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Interim Review of Chlorfenvinphos

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Interim Review of Chlorfenvinphos The NRA Review of Chlorfenvinphos Section6 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT 1. Environmental Exposure ................................................................................................... 275 1.1 Environmental Release.................................................................................................. 275 1.2 Environmental Monitoring............................................................................................. 275 1.3 Implications for Exposure ............................................................................................. 276 2. Environmental Chemistry and Fate.................................................................................... 276 2.1 Hydrolysis.................................................................................................................... 276 2.2 Phototransformation..................................................................................................... 277 2.3 Soil Metabolism........................................................................................................... 277 2.4 Anaerobic Soil Metabolism........................................................................................... 280 2.5 Degradation in Sediment/Water in the Laboratory......................................................... 280 2.6 Dissipation in Natural Sediment/Water Field Study........................................................ 281 2.7 Adsorption/Desorption................................................................................................. 281 2.8 Leaching and Surface Run-off....................................................................................... 281 2.9 Volatilisation................................................................................................................. 283 2.10 Field Dissipation....................................................................................................... 283 2.11 Uptake and Metabolism in Plants.............................................................................. 287 2.12 Metabolism and Excretion in Mammals ..................................................................... 288 2.13 Bioconcentration...................................................................................................... 289 2.14 Fate of Residues in Wool.......................................................................................... 289 2.15 Summary of Environmental Chemistry and Fate......................................................... 290 3. Environmental Toxicology................................................................................................. 296 3.1 Birds............................................................................................................................ 296 3.2 Fish.............................................................................................................................. 300 3.3 Aquatic Invertebrates ................................................................................................... 307 3.4 Aquatic Plants.............................................................................................................. 310 3.5 Terrestrial Invertebrates................................................................................................ 311 3.6 Terrestrial Plants........................................................................................................... 319 3.7 Soil Microorganisms..................................................................................................... 319 3.8 Mammals ..................................................................................................................... 322 3.9 Summary of Environmental Toxicology.......................................................................... 322 4. Environmental Hazard....................................................................................................... 326 4.1 Estimated Environmental Concentrations ....................................................................... 326 4.2 Hazard to Terrestrial Organisms.................................................................................... 329 4.3 Hazard to Aquatic Organisms ....................................................................................... 334 4.4 Hazard to Terrestrial Plants........................................................................................... 337 4.5 Summary of Environmental Hazard ............................................................................... 337 5. Controls and Labelling...................................................................................................... 339 5.1 Formulation/Packaging ................................................................................................. 339 5.2 Transport..................................................................................................................... 339 5.3 Storage and Disposal.................................................................................................... 339 5.4 Use.............................................................................................................................. 339 6. Conclusions and Recommendations .................................................................................. 340 7. References....................................................................................................................... 342 Not to be used for commercial or registration purposes without the consent of the owner of the cited information National Registration Authority for Agricultural and Veterinary Chemicals, Australia 1. ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE 1.1 Environmental Release 1.1.1 Volume Approximately 25,000 kg of technical grade chlorfenvinphos (both formulated and unformulated) is imported into Australia annually. This is formulated into a variety of end use products (EUP) with a considerable proportion as ectoparasiticides at a concentration of 138 g a.i./L. About 150,000 L of EUP could therefore be used in Australia annually. 1.1.2 Use patterns and methods of application See Agricultural Assessment (Section 3) 1.1.3 Formulation, handling and disposal No information was supplied on the adjuvants making up the various EUPs or if they are manufactured in Australia or overseas. When long-wooled sheep are jetted, only approximately one third of the applied solution remains in the fleece with two thirds draining off and possibly contaminating the soil; contamination has been noted to occur in this manner with other organophosphates (Environment Australia 1998). Scours, formulation wastes and spent dip baths are currently discharged to municipal sewers, or to lagoons or irrigation systems in inland situations. The label for WSD Jetting Fluid 100 advises users to “discard run-off wash with care...do not re-use” but provides no further guidance on disposal methods. 1.2 Environmental Monitoring In a survey of pesticide residues in Australian wool clips in 1997/98, a mean concentration of 0.22 mg a.i./kg of chlorfenvinphos was found in the wool (I. Russell, pers com). As the residues are highly concentrated in the wool wax, which makes up about 13% of the wool, this equates to about 1.7 mg a.i./kg in the wool wax. Chlorfenvinphos residues were only found in 10% of the wool clips tested and only 1% contained residues higher than 2 mg a.i./kg. A previous survey and questionnaire to wool growers across Australia from November 1992 to May 1994 found similar results (Plant 1996). In this study, 1181 clips of Australian wool were randomly selected for testing for organophosphate and pyrethroid pesticide residues, including chlorfenvinphos. Of these clips, 985 could be traced back to growers who were sent a questionnaire to determine details of pesticide use. These users had a mean of 0.7 mg a.i./kg wool while that in all clips sampled was 0.6 mg a.i./kg wool. Ten clips where treatment of individual struck sheep was reported had a mean concentration of chlorfenvinphos of 0.7 mg a.i./kg wool with a maximum of 4.1 mg a.i./kg wool. Russell (pers com) has not detected chlorfenvinphos in the few soil samples taken from land irrigated Not to be used for commercial or registration purposes without the consent of the owner of the cited information The NRA Review of Chlorfenvinphos with scour effluents. 1.3 Implications for Exposure Application by dipping and jetting has the potential to lead to some exposure of the soil in the vicinity of the application site as excess solution drips from treated animals. This, however should be limited in situations where such material can be collected and returned to the dip or jetting solution. As chlorfenvinphos may be stripped from treatment solutions, a higher proportion will be retained in sheep fleece compared to non-stripping pesticides and soil residues may be lower. Given the various uses of chlorfenvinphos, there are a number of potential routes for it to reach the environment. These include direct application to soil in pasture and crop situations, disposal of used dips solutions, effluent arising from scouring of wool from treated sheep, cleaning of spray equipment used in pest control and wash off and excreta from treated animals. Volatilisation from these sources is expected be a relatively minor route of exposure. 2. ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY AND FATE In addition to the studies supplied by the registrants of chlorfenvinphos, many from the published literature were found. The Agency
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