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Home , Fritz Erler (politician), George Jeger, Gerhard Jahn, Hans Janitschek, Peter Blachstein, Willi Birkelbach

Notes

1 Introduction

1. See, e.g., Guillermo O’Donnell, Philippe C. Schmitter and Laurence Whitehead (eds) Transition from Authoritarian Rule: Southern Europe, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986; Guillermo O’Donell, Philippe C. Schmitter and Laurence Whitehead (eds) Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Latin America, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1986; Guillermo O’Donell, Philippe C. Schmitter and Laurence Whitehead (eds) Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1986; Geoffrey Pridham and Tatu Vanhanen (eds) Democratization in Eastern Europe; Domestic and International Perspectives, Routledge, London, 1994; Samuel P. Huntington, The Third Wave. Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1991; Yassi Shain and Juan J. Linz, Between States: Interim Governments and Democratic Transition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1995; Dankart A. Rustow, ‘Democracy: A Global Revolution?’, Foreign Affairs, Fall 1990, pp. 75–91; David Potter, David Goldblatt, Margaret Kiloh and Paul Lewis (eds) Democratization, Polity Press/Open University, Cambridge, 2000. 2. Robert A. Dahl, Polyarchy. Participation and Opposition, Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 1971; Robert A. Dahl, Democracy and Its Critics, Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 1989, p. 221. Robert A. Dahl, On Democracy, Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 1998. Philippe C. Schmitter and Terry Lynn Karl add two more conditions to the previous seven: ‘Popularity elected officials must be able to exercise their constitutional powers without being subjected to overriding (albeit informal) opposition from unelected officials’ and the ‘Polity must be self governing; it must be able to act independently of constraints imposed by some other overarching political system’ in Philippe Schmitter and Terry Lynn Karl ‘What Democracy is … and is not’ in Larry Diamond and March Platter (eds) The Gobal Resurgence of Democracy, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London, 1993. p. 45. 3. Geoffrey Pridham, ‘International Influences and Democratic Transition’ in Geoffrey Pridham, Encouraging Democracy: The International Context of Regime Transition in Southern Europe, Leicester University Press, Leicester, 1991, p. 5. See also, Geoffray Pridham, ‘The International Context of Democratic Consolidation: Southern Europe in Comparative Perspective’ in Gunther Richard, Diamandouros, P. Nikiforos and Puhle, Hans-Jurgen (eds) The Politics of Democratic Consolidation. Southern Europe in Comparative Perspective, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, 1995.

189 190 European Socialists and Spain

4. Edward Malefakis, ‘Spain and its Francoist Heritage’ in John Herz, From Dictatorship to Democracy. Coping with the Legacies of Authoritarianism and Totalitarianism, Greenwood Press, London, 1982, p. 216. 5. Juan José Linz, ‘La transición española en perspectiva comparada’ in Javier Tusell and Alvaro Soto (eds) Historia de la transición 1975–1986, Alianza Universidad, Madrid, 1996. 6. Paul Preston, The Triumph of Democracy in Spain, Methuen, London, 1986, p. 227. 7. Laurence Whitehead, ‘International Aspects of Democratization’, in Philippe C. Schmitter and Laurence Whitehead (eds) Transition from Authoritarian Rule: Comparative Perspectives, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1986, p. 4. 8. Ibid. 9. Laurence Whitehead, ‘The International Dimension of Democratization’ in Laurence Whitehead (ed.) The International Dimensions of Democratization. Europe and the Americas, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1996, pp. 3–25. 10. Laurence Whitehead, ‘Concerning International Support for Democracy in the South’ in R. Luckham and G. White (eds) Democratization in the South. The Jagged Wave, Manchester University Press, Manchester, 1996. 11. Philippe C. Schmitter, ‘The Influence of the International Context upon the Choice of National Institutions and Policies in Neodemocracies’ in Laurence Whitehead (ed.) The International Dimensions of Democratization. Europe and the Americas, pp. 26–54. 12. In the introduction to Guillermo O’Donnell, Philippe C. Schmitter and Laurence Whitehead (eds), Transition from Authoritarian Rule: Southern Europe, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1986, p. 5. 13. Samuel P. Huntington, The Third Wave. Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1991, p. 85. 14. Alfred Tovias, ‘International Context of Democratic Transition’ in Geoffrey Pridham, The New Mediterranean Democracies: Regime Transition in Spain and Portugal, Frank Cass, London, 1984, p. 169. 15. Philippe Schmitter, ‘The Consolidation of Political Democracy in Southern Europe (and Latin America)’, European University Institute, paper, cited in Geoffrey Pridham, ‘International Influences and Democratic Transition’ in Geoffrey Pridham, Encouraging Democracy: The International Context of Regime Transition in Southern Europe. Leicester University Press, Leicester, 1991, p. 7. 16. Geoffrey Pridham, ‘International Influences and Democratic Transition. Problems of Theory and Practice in Linkage Politics’ in Geoffrey Pridham, Encouraging Democracy: The International Context of Regime Transition in Southern Europe, p. 29. 17. Paul W. Drake, International Factors in Democratisation, Instituto Juan March de Estudios e Investiugaciones, Madrid, 1994. Paul W. Drake, ‘The International Causes of Democratisation 1947–1990’ in Paul W. Drake and Mathew D. McCubbins (eds) The Origins of Liberty, Political and Economic Liberalisation in the Modern World, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1998, p. 71. 18. Jean Grugel, ‘Contextualizing Democratization. The Changing Significance of Transnational Factors and Non-state Actors’ in Jean Grugel (ed.) Democracy without Borders. Transnationalization and Conditionality in New Democracies, Notes 191

Routledge/ECPR, London, 1999, p. 19. See also Jean Grugel ‘Support Democratisation: A European View. European Political Parties and Latin America’, European Review of Latin America and the Caribbean Studies, 60, 1996, pp. 87–104. 19. Peter Burnell (ed.), Democracy Assistance. International Cooperation for Democratization, Frank Cass, London, 2000. On Democracy Assistance, see Michael Cox, John G. Ikenberry and Takashi Inoguchi (eds) American Democracy Promotion, Impulses, Strategies and Impacts, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2000; Thomas Carothers, Aiding Democracy Abroad: The Learning Curve, Carnegie Endowmnet for International Peace, Washington, 1999. 20. Larry Diamond, ‘Promoting Democracy in the 1990s: Actors, Instruments and Isuues’ in A. Hadenius (ed.) Democracy’s Victory and Crisis, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1997, pp. 311–70. Larry Diamond, ‘The Globalization of Democracy’ in Robert O. Slater, Barry M. Schutz and Steve R. Dorr (eds) Global Transformation and the Third World, Adamantine Press, London, 1993. 21. Larry Diamond, Developing Democracy. Toward Consolidation, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London, 1999, p. 272. 22. Karen Dawisha (ed.) The International Dimension of Postcommunist Transitions in Russia and the New States of Eurasia, Sharpe, New York and London, 1997. See also Sarah E. Mendelson, ‘Democracy Assiatance and Political Transition in Russia. Between Success and Failure’, International Security, Vol. 25, No. 4, Spring 2001, pp. 68–106. 23. Tom Farer (ed.) Beyond Sovereignty. Collectively Defending Democracy in the Americas, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1996. See also Arturo Valenzuela, ‘External Actors in Latin America’ in James F. Hollifield and Calvin Jillson (eds) Pathways to Democracy. The Political Economy of Democratic Transitions, Routledge, New York, 1999; Wolf Grabendorff, ‘International Support for Democracy in Contemporary Latin America’, in Laurence Whitehead (ed.) The International Dimensions of Democratization. Europe and the Americas, pp. 201–26. 24. Adrian G.V. Hyde-Price, ‘Democratization in Eastern Europe’ and Thomas Niklasson, ‘The and Eastern Europe, 1988–9. Interactions between Domestic Change and Foreign Policy’ in Geoffrey Pridham and Tatu Vanhanen (eds) Democratization in Eastern Europe, Routledge, London, 1994; Jacques Rupnik, ‘Eastern Europe. The International Context’, Journal of Democracy, Vol. 11, No. 2, April 2000, pp. 115–29. 25. For a full account of the transition, see Paul Preston, The Triumph of Democracy in Spain, Methuen, London, 1986; Victoria Prego, Así se hizo la transición, Plaza y Janés, , 1995; José María Maravall, The Transition to Democracy in Spain, Croom Helm, London, 1982; Manuel Redero San Román (ed.) La transición a la democracia en España, Ayer Marcial Pons, 1994; Charles Powell, España en democracia 1975–2000, Barcelona, Plaza y Janés 2001. About Juan Carlos I, King of Spain, see Tom Burns Marañón, Conversaciones sobre el rey, Plaza y Janés, Barcelona, 1995; Charles T. Powell, Juan Carlos of Spain: Self-made Monarch, St Antony’s Macmillan, Oxford, 1996; Joaquín Bardavo, Las claves del rey: el laberinto de la transición, Espasa Calpe, 1995. On political parties and trade unions, see, Richard Gunther (ed.) Spain after Franco: the Making of a Competitive Party System, University of California Press, 192 European Socialists and Spain

1988; Mario Caciagli, Elecciones y partidos en la transición española, siglo XXI, 1986; Holm Detlev Köhler, El movimiento sindical en España, Fundamentos, Madrid, 1995; Robert Fishman, Working Class Organisation and the Return to Democracy in Spain, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, 1990; Ruth Berins Collier, Paths towards Democracy. The Working Class and the Elites in Western Europe and South America, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1999. On the economy, see José Luis Garcia Delgado (ed.) Economía española de la transición y de la democracia, CIS, Madrid, 1990; Keith Salmon, The Modern Spanish Economy: Transformation and Integration into Europe, Pinter Publishers, London and New York, 1995. On the Spanish Church, Audrey Brasslof, Religion and Politics in Spain. The Spanish Church in Transition, 1962–1996, Macmillan, London, 1998. On regionalism, see J.P. Fusi (ed.), España. Autonomías, Espasa Calpe, Madrid, 1989; Francisco Letamendia Belzunce, Historia del nationalismo vasco y de ETA, 3 vols, R&B Ediciones, San Sebastian, 1994; Albert Balcells, Catalan Nationalism: Past and Present, Macmillan, Basingstoke, 1996. 26. Juan J. Linz, and Alfred Stepan, Problems of Democratic Transitions and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America and Post-Communist Europe, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, p. 113. 27. Geoffrey Pridham, ‘The International Dimension of Democratisation: Theory, Practise and Inter-regional Comparisons’ in Geoffrey Pridham, Eric Herring and George Sanford (eds) Building Democracy? The International Dimension of Democratisation in Eastern Europe, Leicester University Press, London and Washington, 1997, pp. 7–29. On elite negotiations, see Donald Share, ‘Transitions to Democracy and Transition through Transaction’, Comparative Political Studies, Vol. 19, No. 4, January 1987, pp. 525–48; Richard Gunther, ‘Spain: The Very Model of Modern Elite Settlement’ in John Higley and Richard Gunther (eds) Elites and Democratic Consolidation in Latin America and Sothern Europe, Cambridge University Press, New York, 1992, pp. 38–80. 28. Charles T. Powell, ‘La dimensión internacional de la transición española’ in Manuel Ferrer (ed.) Franquismo y transición democrática. Lecciones de historia reciente de España, Centro de Estudios de Humanidades, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 1993, pp. 101–43; Charles T. Powell, ‘La dimensión exterior de la transición política española’, Revista del Centro de Estudios Constitucionales, no. 18 (May–August 1994), pp. 79–116; Charles Powell, ‘International Aspects of Democratization. The Case of Spain’ in Laurence Whitehead, The International Dimensions of Democratization. Europe and the Americas, pp. 285–314. 29. , ‘Rapport sur les aspects politiques el institutionnels de l’adhésion ou de l’association á la Communauté’, document 122, Assemblée Parlementaire Européenne, 15 Janvier 1962. 30. Beate Kohler, Political Forces in Spain, Greece and Portugal, Butterworth, London, 1982, p. 42; Richard Gunther, Giacomo Sani and Gordie Shabad, Spain after Franco. The Making of a Comparative Party System, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1986, p. 75. 31. Hans Janitschek, ‘The State of the International’, Socialist Affairs, Vol. 25, No. 6, November–December 1975, pp. 105–8. 32. ICFTU, The European Trade Union Movement within ICFTU, Know Your Facts, No. 4, Brussels, 1964. Notes 193

33. ICFTU, ICFTU, 20 years, 1949–1969, Brussels, 1969, p. 23. 34. Jack Jones and Will Paynter, both leaders of major trade unions, fought in the British Battalion of the International Brigades. Another union leader, Bob Edwards, led the small (ILP) contingent. 35. Francisco Román Díaz, Antes y después de Suresnes, Edinford, Málaga, 1992, p. 96. 36. Salvador Giner and Eduardo Sevilla, ‘Spain from Corporatism to Corporatism’ in Allan Williams, Southern Europe Transformed. Political and Economic Change in Greece, , Portugal and Spain, Harper & Row, London, 1984, p.137. 37. Maria Teresa La Porte, La Política Europea del Régimen de Franco (1957–1962), Pamplona Eunsa, 1992, p. 90. 38. Wolfgang Wipplinger, ‘Spain’s Economic Progress since 1960’ in William Salisbury and James Theberge (eds) Spain in the 1970s. Economics, Social Structure, Foreign Policy, Praeger Publishers, New York, 1976, p. 2. 39. La Porte, op. cit., p. 94. 40. Stanley Payne, The Franco Regime 1939–1975, Wisconsin University Press, Wisconsin, 1987, p. 473. 41. Allan Williams, Southern Europe Transformed. Political and Economic Change in Greece, Italy, Portugal and Spain, Harper & Row, London, 1984, p. 10. 42. Eduard De Blaye, Franco and the Politics of Spain, Penguin, Middlesex, 1976, p. 206. 43. Sheelagh Ellwood, ‘The Working Class under the Franco Regime’ in Paul Preston (ed.) Spain in Crisis. The Evolution and Decline of the Franco Regime, The Harvester Press, London, 1976, p. 167. 44. J. Amsden, Collective Bargaining and Class Conflict, London School of Economics, London, 1972, p. 130. 45. Raymond Carr and Juan Pablo Fusi, Spain: Dictatorship to Democracy, Allen and Unwin, London, 1979, p. 140; José María Maravall, Dictatorship and Political Dissent, Tavistock Publications, London, 1978, p. 29. 46. Paul Preston, Franco. A Biography, HarperCollins, London, 1993, p. 701. 47. Carr and Fusi, op. cit., p. 163. 48. Ibid., p. 257. 49. Paul Preston, The Triumph of Democracy in Spain, Methuen, London, p. 21. 50. Raymond Carr, Modern Spain 1875–1980, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1980, p. 169. 51. Victoria Prego, Así se hizo la transición, Plaza y Janés, Barcelona, 1995, pp. 87–9. 52. Carr and Fusi, op. cit., pp. 195–206. 53. John Coverdale, The Political Transformation of Spain After Franco, Praeger Publishers, New York, 1979, p. 39. 54. José María Maravall, The Transition to Democracy in Spain, Croom Helm, London, 1982, p. 11; Juan Antonio Ortega Díaz Ambrona, ‘Transition to Democracy in Spain’ in Christopher Abel and Nissa Torrents, Spain: Conditional Democracy, Croom Helm, London, 1984, p. 25. 55. The main presentations to the Congress are in Javier Tusell and Alvaro Soto (eds) Historia de la transición 1975–1986, Alianza Universidad, Madrid, 1996. 56. Pilar Ortuño Anaya, ‘El Movimiento laborista británico y España (1974–1977)’, Espacio, Tiempo y Forma, Serie V, Historia Contemporanea, Madrid, 1996, pp. 279–93. 194 European Socialists and Spain

2 The 1960–77

1. Luis Ayala, ‘40 years since ’, Socialist Affairs, Issue 2/1991, pp. 10–13; Hans Janitschek, ‘The State of the International’, Socialist Affairs, Vol. 25, No. 6, November–December 1975, pp. 105–8; Gianni Finocchiaro ‘Socialism in Europe Today’, Socialist Affairs, Vol. 26, No. 3, May–June 1976, pp. 54–9; Stephen Padgett and William Paterson, A History of Social Democracy in Postwar Europe, Longman, London, 1991, pp. 221–3. 2. Felicity Williams, La Internacional Socialista y América Latina. Una visión crítica, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana, Azcapotzalco, 1984, p. 98. 3. Declaration of the Socialist International adopted at its First Congress held in Frankfort-am-Main on 30 June–3 July 1951. 4. Hans Janitschek, ‘The State of the International’, Socialist Affairs, Vol. 25, No. 6, pp. 105–8. 5. Rui Mateus, Contos Proibidos. Memorias de un PS Desconhecido, Publicaçoes dom Quixote, Lisboa, 1996; Mario Soares, Portugal’s Struggle for Liberty, Allen & Unwin, London, 1975. 6. FPI, PSOE, CE, Socialist International(1945–76), Memorandum du PSOE sur la décision du Bureau de l’Internationale Socialiste de réorganiser la Commission pour les affaires concernant l’Espagne, 3 August 1970. 7. Ibid. 8. Paul Preston, Franco. A Biography, HarperCollins, London, 1993, p. 587. 9. FPI, PSOE, CE, Socialist International (1945–76), Meeting of the SI Bureau, 2–4 December 1960. Translation from Llopis’ speech. 10. FPI, PSOE, Socialist International (1945–76), Memorandum du PSOE sur la décision du Bureau de l’Internationale Socialiste de réorganiser la Commission pour les affaires concernant l’Espagne, 3 August 1970. Translation from the French. 11. FPI, PSOE, CE, Socialist International (1945–76), Meeting of the SI Bureau, 2–4 December 1960. 12. FPI, PSOE, Confidential Report sent to the Spain Commission of the SI, January 1961. 13. FPI, PSOE, CE, Circulars (1964–67), Circular No. 4, 27 December 1964. 14. IISH, SI/Spain, selection of statements, cables and resolutions 1966–71. 15. Ibid. 16. IISH, SI/Spain, the International protest against forthcoming trial of Spanish socialists, SI,NS 41/70, 9 April 1970. 17. The only coverage given to the trial appeared on 17 April in the newspaper Nuevo Diario. 18. FPI, PSOE, Socialist International (1945–76), Report on the trial of Spanish Socialists, Circular No. 23/70, 27 April 1970. Hans Matthöfer on his return to made a report on the trial to the Executive Committee of the SPD and issued a statement: ‘If the defendants are sentenced because they have spread Social Democratic ideas, then it is clear that Spain has transgressed the basic principles of human rights.’ 19. IISH, SI/Spain, Restablissement du Comite D’Espagne, Obsevations du PSU (Italie), Circular no. B.21/70 24 July 1970. 20. FPI, PSOE, Socialist International, letter from Rodolfo Llopis to Hans Janitschek, 4 August 1970. Notes 195

21. FPI, PSOE, Political documentation PSOE-Comité Director, Information about the activities, 4 August 1970. 22. The Council Conference was attended by five heads of state: (), (Germany), Golda Meir (Israel), Tryve Bratelli (Norway) and Olaf Palme (). IISH, SI and Spain, Resolution on Fascism in Europe adopted by Council Conference of SI, Helsinki, 25–27 May 1971. 23. John Ivar Nalsund, ‘Socialists in Spain’, Socialist Affairs, December 1971, pp. 237–8. 24. Alfonso Guerra, Felipe González. De Suresnes a la Moncloa, Novatex, Madrid, 1984, pp. 24–8. 25. Ibid., p. 33. 26. Eduardo Chamorro, Historia del PSOE, Madrid, 1980, p. 76; Interview with Francisco López Real, Madrid, 12 July 1994. 27. Guerra, op. cit, p. 42; FPI, PSOE, Report by Pablo Castellano about the PSOE in exile and the split, 1973. 28. IISH, SI/Spain, Report of the SI on the situation in the Spanish Socialist movement, December 1972. 29. Ibid. 30. The members from the interior were: Nicolás Redondo, Political Secretary, Enrique Múgica, Organisation Secretary, Pablo Castellano, International Secretary, Felipe González, Press and Propaganda, Agustín González, Syndical Secretary, Eduardo López Albizu, Joaquín Jou Fonollá, Marcelo García and Alfonso Guerra, Administration Secretaries. 31. The five Executive members from the exterior were as follows: Juan Iglesias, Organisation Secretary; Fernando Gutierrez, Administrative Secretary; Arsenio Jimeno, Secretary of Press and Propaganda; Francisco López Real, Secretary for International Relations; Carmen García Bloise, Secretary for Political Education. 32. Bernard Montanier, representing the French and acting of behalf of the Socialist International; Tom Driberg, British Labour Party; Claude Dejardins, Belgian Socialist Party; Hans Matthöfer, German Social ; Ellisca Alevi, Israel Labour Party; Peter Doyle, British Labour Party Young Socialist; Gilbert Sans, French Young Socialists. 33. José M. Velasco, Ildefonso Torregrosa, Antonio Pallares, Miguel Armentia and Rodolfo Llopis. 34. IISH, SI/Spain, Report of the SI on the situation in the Spanish Socialist movement, December 1972. 35. FPI, PSOE, CE, (1945–74), letter from Arsenio Jimeno and Carmen García to Robert Pontillon, , 28 November 1972. 36. Richard Gillespie, The Spanish Socialist Party. A History of Factionalism, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1989, p. 286. 37. Abdón Mateos, El PSOE contra Franco, Pablo Iglesias, Madrid, 1993, p. 445. 38. IISH, SI/Spain, The situation of the Spanish Socialist movement, 1 December 1972. 39. Ibid. 40. IISH, SI/Spain, Minutes on Spain from draft Minutes of Bureau Meeting held in London on 9–10 December 1972. 41. Ibid; Manuel Peydró Caro, Las escisiones del PSOE, Plaza y Janés, Barcelona, 1980. 196 European Socialists and Spain

42. Mateos, op. cit, p. 446. 43. FPI, PSOE, Socialist International, letter from Francisco López Real to Rodney Balcomb, 8 January 1973. The invitation was responded to by the British Labour Party and the Italian PSI. 44. FPI, PSOE, Socialist International, Report presented by the Executive Committee of the PSOE to the Special Commission of the SI, 9 January 1973. 45. The meeting was attended by the President, Bruno Pitterman; the Secretary, Rodney Balcomb; Interpreter: Carlos Parra; Members: Ron Hayward, Secretary of the Labour Party; Tom MacNally, International Secretary of the Labour Party; Victoria Mezza, Italian Socialist Party; Absent: Nenni; Saragat; French Socialist Party and Swedish Socialist Party. The PSOE(r) was represented by Enrique Múgica, Pablo Castellano, Juan Iglesias, Arsenio Jimeno and the PSOE(h) by Rodolfo Llopis, Juan Martínez de Velasco, Luis Morilla and Manuel Turrion. FPI, PSOE, Socialist International, special Commission to explore the reunification of the Spanish Socialists, January 1973. 46. Ibid. 47. FPI, PSOE, correspondence between the Organisation Secretary and the International Relations Secretary, letter from Juan Iglesias to Francisco López Real, 28 February 1973. 48. FPI, PSOE, Circulars (1972–74), Circular No. 11, March 1973. 49. FPI, PSOE, Political Documentation PSOE(h), Minutes of the meeting of the Bureau Committee of the SI, London 17–18 March 1973. 50. FPI, PSOE, Information about the meeting of the Bureau Committee of the SI, London, 16 March 1973. 51. FPI, PSOE, correspondence Organisation Secretary with International Relations Secretary (1972–74), letter from Juan Iglesias to Francisco López Real, 27 March 1973; Action PSF/PSOE, 26 March 1973. 52. FPI, PSOE, correspondence of the PSOE Executive Committe with Carlos Pardo, letter from Juan Iglesias to Carlos Pardo, 9 April 1973. 53. Interview with Jenny Little, London, 12 December 1993; interview with Pablo Castellano, Madrid, 5 July 1994. 54. FPI, PSOE, correspondence of the Organisation Secretary with the International Relations Secretary (1972–74), letter from Juan Iglesias to Francisco López Real, 2 May 1973. Minutes of the Executive Committee meeting, 28 April 1973. 55. FPI, PSOE, correspondence of the Organisation Secretary with the International Relations Secretary (1972–74), letter from Francisco López Real to Juan Iglesias, 2 May 1973. 56. FPI, PSOE, correspondence of the Executive Committee with Carlos Pardo, letter from Juan Iglesias to Carlos Pardo, 22 May 1973. 57. FPI, PSOE, Circulars (1972–74), Paris, June 1973. 58. Mateos, op. cit, pp. 448–50. 59. IISH, SI/Spain, letter of Balcomb to López Real, 27 July 1973. 60. IISH, SI/Spain, Special Committee on Spain, London, 29 August 1973. 61. Ibid. 62. Report of the Bureau on activities of the Socialist International, presented to the XIII Congress, Geneva, 26–28 November 1976 by Hans Janitschek. R. Llopis sent an appeal against the decision to the Council Conference of the International which was rejected by the Bureau. Notes 197

