DOCSLIB.ORG

Ramiz Daniz the Scientist Passed Ahead of Centuries – Nasiraddin Tusi

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ramiz Daniz the Scientist Passed Ahead of Centuries – Nasiraddin Tusi Ramiz Daniz Ramiz Daniz The scientist passed ahead of centuries – Nasiraddin Tusi Baku -2013 Scientific editor – the Associate Member of ANAS, Professor 1 Ramiz Daniz Eybali Mehraliyev Preface – the Associate Member of ANAS, Professor Ramiz Mammadov Scientific editor – the Associate Member of ANAS, Doctor of physics and mathematics, Academician Eyyub Guliyev Reviewers – the Associate Member of ANAS, Professor Rehim Husseinov, Associate Member of ANAS, Professor Rafig Aliyev, Professor Ajdar Agayev, senior lecturer Vidadi Bashirov Literary editor – the philologist Ganira Amirjanova Computer design – Sevinj Computer operator – Sinay Translator - Hokume Hebibova Ramiz Daniz “The scientist passed ahead of centuries – Nasiraddin Tusi”. “MM-S”, 2013, 297 p İSBN 978-9952-8230-3-5 Writing about the remarkable Azerbaijani scientist Nasiraddin Tusi, who has a great scientific heritage, is very responsible and honorable. Nasiraddin Tusi, who has a very significant place in the world encyclopedia together with well-known phenomenal scientists, is one of the most honorary personalities of our nation. It may be named precious stone of the Academy of Sciences in the East. Nasiraddin Tusi has masterpieces about mathematics, geometry, astronomy, geography and ethics and he is an inventor of a lot of unique inventions and discoveries. According to the scientist, America had been discovered hundreds of years ago. Unfortunately, most peoples don’t know this fact. I want to inform readers about Tusi’s achievements by means of this work. D 4702060103 © R.Daniz 2013 M 087-2013 2 Ramiz Daniz I’m grateful to leaders of the State Oil Company of Azerbaijan Republic for their material and moral supports for publication of the work The book has been published in accordance with the order of the “Partner” Science Development Support Social Union with the grant of the State Oil Company of Azerbaijan Republic Courageous step towards the great purpose 3 Ramiz Daniz I’m editing new work of the young writer. This work is an explanation of innovations made by Nasiraddin Tusi in the field of astronomy. The author has explained role of Nasiraddin Tusi’s scientific activity in realization of great geographic discoveries in “Christopher Columbus, Nasi- raddin Tusi and discovery of America” written after his previous trilogy. He has written that, Nasiraddin Tusi’s works were taken to Columbus’s motherland – Italy, Columbus had analyzed them and went to Spain with those materials in order to organize his travel to India. N. Tusi’s activity, which supported science in Western Europe and global discoveries, has been discovered in the work. I’m editing Ramiz Daniz’s work “The scientist passed ahead of centuries – Nasiraddin Tusi”. What made him to write this book? He has gathered a lot of materials about the scientist’s activity and decided to write the second book about Nasiraddin Tusi. He named his work “The scientist passed ahead of centuries – Nasiraddin Tusi”. People haven’t been informed enough about works of the scientist written about astronomy, mathematics, geometry, ethics, pedagogy, philosophy and other sciences. So, the author wrote in the book: “… I began to investigate activities of genius personalities of Azerbaijan… Especially activity and 4 Ramiz Daniz scientific heritage of the notable scientist of Azerbaijan Muhammad Nasiraddin Tusi are very interesting. Though he is an author of very significant scientific discoveries, he isn’t known enough in the world”. The author expresses his regret and writes that, Nasiraddin Tusi’s works have been published by most scientists as their own works. Readers, please, be attentive! The well-known Pole scientist N. Copernicus, who lived 250 years before Nasiraddin Tusi, had written the scientist’s theorem “Two circles, diameter of one of which is equal to half of the other one, are on one plane” in his work “Rotation of celestial spheres”. For the first time, this theorem was proved by Nasiraddin Tusi and included in his work “Memories about astronomy”. The wall quadrant used in the observatory of the Dane scientist Tycho Brahe was invented in Maragha observatory as well. Nasiraddin Tusi’s devices and works had influenced the development of astronomy and mathematics in Western Europe, Chine and India. But these facts are unknown for us – N. Tusi’s countrymen. So, Ramiz Deniz tried to give enough information about Nasiraddin Tusi by means of this work. The author has used historical facts in order to describe Nasiraddin Tusi’s activity. He has analyzed the