© in This Web Service Cambridge University Press

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-52085-0 - The Early Modern Ottomans: Remapping the Empire Edited by Virginia H. Aksan and Daniel Goffman Index More information

Index

Abbasids, 256 Algiers, 94, 108 Abdulhamid¨ II, Sultan, 295–7, 298 Ali, Muhammad, 260 Abkhazia, 121 Ali, Mustafa, 149, 152, 176–7, 178, 183, Abou-El-Haj, R. A., 148, 194, 196 188, 190 Abraham, Patriarch, 94 AliCavus ¸ of Sofia, 156, 160 Abu-Lughod, Janet, 23, 32, 57 Ali Neccar, 229, 232 Abu-Manneh, Butrus, 272, 274 Ali Pasha of Jannina, 120 Actium, Battle of (31 BC), 33 Allami, Abul Fazl, 156 Adana, 130 Alusi, Abu al-Thana’ al-, 266, 271 Aden, 32, 40, 41 Anatolia administration affinities, 20 Ayn Ali, 152–66 conscription, 130 cadastral surveys, 158 designation, 18 law books, 155, 159–61 epitaphs, 235 lists, 155–7 maps, 29, 35 order and disorder, 161–4 military operations, 132 registers, 155, 157–9 post-World War I, 146 shari’a courts, 202–3 rebellions, 127, 226 timar system, 144, 153, 154, 155, Safavid rivalry, 93, 96 159–60 Suleyman’s¨ empire, 47 Adrianople (Edirne), 122 Wahhabism, 261 Adrianople, Treaty of (1829), 121 Andrews, Walter, 18 advice, see nasihatnames Andronicus II, 105 Aegean Sea, 112 animals, 216–17 Afghanistan, 270 Ankara, 222 Agoston,´ Gabor,´ 6, 8 Anushirwan, King, 139 agrarian society, 165–6 Arab Provinces, 18 ahidnames, 64–6, 67, 68–9, 72 Arabia Ahlat, 235 maps, 29 Ahmed I, Sultan, 153, 154 Wahhabist expansion, 260–1, 272 Ahmed III, Sultan, 225, 284, 286, 307 Arabian Nights, 45 Ahmed Resmˆı, 193 Arabs, 119, 130 Aintab, 213, 215, 217, 222, 229 Arborio de Gattinara, Mercurino, 78 Akbar, Mughal Emperor, 157, 265 archives Akhisarˆı, Hasan Kafi al-, 137, 143 kadis, 208–9 Aksan, Virginia, 4, 12, 168 Ottoman institution, 206–7 Albania, 131 Aries,` Philippe, 233 Albanians, 129 Aristotle, 178, 208 Alemdar incident, 125–6 Arjis, 44 Alemdar Mustafa Pasha, 120, 124, 125–6 Armada defeat (1588), 82, 83 Aleppo, 107, 130 Armenians, 6

353

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-52085-0 - The Early Modern Ottomans: Remapping the Empire Edited by Virginia H. Aksan and Daniel Goffman Index More information

