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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-51949-6 - The Second Ottoman Empire: Political and Social Transformation in the Early Modern World Baki Tezcan Index More information

Index

Abaza Hasan Pasha, 215–216 effects of survival of brother on, 71 Abaza Mehmed Pasha, 162, 173, 213 fratricide, 64 Abdulhalim¨ Karayazıcı, 65, 66, 143–148, Mehmed Pasha (Sokolluzade) and, 108 150–151 Mustafa Agha and, 110–111 Abdullah Efendi, 169 Mustafa Efendi and, 118 Abdurrahim¨ family, 5, 220 Osman II and, 115 Abou-El-Haj, Rifa’at Ali, 9, 34, 217, pious acts of, 70 219 rebellions and, 71, 120n22 absolutism, 80, 213 Safavid wars, 131–132 appointments, royal power of, 55 Sun’ullah Efendi and, 70 army and, 152, 180 warrior sultan tradition and, 120 conservatives and, 49, 53 Ahmed III, 197n18, 222–223, 225 constitutionalists and, 48–59 Ahmed Pasha (deputy grand vizier), 167, 169 court politics and, 114 Ahmed Pasha (Etmekcizade). See deﬁnition of, 54, 80 Etmekcizade Ahmed Pasha divine law and, 29, 53, 157 Akarlı, Engin, 41 historiography and, 215 alcohol, 66, 67(ﬁg), 174 liberals and, 49, 53 Aleppo, 15, 95, 104, 132, 148–149, 159–160, long wars and, 180 162, 178n85, 189, 212 market economies and, 80 Algeria, 223–224 Mehmed III, 65 Ali Agha, 171, 172 Murad III, 97 Ali Bey, 121 Murad IV, 214 Ali Efendi (Sarı), 37–38, 121. See also Mustafa I, 77, 109 Mullah Ali Mustafa II, 43–44, 219 Ali Pasha (d. 1511), 101 Osman II, 80–81, 109, 116, 128–141, 153 Ali Pasha (1581–1621), 110, 111, 132–136, political authority and, 44 137 public law and, 47, 48 alps, qualities of, 84–85 sciences and, 29, 241 ambassador reports, reliability of, 113 Second Empire and, 150 Amcazade Huseyin¨ Pasha, 219 social mobility and, 53, 54–55, 58 ancien regime´ , 191, 194, 226 ulema and, 29, 44, 169, 171 Andrews, Walter, 1, 4, 191 Age of Beloveds, The, 1, 4 Ankara, Battle of (1402), 88 agriculture, 17, 80, 88, 197, 231 .Seealso army timars absolutism and, 152, 180 Ahizade Huseyin,¨ 74 administrators of, 80 Ahmed Bey. See Etmekcizade Ahmed Pasha cavalry soldiers. See cavalry soldiers Ahmed Cevdet, 226 decline narrative and, 4, 195, 240 Ahmed I devs¸irmes. See devs¸irme system accession to throne, 72–73 dynastic succession and, 47 chief gardeners, 104 economic interests and, 190 dynastic succession, 47, 61–63 endowment trusteeships and, 189

267

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-51949-6 - The Second Ottoman Empire: Political and Social Transformation in the Early Modern World Baki Tezcan Index More information

268 Index

army (cont.) Muslims and, 186 expansion of, 180, 181, 184, 186 patrimonial empire and, 199 financial entrepreneurialship of, 131, political authority and, 35, 232 184–190 re’aya and. See re’aya grandee households and, 182–184 Second Empire, 193, 197 hereditary privileges of, 185 slaves of the sultan and, 91–92 infantry. See janissaries social mobility and. See social mobility janissaries. See janissaries tax farming and, 44, 186, 187 jurists and, 66–68, 166, 170, 242–243 wealth distribution of, 202–204, 210 legal opinions demanded by, 166, 221 Atman. See Osman I membership selection, 16, 179 a’yan (local notables), 44, 197, 225 mercenaries. See mercenaries Ays¸e Sultan, 103 military prowess, 241 Azmizade Mustafa, 103 monetization and, 185 Murad III and, 175 Baki Bes¸e (later Pasha), 14–15, 133, 167, 189 Muslim commoners, 179 Balkans, 19–21, 67, 81, 147, 162, 178, 189, Mustafa I’s second enthronement, 170 217–218, 219, 224 Nasuh Agha and, 169 South Slav monetary systems, 89 opposition to court of, 175–190 Barkan, Omer¨ Lutfi, 27–29, 43, 49 Osman II and, 131, 141, 151 Baron de Sancy. See Sancy, Achille de Harlay Osman II capture by, 156–175 de Osman II’s new army, 141, 171 Bayezid I, 88 outsiders (ecnebis) and, 57, 179 Bayezid II (1481–1512), 21 pilgrimages and, 157, 163 dynastic politics and, 42, 46, 92 political power of, 175–190 forced retirement of, 79 private armies, 160 poison and, 117n5 rebellions, 4, 54, 163–175, 184, 190, Bayezid, Prince, 43, 61, 63 221–222 Bayram Pasha, 185 Safavid wars, 131 Bedik, 37 salary payments and, 163, 169, 171, 174, Berman, Harold, 82 177–179 Bilgin, Vejdi, 52 Second Empire and, 195 Birgili Mehmed, 32–33 shopkeepers and, 166 Black Sea area, 136, 163 size of, 177–179 Blount, Sir Henry, 230 slaves of the sultan. See slaves of the sultan Blue Mosque, 70 tax farming and, 185, 186, 187 Bohemia, 137 technology and. See military technology Book of Alexander, 119 as “Third Estate”, 185 Book of Asaph, (Lutfi Pasha), 96 timars and, 22 Book of China, 59 uprising (May 1622), 153, 170 Book of Dede Korkut, 85 viziers and, 180 Book on the Affairs of Muslims and the arpalıks 137 Interests of the Believers, The, 96 As¸ık Çelebi,186 Bosnia, 148 As¸ık Pasha, 84–85 Bosporus, 120, 230 askeri Bostanzade, Yahya, 167, 169 collective identity of, 236n30 Brenner, Robert, 82, 211 court and estate records of, 202 Bulgaria, 39 definition of, 30–31, 186n118, 187 Bursa campaign, 111 de-militarization and, 197 Busbecq, Ogier Ghiselin de, 42–43 devs¸irme system and, 31, 186 Byzantine Empire, 19–20, 85–88, 91, 131 dynastic authority and, 44 outsiders (ecnebis) and, 31, 179 cadastral land surveys, 19, 23–24, 47 expansion of, 35, 44, 55, 232–233 Cafer Pasha, 111–113. See also Hadım Cafer feudal elite of the provinces, 45 Pasha fiefs and, 50 “cage” (kafes), 61, 109 janissaries, 203–204 ÇalıkAhmed,222–224 membership in, 44, 55 Ç andarlı (grand vizier), 131 military prowess and, 45, 241 Canpoladzade Ali, 149, 150, 161–162, 173

