Oecd Aquatic Risk Indicators Project Final Report On
OECD AQUATIC RISK INDICATORS PROJECT
FINAL REPORT ON PHASE 2 Volume 2
D Wilkinson, M R Thomas, G C Smith, & A D M Hart
Central Science Laboratory Sand Hutton York, YO41 1LZ UK
April 1999 (with minor revisions, February 2000)
1 2 Figure 6.1 Pesticide usage on Arable crops in England and Wales.
500000 50000
450000 45000
400000 40000
350000 35000
300000 30000
250000 25000
200000 20000
150000 15000 Tonnes applied Area Grown (square km) Area Treated (square km) 100000 Total Cumulative Area Treated 10000 Total Area Grown 50000 Arable Crops 5000 Total Tonnes Applied 0 0 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998
Figure 6.2. Pesticide usage on Orchard (Tree) crops in England and Wales.
10000 1000 Total Cumulative Area Treated 9000 Total Area Grown 900
8000 Total Tonnes Applied 800
7000 700
6000 600
5000 500
4000 400
3000 300 Tonnes applied Area Grown (square km) (square Grown Area Area Treated (square km) (square Treated Area 2000 200
1000 Orchard Crops 100 0 0 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998
3 Table 6.1. Top Ten Pesticides on Arable Crops by Cumulative Area Treated with percent contributions.
Pesticide 1977 1982 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996
Bromoxynil 4 3 Carbendazim 6 5 5 4 4 4 Carboxin 3 Chlormequat 5 5 5 5 5 Chlorothalonil 5 4 4 Cypermethrin 4 4 5 Dicamba 6 Dichlorprop 4 Diflufenican 2 Ethirimol 3 Fenpropidin 3 Fenpropimorph 3 5 5 3 3 Flusilazole 3 2 3 Flutriafol 3 3 Gamma-HCH 6 4 Ioxynil 254 Isoproturon 5 6 5 5 6 Mancozeb 2 MCPA 10 3 Mecoprop 9 8 5 Methiocarb 3 Metsulfuron-methyl 2 Phenylmercury acetate 16 10 5 4 Prochloraz 4 3 Propiconazole 5 4 4 4 Tebuconazole 3 4 Thiabendazole 3 Triadimefon 5 Triadimenol 3 Tridemorph 2 3
Other Pesticides 40 47 59 57 58 66 61
4 Table 6.2. Top Ten Pesticides on Orchard Crops by Cumulative Area Treated with percent contributions.
Pesticide 1983 1987 1992 1996
Amitrole 5 4 2 Binapacryl 3 Bupirimate 4 3 4 Captan 6 9 5 12 Chlorpyrifos 8 9 Cyhexatin 3 Dithianon 9 11 16 8 Fenarimol 4 Gibberellins 3 MCPA 3 Mecoprop 3 3 Myclobutanil 9 7 Nitrothal-isopropyl 4 4 Paclobutrazol 3 4 Penconazole 6 7 7 Pyrifenox 4 Simazine 4 4 3 Triadimefon 13 6 Zineb-ethylenethiuram disulphide 4 4
Other Pesticides 47 45 39 39
5 Figure 6.3. Incidence of BYDV in untreated crops and national levels of cypermethrin treated cereal crops. Treated area is shown only for the years in which it was surveyed (1982, 1986, 1990, 1992, 1994 and 1996).
Effect of BYDV incidence on spraying
Treated area % infection
2000 60
50 1500 40
1000 30 plots) 20 500 10 Area treated (’000 ha) (’000 Area treated % infection (untreated (untreated % infection 0 0 1982 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 Harvest year
Figure 6.4 Change in cereal husbandry from spring- to autumn-sown crops (England & Wales, 1974-96).
Changes in cereal husbandry - sowing date
Winter cereals Spring cereals
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
Area sown (’000 ha)Area sown (’000 500
0 1974 1977 1982 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 Harvest year
6 Figure 7.1. Comparison of different indicators - Arable
Arable - REXTOXscaled Arable - ADSCORscaled 9000000 70000000000
8000000 60000000000 7000000 Daphnia 50000000000 6000000 Algae 5000000 40000000000
4000000 30000000000 Fish
3000000 Daphnia 20000000000 2000000 Fish 10000000000 1000000 Algae
0 0 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998
Arable - SYSCOR Arable - Acute Scaled (Normalised values, all taxa) 60000000 2500
50000000 2000 ADSCOR
40000000 Daphnia 1500
30000000
1000 20000000 Fish
SYSCOR 500 10000000 Algae REXTOX 0 0 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998
