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‘Abbas, Imam, 29, 30, 31, 33, 92 Ahl al-Bayt, 30, 57, 59, 197, 225, 227, ‘Abbas I, Shah, 61–63, 65, 141n 228, 230, 233 ‘, 5, 11, 18, 20–24, Ahl al-qibla, 72 26, 29, 30–32, 33, 34, 35n, Ahl al-sabb wal-rafd, 4 37–43, 45, 47, 48, 58, 109, 110, Ahmad bin Badr, 41 114, 119, 191, 246 Ahmad b. Hanbal, 45, 46, 75, 166, ‘Abd al-‘Aziz bin Bishr, 74, 172 167 ‘Abd al-‘Aziz bin Sa‘ud, 74, 76 Ahmad bin Kashmard, 41 ‘Abd al-Hamid II, 81–83 Ahmadinejad, Mahmud, 14, 179, 184, ‘Abd al-Husayn, Mirza, 72 187, 232, 245 ‘Abd al-Wahhab, Sayyid, 90, 99 Ahmed Emin Bey, 91, 95, 96 ‘Abdullah II (Jordan), 216, 230, 234, Ahmed Pasha, 71 243 ‘A’isha, 52, 55, 60–62, 65, 75, 194, ‘Abdullah bin Ibrahim bin Saif, 167, 230 180n ‘, 72 ‘Abdullah, Aga Sayyid, 75 , 75 ‘Abdullah bin Jiluwi, 173 ‘Akif, Muhammad Mahdi, 227, 245 ‘Abdullah bin Jabarin, 182n, 246 Al ‘Imran, Sura, 113 ‘Abdullah, King (), 182n, Aleppo, 57, 63 246 Al-‘Abid, 95, 96 , 3, 52, 55, 60, 72, 73, 84n, Al-amr bil-ma‘ruf, 48, 49, 50n, 85 107, 111, 114, 131, 138, 166, Al al-Shaykh, 164 190, 208, 213, 214, 229 Al-‘Alawi, Hasan, 126–128, 138, 140n , 54, 58, 63, 72, 131, 141 Al-Azhar University, 13, 208, 223, Abu Hurayra, 231 224, 229, 231–233, 235, 240n, Abu Tahir, 40, 41, 43 241n, 248 Abu Talib, 19 Algeria, 207, 250 Abu’l-Haija ‘Abdullah bin Hamdan, ‘Ali bin Abi Talib, 20, 22, 24, 28, 44, 41 109, 166, 227 Al-Afghani, Jamal al-Din, 193, 207 ‘Ali Akbar (Mulla-Bashi), 72, 74 Afghans, Afghanistan, 71, 72, 91, 135, ‘Ali al-Asghar bin Husayn, 190 184 ‘Ali bin ‘Abdullah, 31 Afrasiyab, 56 ‘Ali bin al-Furat, 40–42, 50n 270 ● Index

‘Ali bin ‘Isa, 40 Babism, 77 ‘Ali bin Yalbaq, 43, 44 Badr Brigade, Badr Forces (Quwwat ‘Ali Riza Pasha, 88–90 Badr), 121, 136 ‘Alid, 18–34, 35n Baghdad, 5, 11, 12, 37–39, 41–43, 45, ‘Ali’s shrine, 72 47, 48, 50n, 53, 54, 58, 62, 63, Al-Alusi, Shihab al-Din Mahmud, 79, 65, 70, 71, 74–77, 79, 81, 84n 87–93, 95, 97, 99, 100, 106–108, Alwand Aq Qoyunlu, 52, 53 110, 115, 117, 121, 130, 131, Amal Movement, 145, 149, 158, 159, 136–138, 141n, 146, 158, 179, 160n 216, 218n, 219n, 246, 247, 249 Amasya, 60, 91 Bahrayn, 2, 7, 39, 169, 170, 173, 176, American Occupation, American 249 invasion, 1, 9, 12, 109, 115, 117, Baluchi, 89 130, 134, 139, 147, 155, 178, Al-Banna, Hasan, 207, 209 243. See also United States Banu Furat, 42, 50n Amir al-Mu’minin, 82, 113 Al-Barbahari, Abi Muhammad, 43–47 ‘Ammash, Salih Mahdi, 133 Bara’a, 3, 213 Anatolia, 6, 52–54, 56–60, 63–65, 70 Baratha, 42 Ansar, 32 , 33, 45, 99, 167 Ansar al-Islam, 245 Bastami, ‘Ali, 77–80 Ansari, Mortaza, 