354 Index

arsenals, 82–3, 94, 106, 126 Poland/ Lithuania, 25–6 Artha, Gulf of, 33 religious boundaries, 26–7, 48 Asian mercantilism, 269–71 Turkey, 37 As¸ıkpas¸azade,ˆ Dervis¸ Ahmed, 190, 220 Venice, 25 Asım,ˆ Ismail, 182, 191, 195 Bourdieu, Pierre, 210, 299 Atayˆ ˆı, 192 Bowen, Harold, 143–4 ‘Atiyat al-Rahman, 231 Brochero de la Paz y Anaya,˜ Don Diego, atlases, 87 113–14 Augustus, Emperor, 33 Bruges, 97 Austria, 119 Brummett, Palmira, 5–6, 8, 211 Aydin, 105 Buda, 84, 87, 88, 91, 102 Ayn Ali, 137, 142–3, 152–66 Bulgaria, 37, 42, 132 Ays¸e Kadın, 252 Bursa, 228 Ayvansarayˆı, Hafiz Huseyin,¨ 294, 297 Busbecq, Ogier Ghiselin de, 42–3, 108 Azerbaijan, 93, 121 Byzantium Azim family, 223 Mediterranean power, 104, 107 Azˆız Efendi, 138, 141, 149, 190 Ottoman conquest (1453), 2, 28 Azmeh, Aziz al-, 148, 163, 164 cadastral surveys, 158 Baba Rasul, 226 Cairo, 49, 219 Babylon, 28, 163 Caldiran,¸ Battle of (1514), 93 Baghdad, 54, 266, 270–3 Calicut, 32 Baghdadi, Mullah Ghanim ibn Cantelli, Jacob, 35 Muhammad al-, 264–5 capitulations, 64–9 Baki Pasha, 194 Caramanie, 37 Balkans, 146, 226 cartography, see mapmaking Barbarossa, Hayreddin, 94, 106, 108 Castaldo, Gianbattista, 90 Bartlett, William, 294, 297 Caucasus, 121, 122, 130 Barzinji, Shaikh Ma’ruf al-, 267 Cavalli, Marino, 41–2, 43 Barzinji family, 266 celali rebellions, 154 Basra, 32, 270 cemeteries, see graveyards Bayezid II, Sultan, 90, 106, 107, charity, 226 234, 291 Charles I, 287 Bedreddin, Sheikh, 226 Charles V, Emperor, 6, 78, 84, 88, 97–8, Beit al-Din, 223–30 100–2, 108 Belgrad forest, 293–4 Chartier, Roger, 312 Belgrade, 42, 65, 96, 101, 119 China, Ming period, 157, 165 Belgrade, Treaty of (1739), 121 Chios, 64, 68, 105 Berlin Wall, fall, 148 citizenship, 132–3 Bernardo, Lorenzo, 40–1 city-states, 2 Bes¸iktas¸ Palace, 310 city views, 32 Bessarabia, 122 Cleopatra, 33 Bithynia, 35 Clytemnestra, 42 Black, Jeremy, 24 coffeehouses, 3, 230, 285, 297–8, 301 Black Sea, 35, 121–2 Columbus, Christopher, 50 Blome, Richard, 37 conscription, 129–30, 132–3 Bologna, 98, 101 Constantine, Emperor, 228 borders, see boundaries Constantinople, conquest (1453), 2, 28 Bosnia, 55, 127, 130 Coron, 108, 110 boundaries see also mapmaking credit, 217–18 design, 33 Crete, 111, 112, 114 early modern empires, 15 Crimea, 121 measurement, 47, 48 Crimean War, 121, 122 Mediterranean Sea, 104 Cuno, Ken, 201 Ottoman terminology, 24–5 Cyprus, 105, 106, 109, 110, 112

Index 355

Dagistan, 121 Erzurum, 121 Dalacca, 32 espionage Damad Ibrahim, Grand Vizier, 287, 311 envoys in Europe, 90–2 Damascus, 96, 107, 130, 218, 223, 231 European ambassadors in Istanbul, 84 Dawud Pasha, 272–3 Hungary, 88 death, perceptions, 233 Eurocentrism, 1 decline motif, 145–6 EvliyaCelebi, ¸ 47, 55–6 Derrida, Jacques, 208 exclusion, religious exclusion, 4, 259, Dihlawi, Shaykh Abdullah al-, 266 261–73 diplomacy extraterritoriality, new diplomacy, 62, 72–3 extraterritoriality, 62, 72–3 Eyup,¨ 297 interpreters, 85–7 Eyyubi Efendi, 138 Italo-Ottoman relations, 61–74 mapmaking and, 40–6 fanaticism, 6 ‘‘new diplomacy,’’ 62, 69–74 Fattah, Hala, 270 Ottoman contribution, 6–7 Fattal, Antoine, 203 Ottoman travel narratives, 54–6 Fazıl Bey, Enderunlu, 278, 281, 305–6, 312 permanent representatives, 62, 71–2 Fenni, 283 reciprocity, 62, 73 Ferdinand of Habsburg, king of Hungary, 84, 85, diwan-sijill, 206–7 87, 88, 90, 100–1, 102 Dniester river, 55 Ferhad dragoman, 90 D’Ohsson, Ignatius Mouradgea, 142, 305, 307 Ferte-Meun,´ Comtesse de, 307 dragomans, 9, 86 feudalism, 1 Dubrovnik (Ragusa), 6, 65–6, 89 Fleischer, Cornell, 148, 152, 171, 176, 188 Duval, Pierre, 37 Florence, 61, 98 Florentine settlements, 68, 69 East Indies, 113 Fodor, Pal,´ 148 Ebussuud,ˆ 222 foreigners Ebussuudˆ Efendi, Grand Mufti, 97 freedom of worship, 72–3 economics, nineteenth century shifts, settlements, 64–9 222, 269–71 shari’a law and, 203, 209 Edirne, 228 terminology, 63–4, 65 Egypt zimmis, 63–4, 65, 67, 204, 209–11 French invasion (1798), 167, 270 fountains, 295–7 historiography, 173 France Istanbul spies in, 90 gardens, 279, 287, 293 maps, 29 Habsburg relations, 77 Ottoman conquest, 93, 94–5, 106 imperialism, 117 Suleyman’s¨ empire, 47 invasion of Egypt (1798), 167 Eldem, Edhem, 3, 4, 12, 291 invasion of Italy (1494), 61, 62 Elizabeth I, 83, 111 Istanbul spies in, 90 embassies, 62, 71–2 Ottoman alliance, 6, 48 Emine Hanım, 254 Ottoman diplomacy, 54, 69 Emirgan garden, 285 poetry, 283 empires, see imperialism Revolution, 166, 269 England Frank, Andre Gunder, 22 English-Ottoman relations, 7 Franks, 63, 304 Glorious Revolution (1688), 169 Frye, Northrop, 163 Ottoman diplomacy, 69 public gardens, 279, 287, 292–3 Galata, 67, 68–9, 72, 215–16 Enverˆı, Sa’dullah,ˆ 182, 198 galley warfare, 110–11 epitaphs Gallipoli, 105, 106 development, 234–7 gardens Istanbul, 3, 237–55 chief gardener, 299–301 women, 251 historiography of pleasure, 311–12

