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Maritime Archaeology—Discovering and Exploring Shipwrecks

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Monitor National Marine Sanctuary: Maritime Archaeology—Discovering and Exploring Shipwrecks Educational Product Maritime Archaeology Educators Grades 6-12 Discovering and Exploring Shipwrecks http://monitor.noaa.gov Monitor National Marine Sanctuary: Maritime Archaeology—Discovering and Exploring Shipwrecks Acknowledgement This educator guide was developed by NOAA’s Monitor National Marine Sanctuary. This guide is in the public domain and cannot be used for commercial purposes. Permission is hereby granted for the reproduction, without alteration, of this guide on the condition its source is acknowledged. When reproducing this guide or any portion of it, please cite NOAA’s Monitor National Marine Sanctuary as the source, and provide the following URL for more information: http://monitor.noaa.gov/education. If you have any questions or need additional information, email [email protected]. Cover Photo: All photos were taken off North Carolina’s coast as maritime archaeologists surveyed World War II shipwrecks during NOAA’s Battle of the Atlantic Expeditions. Clockwise: E.M. Clark, Photo: Joseph Hoyt, NOAA; Dixie Arrow, Photo: Greg McFall, NOAA; Manuela, Photo: Joseph Hoyt, NOAA; Keshena, Photo: NOAA Inside Cover Photo: USS Monitor drawing, Courtesy Joe Hines http://monitor.noaa.gov Monitor National Marine Sanctuary: Maritime Archaeology—Discovering and Exploring Shipwrecks Monitor National Marine Sanctuary Maritime Archaeology—Discovering and exploring Shipwrecks _____________________________________________________________________ An Educator Guide with Activities in Science, Technology, Engineering, Math and Social Studies TABLE OF CONTENTS Program Overview ...……………………………… 4 Curriculum Outline ……………………..………… 4 Objectives ……………………………….…………. 5 Suggested Implementation Strategy ………….. 5 Careers …………………………………………….. 5 Vocabulary ………………………………………… 6 Resources …………………………………….……. 7 Social Studies Standards ……………………….. 9 Common Core …………………………………….. 9 National Geography Standards …………………10 The National Marine Sanctuary System includes a network of 13 National Council of Teachers of English ……. 10 national marine sanctuaries and Papahānaumokuākea and Rose National Science Standards ……………………. 10 Atoll marine national monuments. For more information visit Next Generation Science Standards ………..... 10 http://sanctuaries.noaa.gov Ocean Literacy Principles ………………………. 10 National Mathematics Standards ……………… 11 Activities List ……………………………………… 12 For additional information about Maritime Archaeology— Section A: Introduction to NOAA….………..…. 13 Discovering and Exploring Shipwrecks, contact Shannon Ricles at 757-591-7328 or [email protected]. Section B: Shipwrecks Connect to the Past ….23 Section C: Maritime Archaeology ...………..…. 39 Writer: Shannon Ricles Section D: Tools of Maritime Archaeology..…. 61 Editors: Marlies Tumolo, Dayna Rignanese, and Kate Section E: Documenting Shipwrecks……..….105 Thompson Section F: Next Steps ……….……………….….135 Content Review: Tane Casserley, James P. Delgado, Kara Fox, Russ Green, Joseph Hoyt, Kelly Keogh, William Sassorossi, Hans Van Tilburg, and Sarah Waters Graphic Designers: Shannon Ricles and Matt McIntosh Diver swims over the Dixie Arrow located off the North Carolina coast. Photo: NOAA http://monitor.noaa.gov Monitor National Marine Sanctuary: Maritime Archaeology—Discovering and Exploring Shipwrecks PROGRAM OVERVIEW This curriculum introduces students to the world of NOAA and its Maritime Heritage Program. The order of the curriculum flows sequentially from learning why shipwrecks are important, to the study of the tools used by maritime archaeologists, to understanding the complex and sometimes costly process of recovering and conserving artifacts. After completing the curriculum, students will have an understanding of the value of protecting maritime heritage, conducting archaeology and NOAA’s role in preserving our nation’s precious underwater cultural resources. Although, this curriculum guide has been designed to be taught as a unit, each lesson in the guide can stand on its own. Specifically, each lesson can be used independently to teach a particular objective, or lessons can be combined in multiple ways to create a plan tailored just for your students. We hope that you find the guide an exciting way to motivate your students in learning about maritime heritage. Through a variety of activities, your students can explore the various science, technology, engineering, math, and social studies (STEMS) concepts. Please feel free to contact us if you have any questions, and we welcome your feedback. Photomosaic of U-85, a German U-boat located off the North Carolina Coast. Photo: NOAA Suggested Curriculum Outline D. Tools of Maritime Archaeology A. Introduction to NOAA 1) Using