Index 269

Canpoladzade Huseyin¨ Pasha, 145, civilization, concept of, 10, 76, 197 149–151 Ç ivizade, Muhyiddin, 32 Canpoladzade Mustafa, 151, 162 clothing laws, 66 capitalism, 230–232 coffeehouses, 228–229 cash wakfs, 31–35, 198 colleges of law (medreses), 28–29, 68, 70, lords of the law and, 37–38 103–106 Castle of Kings, 55, 97 sciences and, 29, 241 Ç atalcalı Ali, 216, 217 colonialism, 232–233, 236, 238 cavalry soldiers (salaried; excluding commoners, 16–17 timariots) distribution of wealth among, 209–210 decline narrative and, 191 See also outsiders,re’aya grandees households and, 183, 184 confiscations policy (musadere¨ ), 37, 95, guilds and, 189, 208 133 hereditary status of, 183, 185 conservatives increases in numbers of, 177 constitutionalists and, 49, 53, 58 Istanbul uprisings by, 175 definition of, 48, 54 janissaries and, 164, 172, 184, 209 jurists’ law and, 52 limits on expansion of, 209 public law and, 48, 51 Mehmed III and, 65, 66–67 social mobility and, 51–52, 58 military technology and, 17 Constantinople. See Istanbul rebellions, 66–67, 175, 183, 188, 215 constitutionalism, 80, 237 recruitment sources for, 183 absolutism and, 48–59.Seealsoabsolutism salary payments, 159, 163, 164, 175, 209, checks and balances, 77 215 conservatives and, 49, 53, 58 six divisions of, 175, 176(fig) Constitution of 1876, 59, 76 sources of political unrest within, 183 definition of, 53–54 tax collections and, 187, 188 divine law and, 52, 53–54 Ç elebi Kadi, Lutfullah, 39 dynastic succession and, 47, 76–77, 237 Cesy´ Philippe de Harlay, comte de, 132–133, European observers of, 7–8 158, 163 kanun-ı kadim and, 57, 66, 120 Chamberlain, Michael, 40 legitimization of depositions, 5, 221 charisma, 60, 61, 63, 71, 77, 196 liberals and, 49, 53 Osman II and, 131, 153 linguistic versus historical absence of chief black eunuchs, 67, 71, 115, 160, terms, 48 175 lords of the law and, 68–71, 77, 129–31, as extension of dynasty, 103–104 157, 241 history of, 100 market economies and, 80 Mehmed Agha, 102–103, 130 Mustafa I and, 76, 120 Murad III and, 100–103, 113 rationalist epistemology and, 129–31, 157, Mustafa Agha, 79, 103, 110–114, 119–120, 241 133, 137 royal authority, 54, 241 Osman II and, 79, 138(fig) social mobility and, 53, 54–55, 58 pilgrimage opposition by, 163 unwritten constitution, 243 Suleyman¨ Agha, 121, 138(fig), 166, 167, Contarini, Simon, 111 170 Cook, Michael, 147 chief white eunuchs, 65, 67, 71, 175 corporations appointments made through, 101 concept of, 231–232 as extension of dynasty, 103–104 janissaries, 207, 240 history of, 101 legal status of, 198 medreses and, 104, 105(fig) corruption, perceptions about, 5, 9, 65, 107, pious endowments and, 103. See also 194 Gazanfer Agha Counsel for Sultans (Mustafa Ali), 124 Christian population. See devs¸irme system, Crete, 25, 43 non-Muslim subjects Crimea Cıgalazade Mahmud Pasha, 74, 96 Khans of, 132, 222 Cıgalazade Sinan Pasha (grand vizier), 66, politics, 71 96, 102, 149, 151, 183 Crone, Patricia, 234, 238 circumcision, 115–116 cultural activities, 228–230

270 Index

currency devlet (fortune; state), 60–61, 71–72, 76, 93, coinage debasement, 65, 167, 169 196, 223 economic unification, 17–18 devs¸irme system, 16, 17 European silver, 18 askeri and, 31, 186 inflation, 127 dynastic authority and, 44 legal system with universal claims, 18 fiefs and, 50 Mehmed II and, 82, 89 final year of (1703), 44, 195 monetary crises and, 150 janissaries and, 204 power-sharing and, 198 Mehmed II and, 107 unification of currencies, 10, 17–18, 82, membership selection procedures, 44, 236 89, 198 musahib Mehmed, 107 patrimonial empire and, 236 Damad Hasa Pasha, 222 slaves of the sultan. See slaves of the sultan Darling, Linda, 25, 39, 187 Dilaver Pasha (grand vizier), 151–152, 158, Davud Pasha, 74, 112, 172–174 166–167, 169–170 de Cesy.´ See Cesy,´ Philippe de Harlay, comte Dispelling the Darkness (Mullah Ali), 131 de Diyarbekir, 73, 114, 132, 152, 162, 171, de Provin, Pacifique. See Provins, Pacifique 184n102 de Druze, 140, 158, 161 decline narrative dynastic succession 1922 collapse, 238 accession term, 72 adaptation and, 242 ages of candidates for succession, 74–76 cavalry and, 191 Ahmed I, 47, 61–62, 63 conventional view of, 8–9, 242n48 army and, 214, 221–222 cultural explanations of, 242 Bayezid, Prince, 43, 61, 63 depositions and, 1 Bayezid II and, 42, 46, 92 early modernity and, 227–240 bloodless deposition of Mehmed IV, 5, 217 general discussion of, 4–5, 238–242 brothers, succession of, 46 grand narratives and, 9 the “cage” (kafes), 61, 109 institutional responsibility and, 242–243 constitutionalism and, 47, 59, 76, 77 janissaries and, 191, 199, 240 decline narrative and, 1 kanun law and, 29–30 depositions, 1, 5, 8, 30, 44, 64, 66–67, 79, Mehmed IV, 5 80, 108–114, 120, 156, 159, 172–174, modernity and, 227–240 184, 191, 192, 197, 200, 211, 213, Murad III and, 56 214–215, 218–225 New Order and, 194 dynastic wars, 43, 46, 61 Ottoman Empire dissolution, 239 enthronement term, 72 outsiders (ecnebis) and, 194 feudalism and, 92 question of, 238 fratricidal tradition. See fratricide relative democratization and, 194 janissaries, 5, 8, 172–175, 191, 218–225 Second Empire and, 19 jurists’ influence on, 35, 36–43, 46–78, timars and, 22 221–222, 237 ulema and, 29–30, 191, 241 jurists’ law and, 42–43, 63, 75–77 Deli Hasan, 148 legal debates over, 47, 75 democratization processes, 7, 10 legal opinions for, 62, 68, 74–76 decline narrative and, 194 legal principles and, 59–76 monetization and, 198 legitimization of depositions, 5, 220 political expansion/participation. See legitimizing qualities, 75 political expansion/participation limits of royal authority and, 47, 62–63, of political privileges, 233 76–77, 237 power-sharing and, 198 lords of the law and, 47 royal authority and, 243 market expansion and, 34, 43 Second Empire and, 233 Mehmed, Prince, 62–63 social mobility and, 197 Mehmed III and, 68 demographic growth, 22 Mehmed IV and, 217–218 Dervis¸Bey,144–145 mental capacity agruments, 80, 109–111, Dervis¸ Pasha (grand vizier), 70, 104, 107 113, 214 dervish story, 14 military determinations of, 47, 61

