History of Azerbaijan (Textbook)

DILGAM ISMAILOV HISTORY OF AZERBAIJAN (TEXTBOOK) Azerbaijan Architecture and Construction University Methodological Council of the meeting dated July 7, 2017, was published at the direction of № 6 BAKU - 2017 Dilgam Yunis Ismailov. History of Azerbaijan, AzMİU NPM, Baku, 2017, p.p.352 Referents: Anar Jamal Iskenderov Konul Ramiq Aliyeva All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form by any means. Electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the copyright owner. In Azerbaijan University of Architecture and Construction, the book “History of Azerbaijan” is written on the basis of a syllabus covering all topics of the subject. Author paid special attention to the current events when analyzing the different periods of Azerbaijan. This book can be used by other high schools that also teach “History of Azerbaijan” in English to bachelor students, master students, teachers, as well as to the independent learners of our country’s history. 2 © Dilgam Ismailov, 2017 TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword…………………………………….……… 9 I Theme. Introduction to the history of Azerbaijan 10 II Theme: The Primitive Society in Azerbaijan…. 18 1.The Initial Residential Dwellings……….............… 18 2.The Stone Age in Azerbaijan……………………… 19 3.The Copper, Bronze and Iron Ages in Azerbaijan… 23 4.The Collapse of the Primitive Communal System in Azerbaijan………………………………………….... 28 III Theme: The Ancient and Early States in Azer- baijan. The Atropatena and Albanian Kingdoms.. 30 1.The First Tribal Alliances and Initial Public Institutions in Azerbaijan……………………………. 30 2.The Kingdom of Manna…………………………… 34 3.The Atropatena and Albanian Kingdoms………….. 41 IV Theme: Azerbaijan in the Early Middle Ages... 53 1.Feudal relations in Azerbaijan in the III-V centuries 53 2.The Sassanid’s occupation of Azerbaijan and riots against it……………………………………………... 54 3.The Sassanids’ Land, Tax and Transfering Policy in Azerbaijan………………………………………… 61 V Theme: Azerbaijan as Part of the Arab Caliphate ………………………………….. 63 1.The Occupation of Azerbaijan by the arabs. The 3 spread of the Islam religion…………………………. 63 2.The management, resettlement, land and tax policy in Azerbaijan during the rule of the Caliphate 67 3.To rebel against to the tyranny of Arabs. Khurram’s movement……………………………….. 70 4.The formation of the Azerbaijani people and language……………………………..………………. 74 VI Theme. Feudal states of Azerbaijan in IX-XII centuries…………………………………………… 77 1. The feudal states in Azerbaijan during the fall of the Caliphate…………........................................... 77 2. Azerbaijan part of the Great Seljuk Empire………. 86 3. The states of Shirvanshahs and Atabaylar………... 89 4.The socio-economic and cultural development of the IX-XII centuries…………………………………. 93 VII Theme: Mongol occupation in Azerbaijan….. 101 1. I-II-III Mongol attacks on Azerbaijan……………. 101 2. Azerbaijan under the rule of Hulagu empire. …… 104 3. Reforms of Ghazan Khan………………….. 106 4.Socio-economical and cultural progress of Azerbaijan in the XIII-XIV centuries……………… 108 VIII Theme: Azerbaijan in the II half of the XIV century and in the XV centuries…………………... 112 1.Attacks of Tokhtamysh and Amir Timur to Azerbaijan. Shirvanshahs state……………………… 112 2. Karakoyunlu and Agkoyunlu states…………….… 115 3. Socio-economic and cultural development of 4 Azerbaijan in XV century…………………………… 125 IX Theme: Safavid empire …………………… 127 1. Ardabil authority of Safavids. Establishment of Savafid empire……………………………..……….. 127 2. Internal and foreign policy of Shah Ismail………... 130 3. Safavid-Ottoman wars in the XVI-XVII centuries. 134 4. Political system, socio-economical and cultural progress of Safavid empire………………………..… 137 X Theme: Azerbaijan at the I part of the XVIII century…………………………….……………….. 141 1.Azerbaijan in the period of collapse of Safavid empire………………………………………………... 141 2.Azerbaijan turns into an struggle arena among Russia, Turkey and Iran………………………...….... 150 3.Restoration of Iranian authorities in Azerbaijan. Revolts against the power of Nadir shah……………. 153 XI Theme. Azerbaijan Khanates………………... 159 1.The historical condition of establishment Azerbaijani Khanates………………………………... 159 2. Struggling of khanates to unity lands of Azerbaijan............................................................. 172 3. Struggle against to the foreign invaders…………. 175 4. The social-economic condition of khanates’. The culture of Azerbaijan………………………………… 177 XII Theme. Azerbaijan In the I half of the XIX century................................................................ 182 1. The internal situation of Azerbaijan at the 5 beginning of the XlX century................................. 182 2. I and II Russia-Persian wars. The division of Azerbaijani lands between the Russia and Persian………………………………………………. 