development of cosmography in the world and mentioned 5 Ramiz Daniz roles of Azerbaijani scientists and especially Nasiraddin Tusi in this field. He especially investigated Tusi’s activity in fields of astronomy, mathematics and diplomacy. The author has proved that, devices invented by N. Tusi are kept in most museums of the world and they had a great role in the development of scientists all over the world. He has named one of headings of the book “N. Tusi’s scientific achievements of global importance”. He has mentioned that, N. Tusi’s “Tahriru Uglidis” (“Recension of Euclid’s Elements”), “Shaklul-qita” and “Collection of Counts” were basis for the development of geometry. The author has mentioned B. A. Rozenfeld’s following thought in order to prove this assumption: “Nasiraddin refused to prove the postulate of parallelism by means of two axioms and postulates and used only one simple postulate and it was an important step for Lobachevski’s proof”. He has proved his ideas by means of 24 items written at the end of the book. The work of the writer Ramiz Deniz has been written on the basis of rich materials and it explains influence of the Azerbaijani scientist on the development of astronomy, mathematics, geodesy, ethics, geography, philosophy and other sciences. The work has been written in accordance with ideas of patriotism. 6 Ramiz Daniz Readers will have an opportunity to read interesting scientific facts very easily. But it is necessary to read it attentively. We name the fifth investigation work of the young innovator writer Ramiz Deniz “Courageous step towards the great purpose” and wish him great future of creation. The Associate Member of ANAS, Doctor of geographical sciences, Professor Eybali Mehraliyev 7 Ramiz Daniz Preface I got acquainted with the author of this book in June of 2002. The society of “Education” invited me to the scientific-practical conference about “Scientific services of Nasiraddin Tusi and N. Tusi in the activity of the writer and researcher Ramiz Gasimov (Daniz)” and offered me to make speech about his book “Christopher Columbus, Nasiraddin Tusi and discovery of America”. To say the truth I was surprised when heard the author’ name. Probably, readers know that, R. Gasimov works in the Oil Refining Factory of SOCAR as a worker and isn’t high- educated, but I don’t want to speak about his autobiography. As the name of the book was too haughty, I investigated the author’s previous activity and it turned out that, he is the author of several books and trilogy written in this field. After reading his books I asked myself: Who is R. Gasimov? Is he a writer or researcher and what does he want to gain? I understood that, he has his own style and tries to combine notions of “writer” and “researcher” and is the first author, who has achieved it. For example, he is a researcher in the above mentioned book and books used for this work prove it. Of course, most of issues mentioned in the book are disputable. But the author shouldn’t be accused 8 Ramiz Daniz for it as his purpose was to lay bare the truth by means of discussions and investigations. R. Gasimov tried to describe different ages together. So, his books resemble scientific annals and historical adventure novels. This style can be considered one of new directions of our literature. Of course, I’ll not describe the book in the preface. But as the acquaintance with books starts in the preface, it will be advisable to describe main purposes of the book. The book, which is about Tusi’s activity mainly, includes brief information about main results achieved in fields of geography, philosophy, astronomy, mathematics, physics etc., their history, conditions of development and authors of those results. The activity of the Azerbaijani traveler and researcher Sheikh Muhammadali Babakuhi Bakuvi has also been described in detail. It is important to know these facts in order to understand Tusi’s activity. Thus, if you want to learn Tusi’s activity, you should learn scientific-social conditions existed in the ancient time and middle ages and role of Eastern scientists in development of world. I think that, the author could overcome this difficult and honorable work. He has described historical conditions of the age of Tusi, Hulegu khan’s victory on Abbasids and mentioned that, he 9 Ramiz Daniz used advices of scientists before attacking Baghdad. Other skills of Nasiraddin Tusi were discovered after being freed from prison. It turned out that, he was skilful organizer and statesman. He could get permission of the ruler of Mongolia for construction of Maragha observatory and organized this construction. Of course, previous inventions of the scientist had significant role in this achievement. The book includes detailed information about Maragha observatory and scientists, who worked there. The author has compared “Zij- i Ilkhani” and “Zij-i Ulugbek” and proved that, the first work wasn’t worse than the second. Scientific achievements of Nasiraddin Tusi also were mentioned in the book. The author has mentioned that, the scientist’s “Tahriru Uglidis” was used as a source by most well-known scientists of Europe. According to the author, Tusi had developed trigonometry as an independent branch of science. Geographical coordinates determined by Tusi by means of simple astronomical equipments were determined more precisely afterwards.