Index 271

Murad III and, 61, 92–93 Enlightenment, 230 Mustafa I, 61–62, 74–76 Es’ad. See Sa’deddinzade Es’ad Mustafa II, 5, 219–221 Eski Yusuf, 159, 160 Osman II, 62–63, 74 Esma Han, 98 patrimonial system and, 92 Esperanza Malchi (Jewish kiera), 65, 107, provincial governorships and, 61, 77 175, 188 as public law, 42–43, 76 Essence of History (Mustafa Ali),ˆ 57, 59 reasons to murder deposed sultans, 218 Esztergom, 108 regicides, 4–5, 12, 76, 117, 156, 162, 173, Etmekçizade Ahmed Pasha, 14–15, 16, 74 184, 190, 191–192, 211, 213, 215, 220 eunuchs. See chief black eunuchs; chief regularized, 196 white eunuchs; specific persons royal authority and, 63, 77 European imperialism, 238–241 Sa’deddinzade Es’ad and, 47, 63, 74–77 New Order and, 193 Second Empire and, 196 European Union, 19 Selim II (1566–74; Prince Selim, 1524–66), 43, 61, 92–93 Fakhr al-D¯ın Ibn Man, 140, 144, 151, 158, seniority rule, 47, 61, 72–76 161–163 slaves of the sultan and, 93 family law, 53 soldiers and regicide, 173–174 Faroqhi, Suraiya, 17 succession donations, 114, 119 Fazıl Ahmed Pasha (Kopr¨ ul¨ u),¨ 29, 215, 216 Suleyman¨ I and, 42–43, 63, 92 Fazıl Mustafa Pasha (Kopr¨ ul¨ u),¨ 218–219 unwritten understandings, 5 Ferhad Pasha, 180–181 feudalism, 20–21, 192 Eastern Question, 239 agricultural productivity, 83, 88 Ebu Bekir, 7 alps and, 86 Ebulmeyamin Mustafa Efendi (grand mufti), capitalism and, 232 69(fig), 106, 126 cavalry during, 17, 86 legal opinions by, 68, 71 centrifugal forces of, 82 Ebussu’ud, 32–34, 41–43 conditional overlord sovereignty, 83 ecnebis. See outsiders dissolution of, 19–30 economic development as dominant mode of production, 20 agricultural production, 17 dynastic succession and, 92 cash wakfs and, 33 economics during, 19–21 conversion into political power, 233 European, 81–82, 85 currency unification and, 17–18 extra-economic surplus appropriation, 82, feudalism debate, 19–21 86 financial administration, 15, 107 fiefs. See timars financial institutions, 131, 205–207 institutions of, 47 infantry and, 24–25, 150 law during. See feudal law janissaries and. See army; janissaries markets and, 19, 80, 93 jurists’ law and, 31–33, 36–37 medieval legacies, 232, 242 military rebellions and, 190 mercenaries (sekbans) and, 150–151 monetization. See monetization military power incentives, 83 political unification and, 17 military technology and, 17 tax farming and, 50 monetary economy, 21 education networks of mutual obligations, 84–85 palace school graduates, 94, 183 patrimonial system and, 81–93 patron-client relationships in, 40 provincial elites and, 44 royal women and, 104, 106 regional autonomy during, 89 tutors, 122 slaves of sultan and, 88, 91–92 See also colleges of law, ulema territorial conquests necessitated by, 88 Egypt, 18, 37, 64, 81, 101, 103, 110–112, timars. See timars 121, 158n8, 162, 182, 183, 192, 202, 224 unifying forces in, 88 English Civil War, 4, 8, 54–55 vassals, replacement of, 88, 91–92 English limited monarchy, 1, 4, 5 vertical (and horizontal) political tensions, English merchants, 126, 189n130 90, 93 English parliament, 242 Feyzullah. See Seyyid Feyzullah English Revolution, 211 fiefs. See timars

272 Index

Fındıklılı Mehmed (Silahdar), 218, 221 Habsburg wars, 7, 65, 108, 127, 142, 144, Fontanier, Victor, 5–6, 8 175, 178–181, 218 fratricide Hacı Ibrahim˙ Pasha, 66 Ahmed I and Prince Mustafa (later Mustafa Hacı Mehmed, 15, [16] I), 60, 62–63, 64 Hadım Cafer Pasha, 142–143 Bayezid and Selim (later Selim II), 46, 61 Hafız Ahmed Pasha, 162, 171, 213 devlet tested by, 60–61 Halil Pasha, 73, 111, 112, 161–162 dynastic succession and, 46, 47 Safavid wars, 132 judicial sanctions for, 42 Hamidi Mustafa Pasha, 103 legal opinions and, 42, 63 Hanafi School of jurists’ law, 26–27, 32–34 Mehmed II and, 42 harem (the residential part of the imperial Mehmed III, 46, 61 palace), 100, 102, 107, 109, 125, 153, Murad III, 46, 61 170 Murad I’s brothers, 42 Hasan Halife, 213 Murad IV, 63, 131, 214 Hasan Pasha (Sokolluzade), 95, 147, 148 Osman II and Prince Mehmed, 118, 131, Hasanbeyzade, 67, 72, 74 136–137 Hasht Bihisht (the Eight Paradises), 57 political burden of, 63 Hezarpare Ahmed Pasha, 16 Selim, Prince (later Selim I), 46 Hibri, 72 wars of, 60–61, 77 Hinds, Martin, 234, 238 historiography Gabor Bethlen, 137 absolutism and, 215 Galata Tower, 28 grand narratives in, 238 Ganizade Nadiri, 120 janissary corps, 199 gardeners (bostancıs), 169, 171 Kopr¨ ul¨ uera,¨ 215 Ahmed I and chief gardeners, 104, 107 Mehmed IV and, 215–216 chief gardeners, 65–66, 104, 174, 175 New Order and, 226 Dervis¸Pasha,104, 107 power-sharing and, 198 Huseyin¨ Pasha, 137 during Second Empire, 196 Mehmed III and chief gardeners, 104, 175 teleology-contingency tension, 239 Osman II and chief gardeners, 137, 162 uprising (May 1622), 173 uprising (May 1622) and, 169, 171 History (Ahmed Cevdet), 226 Garibname text, 84–85 Hoca Hasmı Osman Pasha, 146 Gazanfer Agha (chief white eunuch), 65 house of records (defterhane), 164 colleges of law and, 104, 105(fig) household of the sultan. See slaves of the as imperial power broker, 101–102 sultan Gedikli, Fethi, 210 Howard, Douglas, 8–9, 22 Genghis Khan, 52, 222 Hungary wars, 65, 108, 137, 139(fig), Ghazan Khan, 84, 86 177–178, 181 grand mufti, office of, 63–72 Huseyin¨ Hezarfenn, 7 political independence of, 63 Huseyin¨ Ozde¨ ger,˘ 203, 209–210 power of, 71 Huseyin¨ Pasha, 104, 137, 151, 167, 172 revolts and, 64, 66–67, 166 appointment of, 137, 167 salary payments and, 37. See also uprising (May 1622), 169, 172 Ebussu’ud, Mehmed (grand mufti), Huseyin¨ Tugi, chronicles of, 158–159, 164, Sa’deddin Efendi (mentor), 166, 167, 169, 170, 173 Sa’deddinzade Es’ad, Sun’ullah Efendi Husrev Pasha, 213 grand viziers, office of, 91, 124, 131, 195–196; specific persons Ibn Man. See Fakhr al-D¯in lbn Man grandee households, 94–96 Ibrahim˙ (Suleymen’s¨ grand vizier), 131 army soldiers and, 183–185 Ibrahim˙ (reigned 1640–8), 5, 214–215, 220 confiscations of, 37 Ibrahim˙ Pasha (brother of Canfeda Hatun), Greco-Islamic governance traditions, 192n2 107, 184n102 guilds, 189, 207–208, 210–212 Ibrahim˙ Pasha (Mehmed III’s grand vizier), Gurc¨ u¨ Hadım Mehmed Pasha, 74, 101, 103 112 Ibrahim˙ Pasha (Sokolluzade), 95 Idr¯ıs Bidl¯ıs¯ı, 57 Habsburg lands, 140(map) (imams) prayer leaders, 62, 122