356 Index

gardens (cont.) Mediterranean, 104, 107–11 individuality and, 3–4 Suleyman¨ I, 95–100 poetry, 281–3, 298 Ottoman intelligence on, 82–92 public gardens of Istanbul, 278–312 Hafsid dynasty, 108 waqfs, 289 Halet Efendi, 127, 271 Gastaldi, Giacomo, 29–32 Hallaq, Wael, 206–7 Gattinara, Grand Chancellor, 78, 97, 99–100 Hamadeh, Shirine, 3, 4, 12 Gazali, Canberdi, 96 Hamidˆ Hamza Pasha, Grand Vizier, 195 Geertz, Clifford, 206 Hammer-Purgstall, Josef von, 142, Genoa, 62, 63, 105 182, 183 Genoese settlements Hammurabi, 163 Chios, 64 Hamza Bey, 88 Galata, 68–9, 72 Hanafi school, 201, 203 George III, 287 Harley, J. B., 29 Georgia, 121 Hayreddin Barbarossa, 94, 106, 108 Gerba, 108 Hebrus river, 45 Gerber, Haim, 205 Hecuba, 42 German Protestantism, 77, 78 Hekimoglu˘ Ali Pasha, Grand Vizier, 292 Ghazali, al-, 139 Helena, Saint, 228 Ghulam Ali, Shah, 266 Hess, Andrew, 104 Gibb, Hamilton, 143–4 Hezarfenn Huseyin,¨ 138 Gills, Barry, 22–3 Hibetullah Sultan, 302 globalization, commencement, 118 Hidayet Agha (Markus Scherer), 91 Go¸¨cek, Fatma Muge,¨ 133 Hirschfeld, C. C. L., 292 Goffman, Daniel, 6, 168, 204 historiography Granada, Battle of (1492), 107 black hole, 18 grand strategy, 6, 76–8 decline motif, 145–6 grand viziers, 150–1, 177, 187, 195 diversity of views, 11 graveyards early Ottoman historiography database, 241–3 bestsellers, 197 development, 233–4 eighteenth-century official chronicles, Istanbul epitaphs, 3, 237–55 180–4 Greece formation of early modern state, civil war, 120 184–97 conscription, 129 Imperial Scroll, 173–5 travel accounts, 42, 44 Mustafa Ali, 176–7, 178, 183 War of Independence (1821), 260, 270 politics, 10 Greeks ¸ehns amecisˆ , 171 information suppliers, 6 Seyyid Lokman, 169, 172–9 Istanbul settlement, 103 sixteenth-century politics, 171–80 pirates, 106 empires, 75 Turkish ships, 106 exterior historiography, 8, 11 Greene, Molly, 6, 7 nasihatnames and, 9, 142–7, 161 Gritti, Lodovico, 99 neglect of Ottoman historiography, 75 Grotius, Hugo, 112 Ottoman periodization, 2 Gubg¨ uo¨ glu˘ family, 223 periods, see periodization pleasure, 311–12 Haarman, Ulrich, 148 US Ottoman studies, 144–5 Habsburgs Hodgson, Marshall, 20–2, 57 ambassadors, 42, 108 Hogarth, William, 281 emergence, 77 Hormuz, 32 Ottoman imperial rivalry, 6, 76–8 Hospitallers, see Knights of St. John 1736–9 war, 119 Hourani, Albert, 267 central European stalemate, 100–2 housing, 218–21, 222–4 competing titles, 97–8 Howard, Douglas, 9