63. Interview with Jenny Little, London 9 December 1993. 64. The Labour Party, the Chilean Radical Party, the French Socialist Party, the Italian Socialist Parties and the Swedish Socialist Party. 65. FPI, PSOE, Circular of the Executive Committee of the PSOE to the Members of the National Committee, no. 29–19, Paris, June 1974. 66. MRC, TUC/Spain, Report on the Conferencia Socialista Ibérica, London July 1975. 67. NMLH, Labour Party, International Department, SDDC, letter from Rodney Balcomb to Jenny Little, 30 July 1974. 68. Ibid. 69. Ibid. 70. IISH, SI/Spain, Circular No. S5/75, 7 July 1975; Minutes of the second meeting of the Spain Committee of the SI, London, 12 January 1975. 71. The meeting was attended by the following participants: chairman: Jenny Little (Great Britain); Chile: Carlos Parra; Germany: Veronika Isenberg; Italy: Gino Bianco; Spain: Pablo Castellano; Sweden: Bernt Carlsson; Socialist International: Rodney Balcomb. 72. Personal notes of Jenny Little. 73. IISH, SI/Spain, Minutes of the first meeting of the Spain Committee, London 13 September 1974. Circular No. S2/75, 9 January 1975. 74. During the 1960s more than one million Spanish workers emigrated to Europe. At the end of 1973, France had 600,000 Spanish emigrants, Germany had 200,000, followed by Belgium, Great Britain and Holland. 75. Cambio 16, 9 September 1974. 76. IISH, SI/Spain, Minutes of the first meeting of the Spain Committee, London 13 September 1974. Circular No. S2/75, 9 January 1975. 77. Personal notes of Jenny Little. 78. Speech by Pontillon, International Secretary of the French Socialist Party, Suresnes. El Socialista, October 1974, p. 7. 79. FPI, PSOE, International Resolutions. Resolutions of the 13th Congress of the PSOE, Suresnes, October 1974. 80. Otto Kersten, General Secretary of the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions; Jenny Little, Acting International Secretary of the British Labour Party and Greville Janner, MP British Labour Party; Colette Anger, French Socialist Party; , Federal German Minister of Justice German Social Democratic Party; Liv Aasen MP, Norwegian Labour Party and Karl Nandrup Dahl Norwegian Federation of Trade Unions and Rodney Balcomb, Assistant General Secretary of the Socialist International. 81. Socialist Affairs, November–December 1974, p. 95; SI, Report of the Bureau on the activities of the Socialist International 1972–76, Statement on Spain, London 26 October 1974. 82. IISH, Circular No. S5/75 7 July 1975, Minutes of the second meeting of the Spain Committee of the SI, London, 12 January 1975. 83. IISH, SI/Spain, Spain Committee. Recommendations to the Bureau meeting, 13 January 1975. 84. The meeting was attended by Oscar Debunne (Belgium); Jenny Little (Britain); Hans-Eberhard Dingels (Germany); Manuel Bonmati and Jose Rivera (Spain); Bernt Carlsson (Sweden); Hans Janitschek and Rodney Balcomb (Socialist International); Guests: Rauno Viemeroe (Finland) and Yoram Peri (Israel). 198 European Socialists and Spain

85. IISH, SI/Spain, Minutes of the third meeting of the Spain Committee, Ireland 10 July 1975; Circular No. S6/75. 14 November 1975. 86. Ibid. 87. Working documents of the , 24 September 1975, document 270/75. 88. IISH, SI/Spain, Report of the Bureau on the activities of the Socialist International, Statement on Spain, London, 14 September 1975. 89. IISH, SI/Spain, Bureau meetings August 73–76 (293). Bureau meeting of October 1975. 90. IISH, SI/Spain, Circular No. M26/75, 10 October 1975. 91. El Socialista, November 1975. 92. IISH, SI/Spain, Meeting of the Spain Committee of the SI, Amsterdam, 16 November 1975. 93. Ibid. 94. El Socialista, November 1975. 95. IISH, SI/Spain, Report of the Bureau on the activities of the Socialist International 1972–76. Statement on Spain. Brussels, 30 November 1975. 96. The mission was represented by Hans Janitschek, General Secretary of the SI, Jenny Little, the Labour Party, Veronica Isemberg, the SPD, Abraham Allon, Israeli Labour Party, Jaime Gama, the Portuguese Socialist Party and Pierre Guidoni, the French Socialist Party. 97. SI. Report of the Bureau on the activities of the Socialist International 1972–76. Statement of the mission to Spain, Madrid, 16 January 1976. 98. Jenny Little, ‘Socialist International Mission to Spain’, in Socialist Affairs, March–April 1976, Vol. 26, No. 2. 99. IISH, SI/Spain, Statement SI, 29 January 1976. 100. El Socialista, 7 December 1976. 101. Speech by Bernt Carlsson, at the I Congress of the Madrid Federation of the PSOE, 6 March 1977.

3 The ICFTU 1960–77

1. ICFTU, ICFTU, 20 Years, 1949–1969, Brussels, 1969, p. 15. 2. By mid-1960, Germany had a total of 6.5 million members affiliated to the ICFTU and Great Britain had 8.2 million members. The European Trade Union Movement within ICFTU, Know your Facts, No. 4, Brussels, 1964, p. 115. 3. ICFTU, ICFTU, the First Ten Years, Brussels, 1959, pp. 13–21. 4. ICFTU, 20 Years, op. cit, p. 23. 5. Ibid., pp. 23–4. 6. ICFTU, The Defense of Trade Union Rights. The ICFTU in Action No. 2, 1965. 7. ICFTU, The First Ten Years, op. cit. 8. Edouard de Blaye, Franco and the Politics of Spain, Penguin, Middlesex, 1976, p. 495. 9. Richard Gillespie, The Spanish Socialist Party. A History of Factionalism, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1989, pp. 221–30. 10. Francisco Román Díaz, Antes y después de Suresnes, Edinford, Málaga, 1992, p. 70. Notes 199

11. Sergio Vilar, Historia del Anti-Franquismo, Plaza y Janés, Barcelona, 1984, p. 272. For a full account of the arrested members, see Carlos Martínez Cobo y José Martínez Cobo, La travesía del desierto. Intrahistoria del PSOE, Pablo Iglesias, Madrid, 1995, pp. 38–9. 12. MRC, TUC/Spain, ICFTU/IFCTU, International Union Conference on Spain, Brussels, 29 October 1961. 13. MRC, TUC/Spain, ICFTU/IFCTU, joint statement on Spain, Brussels, 23 December 1960. 14. See Paul Preston, Franco. A Biography, HarperCollins, London, 1995, p. 685. 15. On trade union matters and labour relations inside Spain in 1961–62, see J. Amsden, Collective Bargaining and Class Conflict, London School of Economics, London, 1972, and José María Maravall, Dictatorship and Political Dissent, Tavistock Publications, London, 1978. 16. FLC, UGT, ACE, 10 March 1961. 17. The latter two organisations were formed under the auspices of the IFCTU. 18. MRC, TUC/Spain, ICFTU, Press statement, PRS/pw- Com.17/61. 19. MRC, TUC/Spain, ICFTU, PRS/mfm-Com:51/61, 22 December 1961. 20. FLC, UGT, correspondence of Pascual Tomás with ICFTU/IFCTU and AFL- CIO on the trip to USA, 1961, background statement by representatives of the ICFTU and the IFCTU. 21. FLC, UGT, Correspondence of Pascual Tomás with ICFTU/IFCTU and AFL- CIO on the trip to USA, 1961. News from the AFL-CIO, 23 May 1961. 22. FLC, UGT, Correspondence of Pascual Tomás with ICFTU/IFCTU and AFL- CIO on the trip to USA, 1961. Background statement by representatives of the ICFTU-IFCTU, 23 May 1961. 23. FLC, UGT, Correspondence of Pascual Tomás with ICFTU/IFCTU and AFL/CIO on the trip to USA, 1961. Report of Pascual Tomás about the mission. 24. MRC, TUC/Spain, ICFTU, letter from Omer Becú to George Woodcock, 21 June 1961. 25. MRC, TUC/Spain, ICFTU, International Trade Union Conference on Spain, Brussels, 29 October 1961. 26. MRC, TUC/Spain, ICFTU, Circular No. 9(1962) to all affiliated organisations and International Trade Secretariats, 8 May 1962. 27. MRC, TUC/Spain, ICFTU, Circular No. 11 (1962) to all affiliated organisations and ITS, 11 May 1962. 28. MRC, TUC/Spain, Spanish strikes, ICFTU and UGT appeals, AK/JP 18 May 1962. 29. MRC, TUC/Spain, ICFTU, Conference on Spain, Brussels 17–18 May 1967. According to the TUC contributions included the following: £5,000 from the ICFTU’s International Solidarity Fund; £1,375 from the Swedish LO; £2,500 from the Dutch NVV; £1,250 from the Austrian TUC; £1,250 from the Norwegian LO; about £12,500 from the FGTB (the Cooperative Movement and the Socialist Party of Belgium); about £9,000 from the German Metalworkers’ union; £3,570 from the United Automobile Workers of America; over £1,000 from UGT sections in various countries. British contributions included £250 from the Amalgamated Union of Foundry Workers, £1,000 given by the Scottish miners, and £250 from the Labour 200 European Socialists and Spain

Party. The TUC donated £2,000 and the Spanish Democrats Defence Fund Committee sent £2,400. 30. MRC, TUC/Spain, Joint ICFTU/IFCTU Committee on Spain, Brussels, 26–27 April 1962. 31. MRC, TUC/Spain, ICFTU, Press and Radio service, 10 May 1962. 32. MRC, TUC/Spain, TUC, letter from the General Secretary to the Spanish Embassy, London, 15 May 1962. 33. FLC, UGT, CE, correspondence with the ICFTU (1960–62), Circular No. 7(1962) to all affiliated organisations and ITS, 14 November 1962. 34. J. Amsden, Collective Bargaining and Class Conflict, London School of Economics, London, 1972, p. 99 35. José María Maravall, Dictatorship and Political Dissent, Tavistock Publications, London, 1978, p. 30. 36. Ibid., pp. 31–2. 37. On USO see Fernando Almendros Morcillo (ed.) El sindicalismo de clase en España (1939–1977), Peninsula, Madrid, 1978, pp. 87–119. 38. MRC, TUC/Spain, ICFTU, Press Release, 20 February 1964. 39. MRC, TUC/Spain, ICFTU, Press Release, Com.33/64, 13 August 1964. 40. MRC, TUC/Spain, ICFTU, PRS/df-37/64, 30 October 1964. 41. MRC, TUC/Spain, ICFTU, Press Release, 25 November 1965. 42. Ibid. 43. MRC, TUC/Spain, ICFTU, Press Release, PRS/cgv-com 27/65. 44. Also efforts were made by the joint ICFTU/IFCTU Committee to bring ASO and AS together through the creation inside Spain of a Co-ordinating Committee. The effort failed because of the lack of will of both organisations. 45. MRC, TUC/Spain, ICFTU, letter from Braunthal to George Woodcock, Brussels 10 June 1965. 46. FLC, UGT, CE, correspondence with ICFTU (1965–67), réunion CISL/FIOM/UGT/ASO, Paris, 13 March 1966. 47. Richard Gillespie, The Spanish Socialist Party. A History of Factionalism, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1989, pp. 238–9. 48. MRC, TUC/Spain, TUC, correspondence from Hargreaves to Woodcock, 1 March 1966. 49. MRC, TUC/Spain, TUC, Spain: ASO and other trade union factions, 7 October 1966. 50. MRC, TUC/Spain, TUC, AK/SA 21 January 1966. 51. MRC, TUC/Spain, TUC, Spain: ASO and other trade union factions, AK/DG 7 October 1966. 52. See Fernando Almendros Morcillo, El sindicalismo de clase en España (1939–1977), Peninsula, Madrid, 1978, pp. 46–7. 53. See José María Maravall, Dictatorship and Political Dissent, Tavistock, London, 1978, p. 33. 54. MRC, TUC/Spain, ICFTU, 42 Executive Board/13, 14–15 March 1967. 55. ICFTU submitted a protested on its own because the Joint Committee had not held any meeting since 1965. 56. MRC, TUC/Spain, ICFTU, PRS/sab-com 11(1967), 5 May 1967. 57. MRC,TUC/Spain, ICFTU, Conference on Spain, Brussels 17 and 18 May 1967. OD/mdt-9 May 1967. 58. TUC was not present. Notes 201

59. MRC, TUC/Spain, ICFTU, Co-ordinating Committee on Spain, Geneva, 3 June 1967. 60. MRC, TUC/Spain, ICFTU, Appendix 28 ISFC/70, Spain Co-ordinating Committee – Programme of Action on Spain. 61. MRC, TUC/Spain, ICFTU, Coordinating Committee on Spain, 3 June 1967. Appendix I. 62. Ibid. 63. MRC, TUC/Spain, ICFTU, Spain 27 ISFC/81–83. 64. MRC, TUC/Spain, ICFTU, Appendix 28 ISFC/70 65. MRC, TUC/Spain, ICFTU, Appendix 28 ISF/70. 66. MRC, TUC/Spain, ICFTU, 27 ISFC/81–83. 67. MRC, TUC/Spain, TUC, Spain, AK, 5 November 1967. 68. José Manuel Arija, Nicolás Redondo. Perfil humano y político, Cambio 16, Madrid, 1977, pp. 29–30. 69. MRC, TUC/Spain, ICFTU, letter from Morris Paladino to all affiliate members, Brussels, 12 July 1968. 70. MRC, TUC/Spain, ICFTU, 45 Executive Board, Brussels 20–22 November 1968. 71. FLC, UGT, CE, correspondence with ICFTU (1968–68), Information about persecution, arrests, trials of workers (January 1969–February 1969), Brussels, 10 February 1969. 72. MRC, TUC/Spain, ICFTU, Press Release PRS/COM-ad-1/69, 27 January 1969, letter from Harm G. Buiter to certain affiliated organisations and to all international trade secretariats, Brussels, 28 January 1969. 73. MRC, TUC/Spain, ILO, Press Release, 31 May 1968. 74. MRC, TUC/Spain, ICFTU, statement on the Interim Report of the ILO Study Group on Spain, 19 May 1969. 75. MRC, TUC/Spain, ICFTU, letter from Harm Buiter to certain affiliated organisations and to certain ITS, Brussels, 20 February 1969. 76. MRC, TUC/Spain, ICFTU, ICFTU statement submitted to ILO study group on Spain on 12 February 1969. 77. MRC, TUC/Spain, ILO, Interim Report of the ILO Study Group, 23 April 1969. 78. MRC, TUC/Spain, ILO, Third Report of the study group, Geneva, 3 April 1969. 79. Manuel Ludevid, 40 años de sindicato vertical, Laia, Barcelona, 1976, p. 87. 80. MRC, TUC/Spain, ILO Third Report of the study group, 3 April 1969. 81. MRC, TUC/Spain, ICFTU, 49 Executive Board/9 (D), 26–28 November 1969. 82. MRC, TUC/Spain, ICFTU, statement of the Interim Report of the ILO Study Group on Spain, Brussels, 16 May 1969. 83. MRC, TUC/Spain, ICFTU, letter from Harm Buiter to all affiliate organisations in Europe, International Trade Secretariat, Executive Board members, Brussels, 16 March 1970. 84. MRC, TUC/Spain, ICFTU, 50 Executive Board 11–12 March 1970. 85. MRC, TUC/Spain, ICFTU, 49 Executive Board/9 (d) 26–28 November 1969. 86. MRC, TUC/Spain, ILO study group to examine the labour and trade union situation in Spain, Geneva, 3 April 1969. 87. FLC, UGT, CE, correspondence with ICFTU (1969–70), letter from Hans G. Buiter to Antonio María Oriol y Urquijo, Brussels, 20 September 1969. 88. FLC, UGT, CE, correspondence with ICFTU (1969–70), press release, ICFTU, PRS/mlt-com.23 (1969), 20 November 1969. 202 European Socialists and Spain

89. MRC, TUC/Spain, ICFTU, Resolution concerning the examination by the ILO of the Labour and trade union situation in Spain, 1 April 1970. 90. MRC, TUC/Spain, ICFTU, Press and Radio Service, 1 June 1970. PRS/mdt- com.14/70. 91. MRC, TUC/Spain, ICFTU, 51 Executive Board, Brussels, 8–10 December 1970; letter from Omer Becú to Cyril Plant, 29 September 1970. 92. MRC, TUC/Spain, ICFTU, 49 Executive Board, 26–28 November 1969. 93. MRC, TUC/Spain, ICFTU, letter from Morris Paladino to member organisations of the Co-ordinating Committee on Spain, Brussels, 2 June 1970. 94. Ibid. 95. The members of the UGT were: Jóse Luis Echave Asensio, Jóse Agustín Serrano Sebastian, Salustiano Solá Albinabarre, Eduardo López Albizu, Pablo Iglesias Freire, Eusebio Virto Dañobeitia, Luis Tallaeche, Enrique Alonso Iglesias, Pablo Chueca, Santiago Martínez Gómez, Amelio Revilla, Agustin Alday, Ramón Rubial y Felipe García Fanjul. 96. MRC, TUC/Spain, ICFTU, 51 Executive Board, 8–10 December 1970. 97. MRC, TUC/Spain, ICFTU, PRS/dm-Com 17 (1970), 22 July 1970. 98. MRC, TUC/Spain, ICFTU, Press release PRS/sma-Com. 24 (1970). 99. FLC, UGT, CE, correspondence with ICFTU (1970), letter from Heribert Maier to Manuel Muiño, Brussels, 26 October 1970. 100. MRC, TUC/Spain, ICFTU, Press Release PRS/dm-Com.26 (1970), 5 November 1970. 101. MRC, TUC/Spain, ICFTU, 51 Executive Board 8–10 December 1970. 102. MRC, TUC/Spain, ICFTU, Press Release PRS/a.v-Com 29 (1970). 103. MRC, TUC/Spain, ICFTU, Circular No. 67 (1970), 16 December 1970. 104. MRC, TUC/Spain, ICFTU, Press Release, PRS/av-Com 29 (1970), 16 December 1970. 105. For a comparison between the New Syndical Law and the ILO recommen- dations, see Manuel Ludevid, 40 años de sindicalismo vertical, Laia, Barcelona, pp. 86–98. 106. MRC, TUC/Spain, ICFTU/WCL joint statement, 18 March 1971. 107. MRC, TUC/Spain, ICFTU, letter to all member organisations of the Co- ordinating Committee on Spain, 12 March 1971. 108. MRC, TUC/Spain, ICFTU, Circular no. 53, 26 October 1971. 109. FLC, ICFTU, Documentation X Congress of the ICFTU London, 10–14 July 1972. 110. MRC, TUC/Spain, ICFTU, 61 Executive Board/21 (d) (ii), 30–31 May 1974. 111. Ibid. 112. MRC, TUC/Spain, ICFTU, Press Release, Com PRS/dm-35 (1974) 12 September 1974, declaration of the UGT to the working class, September 1974. 113. MRC, TUC/Spain, ICFTU, Press Release, Com 31. 24 September 1975. 114. FLC, ICFTU, Resolution XI World Congress of ICFTU, Mexico, 17–25 October 1975. 115. MRC, TUC/Spain, ICFTU, letter from Otto Kersten to Len Murray, 22 March 1976. 116. Rodolfo Martín Villa, Al servicio del Estado, Planeta, Barcelona, 1985, p. 34. 117. MRC, TUC/Spain, ICFTU, letter from Otto Kersten to Len Murray, 24 March 1976. Notes 203

118. MRC, TUC/Spain, ICFTU, letter from Nicolás Redondo to Otto Kersten, 13 July 1976. 119. MRC, TUC/Spain, ICFTU, letter from Otto Kersten to Len Murray, 30 November 1976. 120. MRC, TUC/Spain, ICFTU, letter from J. Vanderveken to all members of the finance committee, 13 September 1977.