Index 273

Inalcık,˙ Halil, 60, 84 as legitimate opposition, 6 on centralization, 88–89 long-distance trade and, 206 historian, 17 lords of the law and, 213 on taxes, 21 Mehmed III and, 183 Iraq, 183 membership in, 199–206, 210–211 Isazade,˙ 218 mercenaries and, 141 Iskendername˙ , 119 military technology and, 175–176, 204 Ismail, 118 monopolistic tendencies of, 210 Istanbul, 28, 165(map), 168(map), 216 Murad IV and, 211 conquest(1453), 131 Muslim population and, 204, 205 Mustafa I and, 113, 114, 171 Jacob, Margaret, 238 New Order and, 193 Jalali rebellions, 53, 65, 110, 127, 177, 178 Osman II and, 114, 211, 240–241 Ahmed I and, 120n22 payroll registers of, 204, 213 mercenaries and, 144–145 political unity among, 211 new army and, 141 preachers and, 124 Syria and, 143 price controls and, 207 Jalali-like manners, 148 rebellions, 6, 211, 213–224 janissaries as representatives, 8 Ahmed III and, 223 republic of, 222–224 appropriation of, 199 royal authority and, 241 as armed consultative assembly, 6 salary payments to, 17, 37, 114, 163, 169, askeri and, 203–204 177, 205, 209 autonomy of, 204 Second Empire and, 191–226 Bayezid II and, 79 size of, 177–178, 199–200 bribes and, 205 social mobility and, 199 cadets, 179, 204 solak contingent of, 158 Ç alık Ahmed’s aspirations for, 222–224 in Syria, 148–149 careers of, 15 territorial losses and, 240–241 cavalry soldiers and, 164, 172, 183, 209 timars and, 24 as chamber of deputies, 8 trade and, 207, 209–210 clothing of, 200(fig), 201(fig) uprising (May 1622), 169, 171 Common Bank of, 205–207 war participation rates for, 177 commoners and, 209 wealth distribution among, 206, 210–211, corporation qualities of, 198, 207, 240 212 decline narrative and, 191, 199, 240 Young Ottomans view of, 6 destruction of (1826), 193, 240 Jewish kiera, Esperanza Malchi, 65, 107, 175, devs¸irme system and, 204 188 dynastic succession and, 5 jurists’ law ( fiqh) economic development and, 24–25 absolutism and, 29, 44 empire-wide phenomenon of, 212 army interests and, 170 English parliament and, 242 cash wakfs and, 33 executions demanded by (1632), 213–214 centralized system of, 36 expansion of, 17, 204, 209 conservatives and, 66 grandees’ households and, 184 decline narrative and, 240 growth of, 24, 177 definition of, 26 guilds and, 207–208, 210, 211–212 dynastic politics and, 35–43, 46–78, 237 hereditary status of, 185 economic development and, 36 historiography of, 199 empowerment of, 30–43 Huseyin¨ Pasha and, 137 Es’ad and, 74 Huseyin¨ Tugi chronicles, 158–159, 164, Hanafi School of, 26–27 166–167, 169–170, 173 independence from political authority, 68 Istanbul as center of, 216 influence on dynastic succession, 63 judged-by-peers privilege, 174 kanun law and, 25, 27, 35, 47 Kadizadeli movement and, 216 market expansion and, 34, 77 Kopr¨ ul¨ u¨ era and, 217 market relations organized by, 44 legal immunity from regular prosecution, as medium for political confrontations, 71 207 monetization and, 30

274 Index

jurists’ law ( fiqh)(cont.) Kemankes¸ Mustafa Pasha, 185 political authority and, 26, 30–43, 66, 71, Kharijites, 54 234–237 Khoury, Dina, 212 public law and, 51 Kınalızade Ali, 51, 52 religious fanaticism and, 28, 234–235 King James I of England, 126 rise of, 19–30 Koçi Bey, 209 Sharia and, 19, 25–27, 29 Konya battle (1559), 43 socioeconomic context, 30–36 Kopr¨ ul¨ u,¨ M. Fuad, 84 Suleyman¨ and, 33, 42–43 Kopr¨ ul¨ uera,¨ 214, 215–217 traditionalist knowledge and, 241 Kopr¨ ul¨ ufamily,¨ 211, 215–216, 219 .Seealso uprising (May 1622), 167, 171 Fazıl Ahmed Pasha (Kopr¨ ul¨ u),¨ Fazıl Mustafa Pasha (Kopr¨ ul¨ u),¨ Kara Mustafa Kadızade Mehmed (preacher), 119, 125, Pasha (Kopr¨ ul¨ u)¨ and Kopr¨ ul¨ u¨ Mehmed 126n52 Pasha Kadızadeli movement, 28, 216–217 Kopr¨ ul¨ uMehmedPasha,¨ 215–216 Kadızadelis, 126 Kosem¨ Sultan, 118 Kafadar Cemal, 6, 8, 171, 199, 202 Kunt, Metin, 25 Kalpaklı, Mehmet, 1, 4, 191 Kurds, 145, 216, 223–224 kanun, 19 Ottoman Kurdistan, 92n37 conservatives and, 49 sciences and, 29 customs as the basis of legality for, 19, 25, kut, 60 27, 49 Kuyucu Murad Pasha (grand vizier), 70, decline narrative and, 29–30 125n43, 149, 200 definition of, 19, 49–50 demise of, 27, 43, 47, 235 labor productivity, 93 divine law and, 53 land surveys, 19, 25, 47 dynastic authority and, 35, 44, 54, 59 land wealth, market economies and, 94, Es’ad and, 76 189 founding fathers and, 57, 59 Lapidus, Ira, 41 jurists’ law and, 25, 27, 35, 47 law kanun term outlawed, 28–29 administrative law, 19, 34, 234 kanunnames, 25, 27, 49–50, 63 ancient and customary practices, 65–66, legitimation of, 57, 59 170, 175 liberals and, 49, 51 claims of God versus claims of men, 26–27 Mehmed II (1451–81) and, 57 courts implemented throughout empire, Murad III and, 56 35–36 openness to change, 50 currency unification and, 18 outsiders and, 51 dynastic succession and, 59–76 patrimonial empire and, 27 enjoining good and forbidding evil, political hegemony and, 52 127–128 public law and, 51 janissary immunity, 207 scholarship on, 28 judges. See ulema secular qualities of, 28 market societies and, 44, 127 Seyyid Feyzullah and, 28–29 mevali. See lords of the law Sharia and, 29 positive law, 19 social mobility, 51–52 positive law – natural law distinction, 26 Suleyman¨ and, 43 private law, 234 kanun-ı kadim (the ancient constitution), public law. See public law 57–58 public-private law distinction, 41 Kara Mezak, 172 unification of legal systems, 10 Kara Mustafa Pasha (Kopr¨ ul¨ u),¨ 215, 217, 219 Law-Book of China, 59 Karaçelebizade Abdulaziz,¨ 215 Lebanon, 141, 143, 158, 161 Karanfilzade, 14 legal opinions Karayazıcı. See Abdulhalim¨ Karayazıcı ages of candidates for succession, 74–76, kassam (supervisor of inheritance shares), 80 37–38 dynastic executions and, 42–43 Katib Çelebi,29, 128 dynastic fratricide and, 42, 63 Kemaleddin Tas¸kopr¨ uzade,¨ 136 dynastic succession and, 47, 62, 68