Index 357

Hungary religion and exclusion, 261–73 chronicle, 87 shrines, 52 Habsburg–Ottoman stalemate, 100–2 I_sazˆ adeˆ of Skopje, 190 intelligence from, 83, 84, 87–9, 90 Ishak Pasha, 223 Ottoman description, 48 Islam see also shari’a law Suleyman¨ I’s campaign, 96 and Suleyman¨ I, 96–7 travelers’ accounts, 40, 41 boundaries, 44 Hurrem, 215, 228 historical maps, 22 Husayn, Imam, 52 Hodgson view, 20–1 Huseyin¨ Pasha, Grand Vizier, 189 Kharijism, 262–4 Husrev¨ Pasha, 129 law system, 163 Hyde Park, 287 nineteenth-century reform debate, 257 toleration and exclusion, 4, 259, 261–73 Ibn Battuta, 220 wealth and, 224 Ibrahim, Sultan, 189 Ismail, Shah, 93, 96 Ibrahim Bey, 85, 90 I_smail fortress, 121 Ibrahim Muteferrika,¨ 137, 183 Isma’il Abu Taqiyya, 231 Ibrahim Pasha, Grand Vizier, 78, 99, 101 Istanbul Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt, 119, 130 1730 rebellion, 225 I_bs¸ir Pasha, Grand Vizier, 190 Alemdar incident, 125–6 Imbros island, 28 epitaphs, 3, 237–55 Imperial Scroll, 173–5 foreign merchants, 67 imperialism Galata district, 67, 68–9, 72, 215–16 comparative studies, 76 Greek district, 103 England, 7 mapmakers, 47 global imperialism, 117 maps, 37 historiography, 75 municipal parks, 292 imperial ideology and geopolitics, 92 naval arsenal, 94 Mediterranean Sea and, 106–7 public gardens, 278–312 modernity and, 11 rebellion (1656), 219 violence, 118 Usk¨ udar,¨ 217, 218 I_nalcık, Halil, 146, 184 waqfs, 228 I_nciciyan, P.G., 291 wealth display, 224 Incirlikoy¨ u,¨ 290 I_stolni Belgrad, 88 India, 75, 128, 165, 270 Italy individualism French invasion (1494), 61, 62 modernity and, 11 Istanbul spies in, 90 rise, 2 Ottoman Renaissance diplomacy, traces, 2, 3–4 61–74 intelligence gathering Izmir, 68 central government in Istanbul, 82–7 I_zzˆı Efendi, 195 interpreters, 85–7 janissaries, 79–80 James I, 169 network, 78–92 janissaries ‘‘new diplomacy,’’ 62 discipline, 119, 127–8 provincial agents, 87–9 intelligence gathering, 79–80 spies and envoys, 90–2 laws, 138 strategies, 6 replacement, 127, 130 vassals, by, 89 revolts, 123, 125–6 Iran, Revolution, 144, 147 strength, 120 Iraq Jannina, 120 army in, 131 Jansur, Lady, 213, 214 nineteenth-century reforms, 257, Jardin du Luxembourgh, 287 259–60 Jennings, Ronald, 203, 205 post-World War I, 146 Jerusalem, 27, 94, 97, 227