100 Ba‘th (Iraq), 1, 7–10, 108–112, 114, Arabian Peninsula, 176 115, 126, 127, 129, 130, 133, The Arabian American Oil Company 134, 137, 140n (ARAMCO), 174 Bayezid, Sultan, 52–54 Ardabil, 51, 54, 60 Al-Baz, Muhammad, 231 ‘Arif Bey, Mehmed, 95 Beirut, 1, 7–9, 108–112, 114, 115, Asafi yya canal, 88 126, 127, 129, 130, 133, 134, Al-Ahsa’, 167–173, 175, 181n 137, 140n ‘Aoun, Michel, 15 Bektas¸ Khan, 63 Ash‘ariyya, 73 Bektas¸i, 88 ‘Ashur, Mahmud, 232 Bidlis, 58 ‘’, 3, 79, 128, 130, 168, 171, Bidlisi, -i, 53 177, 191, 194, 212 Al-Birri ‘Abd al-Mun‘im, 248 ‘Asir, 168–169 Borujerdi, Hoseyn, 232 ‘Askari Shrine, 116 Britain, British, 78, 82, 83, 89, 95, Al-Assad, Hafez, 155 105–108, 117, 135, 170, 172, Association for the Rapprochement of 184, 187–189, 207, 218n the Islamic Schools of Law, 223 Bukhara, 72 Jama‘at al-taqrib, 223, 224 Bursa, 57 ‘Atabat-i ‘aliyat, ‘Atabat, 69, 88–92, 96, Buwayhids, 48 99, 10. See also Shrine cities Byzantines, 37 , 52, 56, 58–62, 64, 65 caliph, caliphate, 2–5, 18, 20, 22, Sayyid ‘Ali Muhammad Shirazi, 25–27, 31, 33, 34n, 39, 41, 43, 77, 79, 80, 85n 44–47, 49n, 50n, 53, 55, 56, 58, Index ● 271

63, 65, 73, 107, 109, 111, 113, Emami Kashani, Ayatollah 114, 119, 131, 138, 166, 190, Mohammad, 188 191, 194, 196, 208, 213, 214, Emir Bekir, 62 220n, 235, 246 Emirguneog˘lu Tahmaspkulu Khan, 63 Capitalism, 111 Enver Efendi, 96 Caspian Sea, 38, 60, 65 , 59, 91 , 52, 60, 63 Eslami, Reza Hojjatolislam, 198 Celali rebellions, 62 Euphrates, 88, 89, 190 Cemali, ‘Ali, 47 Europe, 63, 82 Central Asia, 71 Chaldiran, 56, 57, 64 Fadila, 118, 121 Charisma, 2, 57 Falluja, 115 , 12, 118, 130, 154, 159, Al-Falluji, Husayn, 118 166, 189–191, 211, 246 Al-Farhan, Dawud, 137, 143n Constitutional Revolution, Iran, 82 Al-Faruq, 75 Cox, Percy, 127 Fatah, 244 Cyprus, 55 Fath ‘Ali Shah, 82, 89, 90 Fatima al-Zahra, 18–21, 25–27, 29, 106, Dagestan, 57, 61 113, 190, 194, 200n, 212, 227 , 26, 27, 30, 146, 155, 156, Fatimids, 5, 14n, 40, 226, 230 158, 177, 178, 215, 251n Al-Fayyad, ‘Abdullah, 110 Dar al-Harb, 6 Faysal I, King, 156, 243 Dar al-Kufr, 6 Al-Faysal, Sa‘ud, 156, 231, 243 Al-Darini, Muhammad, 226–229, Firaq al-Mawt (Death Squads), 116, 238n, 240n 136 Darius, 56 French Mandate, 146 Da‘wa, 205 Fuller, Graham, 7, 34n, 126, 128 Da‘wa (Islamic Party), 109–111 Dawud Pasha, 89 Gauhar, Mulla Hasan, 79 Daylamites, 38 Gaza, 204, 205, 244 Dhu al-Fiqar (sword), 196 Georgia, 61, 62, 65 Dhu al-Fiqar Khan, 58 Ghadiri, Ahmad, 197 Dhu al-Qadr, 56 Al-Ghita’, Hasan Kashif, 74, 79, 208, Diyarbakır, 53 218n Doha, 216, 234, 235 , 6, 70 , 145, 146, 214 Gilan, 57, 