Index 275

Ebulmeyamin Mustafa Efendi, 68, 71 market economies, 10 Ibrahim’s˙ deposition and, 5, 220 cultural activities and, 230 increasing role in politics, 30 currency unification. See currency by Kemaleddin Tas¸kopr¨ uzade,¨ 136 dynasty pulled into jurists’ law by, 34 Mehmed III and, 68, 106 early modern period characterized by, 232 Mustafa I, 70, 170 expansion of, 34–36, 47, 77, 80, 230, 232 Osman II and, 136 feudalism and, 19, 80, 93 Osman II execution, 173–174 Islamic legal principles and, 127 Prince Mehmed execution, 137 jurists’ law and, 34, 36, 44, 77 Prince Mustafa execution, 71 land-based economies, 94 soldiers demand for, 166 long-distance trade, 231–232 uprising (May 1622), 166 mercenaries and, 150 Yemis¸çi Hasan Pasha, 67–68 monopolies in, 231–232 Lello, Henry, 68, 147 political expansion and, 34 Lewis, Bernard, 7–8 preachers and, 127 liberals, 49, 51–54 social mobility and, 35 libraries, 28 unification and, 82 literature, 228–229 work ethics and, 127 Lithuania. See Polish-Lithuanian Marsigli, Count Luigi Ferdinando, 6–7, 8, 185 Commonwealth campaign Mecca, 154(map), 155(fig) .SeealsoOsman lords of the law (mevali), 36, 64 II pilgrimage caliphate and, 129 Medicis of Tuscany, 161 cash wakfs, 38 Mehmed (chief gardener), 162 constitutionalists and, 157 Mehmed (grand mufti), career of, 63–64 dynastic succession and, 40, 47 Mehmed Agha (eunuch), 102–103, 130 economic development and, 36–37 Mehmed II (1451–81) heritable status of, 36, 40–41 Ç andarlı and, 131 imams of sultans and, 122 confiscation policies of, 131 imperial power, 38 currency unification, 82, 89 janissaries and, 213 devs¸irme system and, 107 judgeships of small towns and, 137 as founder of laws, 57–59 jurists’ law. See jurists’ law fratricide and, 42 Kopr¨ ul¨ u¨ era and, 216–217 kanun law and, 57 Mamluk comparisons, 40 Law Book of, 58, 63 Mehmed IV and, 217 Suleyman¨ I and, 89–93 Murad III appointing new ones, 100 taxation practices of, 21 Mustafa I and, 170 titles of, 81 Mustafa II and, 220 Mehmed III, 64–68 Osman II and, 114, 137, 167 chief gardeners and, 104 patron-client relationships, 40 fratricide, 46 pilgrimage opposition of, 163–164 son’s execution, 68, 70, 106 Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Mehmed IV, 5, 29, 215–219 campaign and, 136–137 Mehmed Pasha (Gurc¨ uHadım).¨ See Gurc¨ u¨ political empowerment of, 16th c., 36–43 Hadım Mehmed Pasha retirement benefits abolishment, 163 Mehmed Pasha (Kopr¨ ul¨ u).¨ See Kopr¨ ul¨ u¨ royal court authority and, 107 Mehmed Pasha royal endowments and, 106 Mehmed Pasha (lala, Mehmed III’s grand sciences and, 130–131 vizier), 107 teaching posts and, 38, 40–41 Mehmed Pasha (musahib), 107, 175 uprising (May 1622), 153, 167, 170 Mehmed Pasha (Sofu, deputy grand vizier Lutfi Pasha, 96 under Ahmed I, Mustafa I, and Osman Lutfullah. See Ç elebi Kadı II), 74, 112–113 Mehmed Pasha (Sokollu). See Sokollu Mahmud Agha, 101 Mehmed Pasha Mahmud II, 8, 240 Mehmed Pasha (Sokolluzade), 108 Mahmud Pasha (grand vizier), 57 Mehmed Pasha (son of Sinan Pasha), 65, 148 mamluks, 40–41, 224, 235 Karayazıcı and, 146 Mardin, S¸erif, 6, 8 Mehmed Ragıb Pasha, prediction by, 196

276 Index

Mehmed Ras¸id, 218–219 Moldavia, 136, 140(map) Mehmed Rumi, 74, 120 monetization, 179–180 Mehmed Vani, 28–29, 216, 217 15th c. moves toward, 89 Memikzade Mehmed, 103 army expansion enabled by, 185 mentorships/preceptors, 29, 106, 122 currency. See currency mercenaries (sekbans) democratic processes and, 198 Abaza Mehmed Pasha and, 173 demographic growth and, 21 army corps and, 171 empire-wide process, 20–22, 89 feudal economics and, 149–150 feudal economics and, 17, 21 Habsburg wars and, 144–145 jurists’ law and, 30 Jalali rebellions and, 141, 144 land wealth and, 189 janissaries and, 141 local authority and, 198 legitimate uses of force and, 145–149 market oriented production, 20 local authorities enhanced by, 145 mercenaries and, 142, 143, 147 market economies and, 150 monetary crisis (1580s), 150 military technology and, 142, 149–150 power-sharing and, 198 monetization and, 142, 143, 147 slaves of the sultan, 91–92 Nasuh Pasha and, 150 wars and, 182 new army hypothesis, 160–161 moneylending, 32–33, 39 origins of, 141–145 Mongols, 84, 86 Osman II and, 116, 141–149, 151, 153 Montagu, Lady Mary, 224 Osman II pilgrimage, 162 mosques recruitment of, 151, 159, 162 Mihrimah Sultan endowment for, 159 as a reform attempt, 141 Mosque of Ayasofya, 5, 122, 124, regional political competition and, 168(map), 169 149–150 Mosque of Mehmed II, 167 rise of, 142–145 Mosque of Sultan Ahmed (Ahmed I; Blue sekban term, 141 Mosque), 70, 111, 167, 168(map), 169 Spanish silver and, 150 Orta Mosque, 171, 172, 174 Syria and, 142–145, 150–151 Suleymaniye¨ mosque, 122–123 Merchants and Revolution (Robert Brenner), Zal Pasha mosque, 122 211 Muhimme¨ registers, 158 mevali. See lords of the law Mullah Ali (chief justice), 103, 129–131, 157 Middle Ages. See feudalism Murad I, dynastic fratricide and, 42 Middle East, New Order origins of, 193 Murad II, dream of, 91 Mihrimah Sultan, 159 Murad III (1574–95) military, modern Turkey and, 197 .Seealso absolutism and, 54, 80, 97 army; cavalry soldiers; janissaries; accession to throne, 97–98 military technology; navy appointees frequently dismissed by, 55, military technology 100 feudalism and, 17 army and, 175 infantry and, 175–176 decline narrative and, 56 janissaries and, 204 dynastic succession and, 46, 61, 92–93, mercenaries and, 142, 149 97–98 navy and. See navy eunuchs and, 100–103, 113 millenium year, 115, 227 kanun law and, 54, 56 Millet Library, 28 lords of the law (mevali) and, 100 Minkarizade Yahya, 216–217 musahib Mehmed, 107 Mirim C¸elebi,14 mute of, 99 modernity Pecevi anecdote, 97–98 decline narrative and, 227–240 Raziye Hatun, 106–107 early modern period and, 1–10, 227–240, Selaniki on, 98–100 232 slaves of the sultan, 56 Mahmud II reforms, 8 Sokollu Mehmed Pasha, 97–98, 102, 108 markers of, 230 viziers of, 100 market expansion and, 232 youth of, 97 Res¸id Pasha reforms, 8 Murad IV secular, 227 absolutism and, 214

Index 277

age of successors debate, 75 uprising (May 1622), 170, 172 Canpoladzade Mustafa and, 151 women and, 109 charisma of, 63 Mustafa II fratricide and, 63, 131, 214 absolutism and, 43–44, 219 grand mufti executed by, 214 deposition of, 5, 219–221 janissaries and, 211, 213 Edirne and, 220–221 Kadızadeli movement, 216 enthronement of, 219 Safavid wars and, 214 Friday prayers and, 221 Yerevan conquest, 131 kanun law decree, 28–29, 43–44 Murad Pasha. See Kuyucu Murad Pasha lords of the law and, 220 Murtaza Pasha, 162 Seyyid Feyzullah and, 219–220 Musa Çelebi,214 Sharia and, 30 Musa Efendi, 169 Mustafa Safi. See Safi Mustafa Efendi, music, 228–229 mutes, 99 Muslim population army, 179 Naili Abdullah Pasha (grand vizier), 195 askeri, 186 Na’ima, Mustafa, 222–223 janissaries, 204–205 Nakkas¸ Hasan Pasha, 74 re’aya. See re’aya Namık Kemal, 6, 8 religion. See religion Nasuh Agha, 167, 169 Second Empire and, 193 Nasuh Pasha, 64, 149–150, 160 Mustafa Agha (chief black eunuch), 79, navy, 132, 134–135(fig), 161 103 political systems and, 223–224 Ahmed I and, 110–111 treasury funds supplied by, 133 Ali Pasha and, 133 nepotism, perceptions about, 107 Huseyin¨ Pasha, 137 Nevali Efendi (tutor), 103 Mustafa I deposition and, 113, 114 new army. See mercenaries Osman II and, 79, 119, 120 New Order, 191–194, 197 pilgrimages, 110 historiography and, 226 Mustafa Ali,ˆ 38–39, 55, 56–58, 124, 178 Nis¸ancı Mehmed Pasha, 195 Mustafa Efendi (Ahmed I’s mentor), 118 non-Muslim subjects, 236 Mustafa I collective political identity and, absolutism and, 77, 109 235–237 ages of candidates for succession, 74–76 corporations and, 198 allegiance oaths to, 170 devs¸irme system. See devs¸irme system Cafer Pasha and, 113 European imperialism and, 239–240 constitutionalists and, 76, 120 local notables and, 197–198 deposition of, 79, 108–114, 120 political resentment of, 239 efforts to erase reign from history, 120 poll tax collections, 187 enthronement of, 59–60, 72–77, 108, 170, religion and. See religion 172 Nurbanu Sultan (queen mother), 103, 104, Es’ad and, 63, 72–73, 112, 113, 171 159 fratricidal tradition and, 60 Hasanbeyzade, 74 Oguz Han, execution of, 42 interpretations of, 114 Ok¨ uz¨ Mehmed Pasha (grand vizier), 132 janissaries and, 113, 114, 171 Old Order, 194 legal opinions and, 170 Old Palace, 171 limited exposure of, 109 Omer¨ Efendi, 37–38, 118–128 lords of the law and, 170 Ali Pasha and, 133 mental capacity of, 109–111, 113 background of, 120–122 military corps, 170 events of (May 18, 1622), 153, 166–167 Mustafa Agha and, 113, 114 grand mufti and, 129 Osman II and, 108–114, 120, 131 Osman II and, 118–128 public reaction to, 114 as preceptor, 122 re-enthronement of, 160, 173 ulema appointments and, 129 Sofu Mehmed Pasha and, 113 Orhan, 87–88 survival of Prince Mustafa, 47, 60–63 Osman I, 81–86 terrorized living and, 109 identified as Atman, 83

