Chapter NR 233
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Relative Tolerance of Peanuts to Alachlor and Metolachlor' Materials
Relative Tolerance of Peanuts to Alachlor and Metolachlor' Glenn Wehtje*, John W. Wilcut, T. Vint Hicks2. and John McGuire3 ABSTRACT vealed that peas were most sensitive across all the sub- Field studies were conducted during 1984, 1985, and 1987 to evaluate weed control and the relative tolerance of peanuts stituted amide herbicides when the application was (Arachis hypogaea) to alachlor and metolachlor when applied at made 2 days after planting. This time of application cor- rates from 2.2 to 13.4 kg adha. Both single and split responded to shoot emergence, which is considered to preemergence, and postemergence applications were in- be the most sensitive portion of the seedling, through cluded. In 1984 and 1985, neither herbicide adversely affected the surface of the treated soil. Later applications re- yields compared to a hand-weeded control. In 1987, metolachlor at a rate of 9.0 kgha and alachlor at 13.4 k&a re- sulted in progressively less injury, indicating that the duced yields. Across all years, at least a two-fold safety factor foliar portion of the developing pea was relatively toler- existed between the maximum registered rate and the rate ant once emerged. Field studies indicated injury was necessary for peanut injury. Occurrence of injury appears to be markedly influenced by rainfall soon after planting. related to rainfall. Metolachlor was slightly more mobile than alachlor in soil chromatography trials, which may be a factor in Putnam and Rice (7) evaluated the factors associated its slightly greater propensity to be injurious under certain with alachlor injury on snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris conditions of extensive leaching and/or slow peanut L.). -
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid IUPAC (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid name 2,4-D Other hedonal names trinoxol Identifiers CAS [94-75-7] number SMILES OC(COC1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1Cl)=O ChemSpider 1441 ID Properties Molecular C H Cl O formula 8 6 2 3 Molar mass 221.04 g mol−1 Appearance white to yellow powder Melting point 140.5 °C (413.5 K) Boiling 160 °C (0.4 mm Hg) point Solubility in 900 mg/L (25 °C) water Related compounds Related 2,4,5-T, Dichlorprop compounds Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) is a common systemic herbicide used in the control of broadleaf weeds. It is the most widely used herbicide in the world, and the third most commonly used in North America.[1] 2,4-D is also an important synthetic auxin, often used in laboratories for plant research and as a supplement in plant cell culture media such as MS medium. History 2,4-D was developed during World War II by a British team at Rothamsted Experimental Station, under the leadership of Judah Hirsch Quastel, aiming to increase crop yields for a nation at war.[citation needed] When it was commercially released in 1946, it became the first successful selective herbicide and allowed for greatly enhanced weed control in wheat, maize (corn), rice, and similar cereal grass crop, because it only kills dicots, leaving behind monocots. Mechanism of herbicide action 2,4-D is a synthetic auxin, which is a class of plant growth regulators. -
Aerobic and Anaerobic Bacterial and Fungal Degradation of Pyrene: Mechanism Pathway Including Biochemical Reaction and Catabolic Genes
International Journal of Molecular Sciences Review Aerobic and Anaerobic Bacterial and Fungal Degradation of Pyrene: Mechanism Pathway Including Biochemical Reaction and Catabolic Genes Ali Mohamed Elyamine 1,2 , Jie Kan 1, Shanshan Meng 1, Peng Tao 1, Hui Wang 1 and Zhong Hu 1,* 1 Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Microbiology, Department of Biology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; [email protected] (A.M.E.); [email protected] (J.K.); [email protected] (S.M.); [email protected] (P.T.); [email protected] (H.W.) 2 Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Comoros, Moroni 269, Comoros * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Microbial biodegradation is one of the acceptable technologies to remediate and control the pollution