65 Dulaym, 108 Al-Gilani ‘Abd al-Qadir, 54, 57, 58, 63 Al-Dulaymi, ‘, 136, 137 Golpayegani, Ayatullah Safi , 190 Dunya, 18, 23 Greece, 53 Gulf States, 147, 176, 244, 249 Ebussu‘ud Efendi, 14n, 59, 61, 70 Gulf War of 1991, 8, 120, 133, 134 Egypt, 5, 13, 14n, 127, 147, 207, 216, Gulf War of 2003, 125, 126 218n, 221n, 223–234, 235n, 243, 245, 248, 251n Haddad-‘Adel, Gholam ‘Ali, 188 ‘Emad Afrugh, 188 Al-Hadi, ‘Ali, 50n, 53, 94, 135 272 ● Index

Hadith, 48, 71, 75, 166, 167, 191, 113, 132, 135, 168, 189, 194, 194, 211, 220n, 231, 232, 234 196, 200n, 212, 226 Hafi z (Persian poet), 56 Husayn, Saddam, 8, 111, 112, 114, Ha’iri, Nasrullah, 73 115, 117, 120, 123n, 133, 138, Hamas, 24, 244, 245 230 Hamzeh, Ahmad Nizar, 152 Al-Husayn, Sharif of , 106, 107 Hanafi yya, 58 Husayniya, 168, 171, 173, 175, 225, , 11, 38, 43–49, 50n, 75, 236n 166–168 al-Husri, Sati‘ 132 Haramayn, 198 Al-Huwali, Safar, 156 Harb, Shaykh Ra‘d, 150 Huwaydi, Fahmi, 249 Al-Hariri, Sa‘d al-Din, 158 Harkat al-Mahrumin (Movement of Ibn Abi Sufyan, 43, 44 the Depressed), 149 Ibn Abi Ya‘la, 47 Harun al-Rashid, 109, 110, 114 Ibn al-Athir, 45, 50n Hasan al-‘Askari, 50n, 53, 94, 135 Ibn al-Jawzi, 42, 44, 45 Hasan bin Harun, 43, 44 Ibn al-Kathir, 38, 50n al-Hasan bin ‘Ali, Imam, 11, 22, Ibn Hanbal, Ahmad, 45, 46, 75, 166, 24–26, 33, 34, 106, 113, 226 167 Hasan Pasha, 81 Ibn Hazm, 273 Hashimites, 19, 23, 24, 25, 26, 28, Ibn Sa‘ud, ‘Abd al-‘Aziz, 169–174 29, 31, 106 Ibn Tabataba, 25, 35n Hawwa, Sa‘id, 204, 209, 211–215, Ibn Taymiyya, 70, 166, 167, 210, 229 219n, 220n Ibrahim bin ‘Abdullah, 38 Hay’at al-‘Ulama al-Muslimin, 115, 130 Ibrahim, Saad Eddin, 231 Haydar, Shaykh, 52 Ibtidaiye, primary school, 97, 100 Hidden Imam, 3, 30, 110, 119, 142n, ‘, 75 150. See also Mahdi , 3, 75, 196, 209 Hijaz, 82, 167–169, 172 Ikhwan Movement, 171–174, 177, Al-Hilli, ‘Allama Ibn al-Mutahhar, 166 181n Hindiyya canal, 88 imam, , 2, 3, 10, 30, 40, 50n, Al-Hira, 31 52–54, 59–63, 71, 74, 75, 81, Al-Hizb al-Islami, 130 82, 85n, 87, 92–94, 97, 106, Hizb al-Tahrir, 109 107, 109, 110, 112–114, 116, Hizbullah, 9, 13, 14, 145–147, 118–120, 131, 132, 135, 136, 149–159, 178, 182n, 186, 192, 138, 142n, 150, 153, 165, 168, 210, 216, 230, 234, 243, 171, 172, 174, 185, 190–192, 245–247, 251n 194, 205, 206, 211, 219n, 226, Houthi tribes, 244 236n, 246, 247 Hufuf, 169, 170, 174, 181n Imamai, Imamis, 1, 3, 6, 38–40, 49n, Hujr bin ‘Adi, 190 166. See also Imamiyya Humayma, 29, 30 Imamate, 3, 142n, 208 Hungary, 55 Imperialism, 196, 205–207, 213 Husayn, Imam, 3, 5, 11, 27, 28, 30, India, 58, 88, 89, 167, 169 31, 34, 53, 75, 92, 106, 111, Indonesia, 184, 248 Index ● 273

