1 Introduction
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Notes 1 Introduction 1. See, e.g., Guillermo O’Donnell, Philippe C. Schmitter and Laurence Whitehead (eds) Transition from Authoritarian Rule: Southern Europe, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986; Guillermo O’Donell, Philippe C. Schmitter and Laurence Whitehead (eds) Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Latin America, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1986; Guillermo O’Donell, Philippe C. Schmitter and Laurence Whitehead (eds) Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1986; Geoffrey Pridham and Tatu Vanhanen (eds) Democratization in Eastern Europe; Domestic and International Perspectives, Routledge, London, 1994; Samuel P. Huntington, The Third Wave. Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1991; Yassi Shain and Juan J. Linz, Between States: Interim Governments and Democratic Transition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1995; Dankart A. Rustow, ‘Democracy: A Global Revolution?’, Foreign Affairs, Fall 1990, pp. 75–91; David Potter, David Goldblatt, Margaret Kiloh and Paul Lewis (eds) Democratization, Polity Press/Open University, Cambridge, 2000. 2. Robert A. Dahl, Polyarchy. Participation and Opposition, Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 1971; Robert A. Dahl, Democracy and Its Critics, Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 1989, p. 221. Robert A. Dahl, On Democracy, Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 1998. Philippe C. Schmitter and Terry Lynn Karl add two more conditions to the previous seven: ‘Popularity elected officials must be able to exercise their constitutional powers without being subjected to overriding (albeit informal) opposition from unelected officials’ and the ‘Polity must be self governing; it must be able to act independently of constraints imposed by some other overarching political system’ in Philippe Schmitter and Terry Lynn Karl ‘What Democracy is … and is not’ in Larry Diamond and March Platter (eds) The Gobal Resurgence of Democracy, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London, 1993. p. 45. 3. Geoffrey Pridham, ‘International Influences and Democratic Transition’ in Geoffrey Pridham, Encouraging Democracy: The International Context of Regime Transition in Southern Europe, Leicester University Press, Leicester, 1991, p. 5. See also, Geoffray Pridham, ‘The International Context of Democratic Consolidation: Southern Europe in Comparative Perspective’ in Gunther Richard, Diamandouros, P. Nikiforos and Puhle, Hans-Jurgen (eds) The Politics of Democratic Consolidation. Southern Europe in Comparative Perspective, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, 1995. 189 190 European Socialists and Spain 4. Edward Malefakis, ‘Spain and its Francoist Heritage’ in John Herz, From Dictatorship to Democracy. Coping with the Legacies of Authoritarianism and Totalitarianism, Greenwood Press, London, 1982, p. 216. 5. Juan José Linz, ‘La transición española en perspectiva comparada’ in Javier Tusell and Alvaro Soto (eds) Historia de la transición 1975–1986, Alianza Universidad, Madrid, 1996. 6. Paul Preston, The Triumph of Democracy in Spain, Methuen, London, 1986, p. 227. 7. Laurence Whitehead, ‘International Aspects of Democratization’, in Philippe C. Schmitter and Laurence Whitehead (eds) Transition from Authoritarian Rule: Comparative Perspectives, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1986, p. 4. 8. Ibid. 9. Laurence Whitehead, ‘The International Dimension of Democratization’ in Laurence Whitehead (ed.) The International Dimensions of Democratization. Europe and the Americas, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1996, pp. 3–25. 10. Laurence Whitehead, ‘Concerning International Support for Democracy in the South’ in R. Luckham and G. White (eds) Democratization in the South. The Jagged Wave, Manchester University Press, Manchester, 1996. 11. Philippe C. Schmitter, ‘The Influence of the International Context upon the Choice of National Institutions and Policies in Neodemocracies’ in Laurence Whitehead (ed.) The International Dimensions of Democratization. Europe and the Americas, pp. 26–54. 12. In the introduction to Guillermo O’Donnell, Philippe C. Schmitter and Laurence Whitehead (eds), Transition from Authoritarian Rule: Southern Europe, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1986, p. 5. 13. Samuel P. Huntington, The Third Wave. Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, 1991, p. 85. 14. Alfred Tovias, ‘International Context of Democratic Transition’ in Geoffrey Pridham, The New Mediterranean Democracies: Regime Transition in Spain Greece and Portugal, Frank Cass, London, 1984, p. 169. 