278 Index

Osman II warrior sultan tradition, 119, 120, 136 absolutism and, 80–81, 109, 116, 128–141, women and, 118, 125 153 Osman II pilgrimage, 125, 140, 153, 156–163 age issues, 74–76, 79, 118–128 army-raising purpose of, 157, 162 Ali Pasha and, 111–113, 133 deposition threats over, 163 army and, 114, 131, 141, 151, 152, Mehmed VI and, 156 156–175, 211, 240–241 Mustafa Agha, 110 arpalıks and, 137 opposition to, 163–164 avenging the death of, 162 treasury taken on journey, 163–164, 174 Cafer Pasha and, 112 uprising (May 1622), 167 Canpoladzade Mustafa and, 151 Ottoman central army. See army capital relocation possibility, 162–164 Ottoman Empire. See Second Empire; charisma of, 131, 153 patrimonial empire; specific persons, decline narrative and, 4 events deposition of, 141, 172, 190, 211 Ottoman Empire, maps of, 5–6(map), dynastic succession, 62, 74, 118 140(map), 143(map) early life of, 115–116 Ottoman rule (ca. 1300–1453), 81–89 Egypt and, 162 outsiders (ecnebis), 199, 239 enthronement of, 79, 108–114 askeri and, 31 Es’ad and, 64, 114, 125, 131 commoner origins of, 31 eunuchs and, 79 decline narrative and, 194 execution of, 1, 4, 162, 172–174, 191–192 definitions of, 50, 186 fratricide, 118, 131 fiefs and, 50 grand viziers and, 151 kanun law, 51 harem and, 125 military service and, 57, 179 horses and, 118–119 New Order and, 194 Huseyin¨ Pasha and, 137, 151, 167, 172 Second Empire and, 193 imperial rescript of, 169 social mobility of, 57 janissaries and, 114, 173–174, 211, Ozdemiro¨ glu˘ Osman Pasha (grand vizier), 240–241 95–96, 102 jurist retirement benefits abolished by, 163 Ozt¨ urk,¨ Said, 202–203 Kadızadeli and, 126 legal opinions and, 136 palace school graduates, 94, 183 lords of the law and, 114, 137, 167 patrimonial empire (c. 1453–1580) mercenaries and, 116, 141–151, 153 artificial kinship, 90 Mullah Ali appointment, 129–131 devs¸irme system and, 236 Mustafa Agha and, 79, 119, 120 dynastic succession and, 92 Mustafa I and, 108–114, 120, 131 feudal social structures, 81–93, 242 Omer¨ Efendi, 118–128 kanun law and, 27 pilgrimage of. See Osman II pilgrimage market economy, 93 Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth promotions during, 92 campaign. See Polish-Lithuanian Second Empire and, 194 Commonwealth campaign slaves of the sultan and, 56, 90, 93, preachers and, 125 192 prestige of a conquest, 131 Suleyman¨ the Magnificent and, 10 Prince Mehmed execution, 137 viziers and, 92 rebel sultan characterization of, 141, 145, patron-client relationships, 80, 94 151, 163 Peace of Carlowitz (1699), 219 as reformer, 116 Peçevi, 72 reign of (1618–22), 115–152 Peirce, Leslie, 104 Safavid wars, 118, 131–132 Persia. See Safavids Shadow of God view of, 156 Persian Book of Kings (Shahname), 119 Syria, 158, 162 Pindar, Paul, 46 treasury funds and, 174 pious endowments, 103–104 ulema appointments and, 129 Pocock, JGA, 50 uprising events of (May 1622), 163–169, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth campaign 172 (1621), 136–141 vengeance for murder of, 173 Ali Pasha and, 133

Index 279

events surrounding, 163 proto-democratization and, 77, 198 lords of the law (mevali) and, 136–137 regional political competition, 151–152 map of, 140(map) socioeconomic transformations and, Osman II and, 133 14–15 Osman II direct participation in, 136 political expansion/participation, 76–77, soldier-count during, 174 232 political advice literature of 16th c., 96 askeri status, 55 political authority class tensions and, 53 absolutism and, 44, 157 decline narrative, 240 askeri and, 35 democratization and. See democratization a’yan and, 44 processes cash wakfs, 35 economic unification and, 17 charisma and. See charisma Europe and, 233–234 as client of change, not agent, 34 market expansion and, 34 clientele power-bases, 107 political unification and, 17 deposition process, 197 tax farming and, 55 devs¸irme conscripts and, 44 political identity, 239 divinity and, 128–129, 197 American examples, 236, 239 dynastic authority, 40–44, 47, 237–238 colonialism and, 236 dynastic successions, 42–43 formation of, 233, 234 experience and, 98 non-Muslim subjects and, 235–237 feudal law and, 35, 44, 52 public sphere enlargement and, 235 fratricidal wars and. See fratricide race and, 236 hegemonic conrol of ruling class, 44 religion and, 236 horizontal tensions, 89–90 Roman influences on, 236n30 jurists’ law ( fiqh) and, 26, 34, 35, 41, 43, of ruling class, 236n30 64, 66, 68, 71, 234–235, 237 Turkish Republic and, 237n35 legal opinions and, 42–43 upward mobility and, 240 legitimacy of, 65–68 political models, Teschke model, 81–82 limitations of, 232 political systems local courts and, 35–36 class-state system, 34 local notables and, 44 democracy. See democratization processes longevity of, 237–238 feudalism. See feudalism lords of the law and, 40, 107 Greco-Islamic intellectual traditions of popular legitimacy of, 237–238 governance, 192n2 private law and, 234 imperialism. See Second Empire public-private law unification, 35 limited monarchy, 7 qualities rulers should possess, 67, 75 nation-state concept, 230 rule by consensus, 44 New Order. See New Order ruling class expansion and, 232 North African provinces, 223–224 Sharia and, 44 patrimonial. See patrimonial empire slaves of the sultan and, 96 pyramid versus web structures, 192, 193, social discipline laws and, 66 195 territorial conquests and, 89–90 Second Empire (ca. 1580–1826), 192–193 vertical tensions, 90 population growth, 22 viziers and, 101, 106–107 Porter, Sir James, 7, 8 political development preachers (va’iz), 119–125 civilization and, 76 market societies and, 127 claims of absence of, 234 Mehmed Vani, 216 currency unification and, 198 Prince Mehmed execution (1621), 63, 137 Es’adasanexampleof,76 promotion systems, 95–96 historiography and, 198 tradition against sons surpassing fathers, market expansion, 34 95 mercenaries and, 150–151 pronoia, 19–20 monetization and, 198 provinces money and, 16 army expansion and, 180 political expansion, 34, 76–77 cavalry soldiers and, 19, 22 power-sharing, 198 cavalry soldiers recruited from, 183