7 Table 7.1. Top Ten Pesticides on Arable Crops by Risk - REXTOXscaled, all taxa - with percent contributions.
Pesticide 1977 1982 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996
Chlorfenvinphos 8 5 Chlorothalonil 2 2 Chlorotoluron 5 12 5 3 3 2 Chlorpyrifos 12 17 13 10 24 24 7 Cyanazine 2 Cypermethrin 6 30 4 3 10 Deltamethrin 2 Fenpropidin 8 9 11 13 3 Fentin acetate 24 13 8 4 8 8 8 Fentin hydroxide 2 Gamma-HCH 8 4 Isoproturon 5 8 13 11 12 13 22 Lenacil 3 Linuron 2 Monolinuron 16 6 5 4 4 6 7 Pendimethalin 5 4 8 3 12 Phosalone 2 Pirimicarb 6 Pyrazophos 3 Tri-allate 2 Trifluralin 8 7 5 7 6 12
Other Pesticides 17 20 27 18 17 17 15
8 Table 7.2 Top Ten Pesticides on Arable Crops by Risk - ADSCORscaled, all taxa - with percent contributions.
Pesticide 1977 1982 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996
Alpha-cypermethrin 5 2 4 3 2 Bifenthrin 2 2 3 1 Chlorfenvinphos 14 14 Chlorpyrifos 6 10 5 1 3 22 2 Cyanazine 2 Cyfluthrin 3 Cypermethrin 7 35 66 60 43 64 Deltamethrin 3 19 16 10 8 4 Demeton-S-methyl 1 Esfenvalerate 3 10 Fenpropidin 3 1 2 3 2 Fentin acetate 11 10 4 1 1 1 1 Fenvalerate 3 2 3 Fluroglycofen-ethyl 1 Gamma-HCH 23 10 1 Lambda-cyhalothrin 4 4 10 Monolinuron 5 Permethrin 3 Phenylmercury acetate 17 8 Phorate 5 9 3 Pirimicarb 7 2 Tefluthrin 2 2 Trifluralin 4 1
Other Pesticides 9221958103
9 Table 7.3 Top Ten Pesticides on Arable Crops by Risk - SYSCOR, all taxa - with percent contributions.
Pesticide 1977 1982 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996
Alpha-cypermethrin 4 4 2 3 4 Bifenthrin 12 12 9 6 7 Chlorfenvinphos 3 5 4 3 3 Chlorpyrifos 32 22 11 13 25 17 17 Cyfluthrin 10 22 12 Cypermethrin 9 16 17 11 14 14 DDT 2 Deltamethrin 9 13 10 11 8 8 Esfenvalerate 15 16 Fentin acetate 9 4 Fenvalerate 1 4 3 4 4 Fluroglycofen-ethyl 3 Gamma-HCH 6 3 Lambda-cyhalothrin 2 5 9 10 Monolinuron 5 3 Permethrin 3 Phorate 21 28 8 4 5 4 Phosalone 2 Pirimicarb 2 Pyrazophos 3 2 Tefluthrin 3 3 Trichlorfon 2
Other Pesticides 16 13 15 11 13 18 14
10 Figure 7.2 The SYSCOR hazard v exposure graphs
SYSCOR Arable 1977 - Daphnia SYSCOR Arable 1982 - Daphnia 3500 3500
3000 3000
2500 2500
2000 2000
1500 1500 Exposure Exposure
1000 1000
500 500
0 0 0.0001 0.01 1 100 10000 0.0001 0.01 1 100 10000
Hazard (1/toxicity) Hazard (1/toxicity)
SYSCOR Arable 1988 - Daphnia SYSCOR Arable 1990 - Daphnia 3500 3500
3000 3000
2500 2500
2000 2000
1500 1500 Exposure Exposure
1000 1000
500 500
0 0 0.0001 0.01 1 100 10000 0.0001 0.01 1 100 10000
Hazard (1/toxicity) Hazard (1/toxicity)
SYSCOR Arable 1992 - Daphnia SYSCOR Arable 1994 - Daphnia 3500 3500
3000 3000
2500 2500
2000 2000
1500 1500 Exposure Exposure
1000 1000
500 500
0 0 0.0001 0.01 1 100 10000 0.0001 0.01 1 100 10000
Hazard (1/toxicity) Hazard (1/toxicity)
11 Figure 7.2 continued.
SYSCOR Arable 1996 - Daphnia 3500
3000
2500
2000
1500 Exposure
1000
500
0 0.0001 0.01 1 100 10000
Hazard (1/toxicity)
12 Figure 7.3 Alternative Presentations for SYSCOR - keeping Exposure and Toxicity separate. Successive points in the top graph represent 1977, 1982, 1988, 1990, 1992, 1994 and 1996, i.e. the years in which arable pesticide use was surveyed.