by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH). Several bacteria, fungi, and cyanobacteria strains have been isolated and used for bioremediation purpose. This review paper is intended to provide key information on the various steps and actors involved in the bacterial and fungal aerobic and anaerobic degradation of pyrene, a high molecular weight PAH, including catabolic genes and enzymes, in order to expand our understanding on pyrene degradation. The aerobic degradation pathway by Mycobacterium vanbaalenii PRY-1 and Mycobactetrium sp. KMS and the anaerobic one, by the facultative bacteria anaerobe Pseudomonas sp. JP1 and Klebsiella sp. LZ6 are reviewed and presented, to describe the complete and integrated degradation mechanism pathway of pyrene. The different microbial strains with the ability to degrade pyrene are listed, and the degradation of Citation: Elyamine, A.M.; Kan, J.; pyrene by consortium is also discussed. -
Common and Chemical Names of Herbicides Approved by the WSSA
Weed Science 2010 58:511–518 Common and Chemical Names of Herbicides Approved by the Weed Science Society of America Below is the complete list of all common and chemical of herbicides as approved by the International Organization names of herbicides approved by the Weed Science Society of for Standardization (ISO). A sponsor may submit a proposal America (WSSA) and updated as of September 1, 2010. for a common name directly to the WSSA Terminology Beginning in 1996, it has been published yearly in the last Committee. issue of Weed Science with Directions for Contributors to A herbicide common name is not synonymous with Weed Science. This list is published in lieu of the selections a commercial formulation of the same herbicide, and in printed previously on the back cover of Weed Science. Only many instances, is not synonymous with the active ingredient common and chemical names included in this complete of a commercial formulation as identified on the product list should be used in WSSA publications. In the absence of label. If the herbicide is a salt or simple ester of a parent a WSSA-approved common name, the industry code number compound, the WSSA common name applies to the parent as compiled by the Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) with compound only. CAS systematic chemical name or the systematic chemical The chemical name used in this list is that preferred by the name alone may be used. The current approved list is also Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) according to their system of available at our web site (www.wssa.net). -
Response of Multiple Herbicide Resistant Strain of Diazotrophic Cyanobacterium, Anabaena Variabilis , Exposed to Atrazine and DCMU
Indian Journal of Experimental Biology Vol. 49, April 2011, pp.298-303 Response of multiple herbicide resistant strain of diazotrophic cyanobacterium, Anabaena variabilis , exposed to atrazine and DCMU Surendra Singh, Pallavi Datta * & Archna Tirkey Algal Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Rani Durgavati University, Jabalpur 482 001, India Received 1 June 2010; revised 24 January 2011 Effect of two photosynthetic inhibitor herbicides, atrazine (both purified and formulated) and [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)- 1,1-dimethyl urea] (DCMU), on the growth, macromolecular contents, heterocyst frequency, photosynthetic O 2 evolution and dark O 2 uptake of wild type and multiple herbicide resistant (MHR) strain of diazotrophic cyanobacterium A. variabilis was studied. Cyanobacterial strains showed gradual inhibition in growth with increasing dosage of herbicides. Both wild type and MHR strain tolerated < 6.0 mg L -1 of atrazine (purified), < 2.0 mg L -1 of atrazine (formulated) and < 0.4 mg L -1 of DCMU indicating similar level of herbicide tolerance. Atrazine (pure) (8.0 mg L -1) and 4.0 mg L -1 of atrazine (formulated) were growth inhibitory concentrations (lethal) for both wild type and MHR strain indicating formulated atrazine was more toxic than the purified form. Comparatively lower concentrations of DCMU were found to be lethal for wild type and MHR strain, respectively. Thus, between the two herbicides tested DCMU was more growth toxic than atrazine. At sublethal dosages of herbicides, photosynthetic O 2 evolution showed highest inhibition followed by chlorophyll a, phycobhiliproteins and heterocyst differentiation as compared to carotenoid, protein and respiratory O 2 uptake. Keyword s: Atrazine, Cyanobacteria, DCMU, Herbicides, Mutants, Photosynthesis In modern agriculture weed control by herbicides is a tolerate or resist toxic actions of various rice field common practice to increase in crop productivity 1. -