4 The British Labour Movement 1959–77

1. For an account of this period see Tom Buchanan, The and the British Labour Movement, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1991; Bill Alexander, No to Franco, The Struggle Never Stopped 1939–1975, Oval Printshop, London, 1992. 2. Florentino Portero, Franco aislado. La cuestión española (1945–50), Aguilar, 1989, pp. 117–200. 3. See Tom Buchanan, ‘British Politics and Franco’s Spain, 1945–60’, unpublished paper presented at the conference Spain in an International Context, 1936–1959, held at the University of the West of , 18–20 July 1996. 4. The following appeal was made to the Socialist International: ‘There must be protests against the arrests of the Spanish Socialists by means of strongly worded telegrams to Franco and to Francoists Ambassadors, press statements and public demonstrations. Attempts must be made to prevent the prisoners from being tortured. If there are trials they must take place with all the necessary legal guarantees and friendly foreign lawyers should intervene either as defending council or as observers.’ BOD, Archives of the British Labour Party, X. Films (1956–59), NEC Minutes, International Department, letter from Rodolfo Llopis to the Labour Party, 22 November 1958, Int/1958–9/10. 5. Ibid. 6. BOD, Archives of the British Labour Party, X. Films (1956–59), International Department, Arrest of Socialists and Liberals in Spain, Int/1958–9/7, November 1958. See Edouard de Blaye, Franco and the Politics of Spain, Penguin, Middlesex, 1976, pp. 199–207. 7. BOD, Archives of the British Labour Party, X. Films (1956–59), International Department, Int/1958–9/7. Draft Resolution. 8. BOD, Archives of the British Labour Party, X. Films (1956–59), Press and Publicity Department PS/99. 9. The Committee included Walter Padley, Chairman, MP, President of the Union of Shop, Distributive and Allied Workers and member of the National Executive Committee; Sam Watson, Treasurer; David Ennals, Secretary; Earl Attlee and James Griffiths MP, patrons of the Fund; Peter Benenson, Anthony Wedgwood Benn MP; Ernest Davies MP; Geoffrey de Freitas MP; Hugh Delargy MP; Robert Edwards MP; George Jeger MP; Elwyn Jones MP and rep- resentatives of Spanish exile organisations in Britain such as PSOE and UGT, the Basque Nationalist Party and the Catalan Socialist Movement. 10. BLPES, Ernest Davies papers, Labour Party, International Department, Spanish Democrats Defence Fund Committee, Minutes Spain 1, 1958–59. 11. Interview with Jack Jones, London, 5 June 1995. 204 European Socialists and Spain

12. NMLH, Labour Party, International Department, SDDC, issued by the Labour Party press and publicity department. 5 February 1959. Ps/108. 13. FPI, PSOE, ACE, 28 January 1959. 14. FPI, PSOE, ACE, 4 March 1959. 15. Abdón Mateos, El PSOE contra Franco. Continuidad y renovación del socialismo español 1953–1974, Fundación Pablo Iglesias, Madrid, 1993, pp. 113–31. 16. BLPES, Ernest Davies Papers, Labour Party, report to the SDDC Committee by Peter Benenson, visit to Spain, June 1959. 17. NMLH, Labour Party, International Department, SDDC, Minutes Spain 3, 1958–59, 8 July 1959. 18. BLPES, Ernest Davies Papers, Labour Party, report to the SDDC by Peter Benenson, visit to Spain, June 1959. 19. Ibid. 20. Ibid. 21. Ibid. 22. Ibid. 23. NMLH, Labour Party, International Department, SDDC, Minutes Spain 3, 1958–59, 8 July 1959. 24. The accused were: Cesar Cimedevilla; Tomás Llorens; Alonso Novo; Emilio Hurtado; Vicente García; Vicente Lluch; Salvador Franco; José Mena; Isabel Muñoz. 25. , 3 August 1959. 26. BLPES, Ernest Davies Papers, Labour Party, Report to the SDDC Committee by Ernest Davies, MP. Trial before Madrid Military Court of nine members of the ASU, 3 August 1959. 27. The Times, 4 August 1959. 28. BLPES, Ernest Davies Papers, Labour Party, Report to the SDDC Committee of visit to Madrid on 2–4 November 1959 by Ernest Davies, 9 November 1959. 29. NMLH, Labour Party, International Department, SDDC, Statement issued to Press, 21 December 1959. 30. BLPES, Ernest Davies Papers, Labour Party, Report to the SDDC of the visit to Madrid on 21–24 December 1959 by Robert Edwards. 31. Concerning the statement of the Foreign Office, in his report Bob Edwards said: ‘The Spanish Foreign Office press release to the American Press was entirely different to the statement to the British and European press. The American press men received, I understand, documents allegedly signed by me with masses of photostat copies of the European Communist press, obviously in an attempt to involve me in an alleged Communist plot to overthrow Franco. On the assumption that where there is a Communist menace, even though in fact it is non-existent, dollar aid will continue to flow.’ 32. BLPES, Ernest Davies Papers, Labour Party, press release for 31 December 1959. 33. The News Chronicle and a Paris paper reported the visit of Edwards to Spain. 34. The Times, 24 December 1959. 35. MRC, TUC/Spain, History Sheet Spain, 1960. On Spain and NATO, see Angel Viñas, Los pactos secretos de Franco con EE.UU, Grijalbo, Barcelona, 1981, and Antonio Marquina Barrio, España en la política de seguridad occidental 1939–1986, Ediciones del Ejército, Madrid, 1986. 36. PRO, FO 371/153245, 1960, Admission to NATO, Spain and NATO, 9 December 1960. Notes 205

37. The matters discussed were believed to have included Spain’s recent entry into the OEEC as well as questions concerned with daily movement of Spaniards employed in Gibraltar and discrimination against protestants in Spain. The Times, 2 September 1959. 38. Castiella carried a personal letter from Franco to Eisenhower dated 24 August which contained an invitation to visit Spain. It also gave Spanish backing to the American policy towards the USSR, and gave information on Spanish military projects. Luis Suárez Fernández, Franco y su tiempo, volume VI, Madrid, 1984, p. 126. 39. BLPES, Ernest Davies Papers, Labour Party, SDDC, Minutes Spain 4, 1958–59, International Department, 11 November 1959. 40. Antonio Marquina Barrio, España en la política de seguridad occidental, 1939–1986, Madrid, 1986, p. 738. 41. NMLH, Labour Party, International Department, SDDC, Statement to Press, 19 Nov. 1959. 42. MRC, TUC/Spain, 1960 Congress Resolutions. Motion 46: Spain. I.C.1/1(1960–61), 25 October 1960. In June 1960 the ICFTU executive board had adopted a resolution on Spain expressing grave concern about assistance given by governments and inter-governmental organisations to the Franco regime, and the admission of Spain to inter-governmental organisations, and urging their governments to change their policies in connection with Spain. 43. TUC, Report on the Congress 1960, pp. 423–4. 44. PRO, FO 371/153245, 1960. Admission to NATO, Extract from delegation to NATO, letter to Sir Anthony Rumbold, 29 January 1960. 45. MRC, TUC/Spain, letter from John Clark to J.A. Hargreaves, 10 April 1961. 46. House of Commons Debates, Volume 638, 11 April 1961, pp. 29–31. 47. MRC, TUC/Spain, International Committee 7, Spain and NATO, 25 April 1961. 48. MRC, TUC/Spain, letter from George Woodcock to Lord Home, 4 May 1961. 49. MRC, TUC/Spain, letter from the Private Secretary of the Foreign Secretary to George Woodcock, 12 May 1961; The Times, 12 July 1960. 50. MRC, TUC/Spain, Labour Party, the visit of the Spanish Foreign Secretary, Int/1959–60/29, June 1960. 51. The Times, 23 May 1961. This declaration was criticised by Omer Becú, see chapter on ICFTU. 52. The Times, 24 May 1961; MRC, TUC/Spain, Labour Party, draft statement on Spain and NATO, International Department, Int/1960–61/29 Rev. 53. MRC, TUC/Spain, meeting between representatives of the Spanish trade unionists in exile and of the General Council held at the Congress House, 26 July 1961. I.C. 1/2, 24 October 1961. 54. The UFD was comprised of the following groups: IDC Izquierda Demócrata Cristiana (Christian Democratic Left), PNV, Partido Nacionalista Vasco (Basque Nationalist Party), PSOE, UGT, ARDE, Alianza Republicana Democrática Española (Spanish Democratic Republican Alliance), ANV, Acción Nacionalista Vasca (Basque Nationalist Action), STV, Solidaridad de Trabajadores Vascos (Basque Workers’ Solidarity). 206 European Socialists and Spain

55. MRC, TUC/Spain, Union of Democratic Forces, 24 June 1961, CPD/JP, 9 August 1961. 56. MRC, TUC/Spain, interview with Spanish representatives, 9 November 1961. 57. NMLH, Labour Party, International Department, letter from John Clark to Sam Watson, 10 October 1961. Again, in 1962 Rodolfo Llopis protested to the SDDC Committee concerning the visit to London of Josefina Arrillaga. 58. On recommendation of the SDDC, the Labour’s National Executive Council had granted two scholarships to young Spaniards. 59. BLPES, Ernest Davies Papers, Labour Party, SDDC, report of the trial of seven Basque nationalists, 28 October 1961. 60. BLPES, Ernest Davies Papers, Labour Party, SDDC Minutes, 21 May 1962. 61. For an account of these strikes and demonstrations, see Stanley Payne, The Franco Regime 1936–1975, University of Wisconsin Press, Wisconsin, 1987, and Raymond Carr and Juan Pablo Fusi, Spain: Dictatorship to Democracy, Allen & Unwin, London, 1979. 62. MRC, TUC/Spain, Inter-departmental Correspondence, G. Woodcock to J.A. Hargreaves, 8 May 1962. 63. Ibid. 64. BLPES, Ernest Davies Papers, Labour Party, SDDC, Minutes of meeting of the 2nd May 1962; MRC, TUC/Spain, letter from John Clark to J.A. Hargreaves, 3 May 1962. 65. MRC, TUC/Spain, letter from George Woodcock to the Spanish Ambassador, 15 May 1962; Extract from minute IC.7 of International Committee, 22 May 1962. 66. A number of trade union organisations sent assistance. The ICFTU donated £5,000 from the International Solidarity Fund; £1,375 from the Swedish LO; £2,500 from the Dutch NVV; £1,250 from the Austrian TUC; £1,250 from the Norwegian LO; about £12,500 from the FGTB, the Cooperative Movement and the Socialist Party of Belgium; about £9,000 from the German Metalworkers’ union; £3,570 from the United Automobile Workers of America; over £1,000 from UGT sections in various countries. British contributions included £250 from the Amalgamated Union of Foundry Workers, £1,000 given by the Scottish miners, and £250 from the Labour Party. MRC, TUC/Spain, assistance to the Spanish strikes, I.C.8/1, 13 June 1962. 67. Ibid. 68. MRC, TUC/Spain, Minutes of the eighth meeting (1961–62), International Committee, I.C.8, 13 June 1962. 69. MRC, TUC/Spain, letter from J.A. Hargreaves to G. Woodcock, 5 June 1962. 70. NMLH, Labour Party, International Department, Solidarity with Spanish workers, 10 May 1962. 71. NMLH, Labour Party, International Department, letter from the SDDC to all constituency parties, June 1962. 72. Labour Party, National Executive Committee, Report of the Overseas Department: SDDC, 1962. 73. BLPES, Ernest Davies Papers, Labour Party, SDDC, visit to Spain 28 May–1 June, report by Ernest Davies, 7 June 1962 Notes 207

74. MRC, TUC/Spain, Minutes no. 6/1961–2, International Department, International Sub-Committee of the NEC, 10 April 1962. The ICFTU also expressed its concerns about such visits. 75. NMLH, Labour Party, International Department, Labour visit to Spain, 1962. 76. NMLH, Labour Party, International Department, Labour visits to Spain. The European regional organisation of ICFTU strongly protested against such visits and asked what the TUC intended to say to counteract the effect of this visit. 77. BLPES, Ernest Davies Papers, Labour Party, SDDC, The Labour government and Spain, October 1963. 78. Ibid. 79. BPLES, Ernest Davies Papers, Labour Party, SDDC, Report on visit to Madrid 8–11 December 1963 by Ernest Davies and John Lyttle. 80. Ibid. 81. House of Commons Debates, Volume 698, 7 July 1964, p. 85. 82. Reported in Foreign Affairs Debate, 17 June 1964 in MRC, TUC/Spain, CPD/JP, 16 July 1964. 83. Ibid. 84. House of Commons Debates, Volume 698, 15 July 1964, p. 1392. 85. MRC, TUC/Spain, Arms contracts and Spain, CPD/JP, 18 September 1964. the AFL-CIO supported the British Labour movement in its opposition to the sale of arms to Spain. 86. PRO, FO 371/180111, Annual review for 1964, George Labouchere, 4 January 1965. 87. PRO, FO 371/180132, UK arms supplies, Military equipment for Spain, Harold Wilson, 15 February 1965. 88. BOD, Archives of the British Labour Party, X. Films (1965–67), NEC Minutes, International Department, Minutes of the first meeting of the overseas subcommittee, 9 February 1965, ov/1. 89. MRC, TUC/Spain, letter from G. Woodcock to A.L. Williams, 27 September 1965. 90. BOD, Archives of the British Labour Party, X. Films (1965–67), NEC Minutes, International Department, letter from Gwyn Morgan to José Barrerio, 23 September 1965. 91. MRC, TUC/Spain, SDDC, visits to Spain by MPs – Labour Party Actions, 1966. 92. BLPES, Ernest Davies Papers, Labour Party, SDDC, report on visit to Spain by George Jeger, MP, Tom Connelly and John Lyttle, summer 1965. 93. MRC, TUC/Spain, the Spanish Worker’s Trade Union Alliance (ASO), Tom Connelly 22 June 1965. 94. Since 1938, all Spanish workers engaged in production had been grouped in one unitary organisation known as the CNS. The umbrella organisation was divided into 28 integral corporations or sindicatos, each bringing together in a single unit all workers and all employers in one particular segment of industry. 95. For a full account on ASO see chapter 6. 96. BOD, Archives of the British Labour Party, X. Films (1965–67), NEC Minutes, International Department, Minutes of the second meeting of the Overseas Subcommittee, 7 December 1965 ov/2. 208 European Socialists and Spain

97. MRC, TUC/Spain, Minutes of the meeting of the SDDC, 17 February 1966. 98. Guardian, 25 April 1966. 99. FPI, PSOE, CE, Nota de las reuniones de la Internacional Socialista para los asuntos de España, Toulouse 21 May 1966. 100. BLPES, Ernest Davies Papers, Labour Party, Minutes of the SDDC Committee, 25 May 1966. 101. MRC, TUC/Spain, letter from Len Williams to George Woodcock, 1 June 1966. 102. FPI, PSOE, circulars (1964–67), Circular No. 10, 5 January 1967. 103. MRC, TUC/Spain, letter from J.A. Hargreaves to D.A. Perris, Secretary of the Birmingham Trades Council, 20 October 1966. 104. MRC, TUC/Spain, interdepartmental correspondence from G. Woodcock to J.A. Hargrgeaves, 1 March 1966. 105. MRC, TUC/Spain, JAH, 27 October 1966. 106. BLPES, Ernest Davies Papers, Labour Party, Minutes of the meeting of the SDDC, 23 July 1968, 20 August 1968. 107. The secretary reported at the same meeting that the Executive Committee had given £400 to assist the work of the Portuguese Socialists. This financial help was given after the request made by the Accao Socialista Portuguesa (ASP), a social democratic organisation opposed to Salazar dictatorship. BOD, Archives of the British Labour Party, X. Films (1968–73), NEC Minutes, International Department, Portugal: the political situation, ov/1967–68/35, April 1968. 108. IISH, SI/Spain, Meeting of the SDDC, 13 February 1969. 109. BLPES, Ernest Davies Papers, Labour Party, trial of Spanish trade unionists and related matters, 23 July 1968. 110. Cinco continentes, June/July 1968, p. 52. 111. BLPES, Ernest Davies Papers, Labour Party, letter from the Agrupación Socialista Madrileña to Albert Roberts 25 May 1968. 112. BLPES, Ernest Davies Papers, Labour Party, report by Derek Page on the trial of Spanish trade unionists, 4 July 1968. 113. MRC, TUC/Spain, Labour Party, news release, p.s. 148, 6 August 1968. 114. Spanish Information Bulletin, no. 229. 115. MRC, TUC/Spain, interdepartmental correspondence, letter from the SDDC to J.A. Hargreaves, 27 November 1968. 116. BLPES, Ernest Davies Papers, Labour Party, SDDC, 13 February 1969, letter from Gwyn Morgan to Michael Stewart. 117. BLPES, Ernest Davies Papers, Labour Party, Minutes of the SDDC, 23 July 1968. 118. BLPES, Ernest Davies Papers, Labour Party, SDDC 13 February 1969, letter from Gwyn Morgan to William Whitlock. 119. Paul Preston, The Triumph of Democracy in Spain, Methuen, London, 1986, pp. 13–24. 120. Interview with Jack Jones, London, 5 June 1995. 121. See, José María Maravall, Dictatorship and Political Dissent, Tavistock, London, 1978. 122. BLPES, Ernest Davies Papers, Labour Party, SDDC, Persecution of PSOE and UGT members: request for assistance from PSOE, 13 February 1969. 123. BOD, Archives of the British Labour Party, X. Films (1968–73), NEC Minutes, International Department, Minutes of the third meeting of the Overseas Notes 209

Subcommittee held in February 1969. Overseas Review, Feb/March 1969, 28 March 1969. 124. MRC, TUC/Spain, letter from Manuel Muiño to Victor Feather, 12 August 1969. 125. BLPES, Ernest Davies Papers, Labour Party, SDDC, letter from the SDDC to general secretaries of affiliated trade unions, 23 January 1969. 126. MRC, TUC/Spain, letter from Harry Nicholas to Victor Feather, 10 December 1970; IC.4/2, 27 January 1970. 127. MRC, TUC/Spain, TUC, letter from Manuel Muiño to Victor Feather, 12 August 1969. 128. see below. 129. MRC, TUC/Spain, ICFTU, 51 Executive Board/12(e) 8–10 December 1970. 130. MRC, TUC/Spain, TUC, interdepartmental correspondence, 10 February 1970. 131. IISH, SI/Spain, SDDC, Report of ICFTU/UGT, Delegation to London, 6 March 1970. 132. MRC, TUC/Spain, TUC, letter from Manuel Muiño to Victor Feather, 20 March 1970; Pueblo, 5 March 1970. 133. FPI, PSOE, CE, report on trial of Spanish Socialists, Circular no. 23/70, 27 April 1970. See chapter 2. 134. IISH, SI/Spain, report by Rodney Balcomb, the political situation in Spain, following his visit on 15–19 April 1970, January 1971. 135. On the Burgos trial see Edouard de Blaye, Franco and the Politics of Spain, pp. 281–323; Francisco Letamendia, Historia del nacionalismo vasco y de ETA, 3 volumes, R&B Ediciones, San Sebastian, 1994. 136. MRC, TUC/Spain, TUC, International Department, letter from J.A. Hargreaves to Victor Feather, 14 December 1970. 137. MRC, TUC/Spain, TUC, International Committee Minutes, IC 3, 15 December 1970. 138. MRC, TUC/Spain, TUC, Minutes of the sixth meeting (1970–71), 16 December 1970. 139. BOD, Archives of the British Labour Party, X. Films (1968–73), NEC Minutes, International Department: Party action on the Burgos trial, ID/1970–71/29. 140. MRC, TUC/Spain, TUC, Congress resolution, IC3/3, 15 December 1970. 141. BOD, Archives of the British Labour Party, X. Films (1968–73), NEC Minutes, International Department: Party action on Burgos Trial ID/170–71/29. 142. BLPES, Ernest Davies Papers, Labour Party, SDDC, Minutes of the meeting held on 8 February 1971. 143. Interview with Jack Jones, London 5 June 1995. 144. On CC.OO, see Julián Ariza, Comisiones Obreras, Avance, Madrid, 1976; David Ruiz (ed.), Historia de Comisiones Obreras (1958–1988), Siglo XXI, Madrid, 1993. 145. IISH, SI/Spain, SDDC, Minutes of the SDDC, 8 February 1971. 146. NMLH, Labour Party, International Department, SDDC, letter from Rodolfo Llopis to Tom McNally, Toulouse 14 January 1972. 147. MRC, TUC/Spain, TUC, letter from Jack Jones to Victor Feather, 22 November 1972. 148. MRC, TUC/Spain, TUC, International Committee Minutes I.C.2, 21 November 1972. Enquiries had been made by the ICFTU. 210 European Socialists and Spain

149. MRC, TUC/Spain, TUC, letter from J.A. Hargreaves to Victor Feather, 19 December 1972. 150. MRC, TUC/Spain, TUC, letter to Jaime de Pinies, 11 December 1972. 151. MRC, TUC/Spain, TUC, letter from Victor Feather to G. Purnell, 8 June 1973. 152. MRC, TUC/Spain, TUC, Solidarity with the ‘Carabanchel Ten’, Informations Bulletin n.41 (20/3/1973). 153. Labour Party, National Executive Committee, Report 1973. 154. NMLH, Labour Party, International Department, SDDC, letter of Tom McNally, International Secretary to J.R. Searle, 23 July 1973. 155. SDDC, Mission to Spain, March 1973. 156. NMLH, Labour Party, International Department, SDDC, meeting with members of Workers’ Commissions to discuss SDDC Commission of Inquiry. 157. IISH, SI/Spain, SDDC, Minutes of the meeting 16 April 1973. 158. MRC, TUC/Spain, TUC, extract from International Committee Minutes I.C.9, 26 June 1973; letter from Victor Feather to all General Secretaries of all affiliated organisations, 5 July 1973. 159. BLPES, Ernest Davies Papers, Labour Party, SDDC, Minutes of the SDDC, 8 August 1973. 160. IISH, SI/Spain, Minutes of the SDDC meeting 3 April 1974. 161. NMLH, Labour Party, International Department, SDDC, Minutes of the meeting 2 December 1974. 162. NMLH, Labour Party, International Department, SDDC, letter from Jenny Little to Jack Jones, 11 August 1975. 163. Interview with Jenny Little, Brighton 14 September 1997. 164. Daily Telegraph, 18 August 1973. 165. MRC, TUC/Spain, TUC, International Committee Minutes I.C.11, 21 August 1973. 166. MRC, TUC/Spain, TUC, letter from Sir Alec Douglas Home to Victor Feather, 6 September 1973. 167. Guardian, 20 August 1973; Daily Telegraph, 20 August 1973. 168. MRC, TUC/Spain, TUC, International Department, from J.A. Hargreaves to Victor Feather, 20 August 1973. 169. MRC, TUC/Spain, TUC, letter from Victor Feather to Sir Alec Douglas Home, 28 November 1973. 170. MRC, TUC/Spain, TUC, letter from Sir Alec Douglas Home to Len Murray, 10 December 1973. 171. MRC, TUC/Spain, TUC, Meeting with the Foreign and Commonwealth Secretary. Spain. SWS/SD. 11 July 1974. 172. MRC, TUC/Spain, TUC, letter from Victor Feather to George Meany, 29 November 1973; letter from George Meany to Len Murray, 11 December 1973. 173. Regarding the trial, Altiero Spinelli, EEC Commissioner, argued that the trial proved once again that Spain could not become a member of the Community under her present regime and that the proceedings revealed the flagrant contradiction between the reality of the country’s internal policy and the impression of opening up towards Europe. Guardian, 21 December 1973. 174. Marcelino Camacho Abad; Nicolas Sartorius Alvarez; Eduardo Saborido Galan; Francisco García Salve; Francisco Acosta Orge; Isidoro Santisteban, Fernando Soto Martin; Juan Marcos Muñiz Zapico; Luis Fernández Costilla and Miguel Angel Zamora Anton. Notes 211

175. BLPES, Ernest Davies Papers, Labour Party, The trial of Carabanchel Ten. International Department, Labour Party. ID/1973–74/23. 176. Labour Party, Minutes of the NEC, 19 December 1973. 177. NMLH, Labour Party, International Department, letter from Jenny Little to G.H. Horton, 15 December 1972. 178. MRC, TUC/Spain, TUC, letter from J.A. Hargreaves to Lionel Murray, 4 January 1974. 179. MRC, TUC/Spain, TUC, letter from T. Jenkins to J.A. Hargreaves, 31 December 1973; Report of Annual Trade Union Conference, 1974. 180. Morning Star, 21 December 1973 181. Marcelino Camacho and one of his co-defendants received sentences of 20 years each, two others received 19 years each, one received 18 years, one 17 years and the remaining four 12 years. 182. MRC, TUC/Spain, TUC, MW/SA, 31 December 1973. 183. MRC, TUC/Spain, TUC, Extract from International Committee Minutes, I.C.5, 4 February 1974. 184. Ibid., 3 February 1975. 185. MRC, TUC/Spain, TUC, letter to Carlos Arias Navarro from General Secretary, 7 February 1975. 186. MRC, TUC/Spain, TUC, letter from J.A. Hargreaves to Lionel Murray, 10 February 1975. 187. On the PSOE split see Abdón Mateos, El PSOE contra Franco, Pablo Iglesias, Madrid, 1993, pp. 444–55; Miguel Peydró, Las escisiones del PSOE, Plaza y Janés, Barcelona, 1980. Richard Gillespie, The Spanish Socialist Party, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1989, pp. 277–88; José Martínez Cobo and Carlos Martínez Cobo, La segunda renovación. Intrahistoria del PSOE, volume IV, Plaza y Janés, Barcelona, 1991. 188. NMLH, Labour Party, International Department, SDDC, Report on the XII Congress of the PSOE by Tom Driberg. 189. IISH, SI/Spain, Minutes of the SDDC Meeting, 25 October 1972. 190. SDDC, Mission to Spain, 10 April 1973. 191. Interview with Jenny Little, London, 22 February 1995. 192. Interview with Jenny Little, London, 12 December 1993. According to Jenny Little, the French Socialist Party also supported the PSOE renovado. 193. Interview with Pablo Castellano, Madrid, 5 July 1994. 194. Interview with Jenny Little, Brighton, 14 September 1997. 195. NMLH, Labour Party, International Department, SDDC, Minutes of the meeting on 17 June 1976, International Department, 6 December 1976. 196. Since 1969, close contacts had been established between Mario Soares, leader of the Portuguese Socialist Party and the Labour Party. Mario Soares received substantial support from the Labour Party. According to James Callaghan, the policy of the Labour government was to ensure that all the democratic forces had the same rights without being dominated by the Portuguese Communist Party. James Callaghan, Time and Chance, Collins, London, 1987, p. 360. On the Portuguese Revolution see Douglas Porch, The Portuguese Armed Forces and the Revolution, Hoover Institution Publication, London, 1977; Mario Soares, Portugal’s Struggle for Liberty, Allen & Unwin, 1975; Kenneth Maxwell ‘The Thorns of the Portuguese Revolution’, Foreign Affairs, January 1976, pp. 250–70. 212 European Socialists and Spain