Arable - SYSCOR Daphnia 1000 950 900 850 800
750 700 650
Average Exposure Score 600 550 500 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 Average Hazard (geometric mean of 1/toxicity)
Arable - SYSCOR Daphnia 1000 1
900 0.9 Exposure 800 0.8
700 0.7
600 0.6
500 Hazard 0.5 400 0.4
300 0.3 Average Exposure Score 200 0.2 Hazard (geometric mean of 1/toxicity) 100 0.1
0 0 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998
13 Figure 7.4 Comparison of different indicators - Orchard
Orchard - REXTOXscaled Orchard - ADSCORscaled 35000000 2500000000
30000000 2000000000 Daphnia 25000000 Daphnia 1500000000 20000000
15000000 1000000000
10000000 500000000 Fish 5000000 Fish Algae Algae 0 0 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998
Orchard - SYSCOR Orchard - Acute Scaled (Normalised values, all 3 taxa) 4500000 160
4000000 REXTOX 140 3500000 120 3000000 Daphnia 100 ADSCOR 2500000 80 SYSCOR 2000000 60 1500000
1000000 40
5000000 Fish 20 Algae 0 0 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998
14 Table 7.4 Top Ten Pesticides on Orchard Crops by Risk - REXTOXscaled, all taxa - with percent contributions.
Pesticide 1983 1987 1992 1996
Azinphos-methyl 1 1 Captan 2 2 < 1 4 Carbaryl 1312 Chlorpyrifos 40 51 79 26 Clofentezine < 1 Copper hydroxide 1 Copper oxychloride 1 1 < 1 2 Cyhexatin 1 1 Cypermethrin 2 2 Dithianon < 1 < 1 < 1 Diuron < 1 Gamma-HCH 1 < 1 1 Permethrin < 1 Phosalone 1 < 1 2 Pirimiphos-methyl 49 37 18 60 Thiram < 1
Other Pesticides 3 2 1 2
15 Table 7.5 Top Ten Pesticides on Orchard Crops by Risk - ADSCORscaled, all taxa - with percent contributions.
Pesticide 1983 1987 1992 1996
Azinphos-methyl 1 1 Bifenthrin 1 1 Carbaryl 1111 Chlorpyrifos 27 37 65 71 Clofentezine 1 1 Copper oxychloride < 1 Cyhexatin 1 1 Cypermethrin 22 26 2 2 Deltamethrin 6 2 1 Diflubenzuron < 1 Diuron < 1 < 1 < 1 Fenpropathrin 1 Gamma-HCH < 1 1 Lambda-cyhalothrin 1 Permethrin 3 Phosalone 1 1 Pirimiphos-methyl 35 28 28 21 Pyrazophos 1
Other Pesticides 3 2 1 2
16 Table 7.6 Top Ten Pesticides on Orchard Crops by Risk - SYSCOR, all taxa - with percent contributions.
Pesticide 1983 1987 1992 1996
Azinphos-methyl 2 2 Bifenthrin 9 8 Chlorpyrifos 28 28 34 22 Clofentezine 1 2 Copper oxychloride 1 2 Copper sulphate 1 Cypermethrin 17 16 6 8 Deltamethrin 6 11 8 4 Endrin 1 Fenpropathrin 2 3 Fenvalerate 2 2 Malathion 2 1 2 Permethrin 4 Phosalone 2 2 2 4 Pirimiphos-methyl 30 24 28 37 Pyrazophos 1 2
Other Pesticides 8 9 8 11
17 Figure 7.5 Comparison of different indicators - Arable
Arable - REXTOXpotential Arable - ADSCORunscaled 25 3000
2500 20
Daphnia 2000 Daphnia 15
1500
10 1000 Fish Algae 5 500 Fish Algae 0 0 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998
Arable - REXTOXunscaled Arable - Acute Unscaled (Normalised values, all 3 16 350
14 Daphnia 300 ADSCOR 12 250 10 200 8
150 REXTOX 6 potential Algae 100 4
REXTOXunscaled 2 Fish 50
0 0 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998
18 Table 7.7 Top Ten Pesticides on Arable Crops by Unscaled Risk - REXTOXpotential, all taxa - with actual contributions.