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Genetic Context for Understanding the Trigonometric Functions Danny Otero Xavier University, [email protected]
    Ursinus College Digital Commons @ Ursinus College Transforming Instruction in Undergraduate Pre-calculus and Trigonometry Mathematics via Primary Historical Sources (TRIUMPHS) Spring 3-2017 A Genetic Context for Understanding the Trigonometric Functions Danny Otero Xavier University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/triumphs_precalc Part of the Curriculum and Instruction Commons, Educational Methods Commons, Higher Education Commons, and the Science and Mathematics Education Commons Click here to let us know how access to this document benefits oy u. Recommended Citation Otero, Danny, "A Genetic Context for Understanding the Trigonometric Functions" (2017). Pre-calculus and Trigonometry. 1. https://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/triumphs_precalc/1 This Course Materials is brought to you for free and open access by the Transforming Instruction in Undergraduate Mathematics via Primary Historical Sources (TRIUMPHS) at Digital Commons @ Ursinus College. It has been accepted for inclusion in Pre-calculus and Trigonometry by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Ursinus College. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A Genetic Context for Understanding the Trigonometric Functions Daniel E. Otero∗ July 22, 2019 Trigonometry is concerned with the measurements of angles about a central point (or of arcs of circles centered at that point) and quantities, geometrical and otherwise, that depend on the sizes of such angles (or the lengths of the corresponding arcs). It is one of those subjects that has become a standard part of the toolbox of every scientist and applied mathematician. It is the goal of this project to impart to students some of the story of where and how its central ideas first emerged, in an attempt to provide context for a modern study of this mathematical theory.
    [Show full text]
  • International Journal for Scientific Research & Development| Vol. 5, Issue 12, 2018 | ISSN (Online): 2321-0613
    IJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research & Development| Vol. 5, Issue 12, 2018 | ISSN (online): 2321-0613 A Case Study on Applications of Trigonometry in Oceanography Suvitha M.1 Kalaivani M.2 1,2Student 1,2Department of Mathematics 1,2Sri Krishna Arts and Science College, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India Abstract— This article introduces a trigonometric field that bisected to create two right-angle triangles, most problems extends in the field of real numbers adding two elements: sin can be reduced to calculations on right-angle triangles. Thus and cos satisfying an axiom sin²+cos²=1.It is shown that the majority of applications relate to right-angle triangles. assigning meaningful names to particular elements to the One exception to this is spherical trigonometry, the study of field, All know trigonometric identities may be introduced triangles on spheres, surfaces of constant positive curvature, and proved. The main objective of this study is about in elliptic geometry (a fundamental part of astronomy and oceanography how the oceanographers guide everyone with navigation). Trigonometry on surfaces of negative curvature the awareness of the Tsunami waves and protect the marine is part of hyperbolic geometry. animals hitting the ships and cliffs. Key words: Trigonometric Identities, Trigonometric Ratios, II. HISTORY OF TRIGONOMETRY Trigonometric Functions I. INTRODUCTION A. Trigonometry Fig. 2: Hipparchus, credited with compiling the first trigonometric, is known as "the father of trigonometry". A thick ring-like shell object found at the Indus Fig. 1: Valley Civilization site of Lothal, with four slits each in two All of the trigonometric functions of an angle θ can be margins served as a compass to measure angles on plane constructed geometrically in terms of a unit circle centered at surfaces or in the horizon in multiples of 40degrees,upto 360 O.