185 3. Tsarist management system in Azerbaijan. Revolts against to the colonial system. Babis movement……. 190 4. The first half of XIX century economy and culture................................................................ 201 XIII Theme. Azerbaijan II half of the XIX century 209 1.The creation of capitalist relations. The progress of the oil industry………………………………………. 209 2.Agricultural, administrative and judicial reforms in the North Azerbaijan............................................... 217 3.The condition in the village after the reforms......... 220 4.Azerbaijan culture II half of the XlX century........ 227 XIV Theme. Azerbaijan at the beginning of the XX century......................................................... 234 1. The economic crisis in the world and Azerbaijan at the beginning of the XX century.......................... 234 2.National democratic movement in Azerbaijan the creation of political parties and public organizations 240 3. National freedom movement İn the South Azerbaijan 250 4. Azerbaijan culture at the beginning of the XX century………………………………………………….. 254 XV Theme. Azerbaijan during World War I…… 258 1.Azerbaijan’s participation in the World War I…… 258 6 2.Political situation in Azerbaijan after the February Revolution and the October Revolution in Russia 1917th year. Baku commune and its’ anti Azerbaijan policy…………………………………………………. 262 3.Democratic national liberation movement in South Azerbaijan…………………………………………… 268 XVI Theme. Azerbaijan Democratic Republic....... 272 1.The Announcement of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic and government structure.......................... 272 2. Enternal and external policy of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic............................................... 279 3.The collapse of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic................................................................ 282 th XVII Theme. Azerbaijan in the 20-30 years XX century……………………………………………… 285 1. Invasion of Azerbaijan by XI the Red Army. Soviet statehood..................................................... 285 2. Soviet national policy in Azerbaijan. Organization Nagorno Karabakh Autonomus Oblast (NKAO) and Nakhchivan Autonomus Soviet Socialist Republic (NSSR)………………………………………………. 293 3. Social-economical and cultural develop in Azerbaijan. Mass repression………………………… 295 XVIII Theme. Azerbaijan within the World War II and afterwards period....................................... 302 1. Azerbaijan's participation in World War II............. 302 2. Social-economic, political and cultural develop- 7 ment of Azerbaijan After the war II………………… 309 3. Deportation of Azerbaijanis from West Azerbaijan (1948-1953 years)……………………….. 314 4. South Azerbaijan during World War II and subsequent period.................................................. 319 XIX Theme. Independent Azerbaijan Republic….. 326 1. The reconstruction of the USSR and its influence to Azerbaijan. Nagorno Karabakh conflict................. 326 2. The restoration of state independence Azerbaijan and its first steps (1991-1993 years)………………… 331 3. Towards a market economy. The beginning of economic revival…………………………………..… 339 4. Azerbaijani beginning of the III millennium……... 344 Literature................................................................... 350 8 Foreword The book “History of Azerbaijan” is the first textbook written in English in Azerbaijan University of Architecture and Construction. This book is a valuable source for the local and foreign students studying in English. It is known that since the restoration of our independence radical changes in all areas, as well as in science and education have taken place. It has also opened up new opportunities for the education of Azerbaijani youth abroad. Important measures for the studying of the English language to the youth both in our country and abroad were taken. First of all, special attention was paid to the need to develop English language teaching in secondary and high schools. A number of English speaking groups for all faculties at Universities were also created. Now the subject “History of Azerbaijan” is taught in English-speaking groups of the Azerbaijan University of Architecture and Construction. However, there hadn’t been a textbook named “History of Azerbaijan”, therefore this textbook was written. The textbook was written according to the syllabus of the subject and covers all topics. This textbook means that the direction of our studies is to teach our history in English to students. We are confident that this textbook will be able to help both local and foreign students in studying “History of Azerbaijan”. 9 I Theme. Introduction to the history

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