197. NMLH, Labour Party, International Department, SDDC, letter from Colin Phipps to Ron Hayward, 24 September 1975. 198. NMLH, Labour Party, International Department, SDDC, letter from Ron Hayward, General Secretary of the Labour Party to Colin Phipps MP, 16 October 1975; letter from Jenny Little to Derek Bourn, 21 October 1975. 199. On September 12 three members of FRAP were sentenced to death and two other FRAP members were sentenced to 25 and 30 years imprisonment respectively after being found guilty by a military tribunal of killing a policeman in Madrid. On 18 September, a further five FRAP members were found guilty by a summary court of killing a Guardia Civil lieutenant and were condemned to death. 200. Labour Party, NEC, Report of the 75th Annual Conference of the Labour Party, Blackpool, 1975. 201. Before the executions, Callaghan had a meeting with the Spanish Foreign Minister, José María Areilza in New York. The Prime Minister sent an appeal for mercy to the Spanish Prime Minister. 202. Labour Party, NEC, Report of the 75th Annual Conference of the Labour Party, Blackpool, 1975. 203. House of Commons Debates, Volume 868, 29 October 1975, p. 1572. 204. MRC, TUC/Spain, TUC, International Department, 2 October 1975; Financial Times, 30 September 1975. 205. In the case of Portugal, the TUC considered that the situation was not the same as in Spain because in Portugal there were democratic forces in progress. 206. MRC, TUC/Spain, TUC, letter from James Callaghan to Len Murray, 14 October 1975. A similar justification was used by Ernest Bevin, Foreign Secretary from 1945–51 to prevent any intervention on Spanish affairs. Florentino Portero, Franco aislado. La cuestión española (1945–1950), Aguilar, 1989, p.117. 207. MRC, TUC/Spain, TUC, meeting with the Foreign and Commonwealth Secretary, January 1976. 208. MRC, TUC/Spain, TUC, letter from James Callaghan to Jack Jones, 23 December 1975. 209. MRC, TUC/Spain, TUC, meeting with the Foreign and Commonwealth Secretary, January 1976. 210. The representatives were the following: R.N. Bottini, L. Buck, J.L. Jones, T. Parry, J.H. Slater, G.F. Smith, L. Murray, J.A. Hargreaves and S.W. Shaw. 211. MRC, TUC/Spain, TUC, meeting with the Foreign and Commonwealth Secretary, I.C.5/4, 2 February 1976. 212. MRC, TUC/Spain, TUC, International Committee Minutes, I.C.5. 2 February 1976. 213. The Bureau of the Socialist International adopted a resolution in Brussels on 30 November 1975 condemning the fact that countries with Socialist governments were represented at the funeral of Franco and the crowning of Juan Carlos. 214. NMLH, Labour Party, International Department, SDDC, letter from Jenny Little, 18 December 1975. 215. Ibid. 216. Bill Alexander, No to Franco. The Struggle Never Stopped, 1939–1975, Oval Printshop, London, 1992, p. 84. Notes 213

217. Interview with Jenny Little, London, 28 March 1994. 218. MRC, TUC/Spain, TUC, speech given by a member of the Spanish Socialist Workers’ Party (London Section), on 31 October 1975. 219. On the Arias reforms, see above. Jenny Little, ‘Socialist International. Mission to Spain’, Socialist Affairs, March–April 1976, Vol. 26, No. 2. 220. MRC, TUC/Spain, TUC, letter from R. Hayward to Lionel Murray, 17 March 1976. 221. MRC, TUC/Spain, TUC, statement on Spain, February 1976. The ETUC, European Trade Union Confederation, supported by the TUC issued a statement specifying that democratic changes should be introduced in Spain before the Spanish regime could be recognised. 222. MRC, TUC/Spain, TUC, extract from International Committee Minutes IC.5, 2 February 1976. 223. MRC, TUC/Spain, TUC, letter from James Callaghan to Lionel Murray, 12 March 1976; see José María de Areilza, Diario de un ministro de la monarquía, Espejo de España, Planeta, 1977. 224. MRC, TUC/Spain, TUC, interdepartmental correspondence from J.A. Hargreaves to L. Murray, 19 March 1976. 225. In March 1976, the entire opposition, the Democratic Junta and the Platform of Convergence joined in the so called Democratic Co-ordination. 226. Labour Party, NEC, Report of the 75th Annual Conference of the Labour Party. Blackpool, 27 September–1 October 1976, p. 240. 227. El Pais, 30 September 1976. 228. Joe Gormley, Jack Jones and George Smith together with J.A. Hargreaves also visited Portugal on 18 and 19 of November, with the assistance of the British Embassy. They met a number of trade unionists and a number of British businessmen in Portugal. 229. Interview with Jack Jones, London, 5 June 1995. 230. Ibid. 231. El Pais, 1 October 1976. 232. El Socialista, 7 December 1976. 233. Labour Party, NEC, Report of the 76th Annual Conference of the Labour Party, 1977, p. 95.

5 The French Socialists 1959–77

1. Alicia Alted Vigil, ‘Ayuda humanitaria y reorganización institucional en el exilio’ in Josefina Cuesta and Benito Bermejo (eds) Emigración y exilio. Españoles en Francia 1936–1946, Eudema, Madrid, 1996, pp. 202–27, and Santos Juliá, Los socialistas en la politica española, Taurus, Madrid, 1996, p. 299. 2. Wayme Northcutt, The French Socialist and Communist Party under the Fifth Republic 1958–1981. From Opposition to Power, Irvington, New York, 1985, p. 27. 3. William Paterson and Ian Campbell, Social Democracy in Post-War Europe, Macmillan, London, 1974, p. 17. 4. Robert Ladrech and Philippe Marliere, Social Democratic Parties in the European Union, Macmillan, London, 1999, p. 66. 214 European Socialists and Spain

5. FLC, UGT, ACE, February 1959. 6. FLC, UGT, ACE, August 1959. 7. Ibid. 8. FLC, UGT, correspondence between the General Secretary and the CGT-FO (1948–71), letter from Robert Bothereau to Pascual Tomás, 21 March 1960. 9. FLC, UGT, ACE, March 1960. 10. FLC, UGT, correspondence between the General Secretary and the CGT-FO (1948–71), letter from Pascual Tomás to Robert Bothereau, 28 March 1960. 11. Ibid., 1 February 1961. 12. FLC, UGT, correspondence between the General Secretary and the CGT-FO (1948–71), CGT-FO, 25 February 1961. 13. FLC, UGT, ACE, March 1961. 14. FLC, UGT, ACE, October 1961. 15. FLC, UGT, correspondence between the General Secretary and the CGT-FO (1948–71), letter from Robert Botherau to Pascual Tomás, Paris 17 October 1961. 16. FLC, UGT, ACE, November 1961. 17. Informe de Antonio García Duarte-December 1984, Editorial Pablo Iglesias, Madrid, Spain. 18. Interview with Antonio García Duarte, 30 October 2000. 19. FLC, UGT, correspondence between the General Secretary and the CGT-FO (1948–71), letter from Pascual Tomás to Robert Bothereau, Toulouse, 9 November 1961. 20. FLC, UGT, correspondence between the General Secretary and the CGT-FO (1948–71), letter from Robert Bothereau to Pascual Tomás, Paris, 9 November 1961. 21. FLC, UGT, ACE, December 1961. Georges Brutelle, Assistant Secretary of SFIO was the director of Le Socialiste; Roger Southon, National Secretary of the Youth Socialists as administrator. Among the members of the editorial board were: Jean Paul Boncour, ex-president of the Council of Ministers; Suzanne Lacore, ex-minister; Eugene Montel, Deputy; Georges Guille, senator; Gerard Jaquet, ex-minister and Joseph Begarra, member of SFIO. 22. Le Socialiste, 19 October 1961, 4 January 1962. 23. FLC, UGT, correspondence between the General Secretary and the CGT-FO (1948–71), letter from Robert Bothereau to Pascual Tomás, Paris, 21 May 1962. 24. European Community, August–September 1970, p. 10. 25. In the event of attack by the Warsaw Pact, the military plans of NATO considered necessary a withdrawal towards the south of France and from there to initiate the counter-offensive. The German government wanted a rearguard zone in Spain in case of war: a place to store materials, set up hospitals , airports and other facilities. Antonio Marquina Barrio, España en la Política de Seguridad Occidental, Colección Ediciones Ejército, Madrid, 1986, p. 784. 26. Paul Reynaud, The Foreign Policy of Charles de Gaulle, The Odyssey Press, New York, 1964, p. 14. 27. Richard Vinen, France 1934–1970, Macmillan, London,1996, p. 181. 28. European Documentation. A survey, January–March 1969, p. 69. Notes 215

29. FLC, UGT, correspondence between the General Secretary and the CGT-FO (1948–71), letter from André Bergeron to Pascual Tomás, Paris, 16 January 1964. 30. FLC, UGT, correspondence between the General Secretary and the CGT-FO (1948–71), letter from André Bergeron to Pascual Tomás, Paris, 4 June 1964. Le Socialiste, 16 June 1964. 31. Le Socialiste, 4 June 1964. 32. FLC, UGT, correspondence between the General Secretary and the CGT-FO (1948–71), letter from M. Gazola to André Bergeron, Lorient, 26 November 1965; letter from Pascual Tomás to André Bergeron, Toulouse, 1 December 1965. 33. FLC, UGT, CFDT Mission en Espagne, December 1968. 34. Edward A. Kolodziej, French International Policy under de Gaulle and Pompidou, Cornell University Press, New York, 1974, p. 521. 35. Bulletin of the EEC, No. 12, 1969, p. 71. 36. FLC, UGT, correspondence between the General Secretary and the CGT-FO (1948–71), FO s’insurge contre le franquisme, 14 November 1969. 37. On 21 January 1971, Pompidou said ‘I believe that it is in the interest of Spain to be open to Europe and that geography pushes it to do so through France as go-between.’ 38. FLC, UGT, Resolution on Spain, Paris, 19 November 1971. 39. Le Socialiste, 2 December 1971. 40. FLC, UGT, correspondence between the CGT-FO and Antonio García Duarte (1971–76), Contacto Fraterno, Paris, 20 December 1971. 41. FLC, UGT, correspondence between Manuel Simon and the CGT-FO (1972), letter from Manuel Simón, Secretary of Press and Propaganda to Jean Rouzier, Confederal Secretary of FO, Toulouse, 12 October 1972. 42. IISH, SI, Report on the XII Congress 13/14/15 August 1972, Paris, 4 September 1972. 43. IISH, SI/Spain, Report of the SI on the situation in the Spanish Socialist movement, December 1972. 44. FPI, PSOE, CE, France (1945–74), letter from Arsenio Jimeno and Carmen García to Robert Pontillon, Paris, 28 November 1972. 45. FPI, PSOE correspondence between José Barreiro and Arsenio Jimeno (5 January 1971–28 September 1974), interview with the French Socialist Party, 21 June 1972. 46. SI, Report of the SI to the Bureau members: the situation of the Spanish Socialist movement, 4 December 1972. 47. Interview with Pierre Guidoni, El Escorial (Madrid), 10 August 1994; interview with Luis Yañez Barnuevo, Sevilla, 24 August 1994. 48. Carlos Martínez Cobo, Jose Martínez Cobo, La Segunda Renovación. Intrahistoria del PSOE. Volume IV, Barcelona, Plaza y Janés, 1991, p. 179. Mateos, op. cit, p. 353. 49. Interview with Pierre Guidoni, El Escorial (Madrid) 10 August 1994. 50. FPI, PSOE, correspondence between the Organisation Secretary and the Ebert Foundation, 1974, letter from the General Secretary to all groups attending the Conference, June 1974. 216 European Socialists and Spain

51. FPI, PSOE, correspondence between the Organisation Secretary and the Ebert Foundation, 1974, Information note on the second session of the Conference, 1974. 52. Speech by Pontillon, International Secretary of the French Socialist Party, Suresnes. El Socialista, October 1974, p. 7. 53. FPI, PSOE, International Resolutions. Resolutions of the XIII Congress of the PSOE, Suresnes, October 1974. 54. El Socialista, January 1975. 55. D.S. Bell and Byron Criddle, The French Socialist Party. The Emergence of a Party of Governement, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1984, pp. 84–6. 56. Interview with Pierre Guidoni, 10 August 1994, El Escorial (Madrid) Antonio Papell, Conversationes con Luis Yanez, Paza y Janés, Barcelona, p. 95. 57. Jacques Huntzinger ‘The French Socialist Party and Western Relations’ in Werner Feld, The Foreign Policy of West European Socialist Parties, New York, Praeger, 1978. p. 75. 58. Tierno Galván, Cabos Sueltos, p. 559. 59. El Socialista, March 1976. 60. Gillespie, op. cit, p. 318. 61. El Socialista, 10 March 1976. 62. Ibid., 25 February 1976. 63. FLC, UGT, correspondence between Antonio Garcia Duarte and the CFDT (1974–76), Encontre entre la CFDT et la UGT D’ Espagne, Paris, 25 February 1975. 64. FLC,UGT, correspondence between Antonio Garcia Duarte and the CFDT (1974–76), letter from René Salanne, National Secretary of the CFDT to Antonio Garcia Duarte, Paris, 7 January 1976; letter from René Salanne to Antonio Garcia Duarte, Paris, 13 February 1976. 65. Miguel Angel Aguilar, Eduardo Chamorro, Felipe González. Perfil Humano y Político (eds) Cambio 16, Madrid, 1977, p. 12.

6 The German Socialists 1960–77

1. Gerard Braunthal, The German Social Democrats Since 1969, Westview Press, Oxford, 1994, p. 155. 2. Michael Schneider, A Brief History of the German Trade Unions, Verlag J. H.W., Dietz Nachf, GmbH, Bonn, 1991, pp. 242–3. 3. FLC, UGT, correspondence with the DGB (1952–60), letter from Walter Freitag to Pascual Tomás, 21 January 1955. 4. Jesús García Fernández, La emigración exterior española, Ariel, Barcelona, 1965, p. 27. 5. According to the statistics published by the journal Collegite, 1964, between 1959 and 1962, 368,204 emigrants went to France, 111,056 to the Federal Republic of Germany, 44,000 to , 38,000 to Belgium, 25,000 to Great Britain, 6,000 to Holland and 1,000 to Austria. Jesús García Fernández, La emigración exterior española, Ariel, Barcelona, 1965, p. 30. 6. Interview with Carlos Pardo, Mazagón (Huelva), 22 September 1996. 7. FLC, UGT, ACE, 19 February 1960. 8. Ibid., 9 September 1960. Notes 217

9. Ibid. 10. Interview with Hans Matthöfer, March 1997. 11. FLC, UGT, ACE, 24 March 1961. 12. FLC, UGT, ACE, report on the visit to London and Germany by a delegation of the ICFTU and IFCTU from 23 July to 6 August 1961. 13. Jesús García Fernández, La emigración exterior de España, Ariel, Barcelona, 1975, p. 284. 14. FLC, UGT, General Secretary, correspondence with Manuel Fernández Montesinos (1962), letter from Pascual Tomás to Manuel Fernández Montesinos, Toulouse, 3 March 1962. 15. Carlos Fernández Puig, Manuel Fernández Montesinos, Arcadio González, Francisco Gordillo, Martin Iñigo, Santiago Lazcano, Adolfo Llopis Brave, Carlos Ossorio and Horacio Zapata. 16. FLC, UGT, ACE, 31 March 1962. 17. Interview with Manuel Simón, Madrid, 12 September 1996. 18. FLC, UGT, General Secretary, correspondence with Manuel Fernández Montesinos (1962), report of the meeting between the IG Metall and the DGB, 25 March 1962. 19. Interview with Hans Matthöfer, March 1997. 20. In 1962, there was a great increase in working-class activity. In the first months of the year a wave of strikes spread in Valencia, Barcelona, Madrid, Cartagena, and the Basque country. In April, May, and June a second wave of strikes involved coal mining in Asturias, metal, chemical, electrical and shipbuilding industries in the Basque country, and metal industries in Barcelona. José Maravall, Dictatorship and Political Dissent. Workers and Students in Franco’s Spain, Tavistock Publications, London, 1978, p. 29. 21. FLC, UGT, ACE, 29 June 1962. 22. Ibid. 23. Ibid., 25 January 1963. 24. Ibid., 27 November 1964. 25. FLC, UGT, correspondence of Adolfo Llopis Brave with the DGB (1961–65), letter from Adolfo Llopis to the UGT in Spain, Düsseldorf, 23 August 1962. 26. Ibid., 3 September 1962. 27. Ibid., letter from Manuel Muiño to Adolfo Llopis Brave, Toulouse, 24 September 1962. 28. FLC, UGT, ACE, 17 November 1962. 29. FLC, UGT, correspondence of Adolfo Llopis Brave with the DGB (1961–65), resolution on Spain adopted by the National Congress of the DGB, Hanover, 28 October 1962. On 9 May 1961 a cooperation agreement had been signed between Spain and the Federal Republic of Germany, which regulated German capital investment in Spanish enterprises. 30. FLC, UGT, correspondence of Adolfo Llopis Brave with the DGB (1961–65), letter from Adolfo Llopis Brave to the UGT in exile, Düsseldorf, 10 October 1962. 31. Interview with Carlos Pardo, Mazagón (Huelva), 22 September 1996. 32. FLC, ACE, UGT, 19 March 1963. 33. FLC, UGT, correspondence of Adolfo Llopis Brave with the DGB (1961–65), letter from Manuel Muiño to Adolfo Llopis Brave, Toulouse, 13 May 1963. 34. Servicio de Prensa, Frankfurter Rundschau, 4 April 1964. 218 European Socialists and Spain

35. FLC, UGT, correspondence of the General Secretary with the UGT section of Esslingen (1965–70), letter from the UGT to the IG Metall, Toulouse, 8 May 1964. 36. FPI, PSOE, CE, circulars (1964–67), Circular No. 4, 27 December 1964. 37. FPI, PSOE, CE, correspondence of the PSOE with the Executive Committee of the SPD (1962–72), letter from Rodolfo Llopis to , Toulouse, 29 September 1964. 38. Peter Blachstein could not attend the Congress because he was ill. 39. FPI, PSOE, CE, circulars (1964–67), Circular No. 4, 27 December 1964. 40. FPI, PSOE, CE, correspondence of the PSOE with the Executive Committee of the SPD (1962–72), letter from Rodolfo Llopis to Peter Blachstein, Toulouse, 2 December 1964. 41. Ibid. 42. FPI, PSOE, CE, correspondence of the PSOE with the Executive Committee of the SPD (1962–72), letter from Rodolfo Llopis to Peter Blachstein, Toulouse, 31 December 1964. 43. FLC, UGT, ACE, 24 January 1965. 44. At Bad Godesberg, the party had abandoned Marxist determinism and affirmed the religious and philosophical roots of democratic socialism as well as the principles of freedom, justice and solidarity in the parliamentary democratic system. See Gerard Braunthal, The German Social Democrats Since 1969, Westview Press, Oxford, 1994, p.10. 45. FPI, PSOE, CE, correspondence of the PSOE with the Executive Committee of the SPD (1962–72), report on the trip of to Madrid, 1965. 46. Ibid. 47. Servicio de Prensa, Müncher Merkur, 7 April 1965. 48. Ibid. 49. Ibid. 50. FPI, PSOE, CE, circulars (1964–67), Circular No. 6, 30 September 1965. 51. Ibid. 52. Servicio de Prensa, Le Monde, 8 April 1965. 53. Servicio de Prensa, Metall, 1 June 1965. 54. Interview with Hans Matthöfer, March 1997. 55. FLC, UGT, correspondence of Adolfo Llopis Brave with the DGB (1961–65), letter from Adolfo Llopis Brave to Miguel Armentia Juvete, Düsseldorf, 10 November 1965. 56. Ibid. 57. Otto Brenner suggested that Dambersch, International Metalworkers’ Federation member, should visit Spain to find out about ASO. Dambersch refused on the grounds that he would not visit Spain, as long as Franco was in power. FLC, UGT, correspondence of the General Secretary with the UGT section of Frankfurt (1965–69), report of Miguel Armentia’s visit to Germany, Toulouse, 15 December 1965. 58. FLC, UGT, correspondence of the General Secretary with the UGT section of Frankfurt (1965–69), report of Miguel Armentia’s visit to Germany, Toulouse, 15 December 1965. 59. FLC, UGT, correspondence of the General Secretary with the UGT section of Esslingen (1965–70), report of Miguel Armentia on the Conference of the UGT sections in Germany, Toulouse, 4 March 1966. Notes 219

60. Ibid. 61. Ibid. 62. FLC, UGT, correspondence of the General Secretary with the DGB department of organisation and propaganda (1952–71), session of the Commission of ‘foreign work and aid for development’, Düsseldorf, 21 July 1966. 63. FLC, UGT, correspondence of the General Secretary with the DGB Department of Organisation and Propaganda (1952–71), letter from Adolfo Llopis Brave to Miguel Armentia Juvete, Düsseldorf, 9 August 1966. 64. Ibid., 22 September 1966. 65. The members accused were: Fernández Montesinos, Nuero Diaz, Nogués Diez, González Quesada, Buiria, Pallach and Piquer. 66. The head of the syndical organisation and Spanish Minister of Movimiento, José Solís, was not allowed to attend the Congress because the Spanish trade unions were not democratic. 67. El Noticiero, n. 8, 1966. 68. Fernández Montesinos: six months; Nuero Diaz, González Quesada and Nogues Diez: four months; Buiria, Pallach and Puiquer were absolved. 69. FES, DGB/Spanien (1962–67), Hans Matthöfer, Bericht Uber meine Reise nach Madrid vom 2. bis 4. August 1966. 70. FLC, UGT, correspondence of the General Secretary with the DGB Department of Organisation and Propaganda (1952–71), letter from Adolfo Llopis Brave to Miguel Armentia Juvete, Düsseldorf, 9 August 1966. 71. FLC, UGT, correspondence with the IG Metall (1966–71), letter from Miguel Armentia to Otto Brenner, Toulouse, 17 August 1966. 72. Ibid., letter from Otto Brenner to Miguel Armentia, Frankfurt, 19 October 1966. 73. Ibid. 74. FLC, UGT, correspondence of the General Secretary with the DGB Department of Organisation and Propaganda (1952–71), DGB memorandum on the trade union situation in Spain, September 1966. 75. Ibid., letter from Adolfo Llopis Brave to Miguel Armentia Juvete, Düsseldorf, 8 September 1966. 76. The members attending the meeting were: Max Diamant (IG Metall), Dr Günter Grunwald (Friedrich Ebert Foundation), Dr Bern Heise (DGB, Social Department), Otto Kersten (DGB, Foreign Department), Herbert Koch (Education Trade Union), Hans Matthöfer (IG Metall), Heinz Richter (Organisation Department) and Harald Simon (Foreign Department). 77. FLC, UGT, correspondence of the General Secretary with the DGB Department of Organisation and Propaganda (1952–71), report on the conference of the commission España, Düsseldorf, 23 November 1966. 78. In the same session, the trade union situation in Greece, Italy and other issues were discussed. 79. FLC, UGT, correspondence of the General Secretary with the DGB Department of Organisation and Propaganda (1952–71), report of the session of the commission Trabajadores Extranjeros, Düsseldorf, 27 October 1966. 80. Servicio de Prensa, Frankfurter Allegemeine Zeitung, 22 October 1966. 81. They wanted to have a strong UGT as the decisive force in ASO. Personal communication with Hans Matthöfer, March 1997. 220 European Socialists and Spain