    [Show full text]
  • Bibliography
    Bibliography Archival Sources Ars¸ivi, Bas¸bakanlık Osmanlı (BOA) FO 195/237; 1841 FO 248/114 India Offi ce G/29/27. In Arabic Afghani, Ahmad al-. Sarab fi Iran: Kalima Sari‘a hawla al-Khumayni wa-Din al-Shi‘a, n.p., 1982. ‘Alawi, Hasan al-. Al-Shi‘a wal-Dawla al-Qawmiyya fi al-‘Iraq 1914–1990, n.p., 1990. Alusi, Shukri al-. al-Misk al-Adhfar, Baghdad: al-Maktaba al-‘Arabiyya, 1930. Alusi, Shihab al-Din Mahmud al-. Al-Tibyan fi Sharh al-Burhan, 1249/1833. Amin, Muhsin al-. A‘yan al-Shi‘a, Sidon, vol. 40, 1957. Bahr al-‘Ulum, Muhammad Sadiq. “Muqaddima,” in Muhammad Mahdi b. Murtada Tabataba’i, Rijal al-Sayyid Bahr al-‘Ulum al-Ma‘ruf bil-Fawa’id al-Rijaliyya, Najaf: n.p, 1967. Din, Muhammad Hirz al-. Ma ‘arif al-Rijal fi Tarajim al-‘Ulama’ wal-Udaba’, Najaf, vol. 1, 1964–1965. Dujayli, Ja‘far (ed.). Mawsu‘at al-Najaf al-Ashraf, Beirut: Dar al-Adwa’, 1993. Fahs, Hani. Al-Shi‘a wal-Dawla fi Lubnan: Malamih fi al-Ru’ya wal-Dhakira, Beirut: Dar al-Andalus, 1996. Hamdani al-. Takmilat Ta’rikh al-Tabari, Beirut: al-Matba‘at al-Kathulikiyya, 1961. Hawwa, Sa‘id. Al-Islam, Beirut: Dar al-Kutub, 1969. ———. Al-Khumayniyya: Shudhudh fi al-‘Aqa’id Shudhudh fi al-Mawaqif, Beirut: Dar ‘Umar, 1987. ———. Hadhihi Tajribati wa-Hadhihi Shahadati, Beirut: Dar ‘Umar, 1988. Husri, Sati‘ al-. Mudhakkirati fi al-‘Iraq, 1921–1941, Beirut: Manshurat dar al- Tali‘a, 1967. Ibn Abi Ya‘la. Tabaqat al-Hanabila, Cairo: Matba‘at al-Sunna al-Muhammadiyya, 1952.
    [Show full text]
  • Asian Contributions to Mathematics
    PORTLAND PUBLIC SCHOOLS GEOCULTURAL BASELINE ESSAY SERIES Asian Contributions to Mathematics By Ramesh Gangolli Ramesh Gangolli Dr. Ramesh Gangolli was born in India, and educated at the University of Bombay, Cambridge University and MIT. He held the Cambridge Society of India Scholarship while at Cambridge University, and was a College Scholar at Peterhouse. During 1966-68 he was a Sloan Foundation Fellow. In 1967, he was awarded the Paul Levy Prize by a Committee of the French Academy of Sciences. At present he is a Professor of Mathematics at the University of Washington, Seattle. He has been active in mathematical research as well as in mathematics education, and has held visiting positions at many universities in the U.S. and abroad. He has served professionally in several capacities: as Chair of the mathematics of the Committee on Education of the American Mathematical Society, and as a member of several committees of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences and the National Research Council. He is also a musician specializing in the Classical Music of India, and is an Adjunct Professor of Music in the School of Music at the University of Washington. Version: 1999-12-22 PPS Geocultural Baseline Essay Series AUTHOR: Gangolli SUBJECT: Math Contents 1. INTRODUCTION. 1 1.1 Purpose of this essay. 1 1.2 Scope. 2 1.3 Acknowledgments. 3 2. SOME VIEWS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF MATHEMATICS. 5 3. THE PLACE OF MATHEMATICS IN ANCIENT CULTURES. 10 3.1 Agriculture, commerce, etc. 11 3.2 Ritual, worship, etc. 12 3.3 Intellectual curiosity and amusement.
