donc pour objectif de mettre en lumière les actions réelles des compagnies de chasse aux trésors subaquatiques en regardant leurs méthodes et leur fonctionnement, tels qu’on les voit dans les 10 dernières années. Pour mieux conceptualiser les pratiques de ces compagnies, nous nous interrogerons sur le rapport entre légalité et éthique et, plus précisément sur l’éthique commerciale et archéologique. Mots-clés Archéologie subaquatique, épaves, trésors, éthique, patrimoine, commerce, sauvetage maritime. iv Résumé et mots-clés anglais Beyond the pole of traditional underwater archaeology, we find an industry composed of commercial companies that enter into contractual agreements and obtain permits which allow them to take objects from submerged sites for financial gain. Their practices create a lively and often heated controversy in the archaeological community. The principal disagreement concerns the sale of objects from sites. The marketing of archaeological heritage awakens protective instincts and actions for the protection of heritage, such as UNESCO’s campaign begun in 2001 for the adoption of a Convention on the protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage (Unesco.org 2001). Despite all the arguments against « treasure hunting » companies, the Convention is far from being universally accepted by sovereign governments, who do not seem prepared to make the companies’ practices illegal. The methods used by the companies are also a source of friction with archaeologists. However, knowledge of their field methods seems rather incomplete, and contrary to some preconceived notions, these companies are not « grave robbers » working under the dark, but indeed duly registered companies working in full legality and even entering into contractual agreements with governments. This thesis aims to shed light on the activities of the underwater treasure hunting industry by studying their methods and operations as they have developed in the last ten years. In order to conceptualise the companies’ practices, we look at the relation between archaeological and business ethics. Mots-clés anglais Underwqter archaeology, shipwrecks, treasure, treasure salvage, ethics, heritage, commercial maritime archaeology v Table des matières RÉSUMÉ ET MOTS-CLÉS FRANÇAIS .......................................................................................................... III RÉSUMÉ ET MOTS-CLÉS ANGLAIS ............................................................................................................ IV REMERCIEMENTS .................................................................................................................................. XIII INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................ 1 CHAPITRE I - LA FACE CACHÉE DE L’ARCHÉOLOGIE SUBAQUATIQUE ........................................................ 2 MISE EN CONTEXTE - L’ATTRAIT CULTUREL ET COMMERCIAL DES TRÉSORS ................................................................. 2 ÉTAT DES CONNAISSANCES - QUAND LA SCIENCE EST SUBJECTIVE ............................................................................ 6 PROBLÉMATIQUE - UNE MARGINALISATION IMPARFAITE ....................................................................................... 9 APPROCHE CONCEPTUELLE - ÉTHIQUE ET LÉGALITÉ .............................................................................................. 14 MÉTHODE - L’INTERNET COMME FENÊTRE ........................................................................................................ 19 La collecte de données ....................................................................................................................... 19 Description de la recherche de données ............................................................................................ 19 Description du corpus à l’étude ......................................................................................................... 21 Classement des données .................................................................................................................... 22 Description de l’analyse ..................................................................................................................... 22 CHAPITRE II - LA LENTE STRUCTURATION D’UNE INDUSTRIE, 1950 - 2011 .............................................. 24 CONTEXTE HISTORIQUE - LES DÉBUTS AVENTUREUX ............................................................................................ 24 1950-1960- Le domaine se singularise ............................................................................................... 24 1970-1990 - La chasse aux trésors devient lucrative ......................................................................... 29 États-Unis - Le noyau de l’industrie ................................................................................................... 33 Canada - Vers une protection accrue du patrimoine ......................................................................... 43 Europe ................................................................................................................................................. 49 La France - Une compagnie avec une apparence contestée de légitimité .................................................... 49 Belgique - Fouilles à l’étranger ....................................................................................................................... 51 Portugal - Mise à l’écart des compagnies commerciales ............................................................................... 51 Royaume-Uni - L’encadrement plutôt que la prohibition ............................................................................. 52 Amérique du Sud / Amérique Centrale .............................................................................................. 54 Cuba - Compagnie gouvernementale ............................................................................................................. 54 Chili - Collaboration entre instituts d’histoire et chasseurs de trésors ......................................................... 55 vi Uruguay - Une compagnie ouvertement contre la Convention de l’UNESCO ............................................... 55 Afrique - Présence de lois protectionnistes et de chasseurs de trésors ............................................ 56 Asie du Sud Est - Havre d’accueil et terrain de chasse ...................................................................... 57 CHASSEURS DE TRÉSORS INDIVIDUELS ............................................................................................................... 58 COMPAGNIES CONSULTANTES ......................................................................................................................... 60 CHAPITRE III - MÉTHODES DE TRAVAIL DES COMPAGNIES ..................................................................... 63 MÉTHODE DE TRAVAIL PRÉ-FOUILLE ................................................................................................................. 64 Recherches dans les documents historiques .....................................................................................
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