82. Abdon Mateos, El PSOE contra Franco. Continuidad y renovación del socialismo español 1953–1974, Pablo Iglesias, Madrid, 1993, p. 326. 83. Interview with Manuel Simón, Madrid, 12 September 1996. 84. FLC, UGT, correspondence between Miguel Armentia and Pablo Schalmey (1966–69), report of the interview Graedel-Schalmey, Geneva 26 September 1966. 85. Manuel Ludevid, Cuarenta años de sindicato vertical. Aproximación a la organización sindical española, editorial Laia, Barcelona, 1976, p. 47. 86. FPI, PSOE, CE, circulars (1964–67), Circular No. 6, 30 September 1965. 87. Servicio de Prensa, Le Socialiste, 25 April 1968. 88. Ibid. 89. FPI, PSOE, PSOE-Director Committee, information about the activities presented to the Executive Committee of the Director’s Committee, 31 July 1968. 90. Written interview with , 5 May 1997. 91. FLC, UGT, correspondence of the General Secretary with the DGB Department of Organisation and Propaganda (1952–71), letter from Manuel Muiño to Otto Brener, Toulouse, 22 August 1968; letter from Manuel Muiño to Adolfo Llopis Brave, Toulouse, 22 August 1968. 92. José María Maravall, Dictatorship and Political Dissent, Tavistock Publications, London, 1978, p. 33. 93. FPI, PSOE, CE, correspondence of the PSOE with the Executive Committee of the SPD (1962–72), letter from Rodolfo Llopis to Pablo Schalmey, Toulouse, 12 February 1969. 94. Ibid., letter from Pablo Schalmey to Rodolfo Llopis, Frankfurt, 17 February 1969. 95. Willy Brandt, , Alfred Nau and Hans Jürgen Wischnewski. 96. The bails the judge asked were 15,000 pesetas; 10,000 pesetas and 30,000 pesetas. 97. FPI, PSOE, CE, correspondence of the PSOE with the Executive Committee of the SPD (1962–72), letter from Rodolfo Llopis to Hans E. Dingels, Toulouse, 14 March 1969; letter from Rodolfo Llopis to Pablo Schalmey, Toulouse, 17 March 1969. 98. The director of the journal Frankfurter Rundschau as an act of protest returned his cross. Manuel Fraga Iribarne, Memoria breve de una vida pública, Planeta, Barcelona, 1980, p. 241. 99. Servicio de Prensa, SPD-Pressedienst Hessen-Sud, 17 February 1969. 100. Servicio de Prensa, Frankfurter Rundschau, 18 March 1969; FLC, UGT, correspondence between Miguel Armentia and Pablo Schalmey (1966–69), letter from Pablo Schalmey to Miguel Armentia, Frankfurt, 19 March 1969. 101. Servicio de Prensa, Frankfurter Allegemeine Zeitung, 11 July 1969. Frankfurt/Main. 102. FLC, UGT, correspondence of the General Secretary with the IG Metall (1966–71), letter of Manuel Muiño to Otto Brenner, Toulouse, 24 November 1969. 103. FLC, UGT, correspondence between Miguel Armentia and Pablo Schalmey (1966–69), letter from Miguel Armentia to Pablo Shalmey, Toulouse, 20 March 1969. 104. Ibid., letter from Pablo Schalmey to Miguel Armentia, Frankfurt, 25 March 1969. Notes 221

105. Abdón Mateos, El PSOE contra Franco, Pablo Iglesias, Madrid, 1993, p. 408. 106. Interview with Carlos Pardo, Mazagón (Huelva) 22 September 1996. 107. FLC, UGT, correspondence between the General Secretary and the DGB Department of Organisation and Propaganda (1952–71), letter from Manuel Muiño to Heinz Vetter, Toulouse, 11 December 1969. 108. Ibid., letter from Otto Kersten to the Executive Committee of the UGT, 16 January 1970. 109. Servicio de Prensa, German Bulletin, 12 January 1970. 110. Similar differences occurred between the British Labour Party and the British Labour government. 111. Among them, three ministers: Alex Möller, Minister of Finance; , Minister of all German affairs and Helmut Schmidt, Minister of Defence; the Chairman of the Socialist group in the Parliament, Herbert Wehner and the General Secretary of the SPD, H.J. Wischnewski. 112. IISH, SI/Spain, correspondence 1970, letter from Hans Matthöfer to the director of the newspaper Diario, Bonn, 6 February 1970. 113. Servicio de Prensa, Metall, 17 February 1970. 114. Servicio de Prensa, Bayerischer Rundfunk, 7 February 1970. 115. Servicio de Prensa, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 25 May 1970. 116. La Vanguardia, 23 May 1970. 117. FLC, UGT, ACE, 30 May 1970. 118. Servicio de Prensa, Stuttgarter Zeitung, 23 April 1970. 119. Servicio de Prensa, Frankfurter Rundschau, 24 April 1970. 120. Servicio de Prensa, International Herald Tribune, 24 April 1970. 121. Servicio de Prensa, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 27 April 1970. 122. Servicio de Prensa, Oficina Prensa Euzkadi, 6 May 1970. 123. Servicio de Prensa, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 25 April 1970. 124. Ibid., 14 June 1972. 125. Written interview with Hans Matthöfer, March 1997. 126. Interview with Enrique Múgica Herzog, Madrid, 18 July 1994. 127. FLC, UGT, correspondence of the General Secretary with the Comité Alemán de ayuda a los democratas españoles (1962–71), letter from Hans Matthöfer to the PSOE, Bonn, 26 June 1970. 128. Servicio de Prensa, Pressemitteilung, 1 July 1970. 129. Servicio de Prensa, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 2 February 1971; Solinger Tageblatt, 3 February 1971. 130. FLC, UGT, ACE, 6 February 1971. 131. Ibid., 13 March 1971. 132. Servicio de Prensa, Süddeutsche Zeitung, 28 May 1971 (Munich). 133. Servicio de Prensa, Metall-Pressedienst, 17 May 1971. 134. See note 39. 135. Servicio de Prensa, Bayerischer Rundfunk-Emision para españoles en la RFA, 16 May 1971. 136. Monthly journal (10,000 numbers) published in Frankfurt since October 1970 and edited by Hans Matthöfer, which opposed the Franco regime. 137. Servicio de Prensa, Bayerischer Rundfunk- Emisión para españoles en la RFA, 17 May 1971. 222 European Socialists and Spain

138. FES, DGB/Spanien (1967–73), Informationen der Sozialdemokratischen Fraktion im Deutschen Bundestag, 7 June 1971. 139. Servicio de Prensa, Bayerischer Rundfunk- Emisión para españoles en la RFA, 17 May 1971. 140. Servicio de Prensa, Neue Presse, 21 May 1971; Metall Presse-dienst, 19 May 1971. 141. Servicio de Prensa, Süddeutsche Zeitung, 28 May 1971. 142. Servicio de Prensa, Bayerischer Rundfunk-Emisión para España en la RFA, 21 May 1971. 143. FES, DGB/Spanien (1967–73), letter from Max Diamant to Otto Kersten, 7 June 1971. 144. ‘Defending it later, my argument was, that it did not show the Spanish head of the state but the insurgent general of 1936.’ Personal communication with Hans Matthöfer, April 1997. 145. Servicio de Prensa, IG Metall, Vol. II, 1971. Le Monde 26 May 1971, Paris. 146. Servicio de Prensa, Bayerischer Rundfunk- Emisión para españoles en la RFA, 22 May 1971. 147. Servicio de Prensa, -Zeitfunk, 22 June 1971. 148. Interview with Carlos Pardo, 22 September 1996, Mazagón, (Huelva). 149. Servicio de Prensa, España Libre, March/April 1972. 150. Servicio de Prensa, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 15 June 1972. 151. Servicio de Prensa, Le Monde, 27 September 1972. 152. Servicio de Prensa, DGB-Nachreichten-Dienst, 27 September 1972. 153. Exprés Español, n. 32, May 1973; El Noticiero, May 1973. 154. A policy based on the ‘change by approach’, which refers to the policy applied by Germany to influence the policies and activities of and Eastern Europe through reconciliation. Klaus Harpprecht, Willy Brandt. Portrait and Self-Portrait, Abelard Schuman, London, 1972. 155. Exprés Español, June 1974, p. 9. 156. See above, Chapter 2. 157. FLC, UGT, correspondence between the Organisation Secretary and the DGB (1971–76), report on the visit to Germany, August 1973. 158. Ibid. 159. Servicio de Prensa, Abendzeitung, 2 August 1973; El Noticiero, August 1973. 160. FLC, UGT, correspondence between the Organisation Secretary and the DGB (1971–76), Report on the visit to Germany, August 1973. 161. FPI, PSOE, CE, confidencial report Sobre los origenes y situación actual del PSOE nacidos del Congreso faccioso de Toulouse: Agosto 1972, Londres, 30 May 1973. 162. After Bonn, the delegation met Max Diamant in Frankfurt, discussing the same issues as they did with Matthöfer. 163. The CIA allegedly feared an increasing importance of Communism in Spain. Therefore, to stop the Communist influence the CIA contacted the DGB for them to support the most anti-Communist union, that is, the ASO. 164. Interview with Hans Matthöfer, 1997. 165. FLC, UGT, correspondence between the Organisation Secretary and the DGB (1971–76), report on the visit to Germany by the UGT delegation, August 1973. Notes 223

166. Ibid., report sent by the UGT to Dieter Wagner, international department of the DGB. 167. Ibid. 168. Alfonso Guerra, Felipe González. De Suresnes a la Moncloa, Novatex, Madrid, 1984. 169. Interview with Pablo Castellano, Madrid, 5 July 1994. 170. Willy Brandt, My Life in Politics, Hamish Hamilton, London, 1992. 171. Interview with Carlos Pardo, Mazagón (Huelva), 22 September 1996. 172. Ibid. 173. Interview with Luis Yañez, Seville, August 1994. 174. No reasons have been found for their non-attendance. 175. Richard Gillespie, The Spanish Socialist Party, Clarendon Press, Oxford 1989. Brandt admired González’ definite personality and independence; Alfonso Guerra, Felipe González. De Suresnes a la Moncloa, Novatex, Madrid, 1984, p. 144. According to Pilar Cernuda, Brandt used to say that: ‘... what I admired most about González was that he was the only Spanish politician that talked about the future and not about the past’. Pilar Cernuda, El Presidente, Temas de Hoy, Madrid, 1994, p. 237. 176. Exprés Español, May 1975. 177. Willy Brandt, My Life in Politics, Hamish Hamilton, London, 1992, p. 316. 178. Gerard Braunthal, The West German Social Democrats 1969–1982. Profile of a Party in Power, Westview Press, Colorado, 1983. 179. Helmut Schmidt, Men and Power. A Political Retrospective, Jonathan Cape, London, 1990, pp. 167–8. 180. Interview with Dieter Koniecki, President of the Ebert Foundation in Spain, Madrid, September 1993. 181. Exprés Español, January 1976. 182. Willy Brandt, My Life in Politics, op. cit, p. 315; Antonio Papell, Conversaciones con Luis Yañez, Plaza y Janés, Barcelona, 1991, p. 104. 183. After the Congress, an interview was arranged between Hans Matthöfer and Felipe González in Lanzarote. They discussed the Spanish economic situation and integration into the Common Market. Informaciones, 30 December 1975. 184. Servicio de Prensa, Die Welt, 8 October 1975. 185. Servicio de Prensa, Frankfurter Rundschau, 4 October 1975. 186. Interview with Hans Matthöfer, March 1997. 187. Felipe González confirmed this to Walter Nocker, member of the German Embassy. FES, DGB/Spanien (1974–76), letter from Walter Nocker to Erwin Christophersen, 30 September 1975. 188. This policy was restated by Hans Matthöfer in February 1976. 189. FPI, PSOE, correspondence between the Organisation Secretary and the Ebert Foundation, 1974, letter from the General Secretary to all groups attending the Conference, June 1974. 190. Ibid., information note on the second session of the Conference, 1974. 191. Interview with Hans Matthöfer, March 1997. 192. González used the actor and factor terminology interchangeably. In this particular case, factors are actors. 224 European Socialists and Spain

193. Exprés Español, January 1976. 194. Ibid., February 1976, p. 35. 195. Speech given by Dieter Koniecky, Bonn, May 1996. 196. Michael Pinto Duschinsky, ‘Foreign Political Aid: the German Political Foundations and their US Counterparts’, International Affairs, Vol. 67, No. I 1991, p. 55. See also Michael Pinto Duchisky, ‘the Rise of “Political Aid”’ in Larry Diamond, Marc. F. Platter, Yun-han Chu and Hung-mao Tien (eds), Consolidating the Thrid Wave Democracies. Regional Challenges, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1997. 197. Richard Gillespie, The Spanish Socialist Party. A History of Factionalism, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1989, p. 375. 198. Of Christian origin, the USO formed part of ASO until 1966. 199. Herman Rebhan; Otmar Günther; Albert Schunk and Carlos Pardo as interpreter, were members of the delegation. FES, DGB/Spanien (1974–76), Bericht, uber die Besuche einer IMB-IG Metall-Delegation unter der Leitung von Eugen Loderer in Madrid und Lissabon vom 4 bis 8 February 1976. 200. Exprés Español, March 1976, p. 24. 201. Cambio 16, 15 February 1976. 202. Rodolfo Martín Villa, Al servicio del Estado, Planeta, Barcelona, 1984, p. 34. 203. F. Almendros Morcillo, El sindicalismo de clase en España (1939–1977), Peninsula, Madrid, 1978, p. 133. 204. Berneker, 1985, p. 442, cited in H.D. Köhler, El movimiento sindical en España, Fundamentos, Madrid, 1995, p. 118. 205. El País, 25 May 1976. 206. Ibid., 9 October 1976. 207. Ibid., 7 December 1976. 208. Ibid. 209. Ibid., 7 January 1977. 210. Agence Europe, 2128, 8 January 1977. 211. El País, 9 January 1977. 212. Ibid., 20 July 1977. 213. Ibid., 11 August 1977.

7 Conclusions

1. Hans Janitscheck, ‘The State of the International’, Socialist Affairs, Vol. 25, No. 6, November–December 1975, pp. 105–8. 2. Exprés Español, January 1976. Bibliography

Primary sources

1. Oral sources (interviews) Pablo Castellano, Madrid, July 1994. Pierre Guidoni, El Escorial (Madrid), 10 August 1994. Jack Jones, London, 5 June 1995. Dieter Koniecki, Madrid, 16 September 1993; Bonn, 20 May 1996. Jenny Little, London, 9 December 1993; London, 12 March 1994; Brighton, 14 September 1997. Antonio López Pina, Madrid, 12 September 1996. Francisco López Real, Madrid, 12 July 1994. Miguel Angel Martínez, Madrid, 12 September 1996. Enrique Múgica, Madrid, 18 July 1994. Carlos Pardo, Mazagón (Huelva), 22 September 1996. Manuel Simón, Madrid, 12 September 1996. Luis Yañez Barnuevo, Sevilla, 26 August 1994.

2. Correspondence with major figures Antonio García Duarte, 30 October 2000. Hans Mattöffer, 3 May 1997; 15 May 1997. Helmut Schmidt, 5 May 1997.

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225 226 European Socialists and Spain

Internationaal Instiuut Voor Sociale Geschiedenis, (International Institute of Social History), (IISH), Amsterdam. SI/Spain – 809–810 (1970–74); Additional Material, correspondence, documents, etc. – 812–813 (1970–73)(1975–76); 1166 (1977). Bureau Meetings – 290–300 (1969–76). Circular Papers –173 (1973). Fundación Largo Caballero, Madrid. UGT Executive Committee Minutes (Actas Comité Ejecutivo) ACE (1959–1977) Correspondence: (i) Executive Committee: correspondence of the General Secretary with the DGB Department of Organisation and Propaganda (1952–71) 382–28; 383–2; correspondence between Miguel Armentia and Pablo Schalmey (1966–69) 383–3; correspondence of the General Secretary with the IG Metall (1966–71) 383–4; correspondence between the General Secretary and the DGB Department of Organisation and Propaganda (1952–71) 383–2; correspondence of the General Secretary with the Comité Alemán de ayuda a los democratas españoles (1962–71) 386–25; correspondence with the DGB (1952–60) 382–28; correspondence with Manuel Fernández Montesinos (1962) 304–13; correspondence of Adolfo Llopis Brave with the DGB (1961–65) 383–1; correspondence of the General Secretary with the UGT section of Esslingen (1965–70) 302–2; correspondence of the General Secretary with the UGT section of Frankfurt (1965–69) 302–5; correspondence with the ICFTU (1960–62) 371–2, (1965–67) 372–1, (1968–69) 372–2, (1969–70) 374–1; correspondence with the CGT-FO of France (1948–71) 384–9/10, 385–1/2. (ii) Organisation Secretary: correspondence between the Organisation Secretary and the DGB (1971–76) 441–13; correspondence between Antonio García Duarte with the CGT-FO (1971–76) 442–5; correspondence between Antonio García Duarte and the CFDT (1974–76) 442–3. (iii) Secretary of Relations: correspondence of Pascual Tomás with ICFTU/IFCTU and AFL-CIO on the trip to USA (1961) 376–7. (iv) Secretary of Press and Propaganda: correspondence of Manuel Simón , Secretary of Press and Propaganda with the CGT-FO (1972) 445–32. ICFTU Documentation X Congress of the ICFTU London 10–14 July 1972, 466–1. Resolution of the XI World Congress of the ICFTU, México 17–25 October 1975. Fundación Pablo Iglesias, Madrid. PSOE Executive Committee Minutes (Actas Comité Ejecutivo) ACE (1959–74) Correspondence: (i) Executive Committee: correspondence with Socialist International (1945–76) AE 618–2 to 10, 619–1 to 7, 620–1 to 12; Confidential Report sent to the Spain Commission of the SI (1961) AE 636–17; correspondence with France (1945–74) AE 613–7 to 11; correspondence with Great Britain (1946–73) AE 614–1/2; correspondence with Carlos Pardo (1972–74) AE 629–4; correspondence of the PSOE with the executive committee of the SPD (1962–72) AE 612–5; correspondence Juan Iglesias (1965–72) AE 626–8; correspondence between José Barreiro and Arsenio Jimeno (1971–74) AJBG 526–21. Bibliography 227

(ii) Organisation Secretary: correspondence with International Relations Secretary (1972–74) AE 629–4; correspondence with the Ebert Foundation (1974) AE 629–10. Circulars (1964–67) AE 117–1; Circulars (1972–74) AE 712–32. Congress (1970) AE 115–13; (1972) AE 115–1/14; (1974) AE 707, AE 115–2/3. Political documentation PSOE Comité Director (1969–75) AJBG 532–20 to 29. Political documentation PSOE(h) (1973) AMGB 94–21. International Activities AE 634–2. Report of Rodolfo Llopis about Fritz Erler’s trip to Madrid (1965) AE 635–4. Confidencial report Sobre los orígenes y situación actual del PSOE nacidos del Congreso faccioso de Toulouse: Agosto 1972 (1973) AE 634–24. Report about the situation of the Party since 1970 (1972) AE 634–20. Report by Pablo Castellano about the split within the PSOE (1973) AE 634–19.

4. Official publications and reports Bulletin of the European Community (1962–77). Debates of the European Parliament (1962–1977). EEC Commission – General Report on Activities (1962–70). European Documentation. A survey (1966–70). European Parliament. Information series (1972–76). House of Commons Debates (1960–76). Official Journal of the European Community (1967–76). Reports of the Annual Conference of the Labour Party (1959–77). Review of the EEC Council Work (1962–73). Trade Union Congress Annual Reports (1959–77). Treaty establishing the European Economic Community, Rome, 25 March 1957. Working Documents of the European Parliament (1962–77).

5. Newspapers and periodicals Agence Europe (1976–77), Brussels. Cambio 16, 15 February 1976, Madrid. Comunidad Europea (1968–77), Brussels. Daily Telegraph, 18 August 1974, London. El Noticiero (1966–67), Frankfurt. El País (1976–77), Madrid. El Socialista (1972–77), Toulouse. European Community (1962–76), Brussels. Exprés Español (1973–1976), Frankfurt. Financial Times, 30 September 1975, London. Guardian, 20 April 1966 and 20 August 1973, London. La Vanguardia, 23 May 1980, Barcelona. Morning Star, 21 December 1973. Pueblo, 5 March 1970. Servicio de Prensa (1963–1976), Frankfurt. The Times (1959–77), London.

6. Published memoirs Alvarez de Miranda, Fernando, Del ‘contubernio’ al consenso, Planeta, Barcelona, 1985. 228 European Socialists and Spain

Areilza, José María de, Cuadernos de la transición, Planeta, Barcelona, 1985. Areilza, José María de, Diario de un ministro de la monarquía, Planeta, Barcelona, 1977. Arija, José Manuel, Nicolás Redondo. Perfil humano y político, Cambio 16, Madrid, 1977. Brandt, Willy, My Life in Politics, Hamish Hamilton, London, 1992. Callaghan, James, Time and Chance, Collins, London, 1987. Calvo Sotelo, Leopoldo, Memoria viva de la transición, Plaza y Janés, Barcelona, 1990. Carrillo, Santiago, Memorias, Planeta, Barcelona, 1994. Castellano, Pablo, Yo sí me acuerdo, Temas de hoy, Madrid, 1994. Feo, Julio, Aquellos Años, Ediciones B, Barcelona, 1993. Fraga Iribarne, Manuel, Memoria breve de una vida pública, Planeta, Barcelona, 1980. Lopez Rodó, Laureano, Memorias II: años decisivos, Plaza y Janés, Barcelona, 1991. Lopez Rodó, Laureano, Memorias III: el principio del fin, Plaza y Janés, Barcelona, 1991. Lopez Rodó, Laureano, Memorias IV: claves de la transición, Plaza y Janés, Barcelona, 1991. Lopez Rodó, Laureano, La larga marcha hacia la monarquía, Naguer, Barcelona, 1977. Marquez Reviriego, Victor, Felipe González, un estilo ético, Argos Vergara, Barcelona, 1982. Martín Villa, Rodolfo, Al servicio del Estado, Planeta, Barcelona, 1984. Múgica, Enrique, Itinerario hacia la libertad, Plaza y Janés, Barcelona, 1986. Osorio, Alfonso, Trayectoria Política de un Ministro de la Corona, Planeta, Barcelona, 1980. Papell, Antonio, Conversaciones con Luis Yañez, Plaza y Janés, Barcelona, 1991. Schmidt, Helmut, Men and Power. A Political Retrospective, Jonathan Cape, London, 1990. Tierno Galván, Enrique, Cabos sueltos, Bruguera, Barcelona, 1981.