15. Philippe Schmitter, ‘The Consolidation of Political Democracy in Southern Europe (and Latin America)’, European University Institute, paper, cited in Geoffrey Pridham, ‘International Influences and Democratic Transition’ in Geoffrey Pridham, Encouraging Democracy: The International Context of Regime Transition in Southern Europe. Leicester University Press, Leicester, 1991, p. 7. 16. Geoffrey Pridham, ‘International Influences and Democratic Transition. Problems of Theory and Practice in Linkage Politics’ in Geoffrey Pridham, Encouraging Democracy: The International Context of Regime Transition in Southern Europe, p. 29. 17. Paul W. Drake, International Factors in Democratisation, Instituto Juan March de Estudios e Investiugaciones, Madrid, 1994. Paul W. Drake, ‘The International Causes of Democratisation 1947–1990’ in Paul W. Drake and Mathew D. McCubbins (eds) The Origins of Liberty, Political and Economic Liberalisation in the Modern World, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1998, p. 71. 18. Jean Grugel, ‘Contextualizing Democratization. The Changing Significance of Transnational Factors and Non-state Actors’ in Jean Grugel (ed.) Democracy without Borders. Transnationalization and Conditionality in New Democracies, Notes 191 Routledge/ECPR, London, 1999, p. 19. See also Jean Grugel ‘Support Democratisation: A European View. European Political Parties and Latin America’, European Review of Latin America and the Caribbean Studies, 60, 1996, pp. 87–104. 19. Peter Burnell (ed.), Democracy Assistance. International Cooperation for Democratization, Frank Cass, London, 2000. On Democracy Assistance, see Michael Cox, John G. Ikenberry and Takashi Inoguchi (eds) American Democracy Promotion, Impulses, Strategies and Impacts, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2000; Thomas Carothers, Aiding Democracy Abroad: The Learning Curve, Carnegie Endowmnet for International Peace, Washington, 1999. 20. Larry Diamond, ‘Promoting Democracy in the 1990s: Actors, Instruments and Isuues’ in A. Hadenius (ed.) Democracy’s Victory and Crisis, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1997, pp. 311–70. Larry Diamond, ‘The Globalization of Democracy’ in Robert O. Slater, Barry M. Schutz and Steve R. Dorr (eds) Global Transformation and the Third World, Adamantine Press, London, 1993. 21. Larry Diamond, Developing Democracy. Toward Consolidation, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London, 1999, p. 272. 22. Karen Dawisha (ed.) The International Dimension of Postcommunist Transitions in Russia and the New States of Eurasia, Sharpe, New York and London, 1997. See also Sarah E. Mendelson, ‘Democracy Assiatance and Political Transition in Russia. Between Success and Failure’, International Security, Vol. 25, No. 4, Spring 2001, pp. 68–106. 23. Tom Farer (ed.) Beyond Sovereignty. Collectively Defending Democracy in the Americas, Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1996. See also Arturo Valenzuela, ‘External Actors in Latin America’ in James F. Hollifield and Calvin Jillson (eds) Pathways to Democracy. The Political Economy of Democratic Transitions, Routledge, New York, 1999; Wolf Grabendorff, ‘International Support for Democracy in Contemporary Latin America’, in Laurence Whitehead (ed.) The International Dimensions of Democratization. Europe and the Americas, pp. 201–26. 24. Adrian G.V. Hyde-Price, ‘Democratization in Eastern Europe’ and Thomas Niklasson, ‘The Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, 1988–9. Interactions between Domestic Change and Foreign Policy’ in Geoffrey Pridham and Tatu Vanhanen (eds) Democratization in Eastern Europe, Routledge, London, 1994; Jacques Rupnik, ‘Eastern Europe. The International Context’, Journal of Democracy, Vol. 11, No. 2, April 2000, pp. 115–29. 25. For a full account of the transition, see Paul Preston, The Triumph of Democracy in Spain, Methuen, London, 1986; Victoria Prego, Así se hizo la transición, Plaza y Janés, Barcelona, 1995; José María Maravall, The Transition to Democracy in Spain, Croom Helm, London, 1982; Manuel Redero San Román (ed.) La transición a la democracia en España, Ayer Marcial Pons, 1994; Charles Powell, España en democracia 1975–2000, Barcelona, Plaza y Janés 2001. About Juan Carlos I, King of Spain, see Tom Burns Marañón, Conversaciones sobre el rey, Plaza y Janés, Barcelona, 1995; Charles T. Powell, Juan Carlos of Spain: Self-made Monarch, St Antony’s Macmillan, Oxford, 1996; Joaquín Bardavo, Las claves del rey: el laberinto de la transición, Espasa Calpe, 1995. On political parties and trade unions, see, Richard Gunther (ed.) Spain after Franco: the Making of a Competitive Party System, University of California Press, 192 European Socialists and Spain 1988; Mario Caciagli, Elecciones y partidos en la transición española, siglo XXI, 1986; Holm Detlev Köhler, El movimiento sindical en España, Fundamentos, Madrid, 1995; Robert Fishman, Working Class