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Volume 6 Issue 4 2012 1 THE CAUCASUS & GLOBALIZATION INSTITUTE OF STRATEGIC STUDIES OF THE CAUCASUS THE CAUCASUS & GLOBALIZATION Journal of Social, Political and Economic Studies Conflicts in the Caucasus: History, Present, and Prospects for Resolution Special Issue Volume 6 Issue 4 2012 CA&CC Press® SWEDEN 2 Volume 6 Issue 4 2012 FOUNDEDTHE CAUCASUS AND& GLOBALIZATION PUBLISHED BY INSTITUTE OF STRATEGIC STUDIES OF THE CAUCASUS Registration number: M-770 Ministry of Justice of Azerbaijan Republic PUBLISHING HOUSE CA&CC Press® Sweden Registration number: 556699-5964 Registration number of the journal: 1218 Editorial Council Eldar Chairman of the Editorial Council (Baku) ISMAILOV Tel/fax: (994 12) 497 12 22 E-mail: [email protected] Kenan Executive Secretary (Baku) ALLAHVERDIEV Tel: (994 – 12) 596 11 73 E-mail: [email protected] Azer represents the journal in Russia (Moscow) SAFAROV Tel: (7 495) 937 77 27 E-mail: [email protected] Nodar represents the journal in Georgia (Tbilisi) KHADURI Tel: (995 32) 99 59 67 E-mail: [email protected] Ayca represents the journal in Turkey (Ankara) ERGUN Tel: (+90 312) 210 59 96 E-mail: [email protected] Editorial Board Nazim Editor-in-Chief (Azerbaijan) MUZAFFARLI Tel: (994 – 12) 510 32 52 E-mail: [email protected] (IMANOV) Vladimer Deputy Editor-in-Chief (Georgia) PAPAVA Tel: (995 – 32) 24 35 55 E-mail: [email protected] Akif Deputy Editor-in-Chief (Azerbaijan) ABDULLAEV Tel: (994 – 12) 596 11 73 E-mail: [email protected] Volume 6 IssueMembers 4 2012 of Editorial Board: 3 THE CAUCASUS & GLOBALIZATION Zaza D.Sc. (History), Professor, Corresponding member of the Georgian National Academy ALEKSIDZE of Sciences, head of the scientific department of the Korneli Kekelidze Institute of Manuscripts (Georgia) Mustafa AYDIN Rector of Kadir Has University (Turkey) Irina BABICH D.Sc. (History), Leading research associate of the Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences (Russia) Douglas Professor, Chair of Political Science Department, Providence College (U.S.A.) W. BLUM Svante Professor, Research Director, Central Asia-Caucasus Institute, Silk Road Studies E. CORNELL Program, Johns Hopkins University-SAIS (U.S.A.) Parvin D.Sc. (History), Professor, Baku State University (Azerbaijan) DARABADI Murad D.Sc. (Political Science), Editor-in-Chief, Central Asia and the Caucasus, Journal of ESENOV Social and Political Studies (Sweden) Jannatkhan Deputy Director, Institute of Strategic Studies of the Caucasus (Azerbaijan) EYVAZOV Rauf Ph.D. (Psychology), Leading research associate of the Center for Strategic Studies GARAGOZOV under the President of the Azerbaijan Republic (Azerbaijan) Archil Ph.D. (Geography), Senior fellow at the Georgian Foundation for Strategic and GEGESHIDZE International Studies (Georgia) Elmir Director of the Department of Geoculture, Institute of Strategic Studies of the GULIEV Caucasus (Azerbaijan) Shamsaddin D.Sc.(Economy), Professor, Rector of the Azerbaijan State Economic University HAJIEV (Azerbaijan) Jamil HASANLI D.Sc. (History), Professor at Khazar University (Azerbaijan) Stephen Professor, Russian and Eurasian Studies, Mount Holyoke College (U.S.A.) F. JONES Akira Ph.D., History of Central Asia & the Caucasus, Program Officer, The Sasakawa MATSUNAGA Peace Foundation (Japan) Roger Senior Research Fellow, Department of Politics and International Relations, University MCDERMOTT of Kent at Canterbury; Senior Research Fellow on Eurasian military affairs within the framework of the Eurasia Program of the Jamestown Foundation, Washington (U.K.) Roin D.Sc. (History), Professor, Academician of the Georgian National Academy of METREVELI Sciences, President of the National Committee of Georgian Historians (Georgia) Fuad Ph.D. (Economy), Counselor of the Chairman of the Board of Directors of the MURSHUDLI International Bank of Azerbaijan (Azerbaijan) Michael Associate professor, Near Eastern Studies Department, Princeton University (U.S.A.) A. REYNOLDS Alexander Professor, President of Georgian Foundation for Strategic and International Studies RONDELI (Georgia) Mehdi SANAIE Professor, Tehran University, Director, Center for Russian Studies (Iran) Avtandil D.Sc. (Economy), Professor, Tbilisi University of International Relations, Corresponding SILAGADZE member of the Georgian National Academy of Sciences (Georgia) S. Frederick Professor, Chairman, Central Asia-Caucasus Institute, Johns Hopkins University-SAIS STARR (U.S.A.) James Professor, Director of the International and Regional Studies Program, Washington V. WERTSCH University in St. Louis (U.S.A.) Alla D.Sc. (History), Professor, head of the Mediterranean-Black Sea Center, Institute of YAZKOVA Europe, Russian Academy of Sciences (Russia) Stanislav D.Sc. (Economy), Senior Researcher, Institute of World Economy and International ZHUKOV Relations, Russian Academy of Sciences (Russia) The materials that appear in the journal do not necessarily reflect the Editorial Board and the Editors’ opinion Editorial Office: THE CAUCASUS & GLOBALIZATION © The Caucasus & Globalization, 2012 98 Alovsat Guliyev, AZ1009 © CA&CC Press®, 2012 Baku, Azerbaijan © Institute of Strategic Studies of WEB: www.ca-c.org the Caucasus, 2012 4 Volume 6 Issue 4 2012 THE CAUCASUS & GLOBALIZATION THE CAUCASUS & GLOBALIZATION Journal of Social, Political and Economic Studies Volume 6 Issue 4 2012 Conflicts in the Caucasus: History, Present, and Prospects for Resolution Special Issue CONTENTS GEOPOLITICS EUROPEAN MODELS OF AUTONOMY AND THE PROSPECTS FOR CONFLICT SETTLEMENT Gulshan IN NAGORNO-KARABAKH PASHAEVA 7 NARRATIVE AND RECONCILIATION: Rauf POSSIBLE STRATEGIES OF GARAGOZOV, NARRATIVE INTERVENTION Rena IN THE NAGORNO-KARABAKH CONFLICT KADYROVA 16 U.S. AND RUSSIAN POLICY IN THE SETTLEMENT OF THE NAGORNO-KARABAKH CONFLICT: Nadana THE FORMATION OF NEW TRENDS FRIDRIKHSON 25 LOCAL SELF-ADMINISTRATION AND SETTLEMENT OF ETHNIC CONFLICTS Ekaterina IN THE NORTHERN CAUCASUS TREGLAZOVA 31 THE INTERNATIONAL LEGAL STATUS OF Ramil ABKHAZIA AND SOUTH OSSETIA DURSUNOV 38 Volume 6 Issue 4 2012 5 THE CAUCASUS & GLOBALIZATION THE OSSETIAN-INGUSH CONFLICT: CAUSES AND ECHOES OF Makka THE TRAGEDY OF THE FALL OF 1992 ALBOGACHIEVA 44 GEORGIA: Alexander CONFLICTS, CRIME, AND SECURITY KUKHIANIDZE 54 NATIONAL STATE CRISIS IN THE MUSLIM REGIONS OF NON-MUSLIM COUNTRIES: A REPUBLIC OF DAGHESTAN CASE STUDY Sergey (IN THE FIRST DECADE OF THE 21ST CENTURY) ISRAPILOV 63 GEO-ECONOMICS MIGRATION CATASTROPHE IN ARMENIA AS A CONSEQUENCE OF Yakub THE CONFLICT YAGUBOV 76 STRATEGIC GAMES OVER THE CASPIAN Saadat RUSTEMOVA- DEMIRZHI 82 GEOCULTURE THE CAUCASIAN WAR OF THE 19TH CENTURY: Irina CIVILIZATIONAL CONFLICT AND PASHCHENKO, ITS FUNCTIONAL SPECIFICS Amiran URUSHADZE 87 CONFESSIONAL CONFLICTS IN GEORGIA AS LATENT INTERSTATE DIFFERENCES Beka CHEDIA 94 EROSION OF ETHNIC IDENTITY AND ITS CONSEQUENCES Ibrahim IN THE NORTH CAUCASIAN REGION RASHIDOV 105 GEOHISTORY ETHNOTERRITORIAL CHANGES IN THE CAUCASUS Rafik IN THE 19TH-20TH CENTURIES SAFAROV 115 6 Volume 6 Issue 4 2012 THE CAUCASUS & GLOBALIZATION EASTERN TRADE DURING THE HELLENIC AND ROMAN PERIODS AND THE STRUGGLE FOR EAST-WEST TRADE Mehmet IN THE CAUCASUS TEZCAN 125 KHAZARIA, BYZANTIUM, AND THE ARAB CALIPHATE: STRUGGLE FOR CONTROL OVER EURASIAN TRADE ROUTES Farda IN THE 9TH-10TH CENTURIES ASADOV 140 SOME FEATURES OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF CONFLICTS IN THE NORTHERN CAUCASUS AND GEORGIA AT THE END OF Denis THE 1980S-BEGINNING OF THE 1990S KOTENKO 151 INDEX THE CAUCASUS & GLOBALIZATION Vol. 6, 2012 160 Volume 6 Issue 4 2012 7 THE CAUCASUS & GLOBALIZATION GEOPOLITICS Gulshan PASHAEVA Ph.D. (Philol.), Deputy Director of the Center for Strategic Studies under the President of the Azerbaijan Republic (Baku, Azerbaijan). EUROPEAN MODELS OF AUTONOMY AND THE PROSPECTS FOR CONFLICT SETTLEMENT IN NAGORNO-KARABAKH Abstract he article looks at the possibility of that the so-called interim status of Nagorno- T using several key elements in some Karabakh developed on the basis of Euro- of Europe’s autonomous entities as a pean experience could later be an integral base model for settling the Armenian-Azeri part in determining the final status of this Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. It is presumed region. Introduction When analyzing the reasons for the existing or potential conflicts in the post-Soviet expanse, politicians and experts frequently refer to the lack of correspondence between the current political- administrative and the historical religious, ethnic, or linguistic borders. Furthermore, this lack of cor- respondence is characteristic of many countries, whereby world experience shows that direct attempts to set this matter to rights end in the emergence of new, even more complicated problems. In this context, the experience of European regionalization—the long-term strategy of the EU member states aimed at systematic and consistent expansion of the competences of regions in the political, socioeco- nomic, and cultural spheres—is of immense practical interest. That said, despite the fact that many 8 Volume 6 Issue 4 2012 THE CAUCASUS & GLOBALIZATION EU countries have regions where national minorities compactly reside, the separation of such regions based on ethnocultural factors alone is a relatively rare occurrence,1 while the main objective of the EU’s regional policy is to reduce the gap in the socioeconomic development levels of different re- gions. The principle of subsidiariness,2 which defines the approach to distributing powers among dif- ferent levels of authority, is the legal basis of regionalism in