7. Books and reports Declaration of the Socialist International adopted at its I Congress held in Frankfort- am-Main on 30 June–3 July 1951. The Defence of Trade Union Rights. The ICFTU in Action No. 2, ICFTU, 1965. Forging Ahead. European Parliament 1952–1988, Luxembourg, 1989. ICFTU, The European Trade Union Movement within ICFTU, Know your Facts, No. 4, Brussels, 1964. ICFTU, ICFTU, 20 Years, 1949–1969, Brussels. ICFTU, ICFTU, The First Ten Years, Brussels, 1959. Report of the Bureau on activities of the Socialist International, presented to the XIII Congress, Geneva, 26–28 November 1976 by Hans Janitschek.

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Tusell, Javier and Soto, Alvaro (eds), Historia de la transición 1975–1986, Alianza Universidad, Madrid, 1996. Urwin, Derek. W., The Community of Europe. A History of European Integration since 1945, Longman, London, 1991. Valenzuela, Arturo, ‘External Actors in Latin America’ in James F. Hollifield and Calvin Jillson (eds) Pathways to Democracy. The Political Economy of Democratic Transitions, Routledge, New York, 1999. Vargas, Bruno, Rodolfo Llopis (1895–1983), Planeta, Barcelona, 1999. Vilar, Sergio, Historia del Anti-Franquismo, Plaza y Janés, Barcelona, 1984. Viñas, Angel, Los pactos secretos de Franco con EE.UU, Grijalbo, Barcelona, 1981. Vinen, Richard, France 1934–1970, Macmillan, now Palgrave, London, 1996. Whitehead, Laurence, The International Dimensions of Democratisation. Europe and the Americas, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1996. Wiarda, Howard J., The Transition to Democracy in Spain and Portugal, American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, Washington DC, 1989. Williams, Allan, Sourthen Europe Transformed. Political and Economic Change in Greece, Italy, Portugal and Spain, Harper & Row, London, 1984. Williams, Felicity, La Internacional Socialista y América Latina. Una visión crítica, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Azcapotzalco, 1984.

2. Articles Ayala, Luis, ‘40 years since Frankfurt’, Socialist Affairs, Issue 2/1991. Bermeo, Nancy, ‘Democracy and the Lessons of Dictatorship’, Comparative Politics, Vol. 24, No. 3, 1992. Bermeo, Nancy, ‘Myths of Moderation: Confrontation and Conflict during Democratic Transitions’, Comparative Politics, Vol. 29, No. 3, 1997. Dix, Robert H., ‘The Breakdown of Authoritarian Regimes’, Western Political Quarterly 35, 4, 1982. Finocchiaro, Gianni, ‘Socialism in Europe Today’, Socialist Affairs, Vol. 26, No. 3, May–June 1976. Fishman, Robert M., ‘Rethinking State and Regime: Southern Europe’s Transition to Democracy’, World Politics 42, 3, April 1990. Friedrich, Paul, ‘The SPD and the Politics of Europe: From Willy Brandt to Helmut Schmidt’, Journal of Common Market Studies, Vol. XIII, No. 4. Grugel, Jean, ‘Support Democratisation: A European View. European Political Parties and Latin America’, European Review of Latin America and the Caribbean Studies, 60, 1996. Huntington, Samuel P., ‘How Countries Democratize’, Political Science Quarterly 106, 4, 1991–92. Janitschek, Hans, ‘The State of the International’, Socialist Affairs, November–December 1975, Vol. 25, No. 6. Little, Jenny, ‘Socialist International. Mission to Spain’, Socialist Affairs, March–April 1976, Vol. 26, No. 2. Mateos, Abdón, ‘Europa en la política de presencia internacional del socialismo en el exilio’, Espacio, Tiempo y Forma, Serie V, Historia Contemporanea No. 2, Madrid, 1989. May, James, ‘Is there a European Socialism?’, Journal of Common Market Studies, Vol. XIII, No. 4 (June 1975). 238 European Socialists and Spain

Maxwell, Kenneth, ‘The Thorns of the Portuguese Revolution’, Foreign Affairs, January 1976. Medhurst, Kenneth, ‘Spain’s Evolutionary Pathway from Dictatorship to Democracy’, West European Politics 7, 2 April 1984. Mendelson, Sarah E., ‘Democracy Assistance and Political Transition in Russia. Between Success and Failure’, International Security, Vol. 25, No. 4, Spring 2001. Nalsund, John Ivar, ‘Socialists in Spain’, Socialist Affairs, December 1971. Ortuño Anaya, Pilar, ‘El Movimiento laborista británico y España’ (1974–77), Espacio, Tiempo y Forma, Serie V, t.9, Historia Contemporanea, Madrid, 1996. Ortuño Anaya, Pilar, ‘The Labour Party, the TUC and Spain, 1959–1977’, Labour History Review, Vol. 64, No. 3 (1999). Ortuño Anaya, Pilar, ‘The Involvement of the ICFTU in Pre-democratic Spain, 1960–1977’, International Journal of Iberian Studies, Vol. 12, No. 2 (1999). Pinto Duschinsky, Michael, ‘Foreign Political Aid: the German Political Foundations and their US Counterparts’, International Affairs, 67, I (1991). Powell, Charles T., ‘La dimensión exterior de la transición política española’, Revista del Centro de Estudios Constitucionales, No. 18 (May–August 1994). Pridham, Geoffrey, ‘Comparative Perspectives on the New Mediterranean Democracies: A Model of Regime Transition?’, West European Politics 7, April 1984. Remmer, Karen L., ‘New Theoretical Perspectives on Democratization’, Comparative Politics 28, 1, October 1995. Rupnik, Jacques ‘Eastern Europe. The International Context’, Journal of Democracy, Vol. 11, No. 2, April 2000. Rustow, Dankart A., ‘Transition to Democray: Toward a Dynamic Model’, Comparative Politics, Vol. 2, No. 3, April 1970. Rustow, Dankart A., ‘Democracy: A Global Revolution?’, Foreign Affairs, Fall 1990, pp. 75–91. Share, Donald, ‘Two Transitions: Democratisation and the Evolution of the Spanish Socialist Left’, West European Politics, Vol. 89, No. 1, 1985. Share, Donald, ‘Transitions to Democracy and Transition Through Transaction’, Comparative Political Studies 19, 4, January 1987. Story, Jonathan, ‘Spanish Political Parties: Before and After the Election’, Government and Opposition, Vol. 12, No. 4 (Autumn 1977). Tovias, Alfred, ‘The International Context of Democratic Transition’, West European Politics 7, 2, April 1984. Valenzuela, Samuel, ‘Labour Movement in Transitions to Democracy. A Framework for Analysis’, Comparative Politics 21 (July 1989).

3. Unpublished work Buchanan, Tom, British Trade Union Internationalism and the Spanish Civil War, D.Phil. thesis, Oxford University, 1987. Buchanan, Tom, ‘British Politics and Franco’s Spain, 1945–60’, paper presented at the conference Spain in an International Context, 1936–1959, University of the West of England, 18–20 July 1996. Onkenhout, M., Spain and the European Communities, a Question of Politics, 1957–1980, M.Phil. thesis, Oxford University, 1980. Powell, Charles T., Reform versus ‘Ruptura’ in Spain’s Transition to Democracy, D. Phil. thesis, Oxford University, 1989. Index

Compiled by Auriol Griffith-Jones

Aasen, Liv, Norway 197n Ariza, Julián, CC.OO 97 Acosta Orge, Francisco, one of Armentia Juvete, Miguel, UGT 150, Carabanchel Ten 211n 154, 160, 195n; at DGB Congress Adenauer, Konrad, German (1962) 143; at UGT Bad Nauheim Chancellor 138, 147 conference (1966) 151 AECE (Asociación Española de Arriba newspaper 94, 164 Cooperación Europea) 76 Arrillaga, Josefina, PSOE 74, 76, 82 AFL-CIO (American Federation of AS (Alianza Sindical) 49, 70, 149, 154; Labour and Congress of Industrial attempts to unite with ASO 55–6, Organisations) 45, 50, 105, 187; and 69, 183, 200n; and TUC 81–2 ICFTU 57, 58 ASO (Alianza Sindical Obrera) 53, 55, Agesta, Ramón, IFCTU, visit to US 50 92, 149, 173; cooperation with UGT Agrupación Socialista Madrileña (PSOE rejected 55–6, 150; decline of 156, branch) 94 157, 183; German perceptions of Aguiriano, José Antonio, ICFTU 55, 56 149–50, 151–2, 155; IG Metall aircraft, sold by Britain 102, 104–5 support for 53, 138, 141–5, 150, Alday, Agustín, UGT 202n 152–4, 182; relations with CGT-FO Alevi, Ellisca, Israel Labour Party 195n 128; relations with ICFTU 56, 69; Allon, Abraham 198n SDDC view of 90, 91–2; strategy 90, Alvarez de Miranda, Fernando, AECE 142, 152, 153 76 Asturias, Socialist support in 24; state Amat Maíz, Antonio, PSOE 47–8, 74, of emergency (1962) 52; strikes 47, 82, 87, 142 66, 173; strikes (1962) 12, 51–2, 83, Amnesty International 5, 92, 106 217n Andalucia province 51 ASU (Agrupación Socialista Anger, Colette 197n Anne, HRH Princess 102 Universitaria) 47, 73 anti-clericalism, of Socialists 75 Attlee, Clement, Earl, British Prime Antón, Santiago, Socialist 74 Minister 72, 203n Antunes, Monsignor Añoveros, Austria 31, 41; Spanish emigrants to Bishop of Bilbao 13 139, 217n Archer, Peter, MP 103, 105 Austrian ÖGB 65, 200n Areilza, José Maria de 14 Arendt, Walter, German Labour Baena Alonso, José 39 Minister 168 Balcomb, Rodney, SI 22, 37, 196n, Arias Navarro, Carlos, Prime Minister 197n; report on political trials 13, 173; confirmed by King Juan (1970) 98–9; and support for Carlos 14, 41; dismissed (1976) 15, PSOE(r) 28, 29–30, 34–5, 196n 42; programme of political Banya, Anton, Austrian delegate to liberalisation 14, 41, 42, 113, 174; ILO 63 and sentence on Carabanchel Ten Barboza-Carneiro, J.A., ILO study 106–7 group (1969) 60

239 240 European Socialists and Spain

Basque Country 14, 24, 54; strikes Bourhis, Jean, French Metal Workers’ (1962) 12, 51, 217n, see also Basque Federation 136 nationalism; ETA boycotts, by foreign trade unions 65, Basque nationalism, and France 82; Jack Jones’s call for (1975) 129–30; suppression of 82, 85, 159, 110–11; on Spanish goods 85; of see also ETA tourism 68, 82, 85 Basso, Lelio, SI 20 Brandel, Kuno, DGB 151 BBC, news of Spanish opposition 81, Brandt, Willy, German Chancellor 32, 86 41, 158, 168, 195n; as Foreign Becú, Omer, ICFTU 21, 49, 68, 145; Minister 139; visit to Madrid condemnation of Spain 54; protest cancelled 156, 157, 183; opposition about 1962 strikes 52; on UGT in to Spanish admission to EEC 170–1; exile 152 and Pardo affair 168; at PSOE Begarra, Joseph, SFIO 214n Congress in Spain (1976) 42, 180–1; Beihl, Eugen, kidnapped by ETA 99 relations with Rodolfo Llopis 175; Belgium, opposition to Spanish relationship with Felipe González admission to EEC 126; Socialist 17, 174–6, 177, 183, 223n; as SPD Party and SI Spain Committee 34; leader 137, 220n Spanish workers in 197n, 217n, see Bratelli, Tryve 195n also FGTB Braunthal, Gerard, International Benenson, Peter, SDDC and Society of Metal Workers Federation and Labour Lawyers 74–5, 76, 203n ICFTU 55, 56, 57, 176 Benn, Anthony Wedgwood, MP, Brenner, Otto, IG Metall 143, 144, SDDC 203n 150, 151, 168; and Pardo affairs Benoît, René, French Socialist Party 22 160–1, 168; support for unitary Bergeron, André, FO 128 trade union in Spain 154 , uprising (1953) 46 Britten, Benjamin, signatory to appeal Besteiros, Julián, leader of PSOE 77 faction 119 Brown, George, British Foreign Beveridge, Lord, signatory to appeal Secretary 95 77 Brussels, ICFTU Conference (1967) 57 Bevin, Ernest, MP 212n Brutelle, Georges, SFIO 214n Bianco, Gino, SI 197n Brutelle, Georges, SFIO 122 Birkelbach criteria, for association Buchanan, Richard, MP 94 with EEC 8, 145 Buck, L., TUC International Birkelbach, Willi 145 Committee 212n Blachstein, Peter, SPD 145 Buiter, Harm G., ICFTU 60, 61, 62, 64, Blanco Chivite, Manuel, ETA 39 65 Blum, Leon 32 Burgos, ETA court martial (1970) 13, Boncour, Jean Paul, French Council of 65, 99, 129 Ministers 214n Burnell, P., Democracy Assistance 5 Bonmati, Manuel 198n Butler, R.A., British Home Secretary Boothby, Lord, signatory to appeal 77 49, 80 Borbón, Don Juan de, Democratic Junta 14 Caballero Foundation 16, 179, 188 Bothereau, Robert, FO 122, 123, Caballero, Largo, leader of PSOE 124–5, 126 faction 119 Bottini, R.N., TUC International Caetano, Marcelo, Portuguese dictator Committee 212n 176 Index 241

Cáliz, Cristobal, trial (1974) 37 censorship, extended (1969) 59 Callaghan, James, MP, as British Cerdá, Clemente 98 Foreign Secretary 110, 111–12, 114, CERES (Centre d’études de recherches et 212n; as Prime Minister 115 d’éducation) (Marxist) 120, 133 Camacho Abad, Marcelino, CC.OO CFDT (Confédération Française 16, 97, 101; one of Carabanchel Ten Démocratique du Travail), and PSU 211n 136; support for Spanish trade Canary Islands, proposed space centre unionists 128, 136 127 CGT-FO (French socialist union) 9, Carabanchel Ten (CC.OO members), 127; and ICFTU 57–8; links with trial of 101–2, 103, 105–7 ASO 128; protest against death Carlson, Thorbjörn, Swedish delegate sentences 65; relations with PS 121; to ILO 63 support for Spanish Socialists Carlsson, Bernt, SI 37, 40, 42–3, 197n, 124–5; support for UGT 125, 126, 198n see also FO Carrero Blanco, Admiral Luis, Prime Chataway, Chris, MP 77 Minister 13, 130, 165; assassination Chaves, Manuel, PSOE (Seville) 24 (1973) 13, 105, 173, 174 Chereque, Jacques, French Metal Carrillo, Santiago, PCE 16, 130, Workers’ Federation 136 134–5; links with Mitterrand 132–3, Chilean Radical Party 197n 134, 137 Christian Democrats 12, 75, 90, 91; Carthy, Albert, SI 21, 22, 73, 145 European parties 8 Castellano, Pablo 114, 172, 195n, Chuecha, Pablo, UGT 202n 196n, 197n; passport confiscated CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) 171; PSOE(r) secretary for 172–3, 223n international relations 35, 174, Cimedevilla, Cesar, trial (1959) 204n 195n, 196n; on role of Labour Party CISL (Confederazione Italiana Sindicati 31, 108 Lavoratori), at ICFTU conference Castells, Herr, UGT in Cologne 144 (1967) 57 Castiella, Fernando María, Spanish Cisneros, Gabriel 16 Foreign Minister 77–8, 80, 89, 127, Civil War, Spanish (1936–39) 185; 157 British labour movement and 9, Catalan Socialist Movement see MSC 71–2 Catalonia 14, 75, 87; separatist Clausen, Herr, German Social Minister movement 13, 85, 91 148 Catholic Church 7, 75, 103; in US 50 Cleipsties, Gerhard, SPD 172 CC.OO (Workers’ Commissions) 14, CNS (Confederación Nacional 100–1, 173, 187; and 1962 strikes Sindicalista) 85, 155, 207–8n 53; Communist control of (1966) CNT, CNT newspaper (Toulouse) 125 56, 69, 70, 183; Congreso Sindical CNT (Confederación Nacional del Constituyente proposed 180; Trabajo), and trade union alliances declared illegal (1967) 56, 156; 49, 53, 81–2 success in syndical elections (1966) Collective Bargaining, 1958 Law on 156; support for 58–9; TGWU 12, 53 support for 96, 97; and trial of Collins, A.D., NUM 93 Carabanchel Ten 101–2, 105–7; Coltman, A.L., British embassy 94 UGT and 68, 69, 155 COMISCO (Committee of the CDU-CSU (German Christian International Socialist Conference) Democratic Union) 138 18 242 European Socialists and Spain

Communism, American fear of 21, Davies, Ernest, MP 86, 87, 203n; 172–3, 176–7, 204n; German fear of Labour party observer at trials 76–7, 10, 155–6, 176, 177, 183; SI policy 82, 84 on 19, 43; as threat 124, 187 Dawisha, Karen 6 Communist party see PCE de Areilza, José María, Foreign Communist regimes 6; ICFTU Minister 114, 164, 179 relations with 46 De Brouckère, Louis, SI 20 Communists, French see PCF; de Erice, José Sebastián, Spanish Portuguese 109, 135, 176 ambassador to Germany 166, 167–8 de Francisco, Enrique, PSOE President Conferencia de Unidad Socialista (1974 119 Paris) 133, 178 de Freitas, Geoffrey, MP, SDDC 203n Congreso Sindical Constituyente De Hann, Herr, DGB 151 (Constituent Trade Union De Kock, Marc, ICFTU/ILO 57, 153 Congress) (1976) 180 de Pinies, Jaime, Spanish Ambassador Connelly, Tom, SDDC 89–90 to London 101, 106 Conservative Party (British), policy de Zulueta, Juan Antonio 76 towards Spain 85, 86, 102 death sentence, campaigns against 13, Correo de Andalucia, El 37 65, 99; condemnation of 1975 Cortes (parliament), amendment to executions 39, 110, 177–8 Penal Code 54; Law constituting Debré, Michel, French Prime Minister (1942) 13; revised trade union law 122, 124–5 (1970) 64–6 Debunne, George, FTGB 67 COS (Coordinator of Trade Union Debunne, Oscar, Belgium 198n Organisations) 180 Defferre, Gaston, French Socialist 120, Council of Europe 6, 7, 21 132, 133, 137 court cases see courts martial; trials Dejardins, Claude, Belgian Socialist courts martial, Burgos (1970) 13, 65, Party 195n 99, 129; Madrid (1975) 39, 67, 110 Delargy, Hugh, MP, SDDC 203n Couve de Murville, Maurice, French democracy, defined 1, 189n Foreign Minister 123, 127 Democratic Co-ordination (1975) 14, Crosland, Antony, British Foreign 114–15 Minister 115 Democratic Junta (1974) 14, 174 Cruz Salido, Sr, Socialist Party 156 ‘democratic rupture’, demand for 14, 36–7, 41, 115, 133–4, 174 CSCE (Conference on Security and democratisation, international factors Co-operation in Europe) 6 in 2–5; role of international actors Cunhal, Alvaro, Portuguese 5–6; third wave of (Huntingdon’s) Communist leader 135 3–4 , Soviet invasion DGB (German Trade Union (1968) 46, 120 Federation) 9, 45, 182; Congress (Hannover 1962) 143; influence in Dahl, Robert A. 1 ICFTU 57, 58, 188; links with SPD Dahrendorf, Dr, German Foreign 138; opposition to Spanish ministry 162 admission to EEC 172; protest Daily Express newspaper 84 against Franco regime 52, 65, 168; Daily Mail newspaper 85 relations with IG Metall 161; Daily Telegraph newspaper 85 solidarity with UGT 150–2, 154, Danish Labour Organisation 65 157–8, 172, 183, 188; Spain Index 243

Commission (1966) 154; and admission 181–2; opposition to Spanish workers in Germany Spanish admission 12, 37, 60, 67, 139–41, 144, 148–9; support for 102, 136, 163–4, 170–1; Preferential Spanish opposition 143–4, 160, Trade Agreement (1970) 111, 126, 162, 183–4; support for unitary 129, 130, 161, 162, 164–5; SI trade union in Spain 154–5, 184, opposition to Spanish admission 187 21; Spanish application to 8, 11, 21, Diamant, Max, IG Metall 141, 142, 129, 161, 185; Spanish mission to 143, 149, 182, 219n; allegation of 57; trade negotiations with Spain links with CIA 172–3; and support (1975-6) 111–12 for ASO 152, 155, 182; at UGT Eisenhower, Dwight, US President, Congress (1968) 158 visit to Spain 77 Diamond, Larry 5–6 elections, (1977) 2, 15, 43; (1982) 2, 8 Dingels, Hans, SPD 32, 140, 145, 147, Elósegui, Oreja, Ministry of Justice 74 198n; and German policy on Spain emigration, of Spanish workers 11, 149, 157; support for Spanish 139–40, 197n, 217n Socialists 159 emigré community, Spanish 7 Dominican Republic 2 Ennals, David, MP 84, 203n Douglas Home, Sir Alec see Home, Earl Erhard, Ludwig, German Chancellor of 49, 138 Doyle, Peter, British Labour Party Erler, Fritz, SPD Vice-President 146–8, 195n 182 Drake, Paul W. 4 España Libre, CNT newspaper 125 Driberg, Tom, MP 77, 84, 107, 195n Ester, Elke, Ebert Foundation 173 Droz, Humbert, SI 20 ETA (Euzkadi Ta Askasasuna) (Basque separatists) 13, 14, 96; assassination Eastern Europe, post-communist 6 of Carrero Blanco 13, 105; Burgos Ebert Foundation see Friedrich Ebert trials (1970) 13, 65, 99, 129; Foundation kidnapping of Eugen Beihl 99, 129; Echave Asenio, Jóse Luis, UGT 202n economy, Spanish 103; autarky (to terrorists executed (1975) 14, 39, 67 1957) 10–11; liberalisation of 7, 11, ETUC (European Trade Union 139 Congress) 68, 177 Edenhofer, Walter, SPD 172 European Left, Congress of 32 Edinburgh, Duke of, at coronation of European Movement, 4th Congress Juan Carlos 113 (Munich 1962) 12; London Edwards, Bob, MP 79, 82, 108, 117, conference (1973) 32 185, 193n; detention 77; and European National Trade Union Franco’s funeral 113; SDDC 103, Centres 68 203n European Parliament 7, 186; protest EEC (European Economic against Franco regime 13; Socialist Community) 3, 5, 7, 111; accession group in 39, 129 of new members (1973) 111; European Socialists 185–6 conditions for Spain’s admission European Union 5, 6, 7 164–5, 179; criteria for association Evain, Pierre, SI 136 8, 145, 185; economic expansion of executions, FRAP members (1975) 10, 181–2; French support for 110, 177–8; Salvador Puig Antich Spanish admission 121, 126–7; (1974) 13, 67 German support for Spanish Exprés Español 169, 172, 178, 188 244 European Socialists and Spain external actors 185; role of 2–5, Fraga Iribarne, Manuel 13, 14, 179; 178–9; role in post-communist ambassador to Britain 38; Minister transitions 6 of Information 87, 159, 183 France, and 54th ILO conference 63; Falange party 168 ban on activities of Spanish exiles FDP (German Free Democratic Party), 122, 124–5; emigration agreement coalition with SPD 138 with Spain 139, 197n, 217n; Fifth Feather, Victor, TUC 68, 93, 97, 98, Republic (from 1959) 119–20; 101 government policy towards Spain Fellemaier, Ludwig, SPD 178 121–8, 130; observers at Madrid Fellowes, D., NUM 93 trial (1970) 22–3; plebiscite (1969) Fellowes, Gilbert, NUM, delegate at 129; PSOE in exile in 119; SI Tarragona congress (1968) 94 membership, and PSOE split 31; Fernández Costilla, Luis, one of Socialist links with Spain 10, 187–8; Carabanchel Ten 211n support for Spain’s membership of Fernández, Jiménez, Christian EEC 121, 126–7; tension with Spain Democrat leader 12 (from 1970) 129–30, see also CGT- Fernández, Julio, PSOE(r) 132 FO; PS; SFIO; Toulouse Franco, Francisco, commutation of Fernández Malo, Alfonso, Young death sentences (1970) 100; death Socialist leader 24 of 2, 14, 41, 112, 158, 178–9, 186; Fernández Montesinos, Manuel, UGT funeral 112–13; and international and ASO 217n, 219n forums 20; meeting with Couve de Fernández Puig, Carlos, UGT 217n Murville 127; meeting with Scheel Fernández Torres, Alfonso, PSOE in 165; succession 13, 109 Andalucia 24 Franco regime 13, 185; denounced for Fernández Tovar, Vladimiro 39 human rights violations 21–2, 23, FGTB (Belgian trade union federation) 48, 54, 103; ignores ILO report on 57, 65, 200n trade unions (1969) 61; ILO/ICFTU Finland, membership of SI Spain attempts to undermine (1970) 63–6; Committee 38 negative publicity 54–5, 68, 70; First International (1864-76) 18 repression of dissent (1969) 96–7, FO (Force Ouvrière), opposition to 159; repression of workers (1967) Spanish admission to EEC 131; 56–7, 159; sensitivity to criticism protests against French policy 55, 62, 70, 78, 100, 117, 186–7; SI towards Spain 125, 127, 129, 137; pressure for international support for UGT 122, 126, 130; XI opposition to 21, 39, 40–1; Congress (Paris 1971) 130, see also submission to international CGT-FO pressure 169–70; value of foreign Foot, Michael, MP 103, 116; Labour visits to 75, 85, 93–4; weakening of Party resolution on Spain (1973) 34, 174, see also Spain; states of 106; at PSOE Congress in Spain emergency; trials (1976) 42, 180; visit to Spain (1972) Franco, Salvador, trial (1959) 204n 31, 102 Franke, Egon, German minister 221n Forcan, Ocko 151 FRAP (Frente Revolucionario Antifascista Ford, Gerald, US President 176 y Patriótico) 14, 212n; and 1975 foreign investment 11 Madrid court martial 39, 67, 110, Forest, Geneveva 38 177 Index 245