    [Show full text]
  • Basic Principles of Celestial Navigation James A
    Basic principles of celestial navigation James A. Van Allena) Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242 ͑Received 16 January 2004; accepted 10 June 2004͒ Celestial navigation is a technique for determining one’s geographic position by the observation of identified stars, identified planets, the Sun, and the Moon. This subject has a multitude of refinements which, although valuable to a professional navigator, tend to obscure the basic principles. I describe these principles, give an analytical solution of the classical two-star-sight problem without any dependence on prior knowledge of position, and include several examples. Some approximations and simplifications are made in the interest of clarity. © 2004 American Association of Physics Teachers. ͓DOI: 10.1119/1.1778391͔ I. INTRODUCTION longitude ⌳ is between 0° and 360°, although often it is convenient to take the longitude westward of the prime me- Celestial navigation is a technique for determining one’s ridian to be between 0° and Ϫ180°. The longitude of P also geographic position by the observation of identified stars, can be specified by the plane angle in the equatorial plane identified planets, the Sun, and the Moon. Its basic principles whose vertex is at O with one radial line through the point at are a combination of rudimentary astronomical knowledge 1–3 which the meridian through P intersects the equatorial plane and spherical trigonometry. and the other radial line through the point G at which the Anyone who has been on a ship that is remote from any prime meridian intersects the equatorial plane ͑see Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • 02-2021-3.Pdf
    Teoretičeskaâ i prikladnaâ nauka Theoretical & Applied Science 02 (94) 2021 International Scientific Journal Theoretical & Applied Science Founder: International Academy of Theoretical & Applied Sciences Published since 2013 year. Issued Monthly. International scientific journal «Theoretical & Applied Science», registered in France, and indexed more than 45 international scientific bases. Editorial office: http://T-Science.org Phone: +777727-606-81 E-mail: [email protected] Editor-in Chief: Hirsch index: Alexandr Shevtsov h Index RISC = 1 (78) Editorial Board: 1 Prof. Vladimir Kestelman USA h Index Scopus = 3 (38) 2 Prof. Arne Jönsson Sweden h Index Scopus = 10 (33) 3 Prof. Sagat Zhunisbekov KZ - 4 Assistant of Prof. Boselin Prabhu India - 5 Lecturer Denis Chemezov Russia h Index RISC = 2 (61) 6 Associate Prof. Elnur Hasanov Azerbaijan h Index Scopus = 8 (11) 7 Associate Prof. Christo Ananth India h Index Scopus = - (1) 8 Prof. Shafa Aliyev Azerbaijan h Index Scopus = - (1) 9 Associate Prof. Ramesh Kumar India h Index Scopus = - (2) 10 Associate Prof. S. Sathish India h Index Scopus = 2 (13) 11 Researcher Rohit Kumar Verma India - 12 Prof. Kerem Shixaliyev Azerbaijan - 13 Associate Prof. Ananeva Elena Pavlovna Russia h Index RISC = 1 (19) 14 Associate Prof. Muhammad Hussein Noure Elahi Iran - 15 Assistant of Prof. Tamar Shiukashvili Georgia - 16 Prof. Said Abdullaevich Salekhov Russia - 17 Prof. Vladimir Timofeevich Prokhorov Russia - 18 Researcher Bobir Ortikmirzayevich Uzbekistan - Tursunov 19 Associate Prof. Victor Aleksandrovich Melent'ev Russia - 20 Prof. Manuchar Shishinashvili Georgia - ISSN 2308-4944 0 2 © Сollective of Authors © «Theoretical & Applied Science» 9 7 7 2 3 0 8 4 9 4 2 1 8 International Scientific Journal Theoretical & Applied Science Editorial Board: Hirsch index: 21 Prof.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 a REVIEW of MUSLIM MARITIME TRADITION Omar Bin Yaakob
    A REVIEW OF MUSLIM MARITIME TRADITION Omar Bin Yaakob*, Mohamad Pauzi Abdul Ghani, Faizul Amri Adnan Marine Technology Centre, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM, Johor Bahru, Johor * Corresponding Author: [email protected] Abstract The ocean covers more than 75% of the earth surface. This vast expanse of water promises a wealth of opportunities as well as challenges. This paper describes a historical perspective of development of maritime ventures in the Islamic World from the time of the Prophet (pbuh) until the present day. The expansion of the Muslim caliphate entailed among others rapid growth in communication and transport system as well as the need for a well-organised naval fleet. The peak of Muslim naval power was during the rule of the Ottoman Empire when their warships held sway over the Mediterranean, the Red Sea and parts of the Indian Ocean. A survey of the present status of maritime military, commercial, education and R&D capacity in Muslim countries is presented and proposals put forward for improving collaboration in this field. Keywords: Muslim maritime, maritime technology, economic impact, commercial ventures 1.0 Introduction The ocean, which covers more than 75% of the earth surface, supplies various needs of the human being. Besides the ubiquitous seafood, the ocean provides sources of various kinds of minerals and ornaments. It is a means of commerce, providing more than 95% of the transportation needs of international trade. For the coastal states, it is a means of defense while for the aggressive nations; the sea is an avenue for imperial expansions. In the latter half of the twentieth century, the ocean strategic and economic importance was enhanced particularly after the discovery of oil and gas in the Gulf of Mexico.