International Union for Muslim 209, 216, 224, 230, 245, Scholars, 249 246–248 Iran, 1, 2, 4–14, 49n, 52–58, 61–65, Israel-Lebanon war, 9, 14, 245, 246 69–73, 78, 80, 82, 87, 90, 92, Istanbul, 54, 60, 61, 81, 82, 88, 90, 94–96, 100, 111, 116, 120, 125, 92, 96–99, 102n 128, 129, 131–134, 137–139, Italy, conquest of Libya, 1911, 83 146–151, 154, 156, 159, 160n, Ithna ‘Ashariyya, 1, 6, 40, 75, 142n 175–178, 183–195, 197, 198, 203, 204, 206, 208–210, 212, Jabhat ‘ulama’ al-Azhar, 248 213, 215, 216, 218n, 220n, 224, Jabir ‘Abd al-Rahman, 156 227–231, 233, 235, 243–245, Ja‘far al-Sadiq, Imam, 10, 33, 34 247–249 Ja‘far bin Abi Talib, 28 Iranian government, 81, 95, 244 Ja‘fari madhahb, Ja‘fariyya, 10, 29, 71, Iranian-Russian alliance, 60 75, 106, 133, 141n, 195, 208 Iraq, 1, 2, 5–12, 14, 27, 28, 29, 30, Ja‘farian, Rasul, 197 34, 38, 39, 40, 43, 48, 53, 54, Al-Jalabi, ‘Abd Husayn, 132 58, 59, 60, 62, 63, 64, 65, 69, (Persian poet), 56 70, 71, 78, 80, 82, 83, 84n, 87, Jannati, Ahmad Ayatollah, 186, 187, 95, 98, 99, 100, 105–112, 229 115–121, 125–140, 146, 147, Jaysh al-Mahdi, 115–119, 123n, 136, 155, 163, 169, 170, 172, 175, 247. See also Mahdi Army 176–179, 184, 186, 196, 207, Al-Jazeera TV, 138, 176, 187, 192, 208, 209, 212, 213, 216, 223, 250n 225, 230, 232, 234, 243–249 Jerusalem, 84, 152, 153, 185, 209, Iraq-Iran war, 8, 132, 133, 140n, 210, 218n 211, 219n. See also Iran-Iraq War Jews, 71, 133, 166, 184, 185, Iraqi Accordance Front, 118 189–191, 193, 211, 246 , 56 , 5, 53, 58, 80, 83, 111, 135, Islamic Revolution in Iran, 8, 13, 198, 152, 153, 170, 172, 174, 185, 203–205, 207–211, 217, 219n, 204–206, 210–212, 214, 215, 224, 234 228 Islamic State of Iraq organization, 116 , 170 Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq Jordan, 147, 156, 172, 216, 221n, (ISCI), 121 230, 234, 243 Islamic unity, 82, 190, 195, 198, 211, Al-Juburi, Mish‘an, 138 216 Al-Jum‘a, ‘Abd al-Husayn, 170 ‘Isma, 208 Al-Jum‘a, Mansur, 170 Isma‘il I, 52–57, 59, 62, 64, 131, Junblatt, Walid, 145 141n Jundullah, 191 Isma‘il bin Bulbul, 42 Junayd, , 51, 52, 64 Isma‘ilis, Isma‘iliyya, 1, 5, 39, 40, 42, Al-Jurjani, Mirza Makhdum, 61 43, 208, 210, 214, 218n, 225 Israel, Israelis, 8, 9, 117, 150, 153, Ka‘ba, 43, 76 154, 156, 157, 184–186, 188, kafi r, kuffar, 7, 23, 69, 71, 72, 74, 189, 191, 193, 199, 204, 205, 108, 166, 246 274 ● Index