280 Index

provinces (cont.) separation of church and state principle, governorships in dynastic successions, 61, 192 77 Sharia. See Sharia jurist-scholars from, 227 Repp, Richard, 27–28 social mobility and, 53 Res¸id Pasha, 8 timars and, 19, 22 Rhodes conquest (1523), 131 treasuries in, 180 Roe (English ambassador), 158, 160, 163 wars as distributing wealth to, 182 royal authority Provins, Pacifique de, 169 absolutism and. See absolutism public law, 34, 43, 47–51, 52–53 army as in opposition to, 175–190 divine law and. See Sharia colleges of law and, 106 dynastic succession as, 76 constitutionalists, 241 fratricide and, 63 decline narrative, 240 divine mandate to rule, 60 Quataert, Donald, 6, 8, 200 dynastic succession and. See dynastic Qur’an, 124, 147 succession feudal law and, 54, 59 Rami Mehmed Pasha, 219–220 grand mufti as center of opposition to, 71 Rapoport, Yossef, 235 janissary corps and, 241 rationalist epistemology limits on, 108, 240 constitutionalism and, 157 as loci of power, 114, 116 Mullah Ali (chief justice) and, 157 lords of the law and, 106 science and. See science Murad III and, 80 Raziye Hatun, 106–107 Mustafa I and, 80 re’aya (“flock”), 34, 199, 239 Osman II and, 80 askeri and, 31 political authority of. See political definition of, 31, 235n28 authority Second Empire, 193 proto-democratization and, 243 shift in meaning of, 235 public law and, 51, 53 rebellions (1589), 107 royal offices, 55–56 rebellions (1591), 184 ulema and, 241 rebellions (1593), 183 unwritten constitution, 243 rebellions (1595), 183, 184 viziers and, 108, 179, 184 rebellions (1600), 65, 107, 188 wars and, 180–181 rebellions (1601), 65, 184 royal slaves (kul). See slaves of the sultan rebellions (1603), 66–67, 184 Rum province, 159 rebellions (1632), 213–214 Rustem¨ Pasha (grand vizier), 94–95 rebellions (1658), 215, 216 Rycaut, Paul, 205–206 rebellions (1686), 217 rebellions (1703), 222 Sa’deddin Efendi (mentor), 106, 220 rebellions (1730), 195. See also uprising Sa’deddinzade Es’ad (grand mufti) (May 1622) career of, 63–64 Receb Agha, 104 dynastic succession, 47, 63 religion feudal law and, 76 capitalism and, 231–232 independence of, 64, 70, 76 class tensions and, 236 jurists’ law and, 74 divine law, 51–53, 197 maturity requirement for rulers, 80 fanaticism, 27–30 Mehmed III and, 64 holy war, 127 Mustafa I and, 72–73, 170 jurists’ law and, 28, 234–235 Mustafa I deposition, 112, 113 Kadızadeli movement. See Kadızadeli Mustafa I enthronement, 63 movement Osman II and, 64, 114, 125, 131, 164 millenarian movements, 227 political expansion and, 76 political identity and, 236 Prince Mehmed execution, 63 public law and, 48 Safiye Sultan and, 70 religious affiliations. See Muslim significance of actions of, 237 population; non-Muslim subjects uprising (May 1622), 167 secular law and, 44 Safavid Shah Abbas, 131

Index 281

Safavid wars, 73, 108, 112, 127, 150, 213 peace during, 195 (1578–90), 131, 142 political structure of, 192–193, 193, (1603–12), 131 233 (1615), 131–132 re’aya, 193 (1635) Yerevan conquest, 131 rebellions (1730), 195 Ahmed I, 131–132 social stratification and, 151 army as financial institution and, 131 tax farming and, 17 Ferhad Pasha, 180–181 territorial decline during, 195, 226 Halil Pasha, 132 web, 195 Murad IV and, 214 sekbans. See mercenaries Osman II, 118, 131–132 Selaniki, 178, 181, 188 silk and, 131–132 on Murad III, 98–100 Safavids, 113, 180 soldier unrest and, 183 Ismail, 118 Selim I (1512–20), 54 Shah Tahmasp, 42–43, 180 father’s forced retirement, 79 Safi Mustafa Efendi, 62, 70 Selim II (1566–74) Safiye Sultan (Queen Mother), 64, 70, 71, death of, 97 103, 107, 148 dynastic succession and, 43, 46, 61, 92–93 college of law endowed by, 106 Sokollu Mehmed Pasha and, 97–98 Nasuh Pasha and, 160 Selim III, 193 S¸ahkulu rebellion (1511), 22 Seljuks, 20 Salih Pasha, 15–16 Semiz Ahmed Pasha (grand vizier), 100, Sancy, Achille de Harlay de, 79, 109–110, 195 112–113 Seyyid Feyzullah, 43, 219 Sarı Mehmed Pasha, 224 feudal law and, 28–29 Sarrac Hasan Pasha (vizier), 103 Mustafa II and, 219–220 Saturcı Mehmed Pasha, 178 ulema and, 30 science Shadow of God view of the sultan, 128–129, absolutist camp and, 29 156 colleges of law and, 29 Shah Tahmasp, 42–43, 180 decline narrative and, 240–241 Sharia Kurds and, 29 absolutist camp and, 29 law schools and, 241 disowned by Turkish Republic, 77–78 lords of the law and, 130–131 dynastic authority, 44 rationalist epistemology, 130–131, 157 fanaticism and, 30 Second Empire (ca. 1580–1826) feudal law and, 29 1826 collapse, 240 jurists’ law and, 19, 25–27, 29 absolutism and, 150–151 Mustafa II and, 30 askeri and, 193 Shiites, 128 decline narrative and, 19 shopkeepers, 166 definition of, 9 silk, 66, 131–133 demilitarization of ruling class, 197 Sinan Pasha, 98–99, 142, 178, 180–181, 183 dynastic succession regularized, 196 Sinanbeyzade Mustafa Çelebi,14, 16 as an early modern state, 10 Sivasi Abdulmecid¨ (preacher), 125 eventful period of (1617–22), 10 Siyavus¸Pasha,175, 183 general discussion of, 191–198 Slade, Adolphus, 7–8 grand viziers during, 195–196 slaves of the sultan historiography during, 196 devs¸irme system. See devs¸irme system janissaries as the leading actors of, dynastic succession and, 93 191–226 feudal vassals replaced by, 91–92, 94 key dates during, 195 grand viziers and, 91 limits of era, 195 indirect expansion of power by, 96 military decline during, 195 local aristocracies replaced by, 96 millenium year and, 115 monetization, 91–92 Muslim population and, 193 Murad III and, 56 Old Order and, 194 Osman II murdered by, 192 origins of, 17 patrimonial system and, 90, 93 patrimonial empire and, 194 political authority and, 96