Pesticide 1977 1982 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 Azinphos-methyl 133 Bordeaux mixture 56 Carbaryl 130 Chlorfenvinphos 439 585 439 219 439 74 Chlorpyrifos 2217 1881 1881 1612 1746 193 187 Copper hydroxide 130 Copper oxychloride 186 81 81 81 Cyanazine 54 59 61 53 60 47 DDT 57 57 Dinoterb 78 Fenpropidin 50 Fentin acetate 147 154 154 154 154 154 154 Fonofos 229 57 57 76 Gamma-HCH 46 Lenacil 43 Malathion 207 Monolinuron 240 241 322 322 322 322 322 Pendimethalin 46 46 Phosalone 154 154 154 154 Propachlor 51 51 Pyrazophos 272 272 Quinalphos 137 Trichlorfon 162 72 72 Trifluralin 56 56 54 50
Average for all Pesticides 23 24 23 25 29 9 7
19 Table 7.8 Top Ten Pesticides on Arable Crops by Unscaled Risk – REXTOXunscaled, all taxa - with actual contributions.
Pesticide 1977 1982 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 Azinphos-methyl 35 Bordeaux mixture 166 Carbaryl 130 Chlorfenvinphos 337 536 288 113 231 39 Chlorpyrifos 1175 1259 953 649 1029 144 150 Copper oxychloride 168 Cyfluthrin 47 48 Cypermethrin 66 DDT 57 54 Dinoterb 78 Fenpropidin 31 Fentin acetate 351 293 234 187 255 246 219 Fentin hydroxide 67 58 95 56 50 38 Fonofos 233 38 44 31 Gamma-HCH 35 40 35 Malathion 246 Monolinuron 197 178 182 196 221 207 199 Pendimethalin 46 23 Phosalone 101 154 189 154 Propachlor 33 Pyrazophos 400 303 Quinalphos 100 Triazophos 49 34 30 21 Trichlorfon 162 74 72 Trifluralin 27
Average of All Pesticides 17 18 18 14 18 6 5
20 Table 7.9 Top Ten Pesticides on Arable Crops by Risk - ADSCORunscaled, all taxa - with actual contributions.
Pesticide 1977 1982 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 Alpha-cypermethrin 15727 Azinphos-methyl 4797 Bifenthrin 51667 51667 38750 38750 38750 Chlorfenvinphos 8009 16017 18687 16017 13014 Chlorpyrifos 62026 62026 58580 53411 58580 49104 51688 Cyfluthrin 70344 72856 76206 Cypermethrin 32465 34784 36523 27731 28407 31216 Deltamethrin 22053 22742 24559 23707 18194 17542 Esfenvalerate 47053 46542 Fentin acetate 18956 18956 18956 18956 18956 18956 18956 Fentin hydroxide 3636 Fenvalerate 9111 Fluroglycofen-ethyl 22223 16667 Fonofos 6124 Lambda-cyhalothrin 27782 22573 22225 25256 Malathion 6060 Monolinuron 6000 Permethrin 8574 Phorate 46974 54021 50889 50889 46974 46974 46974 Phosalone 6772 8126 Pyrazophos 16679 17606 Tefluthrin 31246 31246 31246 Trichlorfon 6259
Average of All Pesticides 1103 1793 2593 3657 3178 2601 2925
21 Figure 7.6 Usage and indicators for Cypermethrin on Arable
Arable Cypermethrin - REXTOXscaled Arable Cypermethrin - Usage 4500000 25000 60 Total Cumulative Area Treated 4000000 Daphnia Total Tonnes Applied 50 20000 3500000
40 3000000 15000 2500000 30 2000000 10000 20 1500000 Tonnes applied
5000 1000000 10 Area Treated (square km) (square Treated Area Fish 500000 Algae 0 0 0 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998
Arable Cypermethrin - ADSCORscaled Arable Cypermethrin - SYSCOR 60000000000 12000000 Daphnia 50000000000 10000000
40000000000 8000000 Daphnia
30000000000 6000000
20000000000 4000000
Fish 10000000000 2000000 Fish
Algae Algae 0 0 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998
22 Figure 7.7. Usage and indicators for Carbendazim on Arable
Arable Carbendazim - Usage Arable Carbendazim - REXTOXscaled 20000 400 50000
18000 45000 350 16000 40000 300 Daphnia 14000 35000 12000 250 30000
10000 200 25000 20000 8000 150
6000 Tonnes applied 15000 100 4000 10000
Area Treated (square km) (square Area Treated Total Cumulative Area Treated 50 Fish 2000 5000 Total Tonnes Applied Algae 0 0 0 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998
Arable Carbendazim - ADSCORscaled Arable Carbendazim - SYSCOR 80000000 16000
Daphnia 70000000 14000 Daphnia 60000000 12000
50000000 10000
40000000 8000
30000000 6000
20000000 4000
Fish Fish 10000000 2000 Algae Algae 0 0 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998
23 Figure 7.8 Usage and indicators for Isoproturon on Arable
Arable Isoproturon - REXTOXscaled Arable Isoproturon - Usage 200000 30000 3500 Total Cumulative Area Treated 180000 Algae Total Tonnes Applied 3000 25000 160000