Karabakh, 60 Khunji, Fadlullah b. Ruzbihan, 56 Karbala’, 3, 5, 6, 12, 27, 30, 31, Khutba, Friday prayer, 52, 53, 56, 62, 72–74, 77–79, 82, 83, 88–94, 73, 112, 113, 120 96, 98, 101n, 102n, 106, 118, Khwaja ‘Ali and Ibrahim, 51 130, 132, 141n, 173, 175, 185, Kirmanshah, 92 212, 236n , 27, 31, 39, 73, 112, 117, 120 Karkh, 37, 39, 47 Kurdish, Kurds, 8, 53, 57, 58, 111, Kashani, Abu al-Qasim, 207 139, 141n, 143n, 179, 245, 257n Al-Kashi, Shaykh Ibrahim, 82 Kızılbas¸, 52–55, 61, 62, 64 Kashif al-Ghita’, Ja‘far, 74, 79, 208, 218n Lebanon, 1, 2, 7–10, 12, 13, 15n, Kasr-ı S¸irin, 91 145–152, 154–159, 159n, 160n, Kayhan, 244 175, 184, 186, 210, 212, 216, Kaykhusraw, Faridun, 56 223, 243, 245, 246, 249 Kazimiyya, 91, 94, 98, 102n Litvak, Meir, 11, 100 Kemal Pas¸azade, S¸emseddin Ahmed, Luristan, 61, 62, 65 54, 58, 66n Kemankes¸ Mustafa Pasha, 63 Ma‘alim fi al-Tariq, 111 Al-Khallal, Abu Salama, 33 Madelung, 39 Khalifa, 113 , madhahib, 2, 9, 70–74, 127, Khilafat al-Rashidin, 190 219n, 223, 224, 227, 233, 247 khalifat Allah, the replacement of God, , Madaris, 53, 70, 82, 92, 93, 114 95–97, 99, 100 khalifat rasul allah, the replacement of Mahdi, 4, 85n, 106, 113, 114, God’s Messenger, 114 116–121, 123n, 142n, 208, 212. Al-Khalil, Samir, 126 See also Hidden Imam Khalili, Mirza Husayn, 82 Mahdi Army, Jaysh al-Mahdi, Khamenei, Ayatollah Ali, 153, 154, 115–119, 123n, 136, 247 187, 188, 194, 198, 224 Majma‘ al-buhuth al-islamiyya, 231 Khanaqın, 92 Majma‘ al-taqrib bayn al-madhahib Khaqani (Wazir), 42 al-islamiyya, 224, 231, 232 Al-Kharshani, Badr, 45, 47 Malaysia, 248 Khatami, Mohammed, 178, 196, 197, Al-, Nuri, 137 229, 232 Mamluks, 65, 85n, 88 Khawatim, 43 Al-Ma’mun, 39, 114 Khomeini, 13, 110, 111, 125, 150, Al-Mansur, Caliph, 33 152–154, 176, 183, 185, 186, Al-Maqdisi, Shaykh Abu Muhammad, 193, 195, 196, 198, 200n, 246 204–207, 209, 210–116, 217n, marja‘ (pl. maraji‘) al- , 4, 100, 219n, 220n, 224 106, 110 Khorasan, 29–31, 33, 34, 58 Maronites, 146, 154, 159 Khorasani, Akhund, 82 Marxism, 111 Al-Khulafa’ al-, 213 , 59, 62 , 4, 153 Mashriq, 1 Al-Khunayzi, Abu ‘Abd al-Karim, 170 Matar, Salim, 126, 128 Index ● 275

Mawlawi, Faysal, 245 Musa al-Kazim (also Musa bin Ja‘far Mazandarani, ‘Abdullah, 82 al-Kazim), Imam, 53, 59, 87, Mecca, 28, 32, 40, 43, 57, 60, 72, 109, 114 106, 107, 136, 176, 177, 181n, Muslim Brethren, Muslim 185, 207 Brotherhood, 8, 60, 109, 186, Meclis-i umumi-yi vilayet, 93 204, 205, 207, 208, 210, 211, , 24–27, 32–34, 57, 60, 167, 215, 221n, 227, 238n, 245 168, 176, 181n Muslim Congress in Jerusalem, 1931, Mediterranean, 53, 63 84, 218n Mesopotamia, 106, 128, 163 Al-Musnad, 75 Miskawayh, 41–43, 45 Mustad‘afi n, 207 Mongols, 210, 213, 246 Al-Mu‘tadid, 39 Montazeri, Ayatollah Hoseyn ‘Ali, 195 Mustakbirin, 207 Morocco, 207, 216, 244, 248 