    [Show full text]
  • PİRİ REİS and HIS PRECIOUS WORKS (World Maps and the Book of Navigation) Ibrahim YILMAZ TURKEY [email protected]
    5/29/2012 PİRİ REİS and HIS PRECIOUS WORKS (World Maps and The Book of Navigation) Ibrahim YILMAZ TURKEY [email protected] 1 TS02K-Surveying History LIFE Piri Reis was a famous Turkish cartographer, shipmaster, navigator and an researcher who was born in Gallipoli in 1465 and educated there. He started working as a sailor at an early age under his uncle Kemal Reis’ tutelage, a famous commander of the Ottoman navy, in the 16th century. 2 TS02K-Surveying History 1 5/29/2012 After the death of Kemal Reis in 1510, Piri Reis returned to Gallipoli and dedicated much of his time on his world map and his book, Kitab-ı Bahriye (Book of Navigation). In 1517, Piri Reis participated in the Ottoman’s campaign to Egypt as one of the Ottoman navy admirals and presented his world map dated 1513 to Sultan Selim the Conqueror. In his last mission, Piri Reis commanded an expedition against the Portuguese at Hormuz that failed in its goal of taking the citadel and executed in 1554 on the grounds of a debatable decision he had made as a commander to avoid direct confrontation with Portuguese navy. 3 TS02K-Surveying History WORKS First World Map of Piri Reis (1513) Second World Map of Piri Reis (1528) Kitab-ı Bahriye (1521-1526) 4 TS02K-Surveying History 2 5/29/2012 1513 – FIRST WORLD MAP of PİRİ REİS NORTH EUROPE AMERICA AFRICA SOUTH ATLANTIC AMERICA OCEAN Library of Topkapı Palace Museum 5 TS02K-Surveying History 61 cm 9 Colours gazelle skin 5 Compass roses 2 Scale bars 20 Unknown 8 Muslims 1 Christopher Columbus 86 cm 1 Arabic scale bar 4Portugal 34 REFERENCE MAPS compass rose 41 cm 6 TS02K-Surveying History 3 5/29/2012 7 TS02K-Surveying History 8 TS02K-Surveying History 4 5/29/2012 This country is inhabited.
    [Show full text]
  • Mathematics in African History and Cultures
    Paulus Gerdes & Ahmed Djebbar MATHEMATICS IN AFRICAN HISTORY AND CULTURES: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY African Mathematical Union Commission on the History of Mathematics in Africa (AMUCHMA) Mathematics in African History and Cultures Second edition, 2007 First edition: African Mathematical Union, Cape Town, South Africa, 2004 ISBN: 978-1-4303-1537-7 Published by Lulu. Copyright © 2007 by Paulus Gerdes & Ahmed Djebbar Authors Paulus Gerdes Research Centre for Mathematics, Culture and Education, C.P. 915, Maputo, Mozambique E-mail: [email protected] Ahmed Djebbar Département de mathématiques, Bt. M 2, Université de Lille 1, 59655 Villeneuve D’Asq Cedex, France E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Cover design inspired by a pattern on a mat woven in the 19th century by a Yombe woman from the Lower Congo area (Cf. GER-04b, p. 96). 2 Table of contents page Preface by the President of the African 7 Mathematical Union (Prof. Jan Persens) Introduction 9 Introduction to the new edition 14 Bibliography A 15 B 43 C 65 D 77 E 105 F 115 G 121 H 162 I 173 J 179 K 182 L 194 M 207 N 223 O 228 P 234 R 241 S 252 T 274 U 281 V 283 3 Mathematics in African History and Cultures page W 290 Y 296 Z 298 Appendices 1 On mathematicians of African descent / 307 Diaspora 2 Publications by Africans on the History of 313 Mathematics outside Africa (including reviews of these publications) 3 On Time-reckoning and Astronomy in 317 African History and Cultures 4 String figures in Africa 338 5 Examples of other Mathematical Books and 343
    [Show full text]
  • The Making of Prayer Circles (PC) and Prayer Direction Circles (PDC) Map
    Ahmad S. Massasati, Ph.D. Department of Geography Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences United Arab Emirates University Email: [email protected] The Making of Prayer Circles (PC) and Prayer Direction Circles (PDC) Map Abstract Geographic Information Systems GIS has proven to be an essential tool of Automated Cartography. The problems of finding the direction to the City of Makkah is extremely important to Muslims around the globe to perform the five time daily prayer. The challenge to solve such a problem is a classical example of map projection on flat surface where distortion may give the wrong impression on directions. A prayer direction circles and a prayer circle system have been introduced using GIS to solve the problem. Using spherical triangulation solution with the city of Makkah at the center of the prayer circles, a prayer map was designed to solve the problem. Knowing that map making is an art as well as a science, Islamic calligraphy and designs were added for better enhancement of the map. Introduction Map making was always recognized as a science and an art. The science of map making deals with location and attributes, and is expected to provide accurate information. With Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technology, it is becoming 1 possible to make maps with a higher accuracy and speed. GIS also provides the mapmakers with a powerful tool to introduce maps to a wider range of audience in various scales and formats. The pictorial nature of cartographic language makes it the most understood form of communication for all of mankind.