historical research to define the 1) Introduction to the National Oceanic and search area Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), 2) Remote sensing: Side scan sonar Office of National Marine Sanctuaries 3) Remotely operated vehicles (ROV), (ONMS), Maritime Heritage Program Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV), (MHP) and Monitor National Marine and Towfish Sanctuary (MNMS) 4) SCUBA and the role it plays B. Shipwrecks Connect to the Past 5) Detecting with magnetometers 1) Students learn how ships changed over 6) NOAA research vessels time E. Documenting Shipwrecks 2) Understand why ships sink 1) Knowing the parts of a ship 3) Appreciate how shipwrecks connect us to 2) Mapping a shipwreck our past 3) Photomosaics and other imagery C. Maritime Archaeology F. What’s Next? 1) History of maritime archaeology 1) Determining historical significance of a 2) Leaders in maritime archaeology shipwreck and why it matters 2) Ethics in shipwrecks 3) Recovery of artifacts—When and why 4) Conservation of artifacts http://monitor.noaa.gov Monitor National Marine Sanctuary: Maritime Archaeology—Discovering and Exploring Shipwrecks Objectives Careers Throughout the unit, students will: • Artifact illustrator • Learn about NOAA and our nation’s National Marine Sanctuary System • Attorney for maritime • Understand the historical significance of shipwrecks and their connection or cultural resource to our past law • Understand the importance of maritime archaeology and learn its history • Casting machine • Identify key people in the development of maritime archaeology operators • Dramatize and evaluate the complicated process of identifying unknown • Conservator shipwrecks • Corrosion resistance • Recognize the essential role research (primary and secondary source engineer documents) plays in shipwreck discovery • Corrosion technician • Educator • Learn how side scan sonar works and is used to locate and document • shipwrecks Electrician • Forensic • Interpret how remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) and other tools are anthropologist used in marine science and underwater archaeology • Historian • Learn the history of scuba diving and summarize its role in the • Historical interpreter development of underwater archaeology • Historical re-enactor • Discover how magnetometers are used in searching for shipwrecks • Laboratory technician • Learn about NOAA research vessels and NOAA careers • Machinist • Identify and differentiate the parts of a ship • Maritime • Model how maritime archaeologists map shipwrecks archaeologist • Materials scientist • Construct a photomosaic of a shipwreck and interpret the image • Mechanical engineer • Analyze policy protecting shipwrecks and ethical interaction between • Metallurgist divers and shipwrecks • Metal molding tenders • Appreciate the complexity involved in artifact recovery • Museum curator • Evaluate the value of artifact recovery and conservation with the • Policy analyst associate costs • Reclamation expert • Research engineer Suggested Implementation strategy • Research scientist • Research vessel 1. Review the suggested curriculum outline on page 4. captain 2. Review the various activities included in this guide and • ROV pilot determine which activities work best for your students. • SCUBA diver 3. Review additional web and book resources for appropriate • SCUBA instructor supplemental material. • Submersible pilot 4. Once ready to begin, give the students an overview of the unit and/or activity, and introduce students to NOAA, Office of National Marine Sanctuaries, Maritime Heritage Program, and Monitor National Marine Sanctuary. 5. Have students complete selected activities. Divers ascending to the surface. Photo: NOAA, Monitor NMS http://monitor.noaa.gov Monitor National Marine Sanctuary: Maritime Archaeology—Discovering and Exploring Shipwrecks Vocabulary—General (Each activity has associated vocabulary) NOAA — National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; agency in the Department of Commerce that maps the oceans ARCHAEOLOGY — The study of human history and and conserves their living resources; predicts changes in the prehistory through the excavation of sites and the analysis of earth’s environment; and provide weather data and forecasts artifacts and other physical remains NRHP — National Register of Historic Places; the U.S. federal ARTIFACT — Any object made by humans, typically an item government’s official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, of cultural or historical interest and objects deemed worthy of preservation AUV — Autonomous Underwater Vehicle; used to conduct ONMS — Office of National Marine Sanctuaries; part of NOAA underwater survey missions without operator intervention that manages a national system of 15 underwater protected areas BASE LINE— A line serving as a basis for
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