Mut‘a, 4, 73, 229. See also Zawaj Mosul, 106, 108 mut‘a Mu‘awiya, 22–26, 28, 34, 43–45, 48, Mutahhar bin ‘Abdurrahman, 61 75, 229, 235 Al-Mutawakkil, 138, 187, 192, 250n Mubarak, Husni, 216, 229, 230, 234, Mu‘tazila, 3, 73 241n, 243 Mysticism, 64 Mubtadi‘un, heretics, 23, 46, 55, 63, 70, 165, 166, 180, 183, 213, Nadir Shah, 9, 71–74, 83, 91, 141n 246, 248 Najaf, 6, 9, 71, 72, 78, 79, 81–83, 88, Muhammad (Prophet), 1–4, 6, 17–20, 89, 91–95, 98, 101n, 102n, 109, 22, 26, 30, 32, 33, 42, 44, 73, 115, 117, 169, 173 75, 79, 107, 110, 120, 131, 135, Al-Najafi , Sayyid Ahmad al-Safi , 93 166, 181n, 185, 187, 188, 190, Najafi , Shaykh Ja‘far, 74 194, 196, 197, 212, 237n, 246 Najafi , Muhammad Hasan, 77, 78 Muhammad al-Baqir, 38, 114 Najd, 167–169, 172, 177 Muhammad al-Jawad, 53 Nejib Pasha, 78, 79, 88–91, 96, 99 Muhammad al-Qasim, 118. See also Nakash, Yitzhak, 81, 91, 93 Mahdi Nakhjuwan, 60 Muhammad ‘Ali Khan, 89 Namık Pasha, 88–91, 94 Muhammad b. ‘Abd al-Wahhab, 164, Nasibin, 114 165 Al-Nafi s, Ahmad Rasim, 226, 227 Muhammad Khan, 58 Al- al-Zakiyya, Muhammad bin Muhammad Sa‘id Effendi, 96 ‘Abdullah, 38 Muharram, 3, 79, 212, 236n Al-Naqshabandi, Muhammad Sa‘id, 81 Muktafi , 39 Nasr, 41, 42 Mulla-bashi, 72, 74 Nasrallah, Hasan, 14, 147, 153–155, Al-Mumahhidun, 119 157, 230, 239n, 245 Mu’nis, 43 Nationalism, 7, 126, 127, 132, 139, Al-Muntasir, 39 140 Al-Muqtadir, 41–43 Nazuk, 42 Murad III, 60, 61, 65 Nigeria, 248 Murad IV, 63, 65 Nihrir ‘Umari, 41 276 ● Index

Organization of the Islamic Revolution , 19, 57 in the Arabian Peninsula, 176 , Sayyid, 111, 204 Ottoman Empire, Ottomans, 5, 6, 10–12, 14n, 51–65, 69–72, 74, Al-Radi, 45, 46, 48 77–83, 84n, 86n, 87–97, 99, Rafi da, Rafi di, rawafi d, 4, 42, 166, 100, 101n, 105, 107, 129, 131, 167, 172, 210, 246 141n, 169, 170 Rafsanjani, Ayatollah Akbar Hashemi, Oudh Bequest, 98, 100 191, 192, 235 Rawlinson, Sir Henry, 78 , 14n, 176, 186, 223 Revolutionary Guards, 150, 210 Palestine, Palestinian, 84, 149, 153, Reza Shah Pahlavi, 176, 206 204–207, 209, 210, 212, Al-Rida, ‘Ali, 59, 191 214–216, 217n, 218n, 244, 245 Al-Rifa‘i, Hamid, 232 Palestine Liberation Organization Rigi, ‘Abd al-Malek, 191 (PLO), 149, 205, 209 Riyadh, 172, 173, 178, 215 Pan-Arabism, 7, 127 Rule of the jurist, 8, 110, 198. See Pasha, Mustafa Nuri, 88 also Velayat-e faqih Persia, 7, 56 Rum, 56 Persian Gulf, 58, 65, 147 Russia, Russian, Russians, 60, 82, 95, Proto-Shi‘i, 29, 189 189, 206 Proto-Sunni, 191 Sa‘ada, 244 Qadhdhafi , Muammar, 149 Sabb wa-rafd, 3, 4 Al-Qadir, 5 Sadr al-din Musa, 51 Qadiriyya, 58 Sadr City, 115 Al-Qahir, 44, 48 