282 Index

slaves of the sultan (cont.) Ibrahim (grand vizier), 131 ruling class and, 44, 91–92 jurists’ law and, 33, 42–43 slavery in general, 91 Mehmed II and, 89–93 Suleyman¨ and, 56 military slaves and, 56 unity of, 93 Rhodes conquest, 131 social discipline laws, 66 Suleymaniye¨ College of Law, 68, 104, 106 social mobility Suleymaniye¨ mosque, 122–123 absolutists and, 58 Sun’ullah Efendi (grand mufti), 66–68, 70–71 class tensions and, 53 Syria, 143(map), 151 class-state system, 34–35 Jalali rebellions and, 143 conservatives and, 51–52, 58 janissaries in, 149 constitutionalists and, 58 jurist scholars of, 40–41 democratic processes and, 197 mercenaries and, 142–145, 183 early modern period and, 233 Osman II and, 152, 158, 162 feudal law and, 51–52 Spanish silver and, 150 financial entrepreneurship, 17 French example of, 16 Tabanıyassı Mehmed Pasha (grand vizier), imperial capital and, 53 103 janissary corps, 199 Tabriz, 132 liberals and, 51–52 Tanzimat era, 237 market forces and, 35 taxes, 187–188 outsiders (ecnebis), 57 army expansion and, 185, 186 political identity and, 240 avarız taxes, 33 provincial elites and, 53 askeri status and, 186, 187 rebellions and, 184 banditry compared, 147 Second Empire and, 151 bidding process, 39, 44 tax farming and, 44, 186 cash payment in lieu of services, 21 three-souls argument against, 52 cash wakfs and, 33 Sofu Mehmed Pasha, 16. See also Mehmed cavalry soldiers and, 187 Pasha (Sofu, deputy grand vizier under decree denouncing kanun law and, 44 Ahmed I, Mustafa I, and Osman II) economic monetization and, 50 Sokollu Mehmed Pasha (grand vizier), fiefs and, 17, 186 55, 97 Halil Inalcık˙ on, 21 Gazanfer Agha and, 101–102 judges and, 39 Murad III and, 97–98, 102, 108 levy of army provisions, 38–39 sales of offices by, 94 life-term tax farms (1695), 44 Selim II and, 97–98 lords of the law and, 37 status passing on to sons, 95 on luxuries, 214 Soranzo, Giacomo, 94 Mehmed II, 21 Spain, 135 military service for, 20, 187 ships of, 161 paid in cash, 21 silver, 143, 150 paid in services, 21 Steenbergen, Jo Van, 41–42 political expansion and, 55 Sublime Ethics, 51 poll tax on non-Muslims, 187 Sufis, 121, 128 records grow increasingly detailed, 19, 25 Suleyman¨ Agha (cavalry general), ruling class membership and, 44 183 Second Empire and, 17 Suleyman¨ Agha (chief black eunuch), social mobility through, 16, 44, 186 121 special extraordinary taxes, 38 death of, 170 subleasing, 44 uprising (May 1622), 166, 167, 170 wars and, 38–39 Suleyman¨ Pasha, 101 Taylor, Alan, 239 Suleyman¨ I, the Magnificent (1520–66) teachers of royalty, decline of, 61 cash wakfs, 32–34 teaching licenses, 38, 40–41 dynastic succession and, 63, 92 technology, 17 .Seealsomilitary technology execution of sons, 42–43 terminology, linguistic versus historical feudal law and, 43 absence of terms, 48 Hungary wars, 139(fig) Terzioglu,ˇ Derin, 217

Index 283

Teschke model for international politics, Ukraine (Khotin), 115, 137, 141, 154(map) 81–82, 83, 88 ulema, (jurist-scholars), 7 Thirty Years War, 137 1826 and after, 240 timars absolutism and, 169, 171 askeri and, 50 appointments, 129 cadastral land surveys and, 25 decline narrative and, 29–30, 191, 241 competition for, 82 dynastic succession and, 221–222 conquest and, 86 economic power of, 39 decline narrative and, 22 lords of the law. See lords of the law decreasing documentation of, 25 Mehmed Agha (eunuch) and, 103 devs¸irmes and, 50 mentality, 28, 43–44 eligibility of commoners (1530 order), moneylending, 39 50 Omer¨ Efendi and, 129 European comparisons, 20 royal authority and, 241 farmed out to clients, 19 Seyyid Feyzullah, 30 as ﬁefs, 19 uprising (May 1622), 167, 169, 170 infantry and, 24 viziers. See viziers iqt.a¯ and, 20 uprising (May 1622) military service and, 22 Abdullah Efendi, 169 monetary economy and, 17, 189 Ahmed Pasha, 167, 169 origins of, 19–20 Ali Efendi (Mullah Ali), 169 outsiders and, 50 army, 170 provincial cavalry soldiers and, 19, 22 Baki Pasha, 167 question of, 20–23 Dilaver Pasha (grand vizier), 166, 167, replacement of original holders of, 21 169, 170 strong central control over grants of, 20 Es’ad, 167 tax farming and, 17, 186 events of the 18th of May, 164–167 transformation of, 94 events of the 19th of May, 167–172 time, perceptions of, 227–230 events of the 20th of May, 172–173 Timur, Taner, 7, 8 events of the 21st of May, 173 tobacco, 125–127 exile orders, 170 Tophaneli Mahmud Efendi, 103 gardener corps, 169 Trabzon conquest (1461), 91 Haﬁz Ahmed Pasha, 171 trade harem, 170 long-distance, 206, 232 history of, 173 luxury goods, 95 Huseyin¨ Pasha, 169 See also silk, tobacco janissaries, 169–171 Transylvania, 137, 140(map) jurists and, 167, 171 treasury funds legal opinions, 166 Ali Pasha and, 133 legitimacy of, 173 central (outer) treasury, 133 lords of the law, 167, 170 navy as source of, 133 Musa Efendi, 169 Osman II pilgrimage and, 163–164, 174 Mustafa I and, 170, 172 revenues (for 1547), 95 Nasuh Agha, 167, 169 sultan’s inner treasury, 182 Omer¨ Efendi (tutor of Osman II), 166, 167 viziers access to, 182 Osman II, 169, 172 Treasury of Justice (anon.), 127, 128–129 pilgrimages, 167 Treaty of Carlowitz (1699), 7 rescripts during, 169 Tripoli, 161, 223–224 shopkeepers and, 166 Tugi. See Huseyin¨ Tugi soldiers, 170 Tunis, 110, 111, 223–224 Suleyman¨ Agha, 166, 167, 170 Turhan Sultan (queen mother), 29 Tugi’s chronicle. See Huseyin¨ Tugi, Turkish Republic chronicles of militarization and, 197 ulema and, 167, 169, 170 New Order and, 197 political identity and, 237n35 Vahyizade (preacher), 121 Sharia and, 77–78 Va’iz Emir Abdulkerim¨ (preacher), 122–124 Turkomans of Aleppo, 159–160 Venice, 94, 134, 136

284 Index

Vienna, 137, 217 viziers and, 181 viziers warrior sultan tradition, 120 army and, 180, 184 wealth distribution, 209–210 control of provincial treasuries and, 180 Weinstein, Barbara, 238 grand viziers. See grand viziers, office of Weiss, Bernard, 25 growth in power of, 97–98 women, 103, 104 independent power of, 95–100, 108 construction projects and, 104 Murad III appointing viziers, 100 educational-scholarly hierarchy and, 104 Osman II execution, 173–174 Esma Han, 98 patrimonial empire and, 92 Esperanza Malchi, 65, 107 political patronage and, 94 Mihrimah Sultan, 159 promotion system of, 92 mother of Mustafa I, 171–172 quantifying the power of, 94–95 Mustafa I and, 109 rebellions and, 184 Nurbanu Sultan, 103, 159 royal court and, 80, 93, 101, 106–108, 179, Old Palace and, 171n60 184 Osman II and, 118, 125 salary-receiving appointments and, 184 Raziye Hatun, 106–107 sales of offices, 94 royal women, 56 sons of, 95 Safiye Sultan, 64, 70, 103, 160 struggle among, 179, 184 teacher of the sultan, 109 sultans and, 106–107 treasury funds and, 182 Yahya (“the bird”), 106 ulema. See ulema Yemen, 111–113 wars and, 180, 181 Yemis¸çi Hasan Pasha (grand vizier), 67, 184 Wahhabis, 54 legal opinion on, 68 Wallachia, 140(map) Yeni Il,˙ 159–160 wars Yerevan, 63, 131, 132 absolutism and, 180 Young Ottomans, 6 army and. See army as distributing wealth to provinces, 182 Zal Pasha mosque, 122 salary-receiving personnel, 180–181 Zaman, Muhammad Qasim, 235 infantry participation rates, 177 Zekeriyazade Yahya, 74 monetization and, 182 Zubde¨ Bey, 14 tax collections and, 38–39 Zufar, 32