3745-100-10 Applicable Chemicals and Chemical Categories
3745-100-10 Applicable chemicals and chemical categories. [Comment: For dates of non-regulatory government publications, publications of recognized organizations and associations, federal rules, and federal statutory provisions referenced in this rule, see the "Incorporation by Reference" section at the end of rule 3745-100-01.] The requirements of this chapter apply to the following chemicals and chemical categories. This rule contains three listings. Paragraph (A) of this rule is an alphabetical order listing of those chemicals that have an associated "Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS)" registry number. Paragraph (B) of this rule contains a CAS registry number order list of the same chemicals listed in paragraph (A) of this rule. Paragraph (C) of this rule contains the chemical categories for which reporting is required. These chemical categories are listed in alphabetical order and do not have CAS registry numbers. (A) Alphabetical listing: -- Chemical Name CAS Number abamectin (avermectin B1) 71751-41-2 acephate (acetylphosphoramidothioic acid o,s-dimethyl ester) 30560-19-1 acetaldehyde 75-07-0 acetamide 60-35-5 acetonitrile 75-05-8 acetophenone 98-86-2 2-acetylaminofluorene 53-96-3 acifluorfen, sodium salt (5- (2-chloro-4- (trifluoromethyl) - phenoxy)-2-nitro-benzoic acid, sodium salt) 62476-59-9 acrolein 107-02-8 acrylamide 79-06-1 acrylic acid 79-10-7 acrylonitrile 107-13-1 alachlor 15972-60-8 aldicarb 116-06-3 aldrin [1,4,5,8-dimethanonaphthalene, 1,2,3,4,10,10-hexachloro- 1,4,4A,5,8,8a-hexahydro- (1 alpha, 4 alpha, 4a beta, 5 -
The Harmful Effects of Food Preservatives on Human Health Shazia Khanum Mirza1, U.K
Journal of Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Discovery ISSN: 2347-9027 International peer reviewed Journal Special Issue Analytical Chemistry Teacher and Researchers Association National Convention/Seminar Issue 02, Vol. 02, pp. 610-616, 8 January 2017 Available online at www.jmcdd.org To Study The Harmful Effects Of Food Preservatives On Human Health Shazia Khanum Mirza1, U.K. Asema2 And Sayyad Sultan Kasim3. 1 -Research student , Dept of chemistry, Maulana Azad PG & Research centre, Aurangabad. 2-3 -Assist prof. Dept of chemistry,Maulana Azad college Arts sci & com.Aurangabad. ABSTRACT Food chemistry is the study of chemical processes and interactions of all biological and non- biological components. Food additives are chemicals added to foods to keep them fresh or to enhance their color, flavor or texture. They may include food colorings, flavor enhancers or a range of preservatives .The chemical added to a particular food for a particular reason during processing or storage which could affect the characteristics of the food, or become part of the food Preservatives are additives that inhibit the growth of bacteria, yeasts, and molds in foods. Additives and preservatives are used to maintain product consistency and quality, improve or maintain nutritional value, maintain palatability and wholesomeness, provide leavening(yeast), control pH, enhance flavour, or provide colour Some additives have been used for centuries; for example, preserving food by pickling (with vinegar), salting, as with bacon, preserving sweets or using sulfur dioxide as in some wines. Some preservatives are known to be harmful to the human body. Some are classified as carcinogens or cancer causing agents. Keywords : Food , Food additives, colour, flavour , texture, preservatives. -
Herbicide Mode of Action Table High Resistance Risk