Al-Sadr, Muhammad, 106 Al-Qa‘ida, 24, 116, 135, 136, 147, Al-Sadr, Muhammad Baqir, 12, 155, 163, 180, 246, 247 109–112, 114, 117, 120 Al-Qa’im, Caliph, 5 Al-Sadr, Muhammad Sadiq, 112–114 Qajar, , 4, 10, 70, 87, Al-Sadr, Muqtada, 12, 114–121, 130, 100, 206, 217n 247 Qarmatis, 39–43 Al-Sadr, Musa, 148, 149 Qasr-i Shirin, 63 Sadrist Movement, 115, 117, 119, 121 Qatar, 136, 158, 231, 248 Safavid, Safaviyya, Safavid dynasty, 4, Qatif, 169, 170, 173–175, 178, 181n 5, 6, 9, 10, 51–65, 70–72, 81, Qawmiyya, 7, 126, 127 87, 91, 100, 131, 138, 230 Qayyum al-Asma’, 77, 79 Al-Saffar, Hasan, 175178, 182n Qazvin, 59 Safi I, 63 Qazvini, Ibrahim, 79, 80 Safi al-din Ishaq, 51 Qom, 39, 62, 119, 232 Sahaba, 3, 10, 42, 72, 73, 75, 166, Al-Qummi, Muhammad Taqi, 223, 167, 208, 211, 230, 231, 232 233–235 Qur’an, 3, 6, 55, 61, 70, 75–77, 93, S¸ahkulu, 54 113, 150, 166, 167, 209, 211, Al-Sa‘id, Abu al-Qasim, 40 220n, 230, 246 Al-Salaf al-Salih, 166, 167 Index ● 277

Salafi , 8, 116, 183, 185, 223, Shrine cities, 3, 6, 69, 70, 78–82, 88 245–247, 251n, 260n Siraf, 40 Samarra’, 50n, 81, 92, 94–99, 106, Al-Sistani, ‘Ali Ayatullah, 109, 116, 116, 135–137, 247 134–137, 142, 247 Sarab, 62 Sublime Porte, 93–97, 99 Sarıgürz, Nureddin Hamza, 54 Sudan, 207, 248 , 111, 156, 186, 209 Suez Canal, 1, 88, 89 bin Sa‘ud, ‘Abd al-‘Aziz, 169–174 Sufi s, Sufi sm, 51, 53, 79, 88, 225 Saudi Arabia, 7, 13, 147, 151, 156, Sulayman, Michel, 158 163–165, 175–177, 179, 180, Süleyman I, 54, 57–60, 65 230, 232, 243, 245 Suleyman Pasha, 89 Sefer Pasha, 62 Süleymaniye, 60 , 54–57, 64, 65, 132 Sultan Ya‘qub (), 56 S¸eyhülislam, 14n, 54, 57, 59, 70. See Al-Suwaydi, ‘Abdullah, 71–74 also Shaykh al-Islam. Syria, 2, 8, 9, 27, 29, 39, 40, 48, 65, Shafa‘a, 75 150, 151, 155, 158, 189, 186, Shafi ‘i, Shafi ‘iyya, 51, 71, 107 204, 210, 211, 215, 218, 226, Shahnama, 56 243 Shahrazur, 61, 62 Shahroudi, Hashemi, 188 Tabarru’, 52, 55, 60–62, 64 Shaltut, Mahmud, 208, 224, 232 Tabriz, 52, 54, 56–59, 96 Al-Shammar, 95, 96 Tahmasp I, 52, 57–60 Sharaf Khan, 58 Ta’if, 146, 151, 154 Shari‘a, 52, 54, 55, 60, 107, 215 Taleqani, Ayatollah Mahmud, 190 Shaybanids, 11, 65 Tantawi, Muhammad Sayyid, 229, Shaykh al-Islam, 70 231, 233, 234, 241 Shaykh al-Ra’is, 82 Tanzimat reforms, 90 Al-Shaykh, 95, 96, 164 Taqiyya, 3, 25, 72, 75, 80, 125, 166, Shaykhis, Shaykhism, 77–79 189, 192, 197, 205, 212, 214, Shihata, Hasan, 228, 229 219, 225 Shi‘i Crescent, 2, 24, 146, 186, 216, Taqrib, Taqrib al-madhahib (Also: 230, 234, 243 Ecumenism), 9, 11–13, 72, 73, Al-Sindi, Muhammad Hayat, 167 105, 107, 109, 112, 114, 117, Al-Shinnawi, Hasan, 225, 