358 Index

Jews, 6, 68, 83 language, cultural specificity, 9 Jiddah, 49 Łaski, Hieronim, 99 Johann Sigismund, king of Hungary, 90 Lebanon, 212 Johansen, Baber, 204, 205 legal system joint ventures, 217 see also kadis; shari’a law Juan de Vega, 92–100 development, 8, 10 Italian settlements, 66–8 Kadafar, Cemal, 57 judicial elites, 192–3 kadis law books, 155, 159–61 authority, 10 records, 206–7, 209–11 corruption, 209–11 sources of law, 64 records, 10, 202, 208–9 Leiden, 37 role, 10, 205–6 Lepanto, Battle of (1571), 22, 57, 82, 110–11, 114, 116 state functionaries, 202–3 Lewis, Bernard, 143–4, 145 Kadrˆı Efendi Tarihi, 188 Lewis, Martin, 20, 44, 56 Kagıthane˘ garden, 285, 303 lists, 155–7 Kahraman Pasha, 127 Lithuanian border, 25–6 Kai Kabus ibn Iskandar, 138 Livorno, 116 Kalender garden, 287–9 Locke, John, 263 Kandilli garden, 281, 290 Louis XIV, king of France, 47, 287 Kanizsna, 89 Louis of Jagiello, king of Hungary, 84, 96, 100 Karabaliˆ garden, 291 Lutfi Pasha, 137, 143, 149 Kara¸celebizadeˆ Abdulaziz,¨ 191 Lydia, 35 Karasi, 105 Karbala, 260 McCarthy, Justin, 111 Kars, 121 Macedonia, 42 Kasım Beg, 214, 218 MacFarlane, Charles, 129 KatibCelebi, ¸ 137, 150, 153, 188–9 McNeill, William, 21–2 Kayseri, 217, 223 Mahmud I, Sultan, 290, 297, 307 Kemalpas¸azade,ˆ 49, 181, 191, 195 Mahmud II, Sultan, 118, 120, 121–2, 124, 126–7, Kemal Reis, 108 128–9, 130–2, 239, 259, 268, 271, 272, 307 Kemalism, 146 Malta, siege of (1565), 109, 110, 111 Khalid, Mawlana, 259, 265–9, 272–3 Malvezzi, Giovanni Maria, 85 Khalidiyya/Naqshbandiyya, 259, 272, 274 Mamluks, 90, 93, 106 Kharijism, 262–4 Manesson-Mallet, Allain, 35 Khoury, Dina, 4, 12 mapmaking kızılbas¸, 93, 96 see also boundaries Knights of St. John, 94, 105, 106, 109, 114, 116 early modern period, 24–8 Knights of St. Stephen, 114, 116 city views, 32 Ko¸ci Beg, 137, 142, 143, 149, 151 evolution, 33–8 Komarom,´ 88 Gastaldi, 29–32 Konya, 231 Ottoman self-description, 46–54 Korkud, 106 sixteenth century, 28 Koro¨ glu,˘ 226 travelers and diplomats, 40–6 Kose¨ Bayram, 227, 228 functions of maps, 17 Kosem,¨ Queen, 227 historical geography, 19–23 Kritovoulos, 28 mentalite´, 5–6 Ku¸¨cuk¨ Celebiz ¸ ade,ˆ 303 models of time and space, 17–19 Ku¸¨cuk¨ Kaynarca, Treaty of (1774), 121 Ortelius atlas, 87 Ku¸¨cuksu¨ garden, 289 Ottoman maps, 46–7, 50–4 Kudsˆı, Mehmed, 191 Maras¸, 217 Kulu, Shah, 226 Marc Antony, 33 Kurds, 119, 127, 130, 131 Marduk, 163 Kut¨ uko¨ glu,˘ Bekir, 178, 180 Maritz river, 45 Kuyucu Murad Pasha, Grand Vizier, 154 Marmara island, 238

Index 359

Martinengo, Ludovico of, 91 independent Ottoman narrative, 8–9 Martinuzzi, Friar George, 90 meaning, 2, 11–12, 168–9 Marxism, 75 multiple modernities, 167–9 Matrak¸ci Nasuh, 50–4, 56 Modon, 85, 110 Mattingly, Garrett, 69 Mohacs,´ Battle of (1526), 84, 100 Mawardi, al-Ahkam al-Sultaniyya al-, 205 Moldova, 89, 121 Mecca, 94, 97, 231, 256, 259 Moldovali Ali Agha, 289 Medina, 94, 97, 164, 231, 256, 259, 261 Moltke, Helmuth von, 122, 128 Mediterranean Sea moneylending, 217–18 early modern period, 104–6 Mongols, 105, 150, 173 eastern expansion, 106–7 Montagu, Lady Mary W., 19, 293 galley warfare, 110–11 Morritt, John, 43–5 internal frontiers, 111–16 mosques, 298 law of the sea, 112, 113–14 Mosul, 229, 230 Ottoman convoys, 116 Mughal Empire, 75, 165 Ottoman frontier, 104 Muhammad, Prophet, 49, 161, 162, 163, 173, 174 pirates, 106, 113, 114–15 Mujaddidiyya/Naqshbandiyya, 259, western expansion, 107–11 265–9, 272 Mehmed II, Sultan, 28, 64, 68, 69, 182 Mulk, Nizam al-, 138 Mehmed III, Sultan, 49 Murad III, Sultan, 169, 172, 174, 176–8, Mehmed Agha, 175, 177–8 189, 196 Mehmed Ali Pasha, 119, 128, 130 Murad IV, Sultan, 189 Mehmed Asˆ¸ir, 252 Murad dragoman, 86, 87, 90 MehmedCelebi ¸ Efendi, 160 Murphey, Rhoads, 138, 141 Mehmed Efendi, YirmisekizCelebi, ¸ 54–5 Musaylima, 256, 263 Mehmed Es’ad Efendi, 294–5 Muscovy, 29 Mehmed Pasha, Grand Vizier, 195 Mustafa Ali, 49, 79, 138, 149, 152 Mehmed Sureyya¨ Bey, 240 Mustafa I, Sultan, 189 menazil, 52 Mustafa II, Sultan, 123, 289 Mendes, Don Alvaro, 83 Mustafa III, Sultan, 291, 295, 302 Menteshe, 105 Mustafa Baba, 55 Messick, Brinkley, 205 Mustafa Pasha, Vizier, 99 Messina, 98 myths, 49, 141, 163–4 Middle Ages, concept, 1–2 Mytilene, 105 Middle East, definition, 19 Milan, 61, 62 Na’ˆıma,ˆ Mustafa, 182, 188, 189–91, 195 military organization Najaf, 260 background, 119–20 Najd, 260 citizenship and, 132–3 Naples, 61, 98 conscription, 129–30, 132 Napoleon I, 133, 167, 270 defenses, 120–3 Napoleonic Wars, 269, 270 disciplinary regimes, 123–33 Naqshbandi, Khalid al-, 256–7, 258 historiography, 118 narratives reservists, 131 eighteenth-century official chronicles, 180–4 sipahis, 160 Ottoman travel accounts, 54–6 transformation, 126–33 power narratives, 47–9 millenarianism, 78, 99 sixteenth-century histories, 171–80 Milos, 112 nasihatnames Minio, Bartolomeo, 25 Ayn Ali, 137, 142–3, 152–66 Minorca, 108 generic features, 147–52 Mitchell, Timothy, 118 historiography and, 9, 142–7, 161 Mitrovica, 55 literary genre, 137–41, 161–4 modernity myths, 141, 163–4 arrival, 118 order and disorder motif, 161–4 early modern period, 15 premodern world, 165–6