Herbicide Mode of Action Table High resistance risk Chemical family Active constituent (first registered trade name) GROUP 1 Inhibition of acetyl co-enzyme A carboxylase (ACC’ase inhibitors) clodinafop (Topik®), cyhalofop (Agixa®*, Barnstorm®), diclofop (Cheetah® Gold* Decision®*, Hoegrass®), Aryloxyphenoxy- fenoxaprop (Cheetah®, Gold*, Wildcat®), fluazifop propionates (FOPs) (Fusilade®), haloxyfop (Verdict®), propaquizafop (Shogun®), quizalofop (Targa®) Cyclohexanediones (DIMs) butroxydim (Factor®*), clethodim (Select®), profoxydim (Aura®), sethoxydim (Cheetah® Gold*, Decision®*), tralkoxydim (Achieve®) Phenylpyrazoles (DENs) pinoxaden (Axial®) GROUP 2 Inhibition of acetolactate synthase (ALS inhibitors), acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS) Imidazolinones (IMIs) imazamox (Intervix®*, Raptor®), imazapic (Bobcat I-Maxx®*, Flame®, Midas®*, OnDuty®*), imazapyr (Arsenal Xpress®*, Intervix®*, Lightning®*, Midas®* OnDuty®*), imazethapyr (Lightning®*, Spinnaker®) Pyrimidinyl–thio- bispyribac (Nominee®), pyrithiobac (Staple®) benzoates Sulfonylureas (SUs) azimsulfuron (Gulliver®), bensulfuron (Londax®), chlorsulfuron (Glean®), ethoxysulfuron (Hero®), foramsulfuron (Tribute®), halosulfuron (Sempra®), iodosulfuron (Hussar®), mesosulfuron (Atlantis®), metsulfuron (Ally®, Harmony®* M, Stinger®*, Trounce®*, Ultimate Brushweed®* Herbicide), prosulfuron (Casper®*), rimsulfuron (Titus®), sulfometuron (Oust®, Eucmix Pre Plant®*, Trimac Plus®*), sulfosulfuron (Monza®), thifensulfuron (Harmony®* M), triasulfuron (Logran®, Logran® B-Power®*), tribenuron (Express®), -
Greenhouse and Field Evaluation of Isoxaflutole for Weed Control In
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Greenhouse and field evaluation of isoxaflutole for weed control in maize in China Received: 27 June 2017 Ning Zhao, Lan Zuo, Wei Li, Wenlei Guo, Weitang Liu & Jinxin Wang Accepted: 18 September 2017 Greenhouse and field studies were conducted to provide a reference for pre-emergence (PRE) Published: xx xx xxxx application of isoxaflutole on maize in China. In greenhouse study, the isoxaflutole PRE application at 30 g active ingredient (a.i.) ha−1 could effectively control large numbers of weeds, especially some large-seeded broadleaves, tested in this study. The tolerance results indicated 21 maize hybrids showed different responses to isoxaflutole under greenhouse conditions. In 2015 and 2016, field experiments were conducted to determine and compare the weed control efficacy and safety to Zhengdan 958 maize with 6 herbicide treatments. In both years, isoxaflutole PRE at 100 to 250 g a.i. ha−1 was sufficient to provide satisfactory full-season control of the dominant common broadleaf and grass weeds in the field. Temporary injury to maize was observed with isoxaflutole treatments of 125, 150, and 250 g a.i. ha−1 in both years, but plants recovered within 4 to 6 wk. To maximize maize yield and provide satisfactory weed control, a range of 100 to 150 g a.i. ha−1 of isoxaflutole is recommended, depending on the soil characteristics, weather, and weed species present at the experimental site. Based on the results, isoxaflutole PRE has good potential for weed control in maize in China. Maize was planted on more hectares than any other crops in China from 2010 to 2014, with an average of 35 million ha planted per year and yield averaging 5,779 kg per ha per year1. -
Acifluorfen Sorption, Degradation, and Mobility in a Mississippi Delta Soil
Acifluorfen Sorption, Degradation, and Mobility in a Mississippi Delta Soil L. A. Gaston* and M. A. Locke ABSTRACT repulsion effects, acifluorfen is sorbed by soil or soil Potential surface water and groundwater contaminants include her- constituents (Pusino et al., 1991; Ruggiero et al., 1992; bicides that are applied postemergence. Although applied to the plant Pusino et al., 1993; Gennari et al., 1994b; NeÁgre et al., canopy, a portion of any application reaches the soil either directly 1995; Locke et al., 1997). Although the extent of sorp- or via subsequent foliar washoff. This study examined sorption, degra- tion in soil is generally proportional to OC content dation, and mobility of the postemergence herbicide acifluorfen (5-[2- (Gennari et al., 1994b; NeÁgre et al., 1995; Locke et al., chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoic acid) in Dundee 1997), sorption likely involves processes other than par- silty clay loam (fine-silty, mixed, thermic, Aeric Ochraqualf) taken titioning between aqueous and organic matter phases. from conventional till (CT) and no-till (NT) field plots. Homogeneous In