2500 140000 20000 120000 2000 15000 100000 1500 800000 10000 600000 1000 Tonnes applied 400000 5000 Fish and Area Treated (square km) (square Area Treated 500 200000
0 0 0 197619781980198219841986198819901992199419961998 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998
Arable Isoproturon - ADSCORscaled Arable Isoproturon - SYSCOR 500000000 50000
450000000 45000 Algae Algae 400000000 40000
350000000 35000
300000000 30000
250000000 25000
200000000 20000
150000000 15000
100000000 10000 Fish and Fish and Daphnia 50000000 5000
0 0 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998
24 Figure 7.9 Crop breakdown - Wheat and Potatoes vs. All Arable, REXTOX, ADSCOR, and SYSCOR indicators
Potatoes and Wheat v All Arable - REXTOXscaled (all 3 taxa) 18000000
16000000
14000000 All Arable Crops 12000000
10000000
8000000 Wheat 6000000
4000000 Potatoes 2000000
0 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998
Potatoes and Wheat v All Arable - ADSCORscaled (all 3 taxa)
100000000000 90000000000 All Arable Crops 80000000000 70000000000 60000000000 50000000000 40000000000
30000000000 Wheat 20000000000 10000000000 0 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998
Potatoes and Wheat v All Arable - SYSCOR (all 3 taxa)
90000000
80000000
70000000
60000000 All Arable Crops
50000000
40000000
30000000
20000000 Wheat 10000000 Potatoes 0 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998
25 Figure 7.10 Crop breakdown - Apples vs. All Orchard, REXTOX, ADSCOR, and SYSCOR indicators
Apples v All Orchard - REXTOXscaled (all 3 taxa) 35000000
30000000
25000000 All Orchard Crops
20000000
15000000 Apples 10000000
5000000
0 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998
Apples v All Orchard - ADSCORscaled (all 3 taxa) 3000000000 All Orchard Crops 2500000000
2000000000 Apples
1500000000
1000000000
500000000
0 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998
Apples v All Orchard - SYSCOR (all 3 taxa) 50000000
45000000 All Orchard Crops 40000000 35000000 30000000 25000000 20000000 15000000 Apples 10000000 5000000 0 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998
26 Figure 7.11 Crop breakdown - Wheat vs. All Arable, REXTOX and ADSCOR Acute Unscaled indicators
Wheat v All Arable - REXTOXpotential (all 3 taxa) 60 Wheat 50
40
30 All Arable Crops 20
10
0 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998
Wheat v All Arable - REXTOXunscaled (all 3 taxa) 35 Wheat 30
25
20 All Arable Crops
15
10
5
0 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998
Wheat vs. All Arable - ADSCORunscaled (all 3 taxa) 4000
3500
3000 Wheat 2500
2000 All Arable Crops 1500
1000
500
0 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998
27 Figure 7.12 Crop breakdown - Apples vs. All Orchard, REXTOX and ADSCOR Acute Unscaled indicators
Apples v All Orchard - REXTOXpotential (all 3 taxa) 450 400 All Orchard Crops 350 300 Apples 250 200 150 100 50 0 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998
Apples v All Orchard - REXTOXunscaled (all 3 taxa) 450 400 350 All Orchard Crops 300 250 Apples 200 150 100 50 0 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998
Apples v All Orchard - ADSCORunscaled (all 3 taxa) 6000
5000 All Orchard Crops 4000
Apples 3000
2000
1000
0 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998
28 Figure 7.13 Regional breakdown of REXTOXscaled for Arable crops
Arable Regions - REXTOXscaled 7000000
6000000
5000000
4000000 East
3000000
2000000
1000000
Wales 0 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998
Figure 7.14 Regional breakdown of ADSCORscaled for Arable crops
Arable Regions - ADSCORscaled 60000000000 East
50000000000
40000000000
30000000000
20000000000
10000000000
Wales 0 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998
Figure 7.15 Regional breakdown of SYSCOR for Arable crops
Arable Regions - SYSCOR 80000000
70000000
60000000 East 50000000
40000000
30000000
20000000
10000000 Wales