French Christian Trade Union Geneva, ICFTU co-ordinating organisation 124, see also CGT-FO committee 57 French Socialist Party see PS; SFIO Genscher, Hans Dietrich, German Frente de Liberación Popular, trial of Minister 168, 177 members (1959) 76 Germany 158, 222n; and 54th ILO Friedrich, Bruno, SPD 177–8 conference 63; and death of Franco Friedrich Ebert Foundation 16, 165, 41; debate on Spanish workers 167, 188; and Conferencia de Unidad 148–9, 155; in favour of unitary Socialista (1974 Paris) 133, 178; syndicalism in Spain 149–50, office in Madrid 179; support for 154–5, 182; ICFTU membership Spanish Socialists 173 198n; ministerial visits to Spain 49; FST (Federación Sindical de observers at Madrid trial (1970) Trabajadores) 49 22–3; perception of Spain 10, FUDE (Federación Universitaria 140–1, 181–2; relations with Spain Democrática Española) 149 139, 140–1, 147–8, 159–60, 162–5, Fuero (Charter) of the Spaniards 182–3; rights of workers (Fuero de los Españoles) (1945) 13; (Constitutional Law) 148, 168; SI suspended (1969) 59 membership, and PSOE split 31; Fuero (Charter) of Work (1938) 12–13 Socialist links with Spain 10, 159–60; Spanish workers in 10, 138, Fundación Largo Caballero see 139–41, 143, 159, 182, 217n; Caballero Foundation support for Spanish admission to Fundación Pablo Iglesias see Iglesias EEC 126, 181 Foundation Gibraltar 85, 89, 104–5 Fundamental Laws of Spanish state Gil Robles, José María, Christian 12–13 Democrat 82 Gillespie, Richard 27, 134–5, 175 Gaitskell, Hugh, MP 84 Girbau, Vincente 82 Galeote, Guillermo, PSOE (Seville) 24, Giscard d’Estaing, Valéry, French 174 President 120 Gama, Jaime 198n Gómez, Trifón, PSOE Vice President García, Marcelo, PSOE(r) 195n 119 García, Vicente, trial (1959) 204n González, Agustin, PSOE 25, 195n García Bloise, Carmen, PSOE(r) 31, González, Arcadio, UGT 217n 132, 195n González, Felipe, PSOE 24, 37, 43, García Duarte, Antonio, UGT 67, 114, 188; and French links 132, 133–4, 172 137; General Secretary 16, 25, 36–7, García Fanjul, Felipe, UGT 202n 118, 174; and IG Metall delegation García Mesa, José, Socialist 74 (1976) 179; at Labour Party García Ramal, Enrique, Minister for Conference 114–15; at London trade unions 98 meeting of SI Spain Committee García Robles, Antonio, PSOE 87 37–8; pessimism about Suárez’ García Salve, Francisco, one of reforms 181; at PSOE Congress in Carabanchel Ten 211n Spain (1976) 180; and PSOE Garmendia Artola, José 39 (renovado) 119, 131, 174, 195n; Gaulle, Charles de, French President relations with Willy Brandt 17, 137, 119–20, 129; policy towards Spain 158, 174–6, 177, 183; in Seville 24, 121, 122–3, 127; vision of Europe 37; at Southern European Socialists 127 Conference (1976) 135–6; at SPD 246 European Socialists and Spain

Mannheim Congress 177; trial Hattersley, Roy, MP 111 (1974) 37 Hayward, Ron, Labour Party General Gordillo, Francisco, UGT 217n Secretary 109, 196n Gormley, Joe, NUM 115, 213n Healey, Denis, MP 100 Gosepath, Lutz, DGB 151 Heise, Dr Bern, DGB 219n Graedel, Adolphe, International Metal Herberson, Peggy, MP 84 Workers Federation 55, 56, 142, Hernández, Tomás 32 150, 161; and support for ASO 156 Hernst, Dr 172 Great Britain, and 54th ILO Herter, Christian, US Secretary of conference 63; appointment of State 78, 79 Labour Attaché in Madrid 95–6; Home, Earl of, British Foreign ICFTU membership 198n; Secretary 49, 79–80, 104–5 ministerial visits to Spain 49, 85; Horne, Hermes, ICFTU member 47, 48 and negotiations to build warships Hugo, Carlos, Carlist leader 14 87–8; opposition to Spanish human rights organisations 6 admission to NATO 79; relations human rights violations, ICFTU with Spain 9, 41, 72, 89; denunciations 48, 54; SDDC representation at Franco’s funeral indictment of Franco regime 103; SI 112–13; Royal Family’s contacts denunciations 21–2, 23 with Spain 102; Spanish workers in Hungary, uprising (1956) 46 197n, 217n; trade with Spain Huntington, Samuel P. 3 111–12, see also Labour movement; Huntzinger, Jacques 135 Labour Party; TUC Hurtado, Emilio, Communist 76; trial Greece 4, 24, 181 (1959) 204n Greek Socialist Party (PASOK) 135 Hynd, John, MP 74 Griffiths, James, MP, SDDC 203n Grugel, Jean, Democracy without Iberian Socialist Conference (1974) 34 Borders 4–5 ICFTU (International Confederation Grunwald, Günther, Ebert Foundation of Free Trade Unions) 9, 17, 124, 219n 185; and 54th ILO Conference Guardian, Ingham article in 91 (1970) 63; assistance to Spanish Guerra, Alfonso, PSOE(r) 24, 25, 174, unions 46, 69; attempts to isolate 195n Spain 50–1, 54–5, 162, 205n; Guidoni, Pierre 132, 134, 198n attempts to unify Spanish trade Guille, Georges, editorial board of Le unions 55–9, 63, 69; Co-ordinating Socialiste 214n Committee (from 1967) 57–9, 63–4, Guipuzcua province 51, 52, 173 70; complaints via ILO 46–7, 52, Günther, Otmar, IG Metall 224n 54–5, 66, 69–70; Conference on Gunther, Richard 8–9 Spain (1967) 57; Congresses 45–6, Gutiérrez, Ambrosio, trial (1974) 37 66, 67–8; Executive Board 46; Gutierrez, Fernando 195n fundraising for strikes 52–3, 199–200n; funds for UGT 68–9, 187; Hagestadt, Leonard, Labour attaché, International Solidarity Fund 46, delegate at Tarragona congress 47, 58, 64, 199n; International (1968) 94 Trade Secretariats 46, 68; joint Hargreaves, J.A., TUC 82, 97, 101, committee with IFCTU (1960-62) 212n, 213n; visit to Spain (1976) 48–51; origins and functions of 115 45–6; relations with ASO 56; Harndt, Erick, German official 172 relations with PSOE 47–8; represen- Index 247

tations to Spanish government 47, International Transport Workers’ 159; support for UGT 45, 53, 66–9, Federation 46 70, 152; view of CC.OO 180 Isausti, Ignacio, Basque trade unionist ideology, effect on democratisation 4; 81 and trade union divisions 142, 153 Isenberg, Veronika, SPD 27, 37, 132, IFCTU (International Federation of 198n; and SI 37, 197n Christian Trade Unions), joint Israel, membership of SI Spain committee with ICFTU 48–51 Committee 38 IG Metall (German metalworkers’ Italian Socialist Party 32, 197n; and SI union) 17, 139, 182, 188; Congress action against Spain 23, 39; at (Munich 1968) 158; delegation to Southern European Socialist Madrid (1976) 179, 224n; funds for Conference (1976) 135; visit to strikers 200n; policy towards UGT Spain (1972) 31 reconsidered (1967) 156, 183; Italian trade union federation 65 protest against detention of Pardo Italy, observers at Madrid trial (1970) 168; relations with DGB 161; 22–3; opposition to Spanish relations with UGT 142–3, 149–50, admission to EEC 126; SI 167; and Spanish workers in membership 31 Germany 140; support for ASO 53, 138, 141–5, 149–50, 152–4, 183, Jahn, Gerhard, German Minister of 187 Justice 197n Iglesias, Enrique Alonso, UGT 202n Janitschek, Hans, SI 23, 38, 198n; and Iglesias Foundation 16, 179, 188 Madrid trial (1970) 22; SI mission to Iglesias Freire, Pablo, UGT 202n Spain (1976) 41–2; at Southern Iglesias, Juan 31, 132, 172, 195n, European Socialist Conference 196n; and PSOE(r) 27, 30, 32 (1976) 135; visit to Spain (1974) 36 ILO (International Labour Office) 5, Janner, Greville, MP 197n 46–7; complaint to Spain 52; report Jaquet, Gerard, editorial board of Le on 1969 visit 61–2 Socialiste 214n ILO (International Labour Jeger, George, SDDC 92–3, 95, 203n; Organisation) 49; 53rd Conference visit (1965) 89–90 (1969) 62; 54th Conference (1970) Jiménez de la Espada, Mario, Labour 63–6; ICFTU and 186, 187; study Attaché in London 93, 98, 101 group visit to Spain (1969) 59–63 Jimeno, Arsenio, PSOE(r) 27, 195n, IMF (International Monetary Fund) 5, 196n; meeting with French PS 132 186; Spain joins (1959) 11, 20, 71 Jones, Elwyn, MP, SDDC 203n Ingham, Bernard, journalist 91 Jones, Jack, TGWU 93, 96, 103, 117, Iñigo, Martin, UGT 217n 185, 193n, 213n; and 1970 Burgos Insausti, Jesus, ICFTU 140 trial 99; and 1975 executions International Brigades, Spanish Civil 110–11, 177; delegation to Spanish War 9, 72, 185, 193n ambassador 101; and Franco’s International Federation of Building funeral 113; links with CC.OO 97, and Woodworkers 66 100; and trial of Carabanchel Ten International Metalworkers’ 106; TUC International Committee Federation 46, 66; and ASO 173; 212n; visit to Spain (1976) 115–16 and ICFTU 57, 58; and NUM visit Jou Fonollá, Joaquín, PSOE(r) 195n (1968) 93–4; and Spanish workers Jours de la Semaine 123 in Germany 142; and UGT–ASO Juan Carlos, King 7, 113, 180–1; talks 55 accession 14, 41; coronation 113; 248 European Socialists and Spain

named as Franco’s successor (1969) 99, 110, 203n; recognition of 13, 96, 177; as Prince 102, 165, 171 PSOE(r) 33, 91, 107–10, 116, 117, Jurados de Empresas (works 118; Summer Schools 91, 93; committees) 53 support for Portugal 211–12n; support for Spanish opposition Kennedy, John F., US President 51 groups 91, 116–18; visit to Spain Kersten, Otto, DGB 66, 149–50, 220n; (1972) 31, 102, see also SDDC General Secretary ICFTU 67, 68, Lacore, Suzanne, editorial board of Le 197n Socialiste 214n Kiesinger, Kurt-Georg, German Lallemand, Roger, Belgian lawyer for Chancellor 139, 157 ICFTU 54 Kissinger, Henry, US Secretary of State Laski, Harold, SI 20 176 Latin America 3, 127 Koch, Herbert, Education Trade Lazcano, Santiago, UGT 217n Union 220n Leigh, J.T., NUM 93 Kohler, Beate 8–9 Lenders, Helmut, SPD 168 Kohn-Brandenburg, Alexander 145 Leon province 51 Koniecki, Dieter, Ebert Foundation 16, Levant province 51 174 Liberal Monarchists, opposition group Kreisky, Bruno, Austrian Chancellor 12 175, 195n liberalisation, attempts at 11, 13, 139, Kristoffersen, Erwin, DGB 180 see also Arias Navarro Krockert, Herr, SPD 168 Lilienfeld, Georg von, German ambassador in Spain 177, 180 la Naval de Sestao 59 Linz, Juan 2, 7 Labouchère, George, British Little, Jenny, SDDC 36, 40, 197n, ambassador in Madrid 89 198nn; on Arias Navarro’s reform Labour movement (British) 9, 116–18, proposals 42; on Juan Carlos 113; 185, 187; and Carabanchel trial and SDDC tribunal on Spain 103–4; 101–2, 103, 105–7; perception of and SI Spain Committee 37, PSOE in Spain 75, 91; and Spanish 109–10; and support for PSOE(r) Civil War 9, 71–2, 117; support for 108; and trial of Carabanchel Ten strikers 86; and unity of Spanish 105; visit to Spain (1972) 31, 102 socialists 90, 91, 101, 108, see also Llanes, Elias 16 Labour Party (British); SDDC Llopis Brave, Adolfo, UGT (in Labour Party (British) 9, 113, 197nn; Germany) 143, 149, 217n; at IG concern about visits to Spain 74–5, Metall Congress (1968) 158; view of 84–5, 98, 116–17; formation of ASO 153, 155 SDDC (1959) 71, 73–8; and Franco’s Llopis, Rodolfo, PSOE General funeral 112–13; funds for strikers Secretary 119, 195n; and British 200n; in government (1964-70) 88, Labour movement 72, 73, 85, 97; 89–96; in government (1974-79) letter to Janitschek 23; meeting 96–7, 103; MPs’ visits to Spain 89, with Brandt 157; opposition to 92–5; National Executive Erler’s visit (1965) 147–8; and PSOE Committee (NEC) resolutions 72–3, (histórico) 119, 131, 196n; PSOE 89, 100, 106, 113; opposition to leadership in exile 24–7, 73, 82, 91, Spanish admission to NATO 80–1, 166; and PSOE split 26–7, 30, 32, 117; policy towards Spain 85–6, 107; relations with French Socialists 96–7; protests to Franco regime 84, 122; relations with SPD 145–6, 159, Index 249

165, 175; and report on Matthöfer 172–3; and criticism of Spanish 173; on SI Spanish Commission workers 148; and Madrid trial 20–1; on suspension of Le Socialiste (1970) 22, 163–4, 194–5n; and 132 Pardo affair 167, 168, 169; and Llorens, Tomás, trial (1959) 204n Spanish reforms (1976) 181; Lloyd, Selwyn, British Foreign support for ASO 152–3, 158, 182; Secretary 78 support for PSOE(r) 174, 175, 180; Lluch, Vicente, trial (1959) 204n support for Spanish Socialists Loderer, Eugen, IG Metall 179–80 159–60, 162, 163–4, 166, 184; on López Albizu, Eduardo, PSOE(r) 174, syndicalism in Spain 155 195n, 202n Mauroy, Pierre, French Socialist 120, López Bravo, Gregorio, Foreign 133 Minister 130, 164, 165, 170–1; visit Mayalde, Conde de, Mayor of Madrid to Germany (1972) 171 156 López Real, Francisco, ICFTU 25, 27, Maybray-King, Horace Maybray, Lord 195n; International Secretary of 104 PSOE(r) 27, 29–30, 32, 35, 37 Meany, George, AFL-CIO 50, 52 López Rodó, Laureano, General Meir, Golda 195n Technical Secretary 11 Mena, José, trial (1959) 204n Louet, Roger, ICFTU observer 64 Menéndez, Teodomiro, Socialist Party Lozano, Sr 151 156 Luxembourg 126 Mexico 67–8, 119 Luxembourg CGT 65 Mezza, Victoria, Unitary Italian Luyten, Jan, Belgian Socialist Party 21 Socialist Party 23, 196n Lyttle, John, SDDC, visits to Spain 86, MFA (Movimiento da Forças Armadas), 87, 89–90 Portugal 109, 176 military equipment, aircraft sales to MacGuire, Michael, MP 94 Spain 102, 104–5; Anglo-Spanish McNally, Tom, Labour Party 101, 102, trade 87–8, 89 196n; and SDDC tribunal (1973) Mitterrand, François, PS 41, 120; 103 alliances with Communists 120–1, Maier, Henri, ICFTU 66 131; friendship with Tierno Galván Malefakis, Edward 1–2 132–3, 137; links with Carrillo Mallalieu, Edward, MP 74 132–3, 134, 137; at PSOE Congress Maravall, José María 159 in Spain (1976) 42, 180; at PSOE Marchais, Georges, PCF 121, 134, 135 Congress (Suresnes) 175; at Markscheffel, Günther, SPD 140 Southern European Socialists Marquina, Antonio 78 Conference (1976) 135; support for Martín Santos, Luis, Socialist 74 Felipe González and PSOE 134; and Martín Villa, Rodolfo 16, 98 Union de la Gauche 121, 134, 137 Martínez de Velasco, Juan, PSOE(h) Möller, Alex, German Minister of 196n Finance 221n Martínez Gómez, Santiago, UGT 202n Mollet, Guy, SFIO 120, 122, 123 Martuscelli, Vittorio, Italian Socialist monarchists 12, 73, 75, 76 Party 22 monarchy, constitutional 75 Mateos, Abdón 27, 28–9 Montainer, Bernard, PS 27, 131, 132, Matthöfer, Hans, SPD and IG Metall 137, 195n 15, 17, 138, 142, 158, 182, 195n, Montel, Eugene, editorial board of Le 220n; allegation of links with CIA Socialiste 214n 250 European Socialists and Spain

Montes, Fernando, Socialist 74 NGOs (non-governmental Montesinos, Manuel Fernández, UGT organisations) 5, 6 and ASO 141–3, 144, 149 Nicholas, Sir Harry, Labour Party 100 Morgan, Gwyn, Labour Party and Niklasson, Tomas 6 SDDC 89, 91, 95–6 Noel Baker, Francis, observer at ASO Morilla, Luis, PSOE(h) 196n trial 153 Morodo, Raul, PSI 36, 93 Noren, Ivan, International Morse, David, ILO Director General Metalworkers’ Federation 168 61 Northcutt, Wayne 120 MRG (French Left Radicals) 121 Norway, observers at Madrid trial MSC (Moviment Socialista de Cataluña) (1970) 22–3 14, 73, 92, 98, 101; at Conferencia de Norwegian Labour Organisation 65, Unidad Socialista (1974 Paris) 133, 200n 178; SDDC grant to 93 Noticiero, El, UGT newspaper Múgica Herzog, Enrique, PSOE 25, (Germany) 142 172, 174, 195n, 196n; at SPD Noveau Socialiste, Le 132 Congress (1970) 165; trial (1974) 37 Novo, Alonso, trial (1959) 204n Muhr, Gerd, German delegate to ILO Nueva Economía group 149 63 Nuremburg, Congress (1968) 157, 159 Muiño, Manuel, UGT General OEEC (Organisation for European Secretary 60, 97, 98, 141, 160–1 Economic Cooperation) 11, 186; Muñiz Zapico, Juan Marcos, one of Spain admitted to (1958) 20, 37, 71 Carabanchel Ten 211n Ollenhauer, Erich, SPD President 140 Muñoz, Isabel, trial (1959) 204n opposition (within Spain) 12, 14, 130, Murray, Len, TUC General Secretary 141, 186; DGB support for 143–4, 106, 111, 115, 212n 160, 162, 183–4; Labour party support for 91, 116–18; SDDC Nandrup Dahl, Karl, Norway 197n contacts with 82–3, 89–91, 100–1, National Union of Mineworkers 107–8; TUC contacts with 81–2, (NUM) (UK) 83, 97; visit to Spain 83–4, 97, see also Socialists (1968) 93–4 Opus Dei (religious-political order) 11, NATO, military facilities in Spain 79, 13, 168 214–15n; opposition to Spanish Orad de la Torre, Urbano, PSOE 87 admission 21, 39, 78–81; role in Organic Law of the State (1967) 12, 22 democratisation 5 Organisation of American States 5 Nau, Alfred, SPD 145, 146, 220n Oriol de Urquijo, Antonio María, Navarro, Jiménez, PSOE 87 Minister of Justice 62, 166, 168, 169 Navarro Rubio, Mariano, Finance Ossorio, Carlos, UGT 150, 217n Minister 11; as Prime Minister 67 Otaegui Echevarria, Angel 39 NED (National Endowment for Democracy) 5, 6 Padley, Walter, SDDC and Society of Nenni, Pietro, at PSOE Congress in Labour Lawyers 75–6, 203n Spain (1976) 42, 180 Page, Derek, MP 94 Netherlands 41, 126; Spanish Paladino, Morris, ICFTU 57, 97 emigrants in 139, 197n, 217n Pallares, Antonio 195n Netherlands NVV, funds for strikers Palme, Olaf 175, 195n; at PSOE 200n Congress in Spain (1976) 42, 180 News Chronicle 77 Pardo affair 158, 166–70 Index 251