    [Show full text]
  • Jnasci-2015-1195-1202
    Journal of Novel Applied Sciences Available online at www.jnasci.org ©2015 JNAS Journal-2015-4-11/1195-1202 ISSN 2322-5149 ©2015 JNAS Relationships between Timurid Empire and Qara Qoyunlu & Aq Qoyunlu Turkmens Jamshid Norouzi1 and Wirya Azizi2* 1- Assistant Professor of History Department of Payame Noor University 2- M.A of Iran’s Islamic Era History of Payame Noor University Corresponding author: Wirya Azizi ABSTRACT: Following Abu Saeed Ilkhan’s death (from Mongol Empire), for half a century, Iranian lands were reigned by local rules. Finally, lately in the 8th century, Amir Timur thrived from Transoxiana in northeastern Iran, and gradually made obedient Iran and surrounding countries. However, in the Northwest of Iran, Turkmen tribes reigned but during the Timurid raids they had returned to obedience, and just as withdrawal of the Timurid troops, they were quickly back their former power. These clans and tribes sometimes were troublesome to the Ottoman Empires and Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt. Due to the remoteness of these regions of Timurid Capital and, more importantly, lack of permanent government administrations and organizations of the Timurid capital, following Amir Timur’s death, because of dynastic struggles among his Sons and Grandsons, the Turkmens under these conditions were increasing their power and then they had challenged the Timurid princes. The most important goals of this study has focused on investigation of their relationships and struggles. How and why Timurid Empire has begun to combat against Qara Qoyunlu and Aq Qoyunlu Turkmens; what were the reasons for the failure of the Timurid deal with them, these are the questions that we try to find the answers in our study.
    [Show full text]
  • In. ^Ifil Fiegree in PNILOSOPNY
    ISLAMIC PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE: A CRITICAL STUDY O F HOSSAIN NASR Dis««rtation Submitted TO THE Aiigarh Muslim University, Aligarh for the a^ar d of in. ^Ifil fiegree IN PNILOSOPNY BY SHBIKH ARJBD Abl Under the Kind Supervision of PROF. S. WAHEED AKHTAR Cbiimwa, D«ptt. ol PhiloMphy. DEPARTMENT OF PHILOSOPHY ALIGARH IWIUSLIIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH 1993 nmiH DS2464 gg®g@eg^^@@@g@@€'@@@@gl| " 0 3 9 H ^ ? S f I O ( D .'^ ••• ¥4 H ,. f f 3« K &^: 3 * 9 m H m «< K t c * - ft .1 D i f m e Q > i j 8"' r E > H I > 5 C I- 115m Vi\ ?- 2 S? 1 i' C £ O H Tl < ACKNOWLEDGEMENT In the name of Allah« the Merciful and the Compassionate. It gives me great pleasure to thanks my kind hearted supervisor Prof. S. Waheed Akhtar, Chairman, Department of Philosophy, who guided me to complete this work. In spite of his multifarious intellectual activities, he gave me valuable time and encouraged me from time to time for this work. Not only he is a philosopher but also a man of literature and sugge'sted me such kind of topic. Without his careful guidance this work could not be completed in proper time. I am indebted to my parents, SK Samser All and Mrs. AJema Khatun and also thankful to my uncle Dr. Sheikh Amjad Ali for encouraging me in research. I am also thankful to my teachers in the department of Philosophy, Dr. M. Rafique, Dr. Tasaduque Hussain, Mr. Naushad, Mr. Muquim and Dr. Sayed.
    [Show full text]