236, 238 136, 193, 194, 203, 204, 210, Al-Shiqaqi, Fathi, 204–211, 214, 215, 211, 220, 223, 224, 231, 233, 218, 271 241, 245, 247, 249 Al-Shirazi, Abu al-Fadl, 37 Al-Tasawwur al-Islami, 111 Shirazi, Mirza Hasan, 81, 94–96, 98, Al-Taskhiri, Muhammad ‘Ali, 231, 248 100 , 165 Al-Shirazi, Muhammad al-Husayni, Tehran, 89, 95, 110, 116, 178, 184, 175, 176 186, 191, 192, 204, 206, 207, Al-Shirazi, Muhammad Taqi, 12, 106, 209–211, 216, 224, 228, 231, 107 233, 235, 244 , 57, 58, 60–62, 65 Transoxania, 53 Farrukh Yasar, 52 Tunikabuni, Mirza Muhammad, 80 278 ● Index

Turkey, 10, 131 199, 215, 221, 226, 228, Al-Tusi, Nasir al-Din, 166 231, 236, 244–247, 251, 256, Twelfth Imam, 52, 85n, 116. See also 262 Mahdi Al-Walid bin ‘Abd al-Malik, 31 Al-‘Ubaydi, Habib, 106 Waqf, Awqaf, 92, 224, 240, 248 Al-Wardani, Salih, 226–228, 236, 238, Uhud (Battle), 32 263 ‘Udul, 73 Al-Wardi, ‘Ali, 85, 101, 107, 108, 121, ‘Ulama’, 4–6,11, 12, 55, 69–74, 131, 141, 263 76–84, 86, 89–91, 93, 95, 96, Wasatiyya, 248 99–101, 112, 115, 120, 130–133, Wasil, Nasr Farid, 232 135, 136, 164–169, 171–177, West Bank, 117, 205 179–182, 191, 205, 207, 212, World War I, 6, 10, 83, 93, 105 215, 216, 218, 219, 230, 235, 246–248 Yahya bin Zayd, Alid, 32 ‘Umar bin al-Khattab, 3, 53, 55, 60, Yaramazlar, 89 72–75, 84, 107, 111, 131, 138, Yemen, 14, 38, 209, 244, 250, 260 166, 190, 194, 208, 213, 214, Yerevan, 60, 63, 64 229, 235 Yusuf al-Qaradawi, Shaykh, 136, 188, ‘Umar II, 23 193, 216, 230–236, 239, 248, Umayyad, 7, 11, 14, 19, 22–24, 26, 249, 251, 256, 260, 262 27, 29, 30–32, 37, 38, 44, 119, Yusuf Pasha, 63. See also Emirguneog˘lu 190, 194, 220 Tahmaspkulu Khan United Nations (UN), 117 United States (US), 8, 9, 115, 117, Zahhak, 56 119, 120, 125, 130, 137, 142, , 4, 153 146, 147, 155, 176–178, 182, Zanj, 48 186, 188, 189, 191, 209, 233, Zaqzuq, Mahmud Hamdi, 240, 248 243, 245, 246, 248, 255, 270 Al-Zarqawi, Abu Mus‘ab, 115, 155, Urmiyeh, 62 246, 250n , 75 Zawaj misyar, 4 Akhbari-Usuli Confl ict, 85, 255 Zawaj mut‘a, 4, 73, 229 ‘, 3, 52, 60, 73, 107, 111, Zayd bin ‘Ali, 31, 38 131, 208, 213, 214, 220 Zaydis, Zaydi, Zaydiyya, 1, 28, 29, Uzbeks, 11, 52, 58, 61, 62, 65, 71 38–40, 48, 106, 208, 232, 240, 244, 261 Van, 59 Zaynab, 135, 142, 226, 266 Velayat-e faqih, Wilayat al-faqih, 8, Zionism, Zionists, 84, 155, 185, 150, 152, 153, 176, 198 187–189, 192–194, 200, 212, 214, 233, 245, 247 Wahhabis, Wahhabiyya, 13, 74–77, 81, Ziyarat al-qubur, Ziyarat, 74, 89 84, 89, 90, 109, 116, 163–165, Zoroastrians (), 7, 188 168, 169, 171–177, 179–181, Zuhab, 63 183, 185, 190, 191, 193, 198, Al-Zumur, ‘Abbud, 228