0 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998
Eastern Region Mid-West Region North Region South-East Region South-W est Region W ales Region
29 Figure 7.16 Regional breakdown of REXTOXpotential for Arable crops
Arable Regions – REXTOXpotential 40
35 South-East 30
25
20
15
10 Wales 5
0 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998
Figure 7.17 Regional breakdown of REXTOXunscaled for Arable crops
Arable Regions - REXTOXunscaled 25
20
15
10
5 Wales
0 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998
Figure 7.18 Regional breakdown of ADSCORunscaled for Arable crops
Arable Regions - ADSCORunscaled 4500
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500 Wales 1000
500
0 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998
Eastern Region Mid-West Region North Region South-East Regio n South-West Regio n Wales Region
30 Figure 7.19 Regional breakdown of REXTOXscaled for Arable crops plus AFT/ADR changes
Arable Regions - REXTOXscaled 8000000
7000000
6000000
5000000
4000000 East 3000000
2000000
1000000
Wales 0 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998
Figure 7.20 Regional breakdown of ADSCORscaled for Arable crops plus AFT/ADR changes
Arable Regions - ADSCORscaled 60000000000 East
50000000000
40000000000
30000000000
20000000000
10000000000
Wales 0 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998
Figure 7.21 Regional breakdown of SYSCOR for Arable crops plus AFT/ADR changes
Arable Regions - SYSCOR 80000000
70000000
60000000 East 50000000
40000000
30000000
20000000
10000000 Wales
0 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998
Eastern Region Mid-West Region North Region South-East Region South-West Region Wales Region
31 Figure 7.22 Regional breakdown of REXTOXpotential for Arable crops plus AFT/ADR changes
Arable Regions - REXTOXpotential 40
35 South-East
30
25
20
15
10 Wales 5
0 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998
Figure 7.23 Regional breakdown of REXTOXunscaled for Arable crops plus AFT/ADR changes
Arable Regions - REXTOXunscaled 25
20
15
10
5 Wales
0 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998
Figure 7.24 Regional breakdown of ADSCORunscaled for Arable crops plus AFT/ADR changes
Arable Regions - ADSCORunscaled 4500
4000 East 3500
3000
2500
2000
1500 Wales 1000
500
0 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998
Eastern Region Mid-West Region North Region South-East Region South-West Region Wales Region
32 Figure 7.25 Comparison of the effects of spray drift buffer zones on the three Scaled indicators. (The ‘With Buffers’ line indicates 100% compliance by farmers).
Buffer Effect on REXTOXscaled - Arable (all 3 taxa) 35000000 Without Buffers 30000000
25000000
20000000
15000000
10000000 With Spraydrift Buffers 5000000
0 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998
Buffer Effect on ADSCORscaled - Arable (all 3 taxa) 140000000000 Without Buffers 120000000000
100000000000
80000000000
60000000000
40000000000 With Spraydrift Buffers
20000000000
0 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998
Buffer Effect on SYSCOR - Arable (all 3 taxa) 100000000 Without Buffers 90000000 80000000 70000000 60000000 50000000 With Spraydrift Buffers 40000000 30000000 20000000 10000000 0 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998
33 Figure 7.26 Comparison of the effects of spray drift buffer zones on the three Unscaled indicators. (The ‘With Buffers’ line indicates 100% compliance by farmers).
Buffer Effect on REXTOXpotential - Arable (all 3 taxa) 35
30 Without Buffers 25
20
15
10
5 With Spraydrift Buffers
0 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998
Buffer Effect on REXTOXscaled - Arable (all 3 taxa) 20 Without Buffers 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 With Spraydrift Buffers 2 0 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998
Buffer Effect on ADSCORunscaled - Arable (all 3 taxa) 4000 Without Buffers 3500
3000
2500 With Spraydrift Buffers
2000
1500
1000
500
0 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998
34