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    Azerbaijani Settlements of the Gardabani Municipality

    Unknown Suburbs: Azerbaijani Settlements of the Gardabani Municipality 2020 POLICY STUDY Unknown Suburbs: Azerbaijani Settlements of the Gardabani Municipality Aleksandre Kvakhadze POLICY STUDY 2020 Introduction Since declaring its independence, the Georgian state has been struggling with the integration of its ethnic minorities. The regions densely populated by ethnic Azerbaijanis and Armenians have been passively involved in the social and political processes in Georgia. The combination of the legacy of Soviet ‘national policy,’ an ineffective educational system and socio-economic problems hinder the integration of these regions. This paper will be devoted to the Gardabani municipality, an administrative entity with a significant Azerbaijani population. Several factors have determined the choice of this region for this study. Firstly, geographically speaking, the region represents a suburban area of the cities of Tbilisi and Rustavi. It can be considered as a part of ‘greater Tbilisi/Rustavi’ or a ‘Tbilisi-Rustavi agglomeration.’ Secondly, despite its proximity to Georgia’s political and economic center, the Azerbaijani community in this region has been leading a parallel life and is disconnected from the country’s social and political dynamics. Simultaneously, very little is known about this region and very little research has been carried out on its multi-ethnic population. Unlike the neighboring Marneuli municipality, which has been receiving increasing attention from academia, the media and the non-governmental sector, the Azerbaijani population in Garbadani remains neglected by academic and non-governmental bodies. For instance, there is no comprehensive academic research on the linguistic, historical, ethnologic, social and religious parameters of Azerbaijanis in Gardabani. The absence of reliable works leads to myths and uncertainties regarding Georgia’s Azerbaijanis.
  • Russia the Ingush-Ossetian Conflict in the Prigorodnyi Region

    Russia the Ingush-Ossetian Conflict in the Prigorodnyi Region

    Russia Page 1 of 32 RUSSIA THE INGUSH-OSSETIAN CONFLICT IN THE PRIGORODNYI REGION Human Rights Watch/Helsinki Human Rights Watch New York · Washington · London · Brussels Copyright © May 1996 by Human Rights Watch. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Library of Congress Catalogue Number: 96-75960 ISBN: 1-56432-165-7 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This report is based on a trip to the Republic of Ingushetiya, hereafter Ingushetiya, and the Republic of North Ossetia- Alaniya, hereafter North Ossetia, both states of the Russian Federation, from August 11-19, 1994. Until 1994, North Ossetia was the North Ossetian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (ASSR), a part of the former Soviet Union. Until 1992, Ingushetiya was part of the Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (ASSR), and was also part of the former Soviet Union. Human Rights/Helsinki representatives visited Vladikavkaz, Kartsa, Chermen, Tarskoye, Kurtat, Dachnoye, and Maiskii in North Ossetia and Nazran and Gaziyurt in Ingushetiya. Jeri Laber and Rachel Denber edited the report, and Shira Robinson provided production assistance for its publication. Human Rights Watch/Helsinki thanks both North Ossetian and Ingush authorities as well as officials from the Russian Temporary Administration (now the Temporary State Committee) for their cooperation with the mission participants. Human Rights Watch/Helsinki would like to express our appreciation to all those who read the report and commented on it, including Prof. John Collarusso of McMaster University. We would also like to thank the members of the Russian human rights group Memorial, who provided generous assistance and advice. In 1994 Memorial published an excellent report on the conflict in the Prigorodnyi region, "Two Years after the War: The Problem of the Forcibly Displaced in the Area of the Ossetian-Ingush Conflict." Finally, we would like to thank the Carnegie Corporation of New York, the Henry Jackson Fund, the Merck Fund and the Moriah Fund for their support.