particular, acifluorfen forms complexes with divalent surface and subsurface samples were used in the sorption and degrada- tion studies; intact soil columns (30 cm long and 10 cm diam.) were and trivalent cations (Pusino et al., 1991; Pusino et al., used in the mobility study. Batch sorption isotherms were nonlinear 1993) that may be sorbed or precipitated. Complex for- (Freundlich model) and sorption paralleled organic C (OC) content. mation and subsequent sorption may partially account All tillage by depth combinations of soil exhibited a time-dependent for increased acifluorfen sorption with decreasing soil approach to sorption equilibrium that was well described by a two- pH or increasing cation exchange capacity (Pusino et site equilibrium±kinetic model. -
40 CFR Ch. I (7–1–18 Edition) § 455.61
§ 455.61 40 CFR Ch. I (7–1–18 Edition) from: the operation of employee show- § 455.64 Effluent limitations guidelines ers and laundry facilities; the testing representing the degree of effluent of fire protection equipment; the test- reduction attainable by the applica- ing and emergency operation of safety tion of the best available tech- showers and eye washes; or storm nology economically achievable water. (BAT). (d) The provisions of this subpart do Except as provided in 40 CFR 125.30 not apply to wastewater discharges through 125.32, any existing point from the repackaging of microorga- source subject to this subpart must nisms or Group 1 Mixtures, as defined achieve effluent limitations rep- under § 455.10, or non-agricultural pes- resenting the degree of effluent reduc- ticide products. tion attainable by the application of the best available technology economi- § 455.61 Special definitions. cally achievable: There shall be no dis- Process wastewater, for this subpart, charge of process wastewater pollut- means all wastewater except for sani- ants. tary water and those wastewaters ex- § 455.65 New source performance cluded from the applicability of the standards (NSPS). rule in § 455.60. Any new source subject to this sub- § 455.62 Effluent limitations guidelines part which discharges process waste- representing the degree of effluent water pollutants must meet the fol- reduction attainable by the applica- lowing standards: There shall be no dis- tion of the best practicable pollut- charge of process wastewater pollut- ant control technology (BPT). ants. Except as provided in 40 CFR 125.30 through 125.32, any existing point § 455.66 Pretreatment standards for existing sources (PSES). -
Reduction of Nitroaromatic Pesticides with Zero-Valent Iron
Chemosphere 54 (2004) 255–263 www.elsevier.com/locate/chemosphere Reduction of nitroaromatic pesticides with zero-valent iron Young-Soo Keum, Qing X. Li * Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii, 1955 East-West Road, Ag Sci 218, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA Received 5 February 2003; received in revised form 4 June 2003; accepted 4 August 2003 Abstract Reduction of eleven nitroaromatic pesticides was studied with zero-valent iron powder. Average half-lives ranged from 2.8 to 6.3 h and the parent compounds were completely reduced after 48–96 h. The di-nitro groups of the 2,6- dinitroaniline herbicides were rapidly reduced to the corresponding diamines, with a negligible amount of partially reduced monoamino or nitroso products. Low levels of de-alkylated products were observed after 10 days. The nitro group of the organophosphorus insecticides was reduced dominantly to the monoamines but in a slower rate than the 2,6-dinitroanilines. A trace amount of oxon products was found. Reduction of nitro to amino was also the predominant reaction for the diphenyl ether herbicides. Aromatic de-chlorination and de-alkylation were minor reactions. These amine products were more stable than the parent compounds and 60% or more of the amines were detected after two weeks. Humic acid decreased the reduction rates of pendimethalin, and dichlone (a known quinone redox mediator) counteracted the effect of humic acid on the reactivity. Storage of iron powder under air decreased the reactivity very rapidly due to iron oxidation. Repeated use of iron powder also showed similar results. The reduced activity of air- oxidized iron was recovered by purging with hydrogen, but not nitrogen.