Pardo, Carlos, ASO and IG Metall 142, Poland, uprising (1956) 46 175, 184, 224n; arrested in Spain political asylum, at British Embassy in 166–70; Essen secretary of FUGTA Madrid 86 144; and PSOE(r) 32; and UGT 15, political parties, legalisation (1976) 144, 160–1 15, 43; and transition to democracy Paris Match 123 1 Paris Presse 123 political prisoners 22, 114, 160, 162, Parra, Carlos, SI, Chile 196n, 197n 166 Parry, T., TUC International Political Reform, Law for (1976) 15, Committee 212n 115 Partido Socialista Gallego, at Pompidou, Georges, appeasement of Conferencia de Unidad Socialista Spain (1970) 129–30; as French (1974 Paris) 133, 178 President 129–30, 131; as French Partit Socialista del Pais Valenciá, at Prime Minister 120, 126 Conferencia de Unidad Socialista Pontillon, Robert, PS 27, 131, 133, (1974 Paris) 133, 178 134, 137 Patiño, Pablo, assassination of 66 Populaire, Le, SFIO newspaper 124 Paynter, Will, MP 101, 117, 193n; and Portugal 2, 4, 24, 181; revolution SDDC tribunal (1973) 103; and trial (1974) 109, 176 of Carabanchel Ten 105; visit to Portuguese Socialist Party, Congress Spain (1972) 31, 102 (Lisbon 1974) 134, 175; invited to PCE (Spanish Communist Party) 12, 1974 Conferencia de Unidad Socialista 26, 141; control of CC.OO 53, 56, 133, 178; SDDC support for 208n; SI 69, 70, 183; and Democratic Junta assistance to 19, 24; at Southern 13–14, 174; legal recognition of European Socialist Conference (1977) 43; support for 24, 70, 173; (1976) 135 and trade unions 55, 57, 149, see Powell, Charles T. 7 also anti-Communism; Carrillo; press, French 123–4; reports of CC.OO Scheel’s visit (1970) 164–5; Spanish PCF (French Communist Party) 148 120–1, 131 Preston, Paul 2 Pee, Hilde, Belgian Socialist Party 22 Pridham, Geoffrey 1, 6, 7 Penal Code, Article 222 amended Principles of the National Movement, (1965) 54 Law of (1958) 13 Pérez Esquerra, Manuel 67 Profumo, John, British Minister for Pérez Llorca, Pedro 16 War 78 Peri, Yoram, Israeli Socialist Party 37 propaganda, by CNS 85; French Peydró, Miguel 27, 132 assistance with 136 Phillips, Morgan, British Labour Party PS (French partie socialiste) 9, 119, 72–3 120, 131, 197n; concern for unity of Phipps, Colin, MP 109 Spanish Socialists 133; at Pinto-Duschinsky, Michael 179 Conferencia de Unidad Socialista Pitterman, Bruno, SI President 22, 36, (1974 Paris) 178; support for 196n; at PSOE Congress (Suresnes) PSOE(r) 131–4; under Mitterand 175; and PSOE split 28, 29, 31 131, 132–3; and Union de la Gauche Plant, Cyril, British delegate to ILO 121, see also SFIO 63, 106 PSI (Partido Socialista del Interior) 28, Platform of Democratic Convergence 43, 98, 101; membership of SI 23, (1975) 14, 178 132; unification with PSOE(h) 32 252 European Socialists and Spain

PSOE Congresses, 11th Toulouse PSU (French Parti Socialiste Unifié) 120, (1970) 25, 174; 12th (1972), 136 disputed 26–7, 32–3, 107, 131; 27th Public Order, Law of 59 (Spain 1976) 42, 180–1; last in exile Pueblo newspaper 164 (Suresnes 1974) 36–7, 174, 175 Puig Antich, Salvador, Catalan PSOE (in exile) 119, 148, 159, 185; anarchist, execution (1974) 13, 67 appeals to British Labour movement 72, 73, 98, 203n; Radio Baviera (Germany) 172, 188 Besteirista faction 119; Caballerista Ramos, León, PSOE 82 faction 119; disunity of 26, 75, 82, Rebhan, Herman, IG Metall 224n 86, 98; financial difficulties (1964) Redondo, Nicolás, UGT 67, 68, 114, 145; and ICFTU support 47; 174; and IG Metall delegation international support for 8–9, 91, (1976) 179; and PSOE(r) 25, 174, 136, 175; leadership in exile 12, 24, 195n; trial (1974) 37, 171 72; and Platform of Democratic Referendum, Law of the (1945) 13 Convergence 14, 178; relations with Reuther, Victor, US trade unionist 152 British TUC/Labour Party 89, 100–1, Revilla, Amelio, UGT 202n 116; relations with Communists 26; Richter, Heinz, DGB 155, 220n; and relations with SPD 9, 91, 138, ASO trial 153 Ridruejo, Dionisio, Social Democrat 145–6, 158, 175, 182; Seville group leader 12, 14 24–5; and SI 4th Spanish Ridruejo, Ramón, ASO 90–1 Commission 23–4; SI intervention Rivera, José 198n in 12, 19, 27–33; SI support for Rivet, Paul, SI 20 20–1, 98–9; and Socialist Central Roberts, Albert, MP 93, 94, 98 Committee (1957) 47–8; split Robinson, Kenneth, MP 77 (1972) 12, 19, 24–33, 102, 107, 131, Robles, Gil, Christian Democrat leader 174; support within Spain 25, 47–8, 12 74, 87, 98, 118, see also PSOE(r) Rocard, Michel, PSU 120, 136 (renovado) Rodley, Nigel, Amnesty International PSOE(h) (histórico) 19, 27, 32–3 104 PSOE(r) (renovado) 186, 187, 188; at Rojo, Mariano, at UGT Bad Nauheim 1973 congresses 32; and accession conference (1966) 151 of Juan Carlos 42–3; arbiter on Rolandi, Gianpiero, PDSI 37 achievement of democracy in Spain Román Diáz, Francisco, PSOE 10, 116; case for SI recognition 28–30, 47–8, 74 99; at Conferencia de Unidad Rosenberg, Ludwig, DGB President Socialista (1974 Paris) 133, 178; 140, 144, 146, 151; support for ASO established (1972) 26–7, 42–3, 174; 152; and syndical situation in Spain legalised (1977) 180; links with SPD (1966) 154 175; opposition to Spanish Rouzier, Jean, FO 131 admission to EEC 134; recognition Rubial, Ramón, UGT 202n by British Labour Party 107–10, Rüde, Irene, SPD 171 116; recognition by SI (1974) 17, Ruegger, Paul, ILO study group (1969) 30–3, 96, 131, 133, 171; ‘September 60 Declaration’ (1974) 174; and SI Ruiz Giménez, Joaquín, Christian Spain Committee (1974-77) 33–43; Democrat leader 12, 14, 164 view of Juan Carlos 113; visit to Rusk, Dean, US Secretary of State DGB in Germany 172 49–50, 51, 52 Index 253

Russell, Bertrand 77 contacts with Spanish opposition Russia, post-communist 6 82–3, 89–91, 100–1, 107–8; funds for PSOE(r) 110; funds for strikers Saborido Galan, Eduardo, one of 200n; and Labour Party policy 85–6, Carabanchel Ten 211n 95–6; observers at trials 76–7, 116; Salanne, Rener, CFDT 136 opposition to Spanish admission to Salazar, Oliveira, Portuguese dictator NATO 78–81; protest about Socialist 109, 176 prisoners (1959) 74; and PSOE San Sebastián, Jaime, PSOE 172 disunity 87, 108; report on trade Sánchez Mazas, Miguel, UGT 72, 150 unions in Spain (1968) 92–3; and Sandelson, Neville, SDDC 104 Spanish trade unions 92–3, 97; Sanisteban, Isidoro, one of student grants 93; tribunal on Spain Carabanchel Ten 211n 103–4, see also Labour Party Sans, Gilbert, French Young Socialists (British) 195n SEAT automobiles, strike (1971) 66 Sarre, George, French Socialist Party Second International (1889-1914) 18 27, 132 Serrano Sebastian, Jóse Agustín, UGT Sartorius Alvarez, Nicolas, one of 202n Carabanchel Ten 211n Servicio de Prensa 142, 145, 147, 155, Sastre, Alfonso, playwright 38 188 Satrústegui, Joaquín, Liberal 7 Fechas, German Fascist periodical Monarchist leader 12, 76, 163, 164 148 Scandinavian Social Democratic SFIO (French Socialist party) 9, 32, parties 91 120, 121, 188; Congress (1969 Paris) Schäfer, Fritz, German minister 169 159; opposition to Spanish Schalmey, Pablo, IG Metall 150, 151, admission to EEC 128; and PSOE 156, 157, 159, 160, 161; and Pardo 119, 145; recognition of PSOE(r) 33, affair 161 131–2; support for Spanish exiles Scheel, Walter, Vice Chancellor and 125; support for Spanish Socialists Foreign Minister 130, 158, 163, 168; 122–3, 130–1, see also PS visit to Madrid (1972) 165, 170–1; Shaw, S.W., TUC International visit to Spain (1970) 163, 164–5 Committee 212n Schlesinger, Arthur, US presidential Shepherd, Lord, representative at advisor 50 Franco’s funeral 113 Schmidt, Helmut, German Chancellor SI (Socialist International) 7, 9, 10, 17, 158, 175, 176, 177; meeting with 185; anti-Communism of 19, 43; González 181; meeting with King demands international opposition Juan Carlos 181; as Minister of to Franco regime 21, 39, 40–1, 98–9; Defence 221n denunciation of human rights Schmitter, Philippe C. 3, 4 violations 21–2, 23; Dun Laoghaire Schröder, Gerhard, German Foreign meeting of Spain Committee (1975) Minister 157 38–9; financial support for PSOE(r) Schuman, Maurice, French Foreign 34–6; Helsinki conference (1971) Minister 131; visit to Spain (1971) 24; influence of SPD in 135, 171–2, 130 188; intervention in PSOE 12, 19, Schunk, Albert, IG Metall 224n 27–33, 131; London meeting of SDDC (Spanish Democrats’ Defence Spain Committee (1975) 37–8; Committee) 17, 71, 73–8, 203–4n; mission to Spain (1976) 38–9, 41–2, becomes inactive (1976) 109; 113; Mitterrand and 135; origins 254 European Socialists and Spain

18–19; reaction to accession of Juan Solidaridad Obrera, CNT newspaper Carlos 41–2; recognition of PSOE(r) 125 30–3, 40, 43, 70, 99, 108–10, 118, Solís Ruiz, José, Minister of the 187; resolution on Fascism (1971) Syndicates 13, 93, 94–5, 147, 219n 24, 43; Spain Committee (1974-77) Soto Martín, Fernando, one of 33–43, 109–10, 197n; Spanish Carabanchel Ten 211n Commissions 19–24; Spanish Southern Europe, political transition Solidarity Fund 39–40; support for 3, 7, see also Greece; Portugal; Spain PSOE 20–1, 43–4, 133, see also Southern European Socialists, First Balcomb, Rodney Conference (1976 Paris) 135; Simon, Harald, DGB 220n resolution on Spain 136; Second Slater, J.H., TUC International Conference (1977 Madrid) 136 Committee 212n Southon, Robert, French Young Smart, Jack, NUM 94 Socialists 214n Smith, G.F., TUC International Soviet Union 3, 6, 7 Committee 115, 212n, 213n Spaak, Paul Henry, NATO Secretary Soares, Mario, Portuguese Socialist General 79 Party 135, 176, 211–12n Spain, application to join EEC 8, 11, SOCC (Solidaritat d’Obrers Catalans 21, 129, 161; application to join Cristians) 49, 53 NATO 21, 79; Constitution (1978) Social Democratic party, Spanish 2; democratisation (1976) 15, opposition group 12, 14 180–1; economic liberalisation 7, Socialist Central Committee (1957) 11, 139; government-controlled 47–8 groups 149; internal process of Socialist International see SI transition 2, 7, 8, 15; opposition Socialist Parties of the EEC 91, 129; forces 12, 130, 186; relations with Congress (Bonn 1973) 32 Britain 9, 41, 72, 87–8, 89; relations Socialista, El, PSOE newspaper 119, with France 121–8, 129–30; 136; banned 123, 125 relations with Germany 139, 140–1, Socialiste, Le, SFIO newspaper 125–6, 147–8, 159–60, 162–5, 182–3; 132, 188 Stabilisation Plan (1959) 139; strikes Socialists 24; arrested in France 124; classed as military rebellion 48; arrests 22, 72; British support for trade negotiations with EEC (1975- 86; detained (1973) 171; 6) 111–12, see also Franco regime; fragmentation of 23, 98, 148, 173; states of emergency German Committee of Support for Spanish Medical Aid 72 166; German concern for unity of SPD (West German Social Democratic 173, 183; imprisoned (1959) 74; Party) 9, 185, 187; Bad Godesberg SDDC concern for unity 86, 90, programme (1959) 147, 218n; in 108, see also opposition (within coalition with CDU-CSU 139; Spain) coalition with FDP 138; and Society of Labour Lawyers 75–6 Conferencia de Unidad Socialista SODC (Secretariado de Ordenación (1974 Paris) 133, 178; criticism of Democrática de Catalunya) 133, 178 German support for Franco 160, Sofia, Queen, visit to Germany (as 162–3, 183; German Committee for Princess) 171 the Defence and support of Spanish Solá Albinabarre, Salustiano, UGT Democrats 166; Hannover Congress 202n (1973) 171; Iberian Socialist Solé Turá, Jordi 16 Conference (1974) 34; influence in Index 255

SI 135, 171–2, 188; Karlsruhe Succession, Law of (1947) 13 Congress (1964) 145–6; Mannheim Süddeutsche Zeitung 167 Congress (1975) 174–5, 177; Swann, Robert, SDDC 91 ‘Marshall Plan’ for EEC applicants Sweden 31, 197n 181; Nuremburg Congress 157, 159; Swedish Labour organisation 65, 199n opposition to Spanish admission to Swiss Socialist Party 32 EEC 171, 182; perception of ASO Switzerland, emigration agreement 149; and Portuguese revolution with Spain 139, 217n (1974) 176; press conference syndicates, official 11; dissolved 15, (Frankfurt) 163; protest against see also CC.OO detention of Pardo 168; reaction to 1977 executions 177; recognition of Tallaeche, Luis, UGT 202n PSOE(r) 31, 33, 174–5, 176, 183; Tamames, Ramón, extreme left leader Saarbrucken Congress (1970) 165; 163 and SI Spain Committee 34; at Tarragona, official trade union Southern European Socialist congress (1968) 61, 94 Conference (1976) 135; and technocrats (Opus Dei) 11, 13 Spanish workers in Germany 140, Tejedor, Herrero, Attorney General 65 148–9, 182; support for PSOE 9, 91, TGWU (Transport and General 138, 145–6, 157–8, 175–6, 182; Workers’ Union) (UK) 96, 97, 100, support for Spanish Socialists 101, see also Jones, Jack 159–60, 163, 166, 171; visit of Erler Thorneycroft, Peter, Minister of to Spain 146–8 Defence 87 Sperling, Herr, SPD 168 Thorpe, Jeremy, MP 77 Spinelli, Altiero, EEC Commissioner Tielemans, Franz, SI 21 210n Tierno Galván, SPD support for 187 Spinelli, P.P., ILO study group (1969) Tierno Galván, Enrique, PSI and ASO 60 14, 23, 90, 98, 148, 164; Ebert State Organic Law, Labour Chapter Foundation grants 165–6, 173; modified (1971) 65 states of emergency, (1962) 12, 52; friendship with Mitterrand 132–3, (1968, 1969, 1970) 56–7, 159; 137; at Portuguese Socialist Party (1969) 56–7, 59–60, 97, 158 Congress (1974) 134–5; and Stiftungen (Germany) (foundations) 5 PSOE(h) 32; SDDC grant to 93, strikes, 1962 wave 51–2, 83, 217n; 165–6; at SPD Congress (1970) 165 1971 wave 13, 66; 1973 wave Times, The, newspaper 85 173–4; as acts of sedition 54–5; Tomás, Pascual, UGT General Asturias (1958) 47; Asturias (1962) Secretary, on future of PSOE 145; 12, 51–2, 217n; classed as military on German relations with Spain rebellion 48; ICFTU fund-raising 140, 146; on ICFTU executive 9; 52–3, 199–200n; solidarity (by and relations with FO 128; relations foreign trade unions) 65; Vigo with French Socialists 122, 123–4, (1972) 171 126; and SI Spanish Commission students, British trade union grants 21; and Spanish workers in for 93 Germany 143, 144; and talks with STV (Solidaridad de Trabajadores ASO 55, 56; visit to Britain 81; visit Vascos) 49, 68, 92 to Cologne (1962) 144; visit to US Suárez, Adolfo, Prime Minister 115, 50–1 180; political reforms 15, 42, 181 Torregrosa, Ildefonso 195n 256 European Socialists and Spain torture, ICFTU condemnation of use TUC (Trades Union Congress) of 65, 162 (British) 9, 45, 187; call for tourist Toulouse 188; PSOE 1st Congress boycott 82; and CC.OO 97; contacts (1944) 119; PSOE 11th Congress in with Spanish opposition 81–2, 25; PSOE headquarters in 119, 136; 83–4, 97; financial support for and UGT Congress (1959) 122 SDDC 71; hostility to Spanish tourism 11; boycotts called for 68, 82, admission to NATO 79, 80; 85 International Committee 113–14; Tovias, Alfred 4 opposition to arms deals (1964) 88, trade unions 47, 49, 59, 98, 114; after 104; pressure on Labour Franco’s death 114, 115–16; government (1974-79) 96–7, 114; attempts to unify (1966-69) 55–9; protest about 1962 strikes 52, 83–4; collective agreements (1962) 51; protests against death sentences 65, elections (1971) 66; foreign support 99; relations with ICFTU 92; for 185; German preference for resolution on Spain (1975) 111–12; unitary syndicalism in Spain support for strikers 86, 200n; 149–50, 154, 179–80; ICFTU funds support for united Spanish trade for 58, 68–9; ILO report on (1969) union movement 115–16; and trial 61–2; official congress (Tarragona of Carabanchel Ten 106–7; visits to 1969) 61, 94; official elections Spain (1968) 93–5 (1966) 56; repression (1958) 47, 72; Turner, Michael 6 revision of law on (1971) 65–6; Turrión, Manuel, PSOE(h) 196n SDDC report on (1968) 92–3; violation of rights of 54, 160, see UFD (Unión de Fuerzas Democráticas) also AS; ASO; CGT-FO; syndicates, 81 official; TUC; UGT UGT (Unión General de Trabajadores) trade unions, foreign, French 121; 8, 24, 55–6, 185; 13th Congress (in German 139, 142, 185; influence of Spain 1976) 68; Bad Nauheim 7–8, 185; protest actions 65; visits conference (1966) 150–2; co- by British to Spain (1968) 93 ordinating committee with CNT trials, Alfonso Sastre 38; ASO 81–2; Congress (1972) 131; members (1966) 152–3, 219n; declaration to working class (1974) Balcomb’s report on (1970) 98–9; 67; delegation to Germany (1973) Basque nationalists (1961) 82; 172; and Ebert Foundation 173; and Basque trade unionists (1964) 54; French curbs on activities of exiles British observers at 76–7, 95, 116, 121, 125; FUGTA (Federación de la 153; Carabanchel Ten (1972) 101–2, UGT en Alemania) 144; funds for 103, 105–7; of ETA militants strikers 200n; German view of (Burgos 1970) 13, 65, 99–100, 129; strategy 155; hope for unified trade five Socialists (1974) 37; Julio Cerón union movement 114, 180; ICFTU (1959) 76–7; nine Socialists (1959) support for 66–9, 70, 187; 76; observers 22–3, 64, 187; sixteen leadership crisis (1968–69) 161; members of FLP 76; thirteen links with ICFTU 9, 45, 47, 49, 57, Socialists (Madrid 1970) 22–3, 163; 58; links with PSOE 25, 121, 146; trade unionists (1968) 94; trade and Matthöfer’s visit (1970) 164; unionists (1969) 22; trade unionists meeting with CFDT (Paris) 136; and socialists (1964) 54; UGT need for funding 173–4; opposition members (1970) 64, see also courts to Spanish admission to EEC 161–2; martial organisation of Spanish workers in Index 257

Germany (with DGB) 139–41, 143; Valle, Manuel del, PSOE (Seville) 24 relations with ASO 55–6, 145, Van Den Bergh, Harry 40 149–50; relations with CC.OO 53, Van Natters, Van der Goes 20 180; relations with IG Metall 142–3, Vanderveken, J., ICFTU 68–9 149–50, 156, 167, 183; relations Vanguardia, La, newspaper 85 with Pardo 161, 167, 168; relations Vatican 3, 20 with TUC 84, 97, 115–16; request Vautherin, M., IFCTU 49 for French support 124; role after Velasco, José M. 195n Franco’s death 68–9, 114, 115, 180; Vetter, Heinz O., DGB President SDDC view of 90, 91; sections in 161–2, 168, 172, 177; president of Germany 10, 140, 141, 144, 182; ETUC 177 solidarity with DGB 138, 150–2, Vetter, Otto, DGB 68 158, 172; support for PSOE(r) 26, Villar, Antonio, PSOE 87 31, 33, 108; support within Spain Vinen, Richard 127 25, 118; and trade union alliances Virto Dañobeitia, Eusebio, UGT 202n 49, 53, 63–4; visit to Britain 97–8; X Vizcaya province 51, 52, 161, 173 Congress (Toulouse 1968) 158 Voluntary Aid for Spain 72 UIL (Italian), at ICFTU conference (1967) 57 Wagner, Dieter, DGB 172, 173 Ullastres, Alberto, Minister of warships, Anglo-Spanish negotiations Commerce 11, 165 on building 87–8 UNESCO (UN Economic and Social Watson, Sam, SDDC 203n Council) 20, 47 WCL (World Confederation of Union de la Gauche (1972) 120–1, 134, Labour) 65–6 137 Wehner, Herbert, SPD Vice-President Unión Española (monarchist group) 140, 145–6, 220n, 221n 73, 76 Weimer, Herr 151 Union Poblo Gallego 178 Werner, W. 151 United Automobile Workers of WFTU (World Federation of Trade America 200n Unions) 45 United Nations 5, 20, 49, 85 Whitehead, Laurence 2–3; 3, 6, 7, 205n; economic Democratisation in the South 3 aid (loans) to Spain 20; fear of Whitlock, William, British Foreign communism 21, 172–3, 176–7, Office 96 204n; ICFTU/IFCTU visit to (1961) Williams, Len, British Labour Party 50–1; and Spanish admission to 91–2 NATO 78, see also AFL-CIO Williams, Len, Labour Party General Universal Declaration of Human Secretary 84 Rights 48 Wilson, Harold, British Prime Minister universities, Socialist group 72; unrest (1964-70) 71, 88, 89, 100 in 61, 103 Wischnewski, Hans Jürgen, SPD 220n, USO (Unión Sindical Obrera) 54, 63–4; 221n and CFDT (France) 128; at Woodcock, George, TUC General Conferencia de Unidad Socialista Secretary 80, 83 (1974 Paris) 133, 178; and IG Metall Workers’ Commission of the Metal delegation (1976) 179 Industry of Madrid (1964) 53 Workers’ Commissions see CC.OO Valderrama, Sr, acting foreign working-class activism 12 minister 169 works committees 53, 59 258 European Socialists and Spain

World Bank (IBRD) 5, 11, 71 Zamora Anton, Miguel Angel, one of World Christian Democratic Union 7 Carabanchel Ten 211n Wormald, Lawrence, NUM 94–5 Zander, Herr, SPD 168 Zapata, Horacio, UGT 217n Yañez, Luis, PSOE(r) 24, 174, 175 Zaraibar, José Antonio, Social Young Socialists, support for PSOE(r) Democrat 171 31, 108 Zayas, Carlos, ASU 76 youth, political organisations 21; Zschiesche, Herr 159 support for PSOE and UGT 98 Zugazagoitia, Sr, Socialist Party 156