360 Index

nation-states long eighteenth century, 17 modernity and, 2, 11 long nineteenth century, 17 state formation and historiography, 184–97 models, 17–19 ‘‘nations,’’ 67, 72 Ottoman historiography, 2 Necipoglu,˘ Gulru,¨ 101 premodern world, 165–6 Nedim, 281–3, 285, 312 Tanzimat age, 117 Nes¸e Kadın, 253 Tulip Period, 311 Nesrˆı, 190 Persia, 29, 37, 54, 75, 165, 173 Netherlands Pertev Pasha, 272 East Indian possessions, 113 Pertusier, Charles, 302 Ottoman diplomacy, 69 Petis´ de la Croix, Fran¸cois, 142 poetry, 283 Petrosian, I. A., 138 Nevres, 283, 290 Philip II, king of Spain, 80, 108 Nicholas I, Tsar, 120 Phrygia, 35 Nightingale, Florence, 19 pirates, 106, 113, 114–15 Nish, 101 Piri Reis, 50 Nizib, Battle of (1839), 131 Piterberg, Gabriel, 179 nomads, 220–1 Pitesti, 44 North Africa, Ottoman possessions, 48 Plato, 178 pleasure, 311–12 Ochakov, 121 poetry Orhan, 105 court poetry, 312 Orientalism, 19, 44–5, 145, 212 gardens, 281–3, 298 Ortelius, Abraham, 87 Poland, 25–6, 90 Osman II, Sultan, 177, 180, 181, 189, 226 politics Osman Ghazi, 220–1 early modern Ottoman historiography, 10 Osman Pasvantoglu,˘ 120 eighteenth-century official chronicles, Osmanzade,ˆ Ahmed Taˆˆıb, 193 180–4 Otranto, 63 good Muslims and, 273 Ottoman Empire historiography and state formation, 1750–1850 transformation, 117–19 184–97 decline, 76 sixteenth-century historiography, 171–80 definition, 19–23 Pope, Alexander, 283, 293 designations, 18 portraits, 305 Habsburg rivalry, see Habsburgs Posner, Ernst, 208 historiography, see historiography Poti, 121 imperialism, see imperialism power periods, see periodization display, 284 self-description, 46–54 narratives, 47–9 uniqueness and commonalities, 5 premodern world, 165–6 Prester John, 32 Pachymeres, 105 Prevesa, Battle of (1538), 33 Palermo, 98 Pribach, Sebold von, 85 papacy, 70, 90, 105 printing, 182–3, 185 Papal States, 61 Prishtina, 56 Pardoe, Julia, 234, 295 property Peirce, Leslie, 3 animals, 216–17 periodization display, 221–4 1750–1850, 12, 17, 117 dwellings, 218–21, 222–4 classical age, 18 mandate to give, 226 debate, 1–2 materialism, 224–6 early modern, 15, 184–97 status and, 221–4 Gills/Frank, 22–3 things, 215–16, 218 Golden Age, 117 value, 213 Hodgson, 22 women, 214, 215, 221–2

Index 361

Protestantism, Germany, 77, 78 Ottoman wars, 119, 120–3, 130 Ptolemy, 28, 29, 57 victory over Ottomans (1774), 259 public gardens Rustem¨ Pasha, Grand Vizier, 90 and urban middle classes, 283–4, Rycaut, Paul, 142 306, 311 chief gardener, 299–301 Sabev, Orlin, 183 Europe, 287, 292–3 Sa’dabad Palace, 307–10 fountains, 295–7 Sa’ddedˆın Efendi, 175, 191, 197 Istanbul, 278–312 Safavids, 19, 54, 77–103, 165 municipal parks, 292 Said, Edward, 144, 147 regulation of behaviour, 300–6 St. John, Knights of, see Knights of St. John state elite role, 299 Salih Efendi, 253 public/private sphere, 3–4 Samos, 114 Pyrrhus, King, 33 Sandrart, Jacob, 35 Sanson, cartographer, 37 Qaramathians, 256, 261 Sarajevo, 229 Qattan, Najwa al-, 10 Sarı Mehmed Pasha, 138 Quataert, Donald, 17 Sarukhan, 105 Sauds, Wahhabism, 4, 260 Ragusa (Dubrovnik), 6, 65–6, 89 Scholte, Jan Aart, 118 Ramiz Pasha, 126 Scott, James C., 118 Ranke, Leopold von, 183, 197–8 sea Rasid,ˆ Mehmed, 182, 183, 191, 195, 310 high sea, 115–16 rebellions law of the sea, 112, 113–14 Alemdar incident, 125–6 Ottoman attitudes, 9 celali, 154 Sefˆık, Mehmed, 182 deposition of Ahmed III (1730), 225 ¸ehns amecisˆ , 171 Istanbul (1656), 220 Selanikˆ ˆı Mustafa Efendi, 177, 188 janissaries, 123, 125–6 Selim I, Sultan, 93–6, 159 Kurds, 131 Selim II, Sultan, 160 overthrow of Selim III, 124 Selim III, Sultan, 259 scope, 4, 123 Seljuks, 79, 105 tradition, 225–6 S¸em’danizˆ ade,ˆ 289, 311 reciprocity, new diplomacy, 62, 73 Semiz Ahmed Pasha, 177 registers, 155, 157–9 Serbia, 37, 120 religion see also Islam S¸eyhˆı, 192, 193 freedom of worship, 72–3 Seyyid Lokman, 169, 172–9 religious boundaries, 26–7, 48 Seyyid Vehbi, 286 Rhodes, 90, 96, 105 shari’a courts Rıza Pasha, 131 administration, 202–3 road network, 92 records, 206–7 Roche, Daniel, 300 shari’a law Rome, 98 sumptuary laws, 301 Rosen, Lawrence, 206 territorialization, 10, 201–2, 203, Ruhˆ ˆı, 190 204–5, 209 Rumelia, 18, 20, 47, 261 universality, 204–5 Rumiˆ of Edirne, Mehmed, 188, 193 Shi’ism, 77, 78, 93, 264 rural life, 216–17 Shirvani, Husayn ibn Abdallah al-, 264 Ruschuk, 120, 121, 122, 124 Shumla, 122 Russia Sicker, Martin, 145 1736–9 war, 119 Sidi Ali Reis, 48 army discipline, 128 Silahdˆ arˆ Mahirˆ Hamza Pasha, Grand ascendance, 19, 117 Vizier, 195 conscription, 129 Silistre, 122–3 Napoleonic threat, 270 Sinan, 228

362 Index

sipahis, 160 Suwaydi, Ali al-, 271 Sirhindi, 265–6 Syria, 29, 93, 106, 146, 256, 260 Siyavus¸ Pasha, 175 Szapolyai, Janos,´ king of Hungary, 84, 85, slave state, 19 100–1, 102 slaves, 129, 221, 253, 254 Szeben (Hermannstadt/Sibiu), 91 Smyrna, 105 Sokollu Mehmed Pasha, Grand Vizier, 84 Tabriz, 40 sovereignty, universal sovereignty, 201, 204–5 Tahir Agha, 290–1 space Tahmasp Safavi, Shah, 54, 97 see also mapmaking Tana, 40 classical space, 19 Tanzimat age, 2, 117 historical geography, 19–23 Tartars, 29 Lewis/Wigen divisions, 20, 56 Tartary, 40, 41 maps and travelers, 40–6 tax registers, 80 models, 17–19 telhis, 150–1 Ottoman self-description, 46–54 Tercuman¨ Mahmud, 85, 86, 87 Ottoman travel accounts, 54–6 Terra Sancta, 27, 29 Spain, 82, 83, 107 territorialization, shari’a law, 10, 201–2, 203, spying, see espionage, intelligence gathering 204–5, 209 states, see nation-states Tezcan, Baki, 10 stereotypes, 6, 8 Thomas, Lewis, 180 structures of feeling, 257, 259 Tietze, Andreas, 138 Subhˆı, Mehmed, 195 timar system, 144, 153, 154, 155, 159–60 Sufis, 265, 266, 267, 274 time, see periodization Suleyman¨ I (the Magnificent) Toledo, Don Garcia of, 109 authority, 196 Tophane arsenal, 126 Central European stalemate, 100–2 Topkapı Palace, 278, 300 concubines, 215 Transylvania, 43, 89, 90 death, 18, 117 travelers extent of empire, 49 mapmaking and, 40–6 grand strategy, 6, 77 Ottoman narratives, 54–6 historiography, 174 Tripoli, 108 Hungarian campaign, 83 Troy, 28 imperial ideology, 95–100 Tucker, Judith, 205 informants, 82, 83 ‘‘Tulip Period,’’ 311 Jerusalem water supply, 227 Tunis, 48, 94, 108, 111 law books, 159, 160 Tunis, Battle of (1535), 98 Mediterranean campaigns, 108, 109 Turkey Mohacs´ victory (1526), 84 1736–9 war, 119 poetry, 178, 186–7 Kemalism, 146 waqfs, 228 mapmaking, 35–7 Suleyman¨ III, Sultan, 47 military coup (1980), 148 Suleyman¨ the Little, 271 origin of public law, 125 sultans depositions, 185–6, 189, 225 ulema, concept, 201 narratives of power, 47–9 Umur Pasha, 105 rebellions against, 225–6 Ungnad, David von, 84 succession, 185–7 United Kingdom titles, 8 see also England waqfs, 228 ideology, 270 sumptuary laws, 299, 300–2, 303–5 imperialism, 117 Sunnis, 4, 93, 95, 263 Indian army discipline, 128 Surur¨ ˆı, 283 Indian Raj, 270 Suwaydi, Abu al-Fawz Muhammad Amin al-, Ottoman Trade Agreement 256, 267–9, 272–3 (1838), 167

Index 363

United States Wahhab, Muhammad ibn Abd al-, 256, 258, 260, Ottoman historiography, 144–5 261, 262, 263 Revolution, 166 Wahhabism urban middle classes, 283–4, 306, 311 Baghdad, 270–3 Uthman al-Jalili, 267–8, 273 conquest of Medina and Mecca, 259 Uveys¨ Pasha, 88 economic conditions, 270 emergence, 4 Valensi, Lucette, 71 exclusivity, 261–73 Valona incident (1638), 113 expansion, 260–2 Van der Aa, Pieter, 37 nineteenth-century reform debate, 258 Varna, 122 Ottoman responses, 274 Vasıf,ˆ Ahmed, 195 Wallachia, 43, 44, 89, 121 Venice waqfs, 227–32, 234, 289 Arsenal fire (1569), 82–3 Watteau, Antoine, 279 border with Ottomans, 25 wealth display, 221–4 diplomacy, 61 Weber, Max, 75, 205, 206 envoys to Istanbul, 40 Wigen, Karen, 20, 44, 56 intelligence from, 90, 94 Williams, Raymond, 257, 259 intelligence service, 82 women Istanbul diplomacy, 63, 84 epitaphs, 251 law of the sea, 113–14 personalities, 3–4 Mediterranean power, 105 possessions, 214, 215 Mediterranean warfare, 105, 106, 116 segregation, 213–14 ‘‘new diplomacy,’’ 70–4 waqfs, 228–9 Ottoman client state, 6 wealth, 221–2 Ottoman threat, 62 Wright, Walter, 138 Ottoman trade, 63 travelers, 41 Yaglık¸˘ cızadeˆ Mehmed Emin Pasha, Grand Valona incident (1638), 113 Vizier, 195 Venetian settlements, 68, 69 Yunus Bey, 85, 90 Vidin, 120 Vienna, 43, 90, 98 zadrugas, 219 Vienna, Battle of (1521), 22 Zeliha Hanim, 252, 253 viziers, 193, 194, 195–6 zimmis, 63–4, 65, 67, 204, 209–11 